toponymic guidelines for slovenia

8/4/2019 Toponymic Guidelines for Slovenia

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REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA

MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND PHYSICAL PLANNING

SURVEYING AND MAPPING AUTHORITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA

TOPONYMIC GUIDELINES

FOR SLOVENIA

Ljubljana, December 31,1995


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Published and edited by

Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of SloveniaKristanova ulica 1, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Director

Ale Selikar

Project Head

Ema Pogorelnik

Author

Dalibor Radovan M. Sc., Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Jamova 2, Ljubljana,Slovenia

Co-author and lector

Viktor Majdi Ph. D., Faculty of Education, Kardeljeva pload 16, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Printer

Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Jamova 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Translation

Wayne J.D. Tuttle

Edition: 200 copies

Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia


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INTRODUCTION

In accordance with Resolution IV/4 of the United Nations on the standardization ofgeographical names, every country is supposed to produce toponymic guidelines. Thefollowing Toponymic Guidelines for Slovenia is intended for Slovene and foreign editors of

maps and other works whose content refers to toponyms. The guidelines are in accordancewith resolutions adopted at conferences on the standardization of geographical names of theUnited Nations, of which Slovenia has been a full member since 1992. In their form andcontents they are similar to the toponymic guidelines of other countries. Together with theGlossary of Toponymic Terminology they form the basis for the work of Slovenia'sCommission for the Standardization of Geographical Names.

The Commission for the Standardization of Geographical Names was first appointed in 1986and again in 1990. Due to staff changes and the reorganization of the government bodies that

participated in the Commission, it became inactive after 1991. The Government of theRepublic of Slovenia reappointed the Commission in September 1995.

The primary task of the Commission is to direct and harmonize the work and to resolveproblems in the field of standardization of geographical names in the Republic of Slovenia.The purpose of the standardization of geographical names is to define their written forms andmake uniform the use of geographical names, both domestic and foreign.

Ale Selikar, Director

Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

1. Population

2. Official Languages3. The Slovene Alphabet4. Slovene Dialects5. Rules for Writing Geographical Names6. Names Authorities and the Standardization of Geographical Names7. Toponymic Sources

7.1. Maps7.2. Toponymic Gazetters

8. Glossary of Generic Terms and Designations on Maps9. Abbreviations on Maps

9.1. Abbreviations of Slovene Words

9.2. Abbreviations of Italian Words with Slovene Translation9.3. Abbreviations of German Words with Slovene Translation9.4. Abbreviations of Hungarian Words with Slovene Translation9.5. Abbreviations of Croatian Words with Slovene Translation

10. Administrative Division of Slovenia by Municipalities


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1. Population

In Slovenia, the majority population is Slovene while autochthonous Italian and Hungarianethnic minorities live in some municipalities. According to the 1991 population census,1,965,986 people live in Slovenia, 87.84 % are Slovene, 0.16 % are Italian, and 0.43 % are

Hungarian; the remaining 11.57 % are of Croatian, Serbian, Muslim, Macedonian,Montenegrin, Albanian, or other ethnic origin (Statistical Annual 1995, Volume XXXIV,Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, 1995).

2. Official Languages

The official language of the Republic of Slovenia is Slovene. In the territory of municipalitieswhere Italian or Hungarian minorities live, Italian and Hungarian are also official languages(Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No.33/1991). A small portion of the population who mostly immigrated in the last ten years use

Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian, Albanian, or some other language as their mother tongue;however, these languages do not have the status of official or minority languages becausethey are not autochthonous in the territory of Slovenia. Slovene is understood or activelymastered by the great majority of the non-Slovene population.

Slovene is a Slavic language of Indo-European origin. Some two million Slovenes use it asthe language of communication in Slovenia and around the world, and it ranks among thesmallest of the Slavic languages. There are Slovene minorities in Italy (Friuli-Venezia Giulia,the surroundings of Gorizia and Udine, and the Trieste area), in Austria (Carinthia, Styria),and in Hungary (Szlovnvik, Porabje) where they are autochthonous and use Slovene

geographical names for objects in their territories. In spite of various legislation regulationsregarding the protection of the Slovene minorities in these territories, Slovene geographicalnames largely do not appear in official documents of these countries or on their maps.

Italian is a Romance language of Indo-European origin and together with Slovene is anofficial language in parts of the littoral Slovene municipalities of Koper/Capodistria,Izola/Isola, and Piran/Pirano. They use the Latin alphabet.

Hungarian is a Finno-Ugric language originating in the Urals and together with Slovene isan official language in parts of the Prekmurje municipalities of Hodo-alovci/Hodos-alovci, Moravske Toplice, and Lendava/Lendva that stretch in a five to eight kilometer wide

belt along the border with Hungary and include thirty-six settlements. Like the Italians, theyuse their own Latin alphabet.

Both minority languages are therefore of only local importance. The use of geographicalnames in bilingual territories is regulated by the Decree on Geographical Names in Plans andMaps in Ethnically-Mixed Territories (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, No.11/1980). The borders of the ethnically-mixed territories are determined by the statutes of thecorresponding municipalities. As determined by the Decree, on all plans and maps of theseareas, the Slovene name must be put first and the Italian or Hungarian name second. The fontand height of the letters must be the same for both languages. These guidelines apply to thenames of settlements, hamlets, streets, names of pieces of land, names of landscapes, runningand standing waters, mountain peaks, and mountain ranges.


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For further information see Toponimska navodila za Italijo in Madarsko (ToponymicGuidelines for Italy and Hungary). Geographical names in other languages that do not havetheir origin in Slovenia do not appear in documents and maps.

3. The Slovene Alphabet

The Slovene alphabet has twenty-five small and capital letters and belongs to the Latinsystem. The order of the letters simultaneously represents alphabetical order, according towhich we arrange words and therefore geographical names. Of the cardinal letters in theLatin script, the Slovene alphabet does not have the consonant letters Q, X, Y, and W, but itcontains letters , , and . Letters from other Latin scripts that the Slovene alphabet doesnot have appear in writing of foreign and minority geographical names. With the exception ofthe diacritical marks on , , and , other diacritical marks in the writing of Slovenegeographical names are not used in toponymic and cartographical practice.

With the twenty-five letters of the Slovene alphabet we write twenty-nine phonemes; manyphonemes are written with e (the phonemes /e/, / /, and / /) and o (the phonemes /o/ and / /).The phoneme / / is written with the digraph d. In the table below, the Slovene alphabet isexplained with five columns including the successive numbers of the letters, capital and smallletters, the phones of the letters in the International Phonetic Alphabet, and examples ofgeneric terms and geographical names. Examples of vowels are given in both stressed andunstressed forms with corresponding diacritical marks which in practice are not written.

No. Letter Phone Generic term Geographical name1. A a

[], [a:]as, nalga; vs Solkan, Rka; Lko

2. B b [b] bilka Brezje3. C c [ts] cunja Cerovec4. [t] aplja enjevek5. D d [d] deblo Dava6. E e [e:], [], [:], [] csta; ep; peta; stebr Csta; Borje, Jesence; Celje; Pekel, Grben7. F f [f] fraa Frankolovo8. G g [g] goba Gradie9. H h [h] hrana Horjul

10. I i [i], [i:] nit, nikli; lpa Tri, Pirn; Lpa11. J j [j] jelka Javorje12. K k [k] koza Kranj

13. L l [l] lipa Lipica14. M m [m] maslo Medvode15. N n [n] nebo Naklo16. O o [o:], [], [ :] na; ko, obad; sba Lg; Lom, Nklo; Bhinj17. P p [p] polje Petrove18. R r [r] riba Rakovnik19. S s [s] slama Sevnica20. [] ola martno21. T t [t] trava Trebnje22. U u [u], [u:] kruh, uh; khati Bu, Lukvci; Rdnik23. V v [v] vaza Vipava

24. Z z [z] zemlja Zagorje25. [] emlja elezniki


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4. Slovene Dialects

Of all the Slavic languages, Slovene is the most divided according to dialects. According to

the most recognized classification, it has more than forty dialects and distinctive speeches(Fran Ramov, Dialekti, Ljubljana, 1935). These are divided into seven dialect groups thatare distinguished primarily according to their phonetic differences and general hearingimpression. These groups are Gorenjska, tajerska, Primorska, Dolenjska with Bela krajinaand Kolpa region subdialects, Pannonian, Carinthian, and Rovte. The Koevje region where amajority German-speaking population lived until World War II is today a mixed dialect area

because of postwar immigration of populations from various parts of Slovenia. Individualdialects and dialect groups differ in vocabulary, morphology, syntax, and phonetics mainlyaccording to long stressed vowels.

5. Rules for Writing Geographical Names

The explanation of the writing of Slovene geographical names that follows between the twomarkers () has been extracted from Slovene Orthography 1, Rules (Editorial board: JoeToporii et al.), third revised edition, Dravna zaloba Slovenije, Ljubljana 1994, pages 21-22. The rules were adopted at an assembly of the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts onMay 18, 1989.

In Slovene orthography, geographical names are divided into settlement and non-settlementnames: settlement names include the names of towns, villages, boroughs, and hamlets (Trst,KranjskaGora,Pliberk,Lome); non-settlement names are all the other names (Podrtagora,Slovenija,Jadranskomorje). For names of parts of settlements (Pobreje,Zelenajama), thesame rules apply as for non-settlement names.

Geographical names contain one or more words: Ljubljana, Gorica,Novo mesto, marje priJelah, Severna Amerika, Spodnja ika. They are mostly one-part names (Dramlje, Vavtavas, marje pri Jelah), some are two-part names ( Ljubljana Beigrad). Double names suchas marje-Sap, Gorenja vas-Retee, Pri Cerkvi-Struge are very rare as are those beginningwith prepositions such as Pod Vasco. Among multi-word names, those starting with a

preposition or prepositional names are specially treated.

1. All the elements of settlement names begin with capital letters, the exceptions being non-first prepositions and the nouns mesto, trg, vas (vesca),selo (sela,selce), and naselje (unlessthey begin a name):

kofja Loka, Gornji Grad, Velika Nedelja, Bohinjska Bela, Blejska Dobrava, RogakaSlatina, Dolenjske Toplice, Kanalski Lom, Kranjska Gora, Bloka Polica, Gornja Straa,Sladki Vrh, elezna Kapla, Gornji Senik, Drenov Gri , Mirna Pe , Koevski Rog (hamlet),Velika Dolina, Zidani Most, peter Slovenov, Dolenje Mokro Polje, Zgornji Jakobski Dol;

rni Vrh nad Idrijo, Most na Soi, marje pri Jelah, Pri agi, Za Vrhom pri rnivcu, Vrhpri Sveti Trojici, Otoec pri Novem mestu;


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Dolenja vas, Stara vas, Spodnja vesca, Novo mesto, Stari trg, Opatje selo, Urna sela,Dolenje selce, Ribiko naselje;

Pri Treh Hiah; in dialect Ta na Bili.

In place of a distinguishing prepositional addition, occasionally for technical reasons anominative addition in parenthesis is used: rni Vrh nad Idrijo = rni Vrh (Idrija).

Non-settlement descriptions after settlement names preserve their normal written form:Gradie v Slovenskih goricah,Zavrh pod marno goro, Tolsti Vrh pri Ravnah na Korokem.

When names of settlements from other languages contain the words vas, mesto, trg, orselo,they are written in small letters when Slovenized or translated: Carsko selo, Devinska Novavas, Dunajsko Novo mesto; however, if they are not Slovenized, they keep their foreignwritten form regarding capitalization:Devinsk Nov Ves.

Distinguishing additions to settlement names (such as compass directions, etc.) are writtenwith small letters, for example, Ljubljana zahod, Celje okolica. The additionDEL is writtenwith a hyphen:Rdei Breg - DEL.

Settlement names such as Ivan Dol, Jazbin Vrh, and Jerman Vrh, are sometimes treated ascomposite words and are therefore written together, for example, Josipdol -a, Jordankal -a,

Knezdol -a.

2. In non-settlement names the first element is always written with a capital and non-first

elements with small letters if they are not themselves proper names:Zelena jama, Ulica stare pravde, Vodovodna cesta, Kongresni trg, Pod hrasti, Za vodo, Zmajski most, Ljudski vrt,Gospodarsko razstavie; Zveza neodvisnih drav, Slovensko primorje, Bela krajina, Blinjivzhod; Brljinski potok, Teka voda, Panamski prekop, Niagarski slapovi, Ohridsko jezero,Severno morje, Tihi ocean, Rokavski preliv, Gibraltarska vrata; Velika gora, Kamniko

sedlo, Babji zob, Koevski rog(mountain and region), Ljubljanski grad(elevation),Arihovape;Ptujsko polje, Dolge njive, Panonska niina; Trnovski gozd, Krakovski gozd; Viktorijinapuava; kocjanske jame, Potoka zijalka, Malo brezno; Gorika brda; howeverJulijskeAlpe, Zadnja Trenta, Cesta v Mestni log, Velika Karlovica, Severna Amerika, Severna Irska,Nova Kaledonija, Zahodna Dvina, Nova Mehika, Bosna in Hercegovina.

Special casesPrepositional names have various forms in some syntax situations:a) most often the entire prepositional name, but with the identifying noun in front: To je vas

Pri Treh Hiah (This is the village of Pri Treh Hiah); Prihajam iz zaselka Pri Fari (Icome from the hamlet of Pri Fari); Stanujemo v ulici Pod Zidom (We live on Pod Zidomstreet);Preselil se je v ulico Za Vodo (He moved to Za Vodo street);

b) just the object of the preposition:Prihajam od Fare (I come from Pri Fari); Grem k TremHiam (I am going to Pri Treh Hiah);

c) the preposition and its object as one word:Prihajam iz Podzida / iz Zavode (I come fromPod Zidom / Za Vodo).


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To these rules, we can add the following general instructions and explanations withexamples.

Slovene geographical names are phonetically, orthographically, and morphologicallyadjusted to the standards of the literary language, and therefore in official use we have

Begunje, not Begne; Tolmin, not Tmin; Bovec, not Bec; Tolsti vrh, not Tovst vrh; Brdo, notBardo; Orehova vas, not Orejhova ves;Kolpa, notKupa (the latter forms are used locally). Inspecific cases when a geographical name was established in the mind of the general

population before the standardizing of the Slovene literary language in the second half of thelast century, the dialect form of the geographical name can be found in official use, forexample, Vu ja Gomila instead of Vol ja Gomila, Kuk instead ofKolk, Ovsie instead ofOvsie, renjice instead ofenjice, Staneka vas instead of Staneka vas, etc. In somegeographical names the reason for discrepancies with the literary language was ignorance oforthographic or grammatical rules, for example, Drakl, Hajndl, Zakl instead ofDrakel,

Hajndel, Zakel; Paunovii instead ofPavnovii; Daljne Njive instead of Daljnje Njive;Brezovi Dolinstead of Brezov Dol, while inflections of the type iz Krievec, iz Puconec, v

Belaveku, na Flekueku are treated as dialect alongside the literary iz Krievcev, izPuconcev, v Belavku, na Flekuku.

In some cases the dialect or regional character of a name is preserved in the accent, forexampleDlina,Dbrava,Prstava (in the literary language dolna, dobrva,pristva). Likeother words in the Slovene language, geographical names can be accented in different places:at the beginning (Clje, Mribor,Rdgona), in the middle (rnmelj,Ljubljna,Jesence), oron the final syllable (Cerklj,Lesc, Svet these are least frequent). Therefore the locationof the accent for the majority of the geographical proper names is not foreseen in advance,and there are a considerable number of names with two possible accents: Pdetrtek and

Podettek, gljenak and Ogljenk, Pomjn and Pmjan, Slkan and Solkn, etc. Thecorrect accent variation (possibly two) is considered the one used locally if it is not contrary

to the accent norms of the literary language.

Geographical names with unknown or insufficiently known etymological origin remainedunchanged (in the literary language sense) in official use, for example Mevku (from the

personal name Miklav), marca (from ent Mavricij), the mountainNa eh (from na sueh),otanj (from the German Schnstein), inat(fromsenoet), Voje (from loge), Voklo (fromlokev), etc.

The origin of Slovene geographical names is very diverse: In addition to names of Slovene

origin (Gradie,Podgora, Vransko,Bistrica, Triglav), there are numerous names of Germanorigin (Ropoh, Frajhajm, Botanj), Roman origin (Solkan, Medana, Izola, Soa, Istra),Hungarian origin (Apae, Kania), and Celtic or even older origin (Celje, Kranj, Tamar,Sava, Karavanke). More than half of Slovene geographical names originate from personalnames ( Artmanja vas, Braslove, Menge, mohor), although with non-settlementgeographical names their share is considerably smaller.

Double names are written with a hyphen. As a rule, both parts are inflected (Hrastje-Mota, izHrastja-Mote, v Hrastju-Moti) though in some case only part (Pince-Marof, iz Pince-Marofa,v Pince-Marofu) or only one part is used in the non-nominative case (Zadlaz-adrg, iz

Zadlaza, v Zadlazu) or both parts are inflected but not at the same time (marje-Sap, izmarja, v marju or iz Sapa, v Sapu) (the examples cited are taken from chapter 7.2 of thelexicon Slovenska krajevna imena).


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Non-Slovene geographical proper names as a rule are written in un-Slovenized form if thenames are from areas where the Latin alphabet is used; otherwise, we both Slovenize themand pronounce them always using only Slovene phonemes. Geographical names from Latinalphabet areas are also Slovenized if they are names of:

a) continents:Evropa,Azija,Antarktika;b) oceans and other large bodies of water:Atlantik,Pacifik,Baltik;c) countries: Avstrija, vedska, panija; frequently federal states: Teksas, Kalifornija,

Pensilvanija, butLiechtenstein, Ohio, Georgia,Iowa;d) larger islands, archipelagos, and peninsulas: Grenland,Korzika,Havaji,Jukatan;e) most capitals:Bukareta,Praga, Varava,Pariz, butBonn, Washington,New York;f) some larger, frequently mentioned cities:eneva,Lozana,Krakov,Jeruzalem;g) larger regions, mountain ranges, rivers, lakes: Lombardija, ampanja,Provansa, kotska,

Mazove,Kordiljere,Karnijske Alpe,Adia, Sena, Temza, Gardsko jezero.

Multi-word names composed totally or partly from common noun components are as a ruletranslated: Juna Amerika, Severno Ledeno morje, Ognjena zemlja, Zdruene drave

Amerike, Blinji vzhod, Skalno gorovje, Dunajsko Novo mesto, Elizejske poljane, Petaavenija,Rdei trg,Bela hia,Brandenburka vrata, etc.

It is incorrect to write geographical names from non-Latin areas unphonetically, for example,Karachi instead ofKarai,Baghdadinstead ofBagdad,Djakarta instead ofDakarta, Seoulinstead of Seul, etc. Only Chinese names may be written according to the pinjin version(PekingandBeijing, anghaj and Shanghai).

Slovene variations of some exonyms are written phonetically, for example, Rim, Neapelj,Firence,Benetke,Dunaj,Pulj,Reka, Solun, Carigrad, as are the names (at least in the past)in Slovene ethnic areas outside the border of the Republic of Slovenia: Celovec, Beljak,Gradec, Gorica, edad, Tri, Trbi, Gornji Senik, Monoter. The corresponding foreignnames are used along with the Slovene names usually only for identification, mostly ininternational or interlanguage communications: Dunaj (Wien), Rim (Roma), Tri(Monfalcone), Monoter(Szentgotthard), etc.

In writing Slovene geographical proper names, only letters of the Slovene alphabet are used(or in bilingual areas Italian or Hungarian letters) and no graphemes for special dialectsounds: thereforePua andKuzma and notPa orKzma as they are pronounced locally.

Letters from other Latin alphabets may only be used in naming streets and squares if they area component part of the proper name for which the street or square is named: Clevelandskaulica, Zoisova cesta, Wolfova ulica, Trg Marxa in Engelsa, etc. (they are pronounced withSlovene sounds but respecting the English, Italian, or German phonetic value of the letters).


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6. Names Authorities and the Standardization of Geographical Names

The names of basic spatial units are officially maintained by the Surveying and MappingAuthority of the Republic of Slovenia and the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia inthe computer-supported Register of Spatial Units in graphical and descriptive form. The

procedure of naming, renaming, combining, and separating settlements and streets is dealtwith by the Regulations on Defining of Settlements and Streets and the Designation ofSettlements, Streets, and Buildings and Guidelines for Registering the Areas of TerritorialUnits and House Numbers, both published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia,

No. 11/1980. Changes, abrogations, new names, and related legislation are also published inthe Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia (see Chapter 7).

The Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia is also responsible for thetechnical management of the computer graphical-descriptive Register of Geographical

Names (see Chapter 7).

Ministry of the Environment and Physical PlanningSurveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia

Kristanova 11000 LjubljanaDirector:Ale Selikar, dipl. ing. geod.Contact person for the field of toponymy:Ema Pogorelnik, dipl. ing. geod.

Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia

Voarski pot 121000 LjubljanaDirector: Toma Banovec, dipl. ing. geod.

Responsibility for deciding the remainder of geographical names has not yet been preciselydefined. The interdisciplinary toponymic organ re-established in 1995 by the Government ofthe Republic of Slovenia is engaged in the standardization of geographical names inSlovenia.

Name of the organ: Commission for the Standardization of Geographical NamesPresident of the Commission:Ph. D. Milan Oroen Adami, prof. geogr., prof. biol.Scientific Research Center of the Slovene Academy of Sciences and ArtsGeographical InstituteGosposka 131000 Ljubljana


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7. Toponymic Sources

7.1. Maps

The Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia manages, collects,maintains, updates, stores, and publishes basic topographical maps, topographical and generalmaps, aerial photographs, and all other official and systematically arranged geodetic spatialdata which are in principle public and available to all users.

According to some estimates, there are between 150,000 and 200,000 geographical names inthe territory of Slovenia. Not all geographical names on plans and maps are official nor havethey been coordinated among materials of various scales, but the majority have been

professionally surveyed and verified. The exceptions are place names (settlements and basicspatial units) taken from the Register of Spatial Units; however, because of the time taken bythe renewal of the maps, official names only appear on maps that have been updated in the

last few years.

Below are the names of systematic maps in current use. In addition to those listed there areseveral older systematic maps that can only serve as historical sources. On such maps,geographical names and texts are sometimes given in Serbian, German, Italian, or Hungarian.

The mathematical basis for all topographical and general maps is a Gauss-Krger projectionon a Bessel ellipsoid. Slovenia is uniformly divided on sheets or in one single sheetcompletely covered by plans and maps and their scanograms with the following scales:

Basic topographical maps 1:5,000 / 1:10,000 (BTM 5 / BTM 10)

The system consists of 2,530 1:5,000 scale sheets and 258 1:10,000 scale sheets, the lattercovering mountainous and forested areas. About 100 sheets are renewed annually. Theycontain over 80 % of all geographical names in the territory of Slovenia. In making the mapsthe majority of the names were coordinated with the Krajevni leksikon Slovenije and verifiedat the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts, although this does not mean they have officialstatus.

National topographical map 1:25,000 (NTM 25)

The system consists of 201 sheets containing data from the years 1985 and 1986. The newNTM 25 has been in the process of development since 1994 and will probably be finished by1997. Geographical names outside the border of Slovenia on the old border sheets are written

phonetically in Serbian. Some abbreviations and common names are also written in Serbianon the old sheets. The names of settlements on the new NTM 25 will be written in theirofficial form according to data from the Register of Spatial Units. Geographical names onnew border sheets are being verified by the Scientific Research Center of the SloveneAcademy of Sciences and Arts. According to estimates, there are around 60,000 geographicalnames on the NTM 25.


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Topographical map 1:50,000 (TM 50)

The system consists of 35 sheets. The map has not been regularly renewed and at present isabout ten years old. The Atlas of Slovenia is based on the renewed TM 50 in the same scaleand contains 223 sheets of A4 format. It also contains an index of names. The atlas was made

by Geodetski zavod of the Republic of Slovenia.

General maps 1:250,000 (GM 250), 1:400,000 (GM 400), 1:750,000 (GM 750), and1,000,000 (GM 1000)

Each of these maps shows Slovenia and the areas of the neighbouring countries in one sheet.All the general maps were last renewed in 1995. Geographical names were verified by theScientific Research Center of the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts. Place names arewritten officially according to data in the Register of Spatial Units. Due to cartographicgeneralization some smaller settlements were omitted depending on the scale of the map. On

GM 250 there are about 8,000 geographical names.

Land cadastre plans

Relative to the large number of geographical names, land cadastre plans are also importantcartographic sources since with various coordinate systems and scales they cover all ofSlovenia. There are around 30,000 land cadastre plans. In addition to place names andhydronyms they also contain microtoponyms, largely names of pieces of land that are notfound to such an extent in BTM 5 and BTM 10. Almost 90 % of the plans were made by

graphical means in scales of 1:2,880 (the majority), 1:1,440, 1:720 and 1:5,760;consequently, the coordinates of parcel borders are unclear. Newer plans of coordinatemeasurement are done in Gauss-Krger projection in scales of 1:1,000, 1:2,000, and 1:2.500.For historical reasons the geographical names and texts on the maps are written not only inSlovene but also in German, Italian, or Hungarian. They have been corrected into Slovene

but are not official. Because some plans were last renewed over one hundred years ago, theyare unreliable as modern source in spite of their wealth of names.

7.2. Toponymiyc Gazetters

In Slovenia there are many various gazetters in digital and analogue (written) form. Thefollowing are considered the most complete and most important.

Register of Geographical Names (RGN)

The Register of Geographical Names is a graphical-descriptive database of geographicalnames for which the Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia isresponsible. It contains names inside the border of Slovenia (endonyms) and those foreigngeographical names which appear on the new NTM 25 border sheets. Its sources are mostlythe basic topographical maps BTM 5 and BTM 10 and the national topographical map NTM25. The system is also open for the entering of names from cartographic sources of otherscales. In parallel with the updating of the contents of BTM 5 and BTM 10, names are taken


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annually from around one hundred sheets. Names from the NTM 25 are taken randomly asneeded. By the beginning of 1996, about 10 % of the BTM 5 and BTM 10 sheets and 13 % ofthe NTM 25 sheets had been covered. The names do not have official status, except forsettlements whose names have been compared and coordinated by computer with the data inthe Register of Spatial Units.

The Register of Geographical Names is composed of two linked databases: the first is writtenand contains names in their complete orthographically and grammatically correct form, whilethe second is graphical and contains names in the form written on the maps. In the graphicaldatabase, the position of each name on the map is marked with a polygon in the Gauss-Krger coordinate system. Both databases list numerous attributes for each individual nameso that inquiries regarding location and meaning are possible with the software that is part ofthe RGN. This was elaborated using DOS and UNIX operating systems in conjunction withthe Oracle database and the Arc/Info geographical information system. The software usesfonts of various types for this purpose in the Slovene, English, Hungarian, Italian, Croatian,and German alphabets.

In the wider sense, the Register of Geographical Names is a component part of the digitaltopographical database and is currently used for computerized plotting of reproductionoriginals for the geographical names layer the BTM 5. The gradual standardization of themore important geographical names in the RGN is planned according to the principles ofUnited Nations resolutions.

Register of Spatial Units (RSU)

The Register of Spatial Units is a digital, graphical-descriptive database of the basic spatialunits of Slovenia and is the responsibility of the Surveying and Mapping Authority of theRepublic of Slovenia and the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. It is the onlysource with officially certified geographical names. The data is continually supplemented inaccordance with the law.

According to the data in the RSU, Slovenia measures approximately 20,237 km2.Homogeneously and entirely it is covered by the following hierarchy of units: the state,administrative units, cadastral districts, municipalities, settlements, statistical districts, andspatial districts. In addition to these, obligatory units for the RSU are house numbers

belonging to the centroids of buildings. In future, the inclusion of the axes of streets is

planned. To all the units, except house numbers and spatial and statistical districts, theofficially certified name is assigned. Multi-word names of settlements are capitalized inaccordance with Slovene orthography and are verified by the Committee for the DictionarySection of Slovene Orthography at the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts. Bilingualnames of municipalities and settlements are written in accordance with statements in thestatutes of municipalities where members of the Italian and Hungarian minorities live. Theyare stated on the principle of equal use as prescribed by the Constitution of the Republic ofSlovenia. In addition to names, the RSU contains digital graphical presentation of bordersand centroids of spatial units with the accuracy of the BTM 5 and their ciphers andidentifiers.

The Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia occasionally publishes printed surveys ofchanges and the official situation of municipalities with their corresponding settlements on


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the basis of the RSU. The last such brochure is entitled Settlements According toMunicipalities of the Republic of Slovenia, Methodological Material, No. 6, Statistical Officeof the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana 1995.

Lexicon of Place Names of Slovenia (Krajevni leksikon Slovenije)

TheLexicon of Place Names of Slovenia has been published in two versions. The first is infour volumes and contains the majority of geographical names on the territory of Sloveniawith exhaustive descriptions of landscapes, places, and people. Although somewhat outdated,for the time being it is still the most extensive publication of its kind in Slovenia.

Authors: Roman Savnik in cooperation with France Planina (all volumes) and ivko ifrer(Volumes I and II)Title: Lexicon of Place Names of SloveniaSubtitle: A collection of official, topographical, geographical, historical, cultural, economic,

and tourist data on all the places of SloveniaTitles of individual volumes:Volume I: Western Part of Slovenia, 1968Volume II: Core of Central Slovenia and its Southeastern Part, 1971Volume III: The World between the Savinjske Alps and the Sotla River, 1976Volume IV: Podravje and Pomurje, 1980

Publisher: Dravna zaloba Slovenije, Ljubljana

The second version is newer but less extensive, in only one volume and with substantiallyfewer names. In content it is similar to the first version; numerous colour photographs of

places, survey maps, and statistical tables have been added. As with the first version, themajority of the data was collected by geography teachers in the field and can be consideredreliable.

Milan Oroen Adami, Drago Perko, Drago Kladnik: Krajevni leksikon Slovenije, Dravnazaloba Slovenije, Ljubljana, 1995.

Slovene Place Names (Slovenska krajevna imena)

This book contains around 6,000 Slovene place names stated in nominative, genitive, and

locative with prepositions, the adjectives formed from them, and the names for maleinhabitants and occasionally for female inhabitants all accented and with pronunciationswhere necessary. The sources of data were local people and the Lexicon of Place Names ofSlovenia (first version). Capitalization of names was done in accordance with the neworthography, official regulations, and data from the RSU if necessary.

Franc Jakopin, Tomo Koroec, Tine Logar, Jakob Rigler, Roman Savnik, Stane Suhadolnik:Slovenska krajevna imena, zbirka Leksikoni Cankarjeve zalobe, Cankarjeva zaloba,Ljubljana 1985.

Atlas of Slovenia (Atlas Slovenije)


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The core of the Atlas of Slovenia is 223 1:50,000 scale topographical maps of A4 format.They cover the entire territory of Slovenia together with the border areas of neighbouringstates and thus include almost the entire area settled by the autochthonous Slovene

population. Added to theAtlas are thirteen city plans, an general map of Slovenia,descriptions of regions, statistical data, and an index of place names and the names of streets

in the city plans. The place name index includes the name, type of object, position on themap (page number and cell), and includes places outside Slovenia.

Atlas Slovenije, Zaloba Mladinska knjiga and Geodetski zavod Slovenije, 2nd edition,Ljubljana 1992.

A Dictionary of Reversed Geographical Names from the Atlas of Slovenia (Odzadnji slovarzemljepisnih imen po Atlasu Slovenije)

This dictionary contains all the data from the place name index in theAtlas of Slovenia with

geographical names arranged alphabetically beginning with the final and not the initial lettersof names. It thus conveniently groups place names ending with the same letters.

Metka Furlan: Odzadnji slovar zemljepisnih imen po Atlasu Slovenije,Znanstvenoraziskovalni center Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti, Intitut zaslovenski jezik Frana Ramova, Etimoloko-onomastina sekcija, Dravna zaloba Slovenije,Ljubljana, 1993

8. Glossary of Generic Terms and Designations on Maps

Slovene has three grammatical numbers (singular, dual, plural), three genders (masculine,feminine, and neuter), and six cases. In the list below, Slovene adjectives are written as theymost frequently appear on maps: for masculine nominative singular form with the inflection -i, for feminine and neuter nominative singular with the inflection -a or -o respectively, andafter the consonants c, , , , and j in neuter nominative with the suffix -e instead of -o, forexample, gorenje and rdee.

Slovene term English translation

alpski alpineambulanta dispensary, clinic

amfiteater amphitheatreantena antennaavenija avenueavstrijski Austrianavtobusno postajalie bus stopavtocesta expressway, motorway

banka bank barje moor, swamp, bog beli whitebencinska rpalka filling station, petrol station

bivak bivouac boja buoy


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bolnica hospital bolninica hospital brdo hill, hillock breg bank, shore, slope, hill brezno abyss, chasm

breina embankment brod ford, ferry brzica rapid bulvar boulevardcarina customscenter centercentralni centralcerkev churchcesta street, road, waycevovod pipeline

cisterna cisterner reef, cragrni blackdelta deltadeponija dump, tipdesni rightdeela country, land, provincedimnik chimneydok dockdol down(ward), small valley

dolenji lowerdolgi longdolina valleydolnji lowerdom home, center, residencedrevo treedrava state, countrydravna meja national boundaryekvidistanca contour intervalelektrarna power station, power plant

estuarij estuaryfontana fountaingasilski dom fire stationgladek smoothglava headglavna cesta main road, highwayglavni principal, maingledalie theatreglobina depthgloboki deep

goli treeless, baregondolska inica cableway, gondola


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gora mountaingorenji upper, highergornji upper, highergorovje mountain range, mountainsgorska veriga mountain chain, range

gorski hrbet ridgegorstvo mountain groupgostilna inngozd wood, forestgozdarska koa forester's hut, refuge, lodgegozdna koa forest hut, refuge, lodgegrad castle, manorgrapa ravinegreben ridge, crestgri hill, hillock

grievje hillsgrmovje bush, scrubgrob grave, tombgrobie cemetery, graveyardhangar hangarhidroelektrarna hydroelectric power planthia househladni cold, coolhotel hotelhrib hill

hribovje hilly areahrvaki Croatianigla needleindustrija industryintitut instituteitalijanski Italianiz of, fromizvir spring, source

jadranski Adriatic jama cave, cavern, pit

jedrska elektrarna nuclear power plant jez dam jezero lake jug south juni southernkamen stone, rockkamnolom quarrykamp campgroundkanal canalkanjon canyon

kapela chapelkatedrala cathedral


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klif cliffkmetija farmknjinica librarykoa hut, refuge, lodgekolovoz track, lane

kopa rounded hillkotlina basinkrajina landscape, region, countrykraki karstickrater craterkratki shortkri cross, crucifixkriie crossing, intersectionlaguna lagoonled ice

ledenik glacierledina piece of landletalie airportlevi leftlovska koa hunters' lodge, hutluka harbour, portluknja hole, pit, hollowmadarski Hungarianmakija scrubmali small, little

markirana pot marked path or trailmeja border, boundary, frontiermejni prehod border crossingmerilo scalemestna etrt city quarter, districtmestni urbanmesto town, citymetro metromlaka poolmlin grain mill

movirje swamp, marsh, bogmokri wet, dampmorena morainemorje seamorski marinemorski greben reefmorski rokav inletmost bridgemotel motelmrzli cold

muzej museumna on, upon


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nabreje embankment, quaynacionalni park national parknaftovod oil pipelinenaklon slope, gradientnamakalni kanal irrigation ditch

naravni rezervat nature reservenarod nationnarodni national (ethnic)naselje settlement, townnasip embankmentnizki lowniavje lowlandsniina lowlandsniji lower

NOB National Liberation War

notranji innernovi newob byobala coast, shoreobina municipalityoddajnik transmitterokno windowokraj districtokrogli roundosrednji central, main

ostri sharpoto je archipelagootok islandoina strait, narrow, isthmus

park parkparkirie parking lot panik grazing land, pasture pesek sand planina mountain pasture area, alpplaninska koa mountain hut

planinski dom mountain lodgeplaninsko zavetie mountain shelter, refuge planota plateau planarija shepherd's hut plavalni bazen swimming pool plaa beach plinarna gas plant plitvi shallow plitvina shoal, shallows pod under

podjetje company podmorski undersea, submarine


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podro je region, area podzemni undergroundpokopalie cemetery pokrajina landscape polje field

polotok peninsula postaja station pota post office pot path, trail, way potok stream, creek, brook predmestje suburb prednji front predor tunnel pregrada barrier prehod strait

prekop canal prelaz pass prepad abyss, precipice pri near pristan quay provinca provincerafinerija refineryravnina plain, flatlandrazpoka crevasserazvalina ruin

rdei redregija regionreka riverrestavracija restaurantrezervoar reservoirribnik fish pondribogojnica fish farm, hatcheryrog hornrt cape, point, promontoryrudnik mine

ruevina ruinruevje heathersadovnjak orchardsamostan monasterysedenica chairliftsedlo saddle, passsever northseverni northernsilos silosinagoga synagogue

sipina sand bank, duneskala rock, cliff


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skalnati zob jagslap waterfallslatina spaslovenski Slovenesmuarska skakalnica ski jump

smuarska vlenica ski liftsneg snowsoline salt workssoteska gorge, canyonspodnji lowerspomenik monumentsprednji frontsprehajalie alleysredie centersrednji middle

stadion stadiumstari old, ancientstena rock wall, cliffsteza footpath, trailstolp towerstrelie shooting rangestrmi steepsuhi dry, thinsveti (Sv.) holy (Saint)svetilnik lighthouse

iroki wide, broadkrbina narrow mountain passola schoolportno igrie sports ground, athletic fieldtelefon telephonetelegraf telegraphterasa terraceterme thermal bathstermoelektrarna thermal power planttok stream, current

topli warmtoplice spa, thermal bathstovarna factorytrajekt ferrytravnik meadowtrdnjava stronghold, forttrg square, boroughtrgovina shoptunel tunnelTV stolp TV tower

ulica street, alley, laneumetni artificial


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ustje mouth, estuaryutrdba fortv invas villageveleposlanitvo embassy

veliki large, greatv gradnji under constructionviavje highlandsviji highervinograd vineyardvisoki high, tallvnanji outervoda watervodni stolp water towervodnjak well

votlina cavernv projektu under project, projectedvrata gate, doorv rekonstrukciji under reconstructionvrh peak, summit, topvroi hotvrt gardenvrtaa doline, sinkhole, hollowvrtec kindergartenvzhod east

vzhodni easternvzpenjaa cablewayzadnji back, rearzahod westzahodni westernzaliv bay, gulfzaselek hamletzdravilie health spazeleni greenzgornji upper, higher

zid wallzunanji outer, externalzvonik bell tower, campanileaga saw milleleznica railwayeleznika postaja railway stationeleznika proga railway lineinica cablewayivalski vrt zoo

9. Abbreviations on Maps


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Source: National Topographical Map 1:25,000 scale

9.1. Abbreviations of Slovene Words

Orographical names

br. brdo, bregdol. dolinagl. glavagr. grebenizv. izvir

j. jama jez. jezerokam. kamenkan. kanal

o. otok pl. planina pol. polotok p. potok pr. preval, prelazr. rekas. sedlost. stenakr. krbinaz. zaliv

Names and descriptions of built objectsb.. bencinska rpalka bol. bolninicadep. deponija odpadkovg.k. gozdarska, gozdna koag.g. gozdno gospodarstvoh.e. hidroelektrarnah. hotelind. industrija, industrijski

j.e. jedrska elektrarnak.z. kmetijska zadruga

k.k. kmetijski kombinatl.i.k. lesnoindustrijski kombinatl.k. lovska koal. lukaml. mlinm. motel

plan. planarija, planina plin. plinarnaraf. rafinerijasam. samostansil. silos. olat.e. termoelektrarna

tov. tovarna. aga


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.p. eleznika postaja

Adjectives

r.,r.rni -a -oDol., dol. dolnji -a -e, dolenji -a -e

Gor., gor. gornji -a -e, gorenji -a -e ju. juni -a -o -eM., m. mali -a -o -e

N., n. novi -a -o -esev. severni -a -o -eSp., sp. spodnji -a -eSr., sr. srednji -a -eSt., st. stari -a -o -eSv. sveti -a -ot., t. ent-V., v. veliki -a -o -e

Vis., vis. visoki -a -o -evzh. vzhodni -a -o -ezah. zahodni -a -o -eZg., zg. zgornji -a -e

9.2. Abbreviations of Italian Words with Slovene Translation

Nouns

C. Cima vrh

F. Fiume rekaI. Isola otokCap. Capo rtCl. Colle gri, bregCan. Canale kanal, prekopCor. Corno vrhL. Lago jezeroLag. Laguna lagunaMlg. Malga planina, planarijaMt. Monte gora, hribP. Passo prelaz, prevalPt. Punta vrh, rtR. Rio, Rivo potokV. Valle, Vallone dolina, zaliv

Adjectives

di Sp. di Sopra (z)gornji -a -edi St. di Sotto spodnji -a -eG. Grande veliki -a -o -eInf. Inferiore spodnji -a -eMagg. Maggiore veliki -a -o -eMin. Minore mali -a -o -e

Mz. Mezzo srednji -a -e N. Novo, Nuovo novi -a -o -ePicc. Piccolo mali -a -o -e


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Sup. Superiore (z)gornji -a -e

9.3. Abbreviations of German Words with Slovene Translation

NounsA. Alm planina, planarijaB. Bach potokBg. Berg goraBgw. Bergwerk rudnikFd. Feld poljeFl. Fluss rekaGrb. Graben grapaH. Hhle jamaHt. Htte koaKg. Kogel vrh

Kn. Kanal kanal, prekopKp. Koppe kopa, vrhMl. Mhle mlinSp. Spitze vrhSt. Stein stena, skalaWd. Wald gozd

Adjectives

Gr. Gross veliki -a -o -eHtr. Hinter zadnji -a -e

Kl. Klein mali -a -o -eMit. Mittel srednji -a -e Nd. Nieder spodnji -a -eOb. Ober (z)gornji -a -eSkt. Sankt sveti -a -oUnt. Unter spodnji -a -e

9.4. Abbreviations of Hungarian Words with Slovene Translation

Nouns

b. brc vrhcs. cscs vrhcstn. csatorna kanal, prekopd. domb gri, brege. erd gozdfl. foly rekah. hegy hrib, gorahal. halom grimz. mez polje, ledina

p. patak potoktp. telep naseljevg. vlgy dolina


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Adjectives

a. als spodnji -a -e bs. bels notranji -a -ef. fels (z)gornji -a -ek. kis mali -a -o -ekp. kzp srednji -a -eks. kls zunanji -a -en. nagy veliki -a -o -esn. szent sveti -a -o

9.5. Abbreviations of Croatian Words with Slovene Translation

b.st. benzinska stanica bencinskarpalkaDK drvni kombinat lesnoindustrijski kombinathr. hrid er

PK poljoprivredni kombinat kmetijski kombinatpli. pliina plitvinak. kola olap. pilja podzemska jamatv. tvornica tovarnau. uvala uvala (manji zaliv)

10. Administrative Division of Slovenia by Municipalities

Toponymically the two most important information layers in the system of RSU units are the147 municipalities and the 5,956 settlements (situation on 1. 1. 1995). The municipalities on

average measure 138 km2 and are listed below (Settlements according to Municipalities ofthe Republic of Slovenia, Methodological Material, No. 6, Statistical Office of the Republicof Slovenia, Ljubljana 1995).

No. Municipality

1 Ajdovina2 Beltinci3 Bled4 Bohinj5 Borovnica

6 Bovec7 Brda8 Brezovica9 Breice

10 Cankova-Tiina11 Celje12 Cerklje na Gorenjskem13 Cerknica14 Cerkno15 renovci16 rna na Korokem17 rnomelj

18 Destrnik-Trnovska vas19 Divaa


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20 Dobrepolje21 Dobrova-Horjul-Polhov Gradec22 Dol pri Ljubljani23 Domale24 Dornava25 Dravograd

26 Duplek27 Gorenja vas-Poljane28 Gorinica29 Gornja Radgona30 Gornji Grad31 Gornji Petrovci32 Grosuplje33 Hodo-alovci/Hodos-alovci34 Hrastnik35 Hrpelje-Kozina36 Idrija37 Ig38 Ilirska Bistrica39 Ivanna Gorica40 Izola/Isola41 Jesenice42 Jurinci43 Kamnik44 Kanal45 Kidrievo46 Kobarid47 Kobilje48 Koevje49 Komen50 Koper/Capodistria51 Kozje52 Kranj53 Kranjska Gora54 Krko55 Kungota56 Kuzma57 Lako58 Lenart59 Lendava/Lendva60 Litija

61 Ljubljana62 Ljubno63 Ljutomer64 Logatec65 Loka dolina66 Loki Potok67 Lue68 Lukovica69 Majperk70 Maribor71 Medvode72 Menge

73 Metlika74 Meica75 Miren-Kostanjevica


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76 Mislinja77 Morave78 Moravske Toplice79 Mozirje80 Murska Sobota81 Muta

82 Naklo83 Nazarje84 Nova Gorica85 Novo mesto86 Odranci87 Ormo88 Osilnica89 Pesnica90 Piran/Pirano91 Pivka92 Podetrtek93 Podvelka-Ribnica94 Postojna95 Preddvor96 Ptuj97 Puconci98 Rae-Fram99 Radee

100 Radenci101 Radlje ob Dravi102 Radovljica103 Ravne-Prevalje104 Ribnica105 Rogaevci106 Rogaka Slatina107 Rogatec108 Rue109 Semi110 Sevnica111 Seana112 Slovenj Gradec113 Slovenska Bistrica114 Slovenske Konjice115 Stare116 Sveti Jurij

117 enur118 entilj

119 entjernej120 entjur pri Celju121 kocjan122 kofja Loka123 kofljica124 marje pri Jelah125 martno ob Paki126 otanj127 tore128 Tolmin

129 Trbovlje130 Trebnje131 Tri


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132 Turnie133 Velenje134 Velike Lae135 Videm136 Vipava137 Vitanje

138 Vodice139 Vojnik140 Vrhnika141 Vuzenica142 Zagorje ob Savi143 Zavr144 Zree145 alec146 elezniki147 iri

toponymic guidelines for slovenia

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