tort ii final draft

8/19/2019 Tort II Final Draft

1/20

DR.RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA NATIONAL LAW

UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

2015- 16

Tort II

F!"# $ro%&'t

Tr&()"(( to L"!*

SUBMITTED TO: -

SUBMITTED BY :

Miss KIRTI SHALINI DWIVEDI

Assistant Prof. ROLL NO:-121

DR.RMLNLU t! SEMESTER

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2/20

A'+!o#&*&!t

I !a"# ta$#n #fforts in t!is %ro't. Ho(#"#r) it (o*+, not !a"# ##n %ossi+#

(it!o*t t!# $in, s*%%ort an, !#+% of an/ in,i"i,*a+s. I (o*+, +i$# to #0t#n, /sin'#r# t!an$s to a++ of t!#.

I a !i!+/ in,#t#, to / fa'*+t/ Kirti aa for !#r *i,an'# an, 'onstant

s*%#r"ision as (#++ as for %ro"i,in n#'#ssar/ inforation r#ar,in t!# %ro't 3

a+so for !#r s*%%ort in 'o%+#tin t!# %ro't.

I (o*+, +i$# to #0%r#ss / s%#'ia+ ratit*,# an, t!an$s to / s#niors for i"in #

t!#ir att#ntion an, ti#.

M/ t!an$s an, a%%r#'iations a+so o to / 'o++#a*#s in ,#"#+o%in t!# %ro't

an, %#o%+# (!o !a"# (i++in+/ !#+%#, # o*t (it! t!#ir ai+iti#s.

S!a+ini D(i"#,i4.A.LL.4.

CONTENTS/

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1. INTRODU5TION

2. AIMS 3 O46E5TIVES

7. H8POTHESIS. RESEAR5H METHODOLO98

. POTENTIAL 5LAIMANT

;. T8PES O< TRESPASS TO LAND

=. DE. REMEDIES

?. 5ON5LUSION

1@. RE


4/20

tr#s%ass to +an, an, tr#s%ass to %#rson oriinat# fro o+, fors of tr#s%ass) (!i+# t!os# torts

(!i'! r#C*ir# %ro"# of ,aa# s*'! as n#+i#n'# an, n*isan'#.

T!# +a( of tr#s%ass to,a/ !as *'! of its oriin in 'riina+ +a( (!#r# its f*n'tion is ,#t#rr#nt

t!an 'o%#nsator/.


5/20

1F To ana+/# t!# 'on'#%t of Tr#s%ass to +an, an, t!# r##,i#s asso'iat#, (it! s*'!

tr#s%ass.2F To #0ain# an, #+aorat# t!# tort of tr#s%ass to +an, (it! t!# !#+% of 'as# +a(s.

HY$OTHESIS/

T!# #n#ra+ in,s#t of t!# r#s#ar'!#r r#ar,in TRESPASS TO LAND is t!at) if a %#rson is

tr#s%assin to t!# +an, o(n#, / t!# anot!#r %#rson) !# (o*+, # +ia+# to 'o%#nsat# for

'o%risin t!# ot!#r %#rson in !is #n&o/#nt of +an,. La( %a"#s *s a (a/ to # %ro"i,#,

r##,i#s for t!# in'on"#ni#n'# in t!# #n&o/#nt of t!# +an,.

RESEARCH METHODOLO3Y/

T!# r#s#ar'!#r !as *s#, ,o'trina+ #t!o, in !is r#s#ar'!) t!at is) #0t#nsi"# *s# of +it#rar/

so*r'#s an, at#ria+s. T!# r#s#ar'!#r ain+/ *s#s s#'on,ar/ so*r'#s to %ro"i,# s*stan'# to

t!# r#s#ar'! ana+/sis. T!# r#s#ar'!#r !as a+so %*t ,o(n i#ns# #ffort in or,#r to *n,#rstan,

t!# t#rs an, 'on'#%ts r#+at#, to t!# s*'t (!i'! #nri'!#, t!# st*,/ to a r#at #0t#nt. In

so# 'as#s) t!# r#s#ar'!#r s!a++ # o*n, to #0tra't at#ria+s ,ir#'t+/ fro t!# +it#rar/ (or$

of '#rtain a*t!ors (!i'! t!# r#s#ar'!#r int#n, to a,#C*at#+/ 'it# an, notif/ in ,*# 'o*rs# of

ti#. Do'trina+ r#s#ar'! or tra,itiona+ r#s#ar'! in"o+"#s ana+/sis of 'as# +a(s) arranin)

or,#rin an, s/st#atiin +#a+ %r#%ositions an, st*,/ of +#a+ instit*tions) *t it ,o#s or#

G it 'r#at#s +a( an, its a&or too+s t!ro*! +#a+ r#asonin or rationa+ ,#,*'tions. In t!#

o%inion of 4ooin) t!is $in, of r#s#ar'! r#%r#s#nts or# a %ra'ti'a+ r#*+ati"# i,#a+ of !o(

t!# &*,i'ia+ %ro'#ss o*!t to # 'on'#i"#, / t!# &*,i'iar/ t!an a t!#or#ti'a+ ana+/sis of its

a't*a+ str*'t*r# an, f*n'tioninB.2

2Legal Research Methodology, Asia law house Hyderabad, Doctrinal research or traditional

research, Dr T Padma and K P C Rao, pg 30.

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SOURCES OF DATA/

T!# fo++o(in s#'on,ar/ so*r'#s of ,ata !a"# ##n *s#, in t!# %ro't-

1 Arti'+#s

2 4oo$s

7 6o*rna+s

La( R#"i#(s

1. $OTENTIAL CLAIMANT4 WHO CAN SUE FOR

TRES$ASS TO LAND/

T!# '+aiant s!o*+, # t!# '*rr#nt %oss#ssor of +an, at t!# %arti'*+ar ti# a (ron of tr#s%ass

too$ %+a'#. H# a/ not # t!# s*%#rior o(n#r *t !# 'an # an o(n#r t!ro*! fr## !o+,)

+#as#!o+,) +i'#ns#) or #0'+*si"# %oss#ssions #"#n (!#n t!# %oss#ssion is not +#a+ #.. A sC*att#r

a/ s*# a tr#s%assin t!ir, %art/) *t !# 'annot s*# t!# r#a+ o(n#r for t!# tr#s%ass.

CASE ILLUSTRATION/ WACHIRA V RE$ULIC

A%%#++ant (as 'on"i't#, of tr#s%ass *%on %ri"at# +an, in %ro'##,ins instit*t#, / Mr.

Kiro$* as o''*%i#r of t!# +an, .E"i,#n'# s!o(#, t!at t!# a%%#++ant (as in o''*%ation of

so# 1.? a'r#s of +an, in Kia* ,istri't (!i'! !a, ##n 'on"#/#, / Mrs. 4#'$+#/ to t!#

+an, ,#"#+o%#nt an, s#tt+##nt oar, for an #stat# in f## in Ma/ 1?;7. So# ont!s

%r#"io*s+/ t!#r# !a, ##n n#otiations #t(##n t!# a%%#++ant an, s#tt+##nt oar, in r#ar,

3 E.A1!"7#201$st%&s%.n't&1&.*+uf

"

http://www.ockadvocates.com/2013/01/introduction-to-the-tort-of-trespass/#_ftn1


7/20

to a s*#st#, +oan of s!. 72@@@ fro t!# oar, to assist !i */ t!# +an, in C*#stion fro

Mrs. 4#'$+#/) *t t!#s# n#otiations (#r# aorti"#. T!# s#tt+##nt oar, +at#r a'C*ir#, t!#

+an, an, t!# tr*st##s of t!# oar, r#n#(#, n#otiations (it! t!# a%%#++ant in r#ar, to sa+# of

t!# +an, to !i %a/in t!# ,#%osit of s!. >@@@) t!# a%%#++ant (as a++o(#, to ta$# %oss#ssion of

t!at +an,. A +oan (as n#otiat#, an, first insta+#nt of t!# %*r'!as# %ri'# (as to #'o# ,*#

for %a/#nt on Mar'! 71st *t t!# a%%#++ant ,i, not sin t!# a''#%tan'# of t!# off#r *nti+

A**st .H# !a, not %ai, an/ on#/ sin'# %a/#nt of t!# ,#%osit. T!# +an, (as n#"#r

'on"#/#, to t!# a%%#++ant an, t!# tr*st##s so*!t to t#rinat# t!# a%%#++ants int#r#st an, to

r#%os#s t!# +an,. T!# a%%#++ant !a, 'onsist#nt+/ r#f*s#, to "a'at# an, +at#r t!# +an, (as so+,

to Mr. Ro#rt Kiro$* *t t!# a%%#++ant (as sti++ in %oss#ssion of t!at +an,.

It (as !#+, t!at o''*%i#r in t#rs of S#'tion 2 of t!# tr#s%ass a't #ans t!# o(n#r or t!# %#rson +a(f*++/ in o''*%ation of %ri"at# +an, an, %ri"at# +an, #ans +an, (!i'! is o(n#, or

o''*%i#, / an/ %#rson / "irt*# of %ri"at# tit+#. Pro'##,ins *n,#r tr#s%ass a't 'an on+/ #

ro*!t / %o+i'# or / o(n#r or o''*%i#r of t!# +an,. 4#'a*s# t!# tr*st##s !a, not 'onf#rr#,

a fr##!o+, tit+# on Mr. Kiro$*) !# (as not t!# o(n#r or o''*%i#r of t!at %ri"at# +an, in

C*#stion. T!# a%%#a+ (as a++o(#, an, 'on"i'tion C*as!#, an, s#nt#n'# s#t asi,#.

2. TY$ES OF TRES$ASS TO LAND/

I. TRESPASS BY RELATION

It in"o+"#s t!# i#,iat# ri!t to %oss#s an, sinifi#s t!# +a(f*+ ri!t to r#tain %oss#ssion (!#n

on# !as it or on# !as a'C*ir#, it i.#. on'# a %#rson is #ntit+#, to i#,iat# %oss#ssion of +an,) !#

is ,###, to !a"# ##n in %oss#ssion fro t!# o#nt t!at !is ri!t to it is a''r*#,.

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P+aintiffs %oss#ssion of +an, r#+at#s a'$ to t!# ti# (!#n !# first a'C*ir#, t!# ri!t to %oss#s

t!at +an, an, is t!#r#for# ,###, to !a"# ##n in %oss#ssion of it fro t!at ti#.

H# 'an t!#r#for# s*# for a'ts of tr#s%ass (!i+# !# (as a't*a++/ o*t of %oss#ssion an, it a+so

%ro"i,#s fo*n,ation for t!# '+ai for ,aa# s*ff#r#, / a %#rson as a r#s*+t of !a"in ##n $#%t

o*t of %oss#ssion of !is +an,.

If A o(ns +an, (!i'! !# s#++s to 4 %ass#s #for# 4 !as ta$#n a't*a+ %oss#ssion of t!# +an, an, in

t!# #anti# 5 'oits an a't of tr#s%ass on t!# +an, ) 4 a/ s*# 5 for t!# tr#s%ass

not(it!stan,in t!at !# !a, not /#t ta$#n %oss#ssion of t!at +an, (!#n t!# a't of tr#s%ass (as

'oitt#,. T!at #ans 4s tit+# r#+at#s a'$ to t!# ti# (!#n !# first #'a# #ntit+#, to ta$#

%oss#ssion i.#. t!# ti# !# o*!t t!# +an, fro A.

TRES$ASS ON AIRS$ACE

Intr*sion into airs%a'# at a r#+ati"#+/ +o( !#i!t 'onstit*t#s tr#s%ass) !o(#"#r) its no( s#tt+#,

t!at +an, o(n#rs ri!ts in airs%a'# #0t#n,s on+/ to s*'! a !#i!t as is n#'#ssar/ for t!# or,inar/

*s# an, #n&o/#nt of +an, an, str*'t*r#s on it.

It #ans t!#n t!at an air'raft f+/in s#"#ra+ !*n,r#, f##t ao"# a !o*s# is not tr#s%ass at 'oon

+a( !o(#"#r) if t!# air'raft or an/t!in fro it fa++s *%on t!# +an, or 'o#s into 'onta't (it! a

str*'t*r# on t!# +an,) it r#s*+ts into tr#s%ass no att#r t!# !#i!t fro (!i'! it f#++.

S#'tion =;2F of t!# 5i"i+ A"iation A't stat#s t!at if a !i&a'$#r f+i#s an air'raft into a *i+,in t!#

o(n#r of t!# air'raft is +ia+#. T!#r# is a %ro"iso to t!at #ff#'t t!at if t!# o(n#rs +iai+it/ aris#s

on+/ / "irt*# of t!# s#'tion an, if a +#a+ +iai+it/ to %a/ ,aa#s for t!# +oss in C*#stion #0ists

in so# ot!#r %#rson t!#n t!# o(n#r is #ntit+#, to # in,#nifi#, / t!at ot!#r %#rson.

In 4#nst#n ". S$/n#(s an, 9#n#ra+ +t, - T!# ,#f#n,ant *s#, an o"#rf+/in a#ro%+an# to otain

%!otora%!s of Lor, 4#rnst#ins 'o*ntr/ r#si,#n'#. Lor, 4#rnst#in '+ai#, t!at in so ,oin t!#

,#f#n,ant (as tr#s%assin in !is airs%a'# an, in"a,in !is ri!t to %ri"a'/. T!# 'o*rt !#+, t!at

t!# ,#f#n,ant (as not +ia+# for tr#s%ass. T!# rationa+# (as t!# %ro+# is to a+an'# t!# ri!ts

4 1!78# , 47!

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of an o(n#r to #n&o/ t!# *s# of !is +an, aainst t!# ri!ts of t!# #n#ra+ %*+i' to ta$#

a,"anta#s of a++ t!at s'i#n'# no( oft#n in t!# *s# of airs%a'#.

I! DIDOW V ALERTA $OWER 5


10/20

Is 'oitt#, (!#r# t!#r# is %!/si'a+ 'onta't (it! anot!#r %#rsons %ro%#rt/ on t!# +an, !o(#"#r

s+i!t. It in'+*,#s a'ts of #n'roa'!in on t!# +an, or (a+$in t!ro*! it (it!o*t a*t!orit/) sittin

on t!# %+aintiffs f#n'#) %*ttin a !an, t!ro*! t!# %+aintiffs (in,o() a*s# of ri!t of #ntr/ i.#. a

%#rson a*t!ori#, to #nt#r %r#is#s for t!# %*r%os# of r#%airin t!# #'o#s a tr#s%ass#r (!#n

!# %i'$s an, #ats fr*its on t!# %r#is#s (it!o*t a*t!orit/ an, t!ro(in t!ins on so#on#s

+an,.

WESTRI$$ V ALDOCK 6

P+aintiff an, t!# ,#f#n,ant o''*%i#, a,&oinin !o*s#s in'+*,#, (it!in a *i+,in s'!##.

R#stri'tions (#r# #nfor'#a+# / #it!#r of t!# aainst t!# ot!#r. T!# at#ria+ r#stri'tion (as

t!at at no %oint s!o*+, an/ *i+,in # #r#'t#, as a s!o%) (ar#!o*s# or fa'tor/ or an/ tra,# or

an*fa't*r# # 'arri#, o*t.

D#f#n,ant (as a &oin *i+,#r an, %+a'#, +a,,#rs) %+an$s) san, aainst t!# (a++ of t!#

%+aintiffs !o*s#. At t!# r#ar of t!# !o*s#) t!# ,#f#n,ant !a, #r#'t#, a s!#, to*'!in t!#

%+aintiffs ar,#n (a++ (!i'! !# *s#, as a stor# for *i+,#rs fittin. P+aintiff ro*!t an a'tion

a++#in a t#'!ni'a+ tr#s%ass) ,aa# / ,a% t!ro*! t!# %ointin #in in&*r#, / t!#s#

arti'+#s an, r#a'! of r#stri'ti"# 'o"#nant / #r#'tion of a (ar#!o*s# an, 'arr/in o*t tra,#.

H#+,: %+a'in of t!# +a,,#rs an, ot!#r arti'+#s aainst t!# (a++ (as a t#'!ni'a+ tr#s%ass (!i'! !a,

,aa#, t!# %ointin an, t!# %+aintiff (as #ntit+#, to t!# 'ost of r#%aintin t!# (a++.

D#f#n,ant (as 'arr/in on a tra,# (it!in t!# #anin of t!# 'o"#nant) as t!# *sin#ss of a

&oin *i+,#r in"o+"#, t!# */in an, s#++in of at#ria+s an, %+aintiff (as #ntit+#, to an

in&*n'tion.

HENRY HIDAYA ILAN3A V MANYEMA MANYOKA

" 1!38#2 All ER 27!

7 EACA1!"1#705

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R#s%on,#nt !a, s*#, a%%#++ant for ,aa#s for tr#s%ass an, for (ronf*+ r#o"a+ of +i"#sto'$)

'otton an, S!.12) @@@ 'as!. A%%#++ant a,itt#, t!# tr#s%ass an, t!# ta$in a(a/ of %ro%#rt/

(!i'! !# stat#, !# !a, r#t*rn#, (it! t!# #0'#%tion of 7 'att+# an, on# s!##%) *t !# ,#ni#,

ta$in t!# s!s. 12@@@ as a++##,. H# stat#, t!at t!# +i"#sto'$ an, %ro%#rt/ (#r# s#i#, to r#'o"#r

t!# %ri'# of a tra'tor (!i'! t!# r#s%on,#nt !a, so+, to t!# a%%#++ant (!i+# sti++ s*'t to !ir#

%*r'!as# ar###nt an, (!i'! !a, ##n s#i#, / t!# o(n#r fro a%%#++ant an, !# a''or,in+/

'o*nt#r '+ai#, S!. 1?@ (!i'! !# !a, %ai, to t!# r#s%on,#nt to(ar,s t!# tra'tor. T!# &*,#

a"# &*,#nt t!at a%%#++ant s!o*+, %a/ s!. 12@@@ for t!# (!o+# ao*nt '+ai#, an, a(ar,#,

!i f*rt!#r S!. @@@ as ,aa#s for tr#s%ass.

TRES$ASS Y REMAININ3 ON LAND

Is tr#s%ass 'oitt#, / a %#rson (!o !a"in ##n oriina++/ a*t!ori#, to #nt#r *%on t!# +an,)

is s*s#C*#nt+/ as$#, to +#a"#. S*'! a %#rson t!#n #'o#s a tr#s%ass#r (!#n !# fai+s to +#a"#

t!# +an, (it!in a r#asona+# ti#.

If a +i'#ns# is (it!,ra(n) a %#rson is not a tr#s%ass#r ,*rin t!# r#asona+# ti# (!i'! !# ta$#s

to +#a"# t!# %r#is#s

MINISTER OF HEALTH V ELLOTTI7

T!# r#s%on,#nts (#r# #"a'*##s fro t!# 9ira+tar an, o''*%i#, %r#is#s at an #"a'*##s '#ntr#

*n,#r +i'#ns# fro t!# Ministr/ of H#a+t!. T!# r#s%on,#nts (#r# +i'#ns##s for "a+*a+#

'onsi,#ration in r#s%#'t of t!# %r#is#s (!i'! t!#/ o''*%i#, an, +i'#ns#s #0t#n,#, to a++o(

t!# to +i"# in t!#ir f+ats) to !a"# f*rnit*r# of t!#ir o(n an, (!i'! in fa't t!#/ ,i, an, a+so to

!a"# t!#ir (i"#s an, fai+i#s t!#r# .Diff#r#n'#s aros# #t(##n t!# r#s%on,#nts an, offi'ia+s at

t!# inistr/ an, t!# r#s%on,#nts (#r# #a'! i"#n a (##$ to #"a'*at# t!# %r#is#s. T!#/ fai+#, to

+#a"# an, aft#r an att#%t to #'t t!os# %ro'##,ins (#r# ta$#n in t!# 'o*nt/ 'o*rt to otain

or,#rs for %oss#ssion. It (as 'ont#n,#, t!at t!# noti'#s (#r# in"a+i, on ro*n, t!at t!# ti#

i"#n to "a'at# t!# %r#is#s (as *nr#asona+/ s!ort !#n'# +i'#ns#s (#r# not #ff#'ti"#+/ r#"o$#,.

8 1!44#/ 2!0

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H#+,: t!# +#nt! of ti# to # i"#n to +i'#ns##s on t!# ,#t#rination of t!# +i'#ns#s *st ,#%#n,

*%on t!# 'ir'*stan'# of an/ %arti'*+ar 'as# an, in t!# %r#s#nt 'as#) t!# ti# i"#n (as

ins*ffi'i#nt .Noti'# ,#t#rinin a +i'#ns# r#"o$#s t!# +i'#ns# i#,iat#+/ on s#r"i'# an, t!#

noti'# #'o#s o%#rati"# on #0%iration of a r#asona+# ti# fro t!# ,at# of s#r"i'#. T!is is so

#"#n t!o*! t!# noti'# stat#s a %#rio, of ti# for "a'ation of t!# %r#is#s (!i'! is !#+, to # too

s!ort.

TRES$ASS TO SUSOIL

An/ intr*sion *%on t!# s*soi+ is &*st as *'! tr#s%ass as #ntr/ *%on t!# s*rfa'#. T!# s*rfa'#

an, t!# s*soi+ 'an # %oss#ss#, / ,iff#r#nt %#rsons. If A is in %oss#ssion of t!# s*rfa'# an, 4)

t!# s*soi+ an, I (a+$ on t!# +an, t!at (o*+, r#s*+t into tr#s%ass aainst A an, not aainst 4.

If I ,i a !o+# "#rti'a++/ in t!# +an,) t!at (o*+, # tr#s%ass aainst ot! A an, 4. If I or# a

t*nn#+ fro / +an, into 4s s*soi+) t!at (o*+, # tr#s%ass aainst 4 on+/.

E"#n if t!# +an, o(n#r !as ##n ,#%ri"#, of o(n#rs!i% of in#ra+s / stat*t#) intr*sions #n#at!

t!# s*rfa'# s*'! as %i%#+in#s in or,#r to otain t!# in#ra+s sti++ ao*nts to tr#s%ass) t!o*! in

s*'! a 'as# t!# C*ant* of ,aa#s (i++ # "#r/ +iit#,.

CONTINUIN3 TRES$ASS

If t!# a't 'onstit*tin tr#s%ass r#ains (it!o*t t!# tr#s%ass#r ,oin an/t!in to a"oi, it) t!#r# is

sai, to # a 'ontin*in tr#s%ass. It aris#s for #0a%+# (!#r# a tr#s%ass#r '!oos#s to r#ain on a

%+aintiffs +an, or fai+s to r#o"# an/ att#r fro t!at +an,) (!i'! is 'a*sin tr#s%ass.

W!#r# t!#r# is 'ontin*in tr#s%ass) t!# %+aintiff 'an rin a n*#r of a'tions aainst t!#

,#f#n,ant. T!is is #'a*s# as +on as t!# tr#s%ass#r 'ontin*#s) t!# %+aintiff 'ontin*#s to s*ff#r

an, t!#r# is a fr#s! 'a*s# of a'tion.

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IN HOLMES V WILSON8 9t!# ,#f#n,ants #r#'t#, *ttr#ss#s to s*%%ort a sin$in roa,)

n#'#ssitatin tr#s%ass onto t!# '+aiants +an,. T!# '+aiant s*#, an, r#'o"#r#, ,aa#s) *t t!#

,#f#n,ant fai+#, to r#o"# t!# *ttr#ss#s so t!# '+aiant s*#, aain.

Transf#r of t!at +an, / an in&*r#, %art/ ,o#s not %r#"#nt transf#r## fro s*in t!# ,#f#n,ant for

'ontin*in tr#s%ass.

T!#r# is no tr#s%ass if t!# ,#f#n,ant #r#+/ oits to r#stor# +an, to t!# sa# 'on,ition a%art

fro r#o"in an/t!in (!i'! !# !as %*t on t!# +an,F in (!i'! !# fo*n, it i.#. if !# fai+s to fi++

*% a %it (!i'! !# !as ,* on t!# n#i!o*rs +an, . H# is on+/ +ia+# for t!# oriina+ ,iin an,

not for 'ontin*in tr#s%ass in a++o(in t!# %it to r#ain *nfi++#,) !o(#"#r) !# is +ia+# for

n#+i#n'# if an/on# fa++s into t!# %it.

I! CLE33 V DEARDEN10: a tr#s%ass#r !a, ro$#n t!ro*! a (a++ in# an, aft#r t!# stat*t#

!a, t!# oriina+ tr#s%ass) (at#r !a, r*n t!ro*! t!# !o+# an, in&*r#, t!# %+aintiff. It (as !#+, in

an a'tion on t!# 'as# t!at t!#r# 'o*+, # no r#'o"#r/ #'a*s# +#a"in a !o+# t!#r# (as not a

'ontin*in tr#s%ass an, t!at r*nnin of t!# stat*t# !a, a+r#a,/ arr#, t!# tr#s%ass to#t!#r (it!

its r#s*+ts.

Mista$# is no ,#f#n'# to tr#s%ass. It (i++ not a"ai+ t!# ,#f#n,ant t!at !# inno'#nt+/ t!o*!t t!at

!# (as on !is o(n +an,

ASELY V CLARKSON11

T!# ,#f#n,ant '*t rass fro t!# +an, (!i'! !# #+i#"#, #+on#, to !i) *t in fa't #+on#, to

t!# n#i!o*r) t!# '+aiant. T!# 'o*rt !#+, t!at (!#t!#r t!# ,#f#n,ant $n#( t!# tit+# of fa'ts or

not (as irr#+#"ant: !is a't (as "o+*ntar/ an, ,i, 'a*s# +oss t!at t!# '+aiant !a, s*ff#r#,.

! 183!#10 A* &n* El 503

10 1848#12 , 57" &t "01

11 1"81#3 LE 37

13


14/20

T!#r# is no +iai+it/ if t!# #ntr/ is in"o+*ntar/ i.#. a %#rson (!o is 'arri#, onto t!# +an, of t!#

'+aiant / a 7r, %art/ is not +ia+# in tr#s%ass

SMITH V STONE12

D#f#n,ant (as "io+#nt+/ %*rs*#, into t!# '+aiants +an, (!o so*!t ,aa#s in t!# a'tion for

tr#s%ass to +an,. It (as !#+, t!at a tr#s%ass 'annot # 'oitt#, in"o+*ntari+/ an, t!# a'tion

fai+#,. T!#r# (as tr#s%ass / t!# %#o%+# (!o 'arri#, !i t!#r# an, not / t!# ,#f#n,ant.

. DEFENCES /

LINCENCE

W!#r# a %#rson !as %#rission to #nt#r +an, ) #it!#r #0%r#ss#, or as i%+i#, / t!# %ro%#rt/s

o(n#r) t!#n !# (ont # !#+, +ia+# for tr#s%ass. An/ ##r of t!# %*+i' !as an i%+i#,

+i'#ns# to a%%roa'! %r#is#s (it! +#itiat# inC*ir/) #"#n if t!at inC*ir/ !as not!in to ,o (it!

t!# o''*%i#rs int#r#st. In t!is 'as#) a %o+i'# offi'#r (it!o*t a s#ar'! (arrant is in t!# sa#

%osition as a ##r of t!# %*+i'. T!is ,#f#n'# #0ists *n+#ss t!# ,#f#n,ant !as #0'##,#, t!#

t#rs of t!# +i'#ns#.

W!#n t!# +i'#ns# is &*st ar# no 'onsi,#ration is off#r#, / t!# ,#f#n,antF) t!# +i'#ns# 'an #

r#"o$#, at an/ ti#. If t!# ,#f#n,ant ta$#s or# t!an r#asona+# ti#) s!#J!# (as i"#n to o"#

o*t) an, t!#n !#Js!# is 'oittin a tr#s%ass.

A 'ontra't*a+ +i'#ns# is r#"o$#, on+/ (!#n

i. T!#r# !as ##n an #0%r#ss#, or i%+i#, ti# fra# +iit in t!# 'ontra't

ii. D#an, for in&*n'tion to %r#"#nt r#a'! of 'ontra't

• NECESSITY

12 1"47#LE "5

14


15/20

N#'#ssit/ is a ,#f#n'# to s!o( t!at it (as n#'#ssar/ for t!# ,#f#n,ant to #nt#r t!# '+aiants +an,

Tr#s%ass a/ not aris# (!#r# t!#r# is a't*a+J%#r'#i"#, ,an#r in r#+ation to (!i'! st#%s ar#

ta$#n.


16/20

E"i,#n'# A't 1?> to #nt#r %r#is#s an, s#ar'! t!#. . Ho(#"#r) a*s# of t!# +#a+ a*t!orit/ is

%*nis!a+#. W!#n on# !a, initia+ a*t!orit/) t!#n +at#r ,i, so#t!in *n+a(f*+) it r#s*+ts into a

,o'trin# $no(n as ab initio.

In ELIAS V $ASMORE1


17/20

T!# %#rson (!o is #ntit+#, to %ro'#ssion a/ r#C*#st a tr#s%ass#r to +#a"# an, if t!# tr#s%ass#r

r#f*s#s) a/ r#o"# !i fro t!# +an,) *sin no or# for'# t!an is r#asona+/ n#'#ssar/.

Ho(#"#r) if t!# for'# *s#, in t*rnin o*t a tr#s%ass#r is #0'#ssi"# t!# %#rson (!o *s#, s*'!

for'# !is#+f 'oits a tr#s%ass *%on t!# %#rson of t!# %#rson r#o"#,.

RE-ENTRY

T!# %#rson #ntit+#, to %oss#ssion 'an #nt#r or r#-#nt#r t!# %r#is#s. H# *st ,o so in a %#a'#f*+

ann#r s*'t to t!# 'oon +a( ri!ts to #'t a tr#s%ass#r.

DAMA3ES

If t!# tr#s%ass is tri"ia+ or t!#r# is no a't*a+ ,aa# t!# ,aa# (i++ # noina+. If t!# ,aa# is,on# to t!# +an, t!# #as*r# of ,aa# is *s*a++/ to t!# ,iin*tion in "a+*# of t!# +an,) or s*'!

ao*nt as (i++ 'o%#nsat# t!# %+aintiff for !is +oss. T!# 'ost of r#instat##nt for #0a%+#

r#*i+,in (i++ so#ti#s # t!# 'orr#'t #as*r#. E0#%+ar/ ,aa#s a/ !a"# ##n a(ar,#,

(!#r# t!#r# !as ##n aritrar/ or *n'onstit*tiona+ tr#s%ass / a o"#rn#nt offi'ia+ or (!#r# t!#

,#f#n,ant '/ni'a++/ ,isr#ar,s t!# %+aintiffs ri!ts (it! t!# o't of a$in a ain fro !is

*n+a(f*+ 'on,*'t.

SELF HEL$

T!# %art/ in %oss#ssion a/ *s# r#asona+# for'# to r#sist (ronf*+ #ntr/ / tr#s%ass#r #.. /

#r#'tin f#n'#s an, %*ttin on ar#, (ir# f#n'#s. In 'as#s of s#'*rit/ ,os) !# s!o*+, !a"#

'ontro+ o"#r it an, notif/ %#o%+# ao*t t!# ,o in #"#r/ #ntran'#.

ORDER OF $OSSESSION OF LAND 4DECLARATION

Was for#r+/ 'a++#, #'t#nt .Its an a'tion / (!i'! t!# %oss#ssor of +an, s##$s a 'o*rt or,#r

to r#'o"#r it Its *s*a++/ a'!i#"#, / t!# '+aiant %ro"in !is J!#r tit+# to +an, !#Js!# 'an no(

ta$# a'tion aainst t!# sC*att#rs.

MESNE $ROFITS

T!is is *s*a++/ an a,,ition to t!# a'tion for r#'o"#r/ of %oss#ssion of +an,. T!#/ ar#

'ons#C*#ntia+ ,aa#s i"#n to t!# '+aiant for t!# ti# !#Js!# !as ##n fro t!at +an,. It ais

17


18/20

at r#'o"#rin t!# +ast *s# of %ro%#rt/. An a'tion +i#s for t!# ,aa# (!i'! t!# '+aiant !as

s*ff#r#, t!ro*! #in o*t of %oss#ssion of +an, t!is in'+*,#s %rofits ta$#n / t!# ,#f#n,ant

,*rin !is o''*%ation an, ,aa#s for ,#t#rioration an, t!# r#asona+# 'ost of #ttin

%oss#ssion.#.. In t!# 'as# of INVERU9IE INVESTMENTS LTD V HACKETT16 T!# Pri"/

5o*n'i+ (as 'a++#, *%on to 'a+'*+at# #sn# %rofits in *n*s*a+ 'ir'*stan'#. T!# '+aiant !a,

##n *n+a(f*++/ $#%t o*t of !is %ro%#rt/ in t!# 4a!aas for a %#rio, of 1 an, !a+f /#ars. H#

(as #ntit+#, to a r#asona+# r#nta+ "a+*# for t!# %#rio, as#, on t!# %*+is!#, rat#s at (!i'! t!#

to*r o%#rators a,# )B(!o+# sa+# arran##nts to *s# !o+i,a/ a''oo,ationB It (as !#+, t!at

t!# %+aintiff 'o*+, r#'o"#r a r#asona+# r#nt for #"#r/ a%art#nt in t!# !ot#+ +o'$ t!# ,#f#n,ant

!a, *i+t. T!o*! t!# ,#f#n,ant o't#, t!at t!# f+ats !a, not ##n f*++/ o''*%i#,) Lor, L+o/,

!#+, t!at it (as not a att#r of a't*a+ +oss an, !#n'# t!# 'a+'*+ation of t!# tota+ s*.

DISTRESS DAMA3E FEASANT

Is (!#r# a '!att#+ is *n+a(f*++/ on t!# '+aiants +an, an, !as 'a*s#, a't*a+ ,aa#) t!#n t!#

'+aiant a/ r#tain t!# '!att#+ *nti+ t!# ,aa# !as ##n %ai, for. A foota++ $i'$#, t!ro*! t!#

(in,o( a/ # r#tain#, *nti+ t!# ,aa#, (in,o( is %ai, for.

CONCLUSION/

T!# +a( of tr#s%ass to,a/ !as *'! of its oriin in 'riina+ +a( (!#r# its f*n'tion is ,#t#rr#nt

t!an 'o%#nsator/. 5as# +a( !as a+so ,#t#rin#, (!at *s#rs 'an ,o on !i!(a/s.


19/20

ri!ts of (a/. Tr#s%ass of t!is sort is #st a"oi,#, / #ns*rin t!at t!# %*+i' ri!ts of (a/ ar#

#as/ to fo++o(. Wa/ ar$in a ro*t# an, a$in s*r# at#s an, sti+#s ar# in oo, 'on,ition ar#

#ff#'ti"# (a/s of #ns*rin t!is. Us#rs ar# %#ritt#, to ,#"iat# aro*n, an ostr*'tion on a %*+i'

ri!t of (a/ (it!o*t 'oittin a tr#s%ass %ro"i,#, t!at t!# ,#"iation is a'ross +an, in t!# sa#

o(n#rs!i% as t!# +an, (!i'! t!# +o'$#, %at! 'ross#s. 4*t) if t!# ro*n, a'ross (!i'! t!# %*+i'

ri!t of (a/ %ass#s #ro,#s a(a/) s*'! as a+on a ri"#r an$ or str#t'! of 'oasta+ '+iffs) t!#r# is no

ri!t to ,#"iat# aro*n, t!# +an,s+i%) an, so t!# (a/ a/ # +ost. In so# 'as#s) *s#rs 'onsi,#r#,

to # tr#s%ass#rs / t!# +an,o(n#r or far#r a/ stron+/ aintain t!at t!#/ !a"# a ri!t to *s# a

%arti'*+ar %at!. In s*'! 'as#s) t!# !i!(a/ a*t!orit/ s!o*+, # as$#, to #0ain# a++ t!# #"i,#n'#

so t!at t!# sit*ation 'an # '+arifi#, in t!# int#r#sts of a++.

5oon +a( tra,itiona+F G +an, (as ,#fin#, as (!at (as fi0#, to t!# +an,) t!# air s%a'# ao"#

t!# +an, *% to t!# s$/ an, t!# soi+ 'ont#nt #n#at! t!# +an, ,o(n to its ,#%t!s.

Mo,#rn +a( G a++o(s +an,o(n#r to %oss#ss) an, aintain an a'tion in tr#s%ass in r#+ation to) t!#

airs%a'# ao"# t!# +an, or t!# s*s*rfa'# #n#at! to t!# #0t#nt t!at is r#asona+/ n#'#ssar/ for

t!# #n&o/#nt of t!# +an, or t!# #0t#nt to (!i'! 'ontro+ 'an # #0#r'is#,.

REFERENCES/

(((.st*,#ntat+a(.'o

www.lawteacher.net

www.parliament.uk

www.theguardian.com

1!

http://www.studentatlaw.com/http://www.lawteacher.net/http://www.parliament.uk/http://www.theguardian.com/http://www.studentatlaw.com/http://www.lawteacher.net/http://www.parliament.uk/http://www.theguardian.com/


20/20

www.findlaw.co.uk

ILIO3RA$HY/

La( of Torts G Dr. R. K. 4ania

La( of Torts G Ratan+a+ 3 D!ira&+a+

La( of Torts G As!o$ K. 6ain

La( of Tort / P.S.A Pi++ai) ?t! E,ition.

5o%+#t# Tort La( / S.I Stron an, Li Wi++ias.

Tort 5as#s an, Mat#ria+s) ;t! E,ition / Martin Matt!#(s) 6onat!an Moran an, 5o+

O 5inn#i,#. Un+o'$in Torts) 7r, E,ition / 5!ris T*rn#r an, S*# Ho,#

K#n/a La( R#%orts A++ En+an, La( R#%orts

20
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tort ii final draft

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