torts cases (batch 2) full text

8/20/2019 Torts Cases (Batch 2) Full Text

1/46

[G.R. No. 70890. September 18, 1992.]

CRESENCIO LIBI * an !"ELI! #!$ LIBI, Petitioners, %. &ON. IN'ER"E(I!'E !$$ELL!'E CO)R', ELI$EGO'IONG an S&IRLE# GO'IONG, Respondents.

S#LL!B)S

1. CIVIL LAW; QUASI DELICT; LIABILITY OF PARENTS FOR CIVIL LIABILITY ARISING FROM CRIMINAL OFFENSESCOMMITTED BY THEIR MINOR CHILDREN; RULE. — The pae!"# ae a!$ #h%&'$ (e he'$ p)*a)'+ ')a('e ,% "he -))' ')a()')"+a)#)!/ ,%* -)*)!a' %,,e!#e# -%**)""e$ (+ "he) *)!% -h)'$e! &!$e "he) 'e/a' a&"h%)"+ % -%!"%'0 % h% ')e )! "he)-%*pa!+0 &!'e## )" )# p%e! "ha" "he ,%*e a-"e$ )"h "he $)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, a ,a*)'+ "% pee!" #&-h $a*a/e#.Tha" p)*a+ ')a()')"+ )# pe*)#e$ %! "he p%)#)%!# %, A")-'e 121 %, "he Re)#e$ Pe!a' C%$e )"h e#pe-" "% $a*a/e# e3$e')-"% -ae$ (+ "he) -h)'$e! 4 +ea# %, a/e % &!$e0 % %e 4 (&" &!$e 15 +ea# %, a/e h% a-"e$ )"h%&"$)#-e!*e!"; a!$0 )"h e/a$ "% "he) -h)'$e! %e 4 (&" &!$e 15 +ea# %, a/e h% a-"e$ )"h $)#-e!*e!"0 % 15 +ea#% %e (&" &!$e 61 +ea# %, a/e0 #&-h p)*a+ ')a()')"+ #ha'' (e )*p%#e$ p&#&a!" "% A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e. U!$e#a)$ A")-'e 61720 "he e!,%-e*e!" %, #&-h ')a()')"+ #ha'' (e e,,e-"e$ a/a)!#" "he ,a"he a!$0 )! -a#e %, h)# $ea"h %)!-apa-)"+0 "he *%"he. Th)# a# a*p'),)e$ (+ "he Ch)'$ a!$ Y%&"h We',ae C%$e h)-h p%)$e# "ha" "he #a*e #ha'' $e%'e&p%! "he ,a"he a!$0 )! -a#e %, h)# $ea"h % )!-apa-)"+0 &p%! "he *%"he %0 )! -a#e %, he $ea"h % )!-apa-)"+0 &p%! "he/&a$)a!0 (&" "he ')a()')"+ *a+ a'#% (e %'&!"a)'+ a##&*e$ (+ a e'a")e % ,a*)'+ ,)e!$ %, "he +%&"h,&' %,,e!$e. H%ee0&!$e "he Fa*)'+ C%$e0 "h)# -))' ')a()')"+ )# !%0 )"h%&" #&-h a'"e!a")e 8&a'),)-a")%!0 "he e#p%!#)()')"+ %, "he pae!"# a!$"h%#e h% e3e-)#e pae!"a' a&"h%)"+ %e "he *)!% %,,e!$e. F% -))' ')a()')"+ a)#)!/ ,%* 8&a#)9$e')-"# -%**)""e$ (+*)!%#0 "he #a*e &'e# #ha'' app'+ )! a--%$a!-e )"h A")-'e# 6172 a!$ 6176 %, "he C))' C%$e0 a# #% *%$),)e$.

( E C I S I O NREG!L!(O, J.+

O!e %, "he )%!)- e)")e# %, '),e0 )" ha# (ee! #a)$0 )# "ha" #%% )# #%*e")*e# a "%&-h#"%!e %, '%e. A "a/)- )''"a")%! )#p%)$e$ (+ "he )!#"a!" -a#e0 hee)! "% '%e# $)e$ h)'e #")'' )! "he p)*e %, "he) +ea#0 a ()""e ep)#%$e ,% "h%#e h%#e')e# "he+ hae "%&-he$. Wh)'e e -a!!%" e3pe-" "% aa$ -%*p'e"e a##&a/e*e!" "% "he) ,a*)')e# "h%&/h #ee*)!/'+p%#a)- 'e/a' e()a/e0 "h)# $)#p%#)")%! #h%&'$ a" 'ea#" "e*)!a"e "he a-)*%!+ a!$ a!-% %, a! e3"e!$e$ :&$)-)a' -%!"e#"e#&'")!/ ,%* "he &!,%"&!a"e %--&e!-e.

I! "h)# ,)!a' $e!%&e*e!" %, "he :&$)-)a' e-%&#e "he #"a/e# hee%, ee a'"e!a"e'+ )!)")a"e$ (+ "he pa")e#0 pe")")%!e# ae!% (e,%e #ee)!/ "he ee#a' %, "he :&$/*e!" %, e#p%!$e!" -%&" p%*&'/a"e$ %!

?WHEREFORE0 "he $e-)#)%! %, "he '%e -%&" $)#*)##)!/ p'a)!"),,@# -%*p'a)!" )# hee(+ ee#e$; a!$ )!#"ea$0 :&$/*e!" )#hee(+ e!$ee$ #e!"e!-)!/ $e,e!$a!"#0 :%)!"'+ a!$ #%')$a)'+0 "% pa+ "% p'a)!"),,# "he ,%''%)!/ a*%&!"#>

1. M%a' $a*a/e#0 P20222.222;

6. E3e*p'a+ $a*a/e#0 P120222.22;

. A""%!e+@# ,ee#0 P620222.220 a!$ -%#"#.

H%ee0 $e!)a' %, $e,e!$a!"#9appe''ee#@ -%&!"e-'a)*# )# a,,)*e$.?

S+!"he#)e$ ,%* "he ,)!$)!/# %, "he '%e -%&"#0 )" appea# "ha" e#p%!$e!" #p%e# ae "he 'e/)")*a"e pae!"# %,


2/46

?WHEREFORE0 pe*)#e# $&'+ -%!#)$ee$0 :&$/*e!" )# hee(+ e!$ee$ $)#*)##)!/ p'a)!"),,#@ -%*p'a)!" ,% )!#&,,)-)e!-+ %, "he e)$e!-e. De,e!$a!"#@ -%&!"e-'a)* )# ')e)#e $e!)e$ ,% 'a- %, #&,,)-)e!" *e)".?

O! appea' "% e#p%!$e!" -%&"0 #a)$ :&$/*e!" %, "he '%e -%&" $)#*)##)!/ "he -%*p'a)!" %, "hee)! p'a)!"),,#9appe''a!"#a# #e" a#)$e a!$ a!%"he :&$/*e!" a# e!$ee$ a/a)!#" $e,e!$a!"#9appe''ee# h%0 a# pe")")%!e# )! "he pe#e!" appea'(+ certiorari 0 !% #&(*)" ,% e#%'&")%! "he ,%''%)!/ )##&e# )! "h)# -a#e> -ha!%(1e# )"&a' 1a ')(a+

1. Whe"he % !%" e#p%!$e!" -%&" -%e-"'+ ee#e$ "he ")a' -%&" )! a--%$a!-e )"h e#"a(')#he$ $e-)#)%!a' 'a#; a!$

6. Whe"he % !%" A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e a# -%e-"'+ )!"epe"e$ (+ e#p%!$e!" -%&" "% *ae pe")")%!e# ')a('e ,%)-a)% ')a()')"+.

I! "he p%-ee$)!/# (e,%e "he ")a' -%&"0 D. :/->-ha!%('e#.-%*.ph

?Q I# )" !%" a ,a-" "ha" "hee ae -e"a)! /&!# h)-h ae #% *a$e "ha" "hee %&'$ (e !% ('a- e#)$&e % "a""%%)!/ "ha" -%&'$

e#&'" ,%* "he#e /&!# (e-ae "he+ ae ha" e -a'' -'ea!

A Ye#0 #). I !% "ha" "hee ae ha" e -a'' #*%e'e## p%$e.

ATTY. ORTI>-ha!%(1e# )"&a' 1a ')(a+

Q Ye#. S%0 )! -a#e#0 "hee,%e0 %, /&!# hee "he p%$e )# #*%e'e##0 "h%#e )!$)-a")%!# "ha" +%& #a)$ *a+ !%" &'e %&" "hep%##)()')"+ "ha" "he /&! a# -'%#e "ha! 6 )!-he#0 )# "ha" -%e-"

A I, "he . . . a##&*)!/ "ha" "he /&! e$ a# .. "he (&''e" e$ a# a #*%e'e## p%$e.

Q A" a!+ a"e0 $%-"%0 ,%* . . . $)#e/a$)!/ "h%#e %"he *a""e# "ha" +%& hae !%")-e$0 "he #)!/e)!/0 e"-.0 ,%* "he"a:e-"%+0 (a#e$ %! "he "a:e-"%+ %, "he (&''e" a# #h%! )! +%& %! #e"-h0 )# )" !%" a ,a-" "ha" "he /&! -%&'$ hae (ee!,)e$ (+ "he pe#%! h)*#e',0 "he )-")* h)*#e',0 We!$e'' L)()0 (e-ae )" #h%# a p%)!" %, e!"+ a ')""'e a(%e "he )/h" ea a!$p%)!" %, e3)" a ')""'e a(%e "ha"0 "% (e e+ ,a) a!$ %! +%& %a"h

A A# ,a a# "he p%)!" %, e!"a!-e )# -%!-e!e$ a!$ a# ,a a# "he "a:e-"%+ %, "he (&''e" )# -%!-e!e$ a!$ a# ,a a# "he a!/'e% "he *a!!e %, ,)e )# -%!-e!e$0 )" -%&'$ hae (ee! ,)e$ (+ "he )-")*.?

A# #h%! (+ "he e)$e!-e0 "hee ee %!'+ "% e$ (&''e"# 7 ,%&!$ a" "he #-e!e %, "he -)*e0 ea-h %, h)-h ee "he(&''e"# "ha" h)" -ha!%('e#.-%*.ph

x x x

?E)$e!-e %, -%!"a-" % -'%#e9-%!"a-" ,)e0 #&-h a# (&!)!/ a%&!$ "he /&!#h%" %&!$ %, e!"a!-e0 /&!p%$e "a"%%)!/#)-0 #*&$/)!/0 #)!/e)!/ %, ha)0 e3"e!#)e 'a-ea")%! % (&#")!/ %, "he /&!#h%" %&!$ %, e!"a!-e0 % #epaa")%! %, "he#)! ,%* "he &!$e'+)!/ ")##&e0 ae a(#e!".? 12

O! -%##9e3a*)!a")%!0 D. Ce!a $e*%!#"a"e$ h)# "he%+ h)-h a# *a$e %, e-%$0 "h>

2


3/46

?Q N%0 )'' +%& p'ea#e e +%&#e', a# We!$e'' L)()0 a!$ ,%''%)!/ "he e!"a!-e %, "he %&!$0 "he "a:e-"%+ %, "he (&''e"a!$ "he e3)" %, "he %&!$0 a!$ *ea#&)!/ +%&#e', 6 )!-he#0 )'' +%& p'ea#e )!$)-a"e "% "he H%!%a('e C%&" h% %&'$ )"hae (ee! p%##)('e ,% We!$e'' L)() "% )'' h)*#e', W)'' +%& p'ea#e )!$)-a"e "he 6 )!-he#

WITNESS>-ha!%(1e# )"&a' 1a ')(a+

A A-"&a''+0 #)0 "he 6 )!-he# )# app%3)*a"e'+ %!e a*@# 'e!/"h.

ATTY. SENINING>-ha!%(1e# )"&a' 1a ')(a+

I %&'$ ')e "% *ae %, e-%$ "ha" "he )"!e## ha# $e*%!#"a"e$ (+ e3"e!$)!/ h)# )/h" a* a'*%#" #"a)/h" "%a$# h)#hea$.?

P)a"e e#p%!$e!"# a##a)' "he ,a-" "ha" "he ")a' -%&" /ae -e$e!-e "% "he "e#")*%!)e# %, $e,e!$a!"#@ )"!e##e# L+$)a A!/a!$ -ha!%(1e# )"&a' 1a ')(a+

A I" )# a(%&" 7 ,ee".

ATTY. ORTI> TO WITNESS

Q A!$ hee ee +%& '%%)!/ ,%*


A F%* &p#"a)# )! *+ '))!/ %%*.

ATTY. ORTI TO WITNESS

Q F%* Y%& '))!/ %%* )!$%0 )# "ha" -%e-"


A Ye#0 (&" !%" e+ -'ea (e-ae "he a'' )# h)/h.? 1

A!a'+)!/ "he ,%e/%)!/ "e#")*%!)e#0 e a/ee )"h e#p%!$e!" -%&" "ha" "he #a*e $% !%" )!#p)e -e$e!-e a# "% "hee')a()')"+ a!$ a--&a-+ %, "he )"!e##e#@ %(#ea")%!#0 #)!-e "he )#&a' pe-ep")%!# %, (%"h ee %(#"&-"e$ (+ h)/h a''# )!"he) e#pe-")e h%e# )! e'a")%! "% "he h%e %, hee)! p)a"e e#p%!$e!"#. O! "he %"he ha!$0 )"!e## Ma!%'% A',%!#%0"e#"),+)!/ %! e(&""a'0 a""e#"e$ )"h%&" -%!"a$)-")%! "ha" he a!$ h)# #)#"e0 Ma'%& A',%!#%0 ee a)")!/ ,%


4/46

#&pe)#)!/ "he a-"))")e# %, "he) #%!0 $e#p)"e h)# *)!%)"+ a!$ )**a"&)"+0 #% *&-h #% "ha" )" a# %!'+ a" "he ")*e %, We!$e''@# $ea"h "ha" "he+ a''e/e$'+ $)#-%ee$ "ha" he a# a CANU a/e!" a!$ "ha" Ce#e!-)%@# /&! a# *)##)!/ ,%* "he#a,e"+ $ep%#)" (%3. B%"h pae!"# ee #a$'+ a!")!/ )! "he) $&"+ a!$ e#p%!#)()')"+ )! *%!)"%)!/ a!$ !%)!/ "he a-"))")e#%, "he) -h)'$e! h%0 ,% a'' "he+ !%0 *a+ (e e!/a/e$ )! $a!/e% % #&-h a# (e)!/ $&/ )!,%*e#0 1 % ee! $&/e#. Ne)"he a# a p'a)('e e3p'a!a")%! /)e! ,% "he ph%"%/aph %, We!$e''0 )"h a ha!$)""e! $e$)-a")%! "% ?. . . I" )# #")'' "he $&"+ %, pae!"# "% !% "he a-"))"+ %, "he) -h)'$e! h% *a+ (e e!/a/e$ )! "h)# $a!/e% a-"))"+)!%')!/ "he *e!a-e %, $&/#. Ha$ "he $e,e!$a!"#9appe''ee# (ee! $)')/e!" )! #&pe)#)!/ "he a-"))")e# %, "he) #%!0 We!$e''0a!$ )! eep)!/ #a)$ /&! ,%* h)# ea-h0 "he+ -%&'$ hae pee!"e$ We!$e'' ,%* )'')!/ -ha!%(1e#)"&a' 1a')(a+

KThe #&(#)$)a+ ')a()')"+ %, pae!"# ,% $a*a/e# -ae$ (+ "he) *)!% -h)'$e! )*p%#e$ (+ A")-'e 6172 %, "he Ne C))' C%$e-%e# %(')/a")%!# a)#)!/ ,%* (%"h 8&a#)9$e')-"# a!$ -)*)!a' %,,e!#e#.@

KThe #&(#)$)a+ ')a()')"+ %, pae!"@# a)#)!/ ,%* "he -)*)!a' a-"# %, "he) *)!% -h)'$e! h% a-"e$ )"h $)#-e!*e!" )#$e"e*)!e$ &!$e "he p%)#)%!# %, A")-'e 61720 N.C.C. a!$ &!$e A")-'e 121 %, "he Re)#e$ Pe!a' C%$e0 (e-ae "% h%'$"ha" "he ,%*e %!'+ -%e# %(')/a")%!# h)-h a)#e ,%* 8&a#)9$e')-"# a!$ !%" %(')/a")%!# h)-h a)#e ,%* -)*)!a' %,,e!#e#0%&'$ e#&'" )! "he a(#&$)"+ "ha" h)'e ,% a! a-" hee *ee !e/')/e!-e )!"ee!e# "he ,a"he % *%"he *a+ #"a!$#&(#)$)a)'+ ')a('e ,% "he $a*a/e# -ae$ (+ h)# % he #%!0 !% ')a()')"+ %&'$ a""a-h ), "he $a*a/e )# -ae$ )"h -)*)!a')!"e!".@ SCRA =19=6.

?. . . I! "he )!#"a!" -a#e0 *)!% #%! %, hee)! $e,e!$a!"#9appe''ee#0 We!$e'' L)() #%*eh% /%" h%'$ %, "he e+ "% "he $aehee #a)$ /&! a# ep" &!$e '%- )"h%&" $e,e!$a!"9#p%e# ee !%)!/ "ha" #a)$ /&! ha$ (ee! *)##)!/ ,%* "ha"#a,e"+ (%3 #)!-e 147 he! We!$e'' L)() ha$ a p)-"&e "ae! hee)! he p%&$'+ $)#p'a+e$ #a)$ /&! a!$ $e$)-a"e$ "h)#p)-"&e "% h)# #ee"hea"0 e$!a$

x x x

?Ba#e$ %! "he ,%e/%)!/ $)#-#)%!# %, "he a##)/!e$ e%#0 "h)# C%&" h%'$# "ha" "he '%e -%&" a# !%" -%e-" )!$)#*)##)!/ hee)! p'a)!"),,#9appe''a!"#@ -%*p'a)!" (e-ae a# pep%!$ea!"'+ #h%! (+ e)$e!-e0 $e,e!$a!"#9appe''ee#&""e'+ ,a)'e$ "% e3e-)#e a'' "he $)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, "he ,a*)'+ )! pee!")!/ "he) *)!% #%! ,%* -%**)"")!/ "h)#-)*e (+ *ea!# %, "he /&! %, $e,e!$a!"#9appe''ee# h)-h a# ,ee'+ a--e##)('e "% We!$e'' L)() ,% "he+ hae !%" e/&'a'+-he-e$ he"he #a)$ /&! a# #")'' &!$e '%-0 (&" 'ea!e$ "ha" )" a# *)##)!/ ,%* "he #a,e"+ $ep%#)" (%3 %!'+ a,"e "he-)*e ha$ (ee! -%**)""e$.? E*pha#e# %&#.

We a/ee )"h "he -%!-')%! %, e#p%!$e!" -%&" "ha" pe")")%!e# #h%&'$ (e he'$ ')a('e ,% "he -))' ')a()')"+ (a#e$ %! ha"appea# ,%* a'' )!$)-a")%!# a# a -)*e -%**)""e$ (+ "he) *)!% #%!. We "ae "h)# %pp%"&!)"+0 h%ee0 "% $)/e## a!$$)#-# )"# a")%-)!a")%! "hee,% %! :&)#p&$e!")a' $)-"a h)-h e ,ee' e8&)e -'a),)-a")%!.

I! )*p%#)!/ #a!-")%!# ,% "he #%9-a''e$ )-a)% ')a()')"+ %, pe")")%!e#0 e#p%!$e!" -%&" -)"e# F&e''a# . Ca$a!%0 E". A'. 62h)-h #&pp%#e$'+ h%'$# "ha"? "he #&(#)$)a+ ')a()')"+ %, pae!"# ,% $a*a/e# -ae$ (+ "he) *)!% -h)'$e! )*p%#e$ (+A")-'e 6172 %, "he Ne C))' C%$e -%e# %(')/a")%!# a)#)!/ ,%* (%"h 8&a#)9$e')-"# a!$ -)*)!a' %,,e!#e#0? ,%''%e$ (+ a!e3"e!$e$ 8&%"a")%! %#"e!#)('+ ,%* "he #a*e -a#e e3p'a)!)!/ h+ &!$e A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e a!$ A")-'e 121 %, "heRe)#e$ Pe!a' C%$e pae!"# #h%&'$ a##&*e #&(#)$)a+ ')a()')"+ ,% $a*a/e# -ae$ (+ "he) *)!% -h)'$e!. The 8&%"e$pa##a/e# ae #e" %&" "% paa/aph# (a-0 )"h pe")!e!" &!$e#-%)!/ ,% p&p%#e# %, "he $)#-#)%! hee&!$e. N%0 e $% !%" hae a!+ %(:e-")%! "% "he $%-")!a' &'e h%'$)!/0 "he pae!"# ')a('e0 (&" "he -a"e/%)a")%! %, "he) ')a()')"+ a#(e)!/ #&(#)$)a+0 a!$ !%" p)*a+0 )! !a"&e e8&)e# a ha$ #e-%!$ '%% -%!#)$e)!/ pe)% $e-)#)%!# %, "h)# -%&" %! "he*a""e h)-h aa!" -%*paa")e a!a'+#e#. O& -%!-e! #"e*# ,%* %& ea$)!/# "ha" ), "he ')a()')"+ %, "he pae!"# ,%-)*e# % 8&a#)9$e')-"# %, "he) *)!% -h)'$e! )# #&(#)$)a+0 "he! "he pae!"# -a! !e)"he )!%e !% (e a(#%'e$ %, -))'')a()')"+ %! "he $e,e!#e "ha" "he+ a-"e$ )"h "he $)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, a ,a*)'+ "% pee!" $a*a/e#. O! "he %"heha!$0 ), #&-h ')a()')"+ )*p&"e$ "% "he pae!"# )# -%!#)$ee$ $)e-" a!$ p)*a+0 "ha" $)')/e!-e %&'$ -%!#")"&"e a a')$ a!$#&(#"a!")a' $e,e!#e.

We (e')ee "ha" "he -))' ')a()')"+ %, pae!"# ,% 8&a#)9$e')-"# %, "he) *)!% -h)'$e!0 a# -%!"e*p'a"e$ )! A")-'e 6172 %, "heC))' C%$e0 )# p)*a+ a!$ !%" #&(#)$)a+. I! ,a-"0 ), e app'+ A")-'e 614 %, #a)$ -%$e h)-h p%)$e# ,% #%')$a+ ')a()')"+ %,

:%)!" "%",ea#%#0 "he pe#%!# e#p%!#)('e ,% "he a-" % %*)##)%!0 )! "h)# -a#e "he *)!% a!$ "he ,a"he a!$0 )! -a#e %, h)#$ea"h %, )!-apa-)"+0 "he *%"he0 ae #%')$a)'+ ')a('e. A--%$)!/'+0 #&-h pae!"a' ')a()')"+ )# p)*a+ a!$ !%" #&(#)$)a+0 he!-e

"he 'a#" paa/aph %, A")-'e 6172 p%)$e# "ha"? "he e#p%!#)()')"+ "ea"e$ %, )! "h)# a")-'e #ha'' -ea#e he! "he pe#%!#hee)! *e!")%!e$ p%e "ha" "he+ %(#ee$ a'' "he $)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, a ,a*)'+ "% pee!" $a*a/e#.? -a'a )"&a1a ')(a+

We ae a'#% pe#&a$e$ "ha" "he ')a()')"+ %, "he pae!"# ,% ,e'%!)e# -%**)""e$ (+ "he) *)!% -h)'$e! )# ')e)#e p)*a+0 !%"#&(#)$)a+. A")-'e 121 %, "he Re)#e$ Pe!a' C%$e p%)$e#> ?ARTICLE 121. R&'e# e/a$)!/ -))' ')a()')"+ )! -e"a)! -a#e#. —

x x x

4


5/46

F)#". I! -a#e# %, #&($))#)%!# . . . 60 a!$ %, A")-'e 160 "he -))' ')a()')"+ ,% a-"# -%**)""e$ (+ . . . a pe#%! &!$e !)!e+ea# %, a/e0 % (+ %!e %e !)!e (&" &!$e ,),"ee! +ea# %, a/e0 h% ha# a-"e$ )"h%&" $)#-e!*e!"0 #ha'' $e%'e &p%!"h%#e ha)!/ #&-h pe#%! &!$e "he) 'e/a' a&"h%)"+ % -%!"%'0 &!'e## )" appea# "ha" "hee a# !% ,a&'" % !e/')/e!-e %!"he) pa".? Emphasis supplied .

A--%$)!/'+0 :" ')e "he &'e )! A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e0 &!$e "he ,%e/%)!/ p%)#)%! "he -))' ')a()')"+ %, "he pae!"#,% -)*e# -%**)""e$ (+ "he) *)!% -h)'$e! )# ')e)#e $)e-" a!$ p)*a+0 a!$ a'#% #&(:e-" "% "he $e,e!#e %, 'a- %, ,a&'"% !e/')/e!-e %! "he) pa"0 "ha" )#0 "he e3e-)#e %, "he $)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, a ,a*)'+.

Tha" )! (%"h 8&a#)9$e')-"# a!$ -)*e# "he pae!"# p)*a)'+ e#p%!$ ,% #&-h $a*a/e# )# (&""e##e$ (+ "he -%e#p%!$)!/p%)#)%!# )! (%"h -%$e# "ha" "he *)!% "a!#/e##% #ha'' (e a!#ea('e % #ha'' e#p%!$ )"h h)# %! p%pe"+ %!'+ )! "hea(#e!-e % )! -a#e %, )!#%'e!-+ %, "he ,%*e. Th ,% -))' ')a()')"+ e3 8&a#) $e')-"% %, *)!%#0 A")-'e 6176 %, "he C))'C%$e #"a"e# "ha"? ), "he *)!% -a)!/ $a*a/e ha# !% pae!"# % /&a$)a!0 "he *)!% . . . #ha'' (e a!#ea('e )"h h)#%! p%pe"+ )! a! a-")%! a/a)!#" h)* hee a /&a$)a! a$ ')"e* #ha'' (e app%)!"e$.? F% -))' ')a()')"+ e3 $e')-"% %, *)!%#0a! e8&)a'e!" p%)#)%! )# ,%&!$ )! "he "h)$ paa/aph %, A")-'e 121 %, "he Re)#e$ Pe!a' C%$e0 "% )"> :/->-ha!%('e#.-%*.ph

?Sh%&'$ "hee (e !% pe#%! ha)!/ #&-h . . . *)!% &!$e h)# a&"h%)"+0 'e/a' /&a$)a!#h)p % -%!"%'0 % ), #&-h pe#%! (e)!#%'e!"0 #a)$ . . . *)!% #ha'' e#p%!$ )"h h)# %! p%pe"+0 e3-ep")!/ p%pe"+ e3e*p" ,%* e3e-&")%!0 )! a--%$a!-e)"h -))' 'a.?-a'a )"&a1a ')(a+

The -))' ')a()')"+ %, pae!"# ,% ,e'%!)e# -%**)""e$ (+ "he) *)!% -h)'$e! -%!"e*p'a"e$ )! "he a,%e#a)$ &'e )! A")-'e 121 %, "he Re)#e$ Pe!a' C%$e )! e'a")%! "% A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e ha#0 a#)$e ,%* "he a,%e-)"e$ -a#e %, F&e''a#0 (ee! "he#&(:e-" %, a !&*(e %, -a#e# a$:&$)-a"e$ (+ "h)# C%&"0 ).> E3-%!$e . Cap&!%0 E" A'.0 66 Aa!e"a . Ae/'a$%0 6 Sa'e!0E". A'. . Ba'-e0 6 Pa'e+a!0 e"-.0 E". A'. . Ba!/)')0 E" A'.0 65 a!$ E'-a!%0 e" a'0 . H)''0 E". A'. 6= Pae!"he")-a''+0 "hea,%e#a)$ -a#e# ee (a#)-a''+ %! "he )##&e %, "he -))' ')a()')"+ %, pae!"# ,% -)*e# -%**)""e$ (+ "he) *)!% -h)'$e! %e

4 (&" &!$e 15 +ea# %, a/e0 h% a-"e$ )"h $)#-e!*e!"0 a!$ a'#% %, *)!%# 15 +ea# %, a+e % %e0 #)!-e "he#e #)"&a")%!#ae !%" -%ee$ (+ A")-'e 1210 Re)#e$ Pe!a' C%$e. I! (%"h )!#"a!-e#0 "h)# C%&" he'$ "ha" "he )##&e %, pae!"a' -))' ')a()')"+#h%&'$ (e e#%'e$ )! a--%$a!-e )"h "he p%)#)%!# %, A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e ,% "he ea#%!# e'' e3pe##e$ )!Sa'e! a!$ a$%p"e$ )! "he -a#e# hee)!(e,%e e!&*ea"e$ "ha" "% h%'$ "ha" "he -))' ')a()')"+ &!$e A")-'e 6172 %&'$ app'+%!'+ "% 8&a#)9$e')-"# a!$ !%" "% -)*)!a' %,,e!#e# %&'$ e#&'" )! "he a(#&$)"+ "ha" )! a! a-" )!%')!/ *ee !e/')/e!-e "hepae!"# %&'$ (e ')a('e (&" !%" hee "he $a*a/e )# -ae$ )"h -)*)!a' )!"e!". I! #a)$ -a#e#0 h%ee0 "hee ae&!,%"&!a"e a)a!-e# e#&'")!/ )! a e/e""a('e )!-%!#)#"e!-+ )! "he C%&"@# $e"e*)!a")%! %, he"he "he ')a()')"+ %, "hepae!"#0 )! -a#e# )!%')!/ e)"he -)*e# % 8&a#)9$e')-"# %, "he) *)!% -h)'$e!0 )# p)*a+ % #&(#)$)a+.

I! E3-%!$e0 hee "he 159+ea %'$ *)!% a# -%!)-"e$ %, $%&('e h%*)-)$e "h%&/h e-'e## )*p&$e!-e0 )! a #epaa"e -))'a-")%! a)#)!/ ,%* "he -)*e "he *)!% a!$ h)# ,a"he ee he'$ :%)!"'+ a!$ #eea''+ ')a('e ,% ,a)'&e %, "he 'a""e "% p%e"he $)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, a ,a*)'+. The #a*e ')a()')"+ )! #%')$&* a!$0 "hee,%e0 p)*a+ ')a()')"+ a# )*p%#e$ )! a#epaa"e -))' a-")%! )! Aa!e"a %! "he pae!"# a!$ "he) 19+ea %'$ #%! h% a# ,%&!$ /&)'"+ %, ,"a"e$ h%*)-)$e0 (&" %!"he a&"h%)"+ %, A")-'e 614 %, "he C))' C%$e p%)$)!/ ,% #%')$a+ e#p%!#)()')"+ %, "% % *%e pe#%!# h% ae ')a('e ,%a 8&a#)9$e')-".

H%ee0 )! Sa'e!0 "he ,a"he a# $e-'ae$ #&(#)$)a)'+ ')a('e ,% $a*a/e# a)#)!/ ,%* "he -%!)-")%! %, h)# #%!0 h% a#%e 15 (&" 'e## "ha! 17 +ea# %, a/e0 (+ app'+)!/ A")-'e 6172 (&"0 "h)# ")*e0 $)#e/a$)!/ A")-'e 614 %, "he C))' C%$e. I!"he pe#e!" -a#e0 a# a'ea$+ e3p'a)!e$0 "he pe")")%!e# hee)! ee a'#% he'$ ')a('e (&" #&pp%#e$'+ )! ')!e )"h F&e''a# h)-hp&p%"e$'+ $e-'ae$ "he pae!"# #&(#)$)a)'+ ')a('e ,% "he -))' ')a()')"+ ,% #e)% ph+#)-a' )!:&)e# -%**)""e$ (+ "he) 19+ea %'$ #%!. O! "he %"he ha!$0 )! Pa'e+a!0 "he *%"he a!$ he 149+ea %'$ #%! ee a$:&$/e$ #%')$a)'+ ')a('e ,% $a*a/e#a)#)!/ ,%* h)# -%!)-")%! ,% h%*)-)$e (+ "he app')-a")%! %, A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e #)!-e "h)# )# ')e)#e !%" -%ee$(+ A")-'e 121 %, "he Re)#e$ Pe!a' C%$e. F)!a''+0 )! E'-a!%0 a'"h%&/h "he #%! a# a-8&)""e$ )! a h%*)-)$e -ha/e $&e "%?'a- %, )!"e!"0 -%&p'e$ )"h *)#"ae0? )" a# &'e$ "ha" h)'e &!$e A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e "hee #h%&'$ (e #%')$a+')a()')"+ ,% $a*a/e#0 #)!-e "he #%!0 ?a'"h%&/h *a)e$0 a# '))!/ )"h h)# ,a"he a!$ /e"")!/ #&(#)#"e!-e ,%* h)* a" "he")*e %, "he %--&e!-e0? (&" ?)# !% %, a/e0 a# a *a""e %, e8&)"+? "he ,a"he a# %!'+ he'$ #&(#)$)a)'+ ')a('e.

I" (ea# #"e##)!/0 h%ee0 "ha" "he Re)#e$ Pe!a' C%$e p%)$e# ,% #&(#)$)a+ ')a()')"+ %!'+ ,% pe#%!# -a)!/ $a*a/e#&!$e "he -%*p&'#)%! %, )e#)#")('e ,%-e % &!$e "he )*p&'#e %, a! &!-%!"%''a('e ,ea; 6 )!!eepe#0 "ae!eepe# a!$p%p)e"%# %, e#"a(')#h*e!"#; 67 e*p'%+e#0 "ea-he#0 pe#%!# a!$ -%p%a")%!# e!/a/e$ )! )!$"+; 64 a!$ p)!-)pa'#0a--%*p')-e# a!$ a--e##%)e# ,% "he &!pa)$ -))' ')a()')"+ %, "he) -%9a--e$ )! "he %"he -'a##e#. 2

A'#%0 -%*)!/ (a- "% e#p%!$e!" -%&"@# e')a!-e %! F&e''a# )! )"# $e-)#)%! )! "he pe#e!" -a#e0 )" )# !%" e3a-"'+ a--&a"e "%#a+ "ha" F&e''a# p%)$e$ ,% #&(#)$)a+ ')a()')"+ %, "he pae!"# "hee)!. A -ae,&' #-&")!+ #h%# "ha" ha" e#p%!$e!" -%&"8&%"e$ e(a")* )! )"# $e-)#)%! !% %! appea' )! "he pe#e!" -a#e0 a!$ h)-h )" a"")(&"e$ "% F&e''a#0 a# "he #+''a( %!"he 'a ep%" %, #a)$ -a#e h)-h #p%e %, ?#&(#)$)a+? ')a()')"+. H%ee0 #&-h -a"e/%)a")%! $%e# !%" #pe-),)-a''+ appea )!"he "e3" %, "he $e-)#)%! )! F&e''a#. I! ,a-"0 a,"e e)e)!/ "hee)! "he -a#e# %, E3-%!$e0 Aa!e"a a!$ Sa'e! a!$ "he$)#-#)%!# )! #a)$ -a#e# %, A")-'e 121 %, "he Re)#e$ Pe!a' C%$e )! e'a")%! "% A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e0 "h)# C%&"-%!-'&$e$ )"# $e-)#)%! )! "h)# )#e> :/->-ha!%('e#.-%*.ph

?M%e%e0 "he -a#e a" (a a# $e-)$e$ (+ "he C%&" %, Appea'# %! "he (a#)# %, e)$e!-e #&(*)""e$ "hee)! (+ (%"h pa")e#0)!$epe!$e!" %, "he -)*)!a' -a#e. A!$ e#p%!#)()')"+ ,% ,a&'" % !e/')/e!-e &!$e A")-'e 61= &p%! h)-h "he pe#e!" a-")%!a# )!#")"&"e$0 )# e!")e'+ #epaa"e a!$ $)#")!-" ,%* "he -))' ')a()')"+ a)#)!/ ,%* ,a&'" % !e/')/e!-e &!$e "he Pe!a' C%$eA". 610 a!$ ha)!/ )! *)!$ "he ea#%!# (eh)!$ "he 'a a# hee"%,%e #"a"e$0 a!+ $)#-#)%! a# "% "he *)!%@# -)*)!a'e#p%!#)()')"+ )# %, !% *%*e!".?-a'a )"&a1a')(a+

U!$e "he ,%e/%)!/ -%!#)$ea")%!#0 "hee,%e0 e hee(+ &'e "ha" "he pae!"# ae a!$ #h%&'$ (e he'$ p)*a)'+ ')a('e ,%"he -))' ')a()')"+ a)#)!/ ,%* -)*)!a' %,,e!#e# -%**)""e$ (+ "he) *)!% -h)'$e! &!$e "he) 'e/a' a&"h%)"+ % -%!"%'0 %h% ')e )! "he) -%*pa!+0 &!'e## )" )# p%e! "ha" "he ,%*e a-"e$ )"h "he $)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, a ,a*)'+ "% pee!"#&-h $a*a/e#. Tha" p)*a+ ')a()')"+ )# pe*)#e$ %! "he p%)#)%!# %, A")-'e 121 %, "he Re)#e$ Pe!a' C%$e )"h e#pe-" "%$a*a/e# e3 $e')-"% -ae$ (+ "he) -h)'$e! 4 +ea# %, a/e % &!$e0 % %e 4 (&" &!$e 15 +ea# %, a/e h% a-"e$ )"h%&"$)#-e!*e!"; a!$0 )"h e/a$ "% "he) -h)'$e! %e 4 (&" &!$e 15 +ea# %, a/e h% a-"e$ )"h $)#-e!*e!"0 % 15 +ea#% %e (&" &!$e 61 +ea# %, a/e0 #&-h p)*a+ ')a()')"+ #ha'' (e )*p%#e$ p&#&a!" "% A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e. 1

U!$e #a)$ A")-'e 61720 "he e!,%-e*e!" %, #&-h ')a()')"+ #ha'' (e e,,e-"e$ a/a)!#" "he ,a"he a!$0 )! -a#e %, h)# $ea"h %)!-apa-)"+0 "he *%"he. Th)# a# a*p'),)e$ (+ "he Ch)'$ a!$ Y%&"h We',ae C%$e h)-h p%)$e# "ha" "he #a*e #ha'' $e%'e&p%! "he ,a"he a!$0 )! -a#e %, h)# $ea"h % )!-apa-)"+0 &p%! "he *%"he %0 )! -a#e %, he $ea"h % )!-apa-)"+0 &p%! "he

5


6/46


7/46

[G.R. No. L2-101. September 0, 1970.]

"!RI! 'ERES! #. C)!(R!, m/nor repreente b er 3ater )LISES $. C)!(R!, E' !L.,Plaintiffs-Appellees, %.!LONSO "ONOR', Defendant-Appellant .

( E C I S I O N

"!4!LIN'!L, J.+

Th)# )# a! a-")%! ,% $a*a/e# (a#e$ %! 8&a#)9$e')-"0 $e-)$e$ (+ "he C%&" %, F)#" I!#"a!-e %, Ne/%# O--)$e!"a' ,a%a('+ "%"he p'a)!"),,# a!$ appea'e$ (+ "he $e,e!$a!" "% "he C%&" %, Appea'#0 h)-h -e"),)e$ "he #a*e "% #)!-e "he ,a-"# ae !%")! )##&e.

Ma)a Tee#a C&a$a0 160 a!$ Ma)a Tee#a M%!,%"0 10 ee -'a##*a"e# )! Ga$e S)3 a" "he Ma()!) E'e*e!"a+ S-h%%' )!Ba-%'%$ C)"+. O!


8/46

[G.R. No. 850--. 6ne , 1992.]

"!C!RIO '!"!RGO, CELSO '!"!RGO an !)RELI! '!"!RGO, Petitioners, %. '&E &ON. CO)R' O !$$E!LS'&E &ON. !RIS'ON L. R)BIO, R'C 6e, Bran: 20, ;/an, I


9/46

( E C I S I O N

ELICI!NO, J.+

O! 62 O-"%(e 14760 A$e'(e"% B&!$%-0 "he! a *)!% %, 12 +ea# %, a/e0 #h%"

?D)#*)##a' %, appea' p&e'+ %! "e-h!)-a' /%&!$# )# ,%!e$ &p%! hee "he p%')-+ %, "he -%&"# )# "% e!-%&a/e hea)!/# %, appea' %! "he) *e)"#. The &'e# %, p%-e$&e %&/h" !%" (e app')e$ )! a e+ )/)$ "e-h!)-a' #e!#e0 &'e# %, p%-e$&e aee$ %!'+ "% he'p #e-&e !%" %e)$e0 #&(#"a!")a' :")-e. I, a "e-h!)-a' a!$ )/)$ e!,%-e*e!" %, "he &'e# )# *a$e0 "he) a)*%&'$ (e $e,ea"e$.?

6. I" )# !%" $)#p&"e$ "ha" A$e'(e"% B&!$%-@# %'&!"a+ a-" %, #h%%")!/

?Wh%ee (+ a-" % %*)##)%! -ae# $a*a/e "% a!%"he0 "hee (e)!/ ,a&'" % !e/')/e!-e0 )# %(')/e$ "% pa+ ,% "he $a*a/e$%!e. S&-h ,a&'" % !e/')/e!-e0 ), "hee )# !% pe9e3)#")!/ -%!"a-"&a' e'a")%! (e"ee! "he pa")e#0 )# -a''e$ a 8&a#)9$e')-" . . . .?-a'a )"&a1a ')(a+Up%! "he %"he ha!$0 "he 'a )*p%#e# -))' ')a()')"+ &p%! "he ,a"he a!$0 )! -a#e %, h)# $ea"h % )!-apa-)"+0 "he *%"he0 ,%a!+ $a*a/e# "ha" *a+ (e -ae$ (+ a *)!% -h)'$ h% ')e# )"h "he*. A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e ea$#>

?The %(')/a")%! )*p%#e$ (+ a")-'e 61= )# $e*a!$a('e !%" %!'+ ,% %!e@# %! a-"# % %*)##)%!#0 (&" a'#% ,% "h%#e %, pe#%!# ,% h%* %!e )# e#p%!#)('e.

9


10/46

The ,a"he a!$0 )! -a#e %, h)# $ea"h % )!-apa-)"+0 "he *%"he0 ae e#p%!#)('e ,% "he $a*a/e# -ae$ (+ "he *)!% -h)'$e!h% ')e )! "he) -%*pa!+.-ha!%('e#)"&a'a')(a+

x x x

The e#p%!#)()')"+ "ea"e$ %, )! "h)# A")-'e #ha'' -ea#e he! "he pe#%! hee)! *e!")%!e$ p%e "ha" "he+ %(#ee$ a'' "he$)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, a ,a*)'+ "% pee!" $a*a/e.? Emphasis supplied

Th)# p)!-)p'e %, pae!"a' ')a()')"+ )# a #pe-)e# %, ha" )# ,e8&e!"'+ $e#)/!a"e$ a# )-a)% ')a()')"+0 % "he $%-")!e %, ?)*p&"e$ !e/')/e!-e? &!$e A!/'%9A*e)-a! "%" 'a0 hee a pe#%! )# !%" %!'+ ')a('e ,% "%"# -%**)""e$ (+ h)*#e',0 (&"a'#% ,% "%"# -%**)""e$ (+ %"he# )"h h%* he ha# a -e"a)! e'a")%!#h)p a!$ ,% h%* he )# e#p%!#)('e. Th pae!"a'')a()')"+ )# *a$e a !a"&a' % '%/)-a' -%!#e8&e!-e %, "he $&")e# a!$ e#p%!#)()')")e# %, pae!"# — "he) pae!"a' a&"h%)"+ —h)-h )!-'&$e# "he )!#"&-")!/0 -%!"%'')!/ a!$ $)#-)p')!)!/ %, "he -h)'$. 5 The (a#)# ,% "he $%-")!e %, )-a)% ')a()')"+ a#e3p'a)!e$ (+ "he C%&" )! Ca!/-% . Ma!)'a Ra)'%a$ C%. = )! "he ,%''%)!/ "e*#> ?W)"h e#pe-" "% e3"a9-%!"a-"&a' %(')/a")%! a)#)!/ ,%* !e/')/e!-e0 he"he %, a-" % %*)##)%!0 )" )# -%*pe"e!" ,% "he'e/)#'a"&e "% e'e-" — a!$ %& Le/)#'a"&e ha# #% e'e-"e$ — "% ')*)" #&-h ')a()')"+ "% -a#e# )! h)-h "he pe#%! &p%! h%*#&-h a! %(')/a")%! )# )*p%#e$ )# *%a''+ -&'pa('e %0 %! "he -%!"a+0 ,% ea#%!# %, p&(')- p%')-+0 "% e3"e!$ "ha" ')a()')"+0)"h%&" e/a$ "% "he 'a- %, *%a' -&'pa()')"+0 #% a# "% )!-'&$e e#p%!#)()')"+ ,% "he !e/')/e!-e %, "h%#e pe#%!# h%#e a-"#% %*)##)%!# ae )*p&"a('e0 (+ a 'e/a' ,)-")%!0 "% %"he# h% ae )! a p%#)")%! "% e3e-)#e a! a(#%'&"e % ')*)"e$ -%!"%' %e"he*. The 'e/)#'a"&e h)-h a$%p"e$ %& C))' C%$e ha# e'e-"e$ "% ')*)" e3"a9-%!"a-"&a' ')a()')"+ — )"h -e"a)! e''9$e,)!e$e3-ep")%!# — "% -a#e# )! h)-h *%a' -&'pa()')"+ -a! (e $)e-"'+ )*p&"e$ "% "he pe#%!# "% (e -ha/e$. Th)# *%a'e#p%!#)()')"+ *a+ -%!#)#" )! ha)!/ ,a)'e$ "% e3e-)#e $&e -ae )! %!e@# %! a-"#0 % )! ha)!/ ,a)'e$ "% e3e-)#e $&e -ae )!

"he #e'e-")%! a!$ -%!"%' %, %!e@# a/e!"# % #ea!"#0 % )! "he -%!"%' %, pe#%!# h%0 (+ ea#%!# %, "he) #"a" %--&p+ ap%#)")%! %, $epe!$e!-+ )"h e#pe-" "% "he pe#%! *a$e ')a('e ,% "he) -%!$&-".? Emphasis supplied

The -))' ')a()')"+ )*p%#e$ &p%! pae!"# ,% "he "%"# %, "he) *)!% -h)'$e! '))!/ )"h "he*0 *a+ (e #ee! "% (e (a#e$ &p%!"he pae!"a' a&"h%)"+ e#"e$ (+ "he C))' C%$e &p%! #&-h pae!"#. The -))' 'a a##&*e# "ha" he! a! &!e*a!-)pa"e$ -h)'$'))!/ )"h )"# pae!"# -%**)"# a "%")% a-"0 "he pae!"# ee !e/')/e!" )! "he pe,%*a!-e %, "he) 'e/a' a!$ !a"&a' $&"+-'%#e'+ "% #&pe)#e "he -h)'$ h% )# )! "he) -"%$+ a!$ -%!"%'. Pae!"a' ')a()')"+ )#0 )! %"he %$#0 a!-h%e$ &p%! pae!"a'a&"h%)"+ -%&p'e$ )"h pe#&*e$ pae!"a' $ee')-")%! )! "he $)#-ha/e %, "he $&")e# a--%*pa!+)!/ #&-h a&"h%)"+. Thepae!"a' $ee')-")%! )#0 %, -%&#e0 %!'+ pe#&*e$ a!$ "he pe#&*p")%! -a! (e %e"&!e$ &!$e A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))'C%$e (+ p%%, "ha" "he pae!"# ha$ e3e-)#e$ a'' "he $)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, a ,a*)'+ "% pee!" "he $a*a/e.

I! "he )!#"a!" -a#e0 "he #h%%")!/ %, ?A")-'e =. De-ee %, A$%p")%!. — I,0 a,"e -%!#)$e)!/ "he ep%" %, "he Depa"*e!" %, S%-)a' We',ae % $&'+ ')-e!#e$ -h)'$p'a-e*e!" a/e!-+ a!$ "he e)$e!-e #&(*)""e$ (e,%e )"0 "he -%&" )# #a")#,)e$ "ha" "he pe")")%!e )# 8&a'),)e$ "% *a)!"a)!0-ae ,%0 a!$ e$&-a"e "he -h)'$0 "ha" "he ")a' -"%$+ pe)%$ ha# (ee! -%*p'e"e$0 a!$ "ha" "he (e#" )!"ee#"# %, "he -h)'$ )''(e p%*%"e$ (+ "he a$%p")%!0 a $e-ee %, a$%p")%! #ha'' (e e!"ee$0 h)-h #ha'' (e e,,e-")e a# %, "he $a"e "he %)/)!a'pe")")%! a# ,)'e$. The $e-ee #ha'' #"a"e "he !a*e (+ h)-h "he -h)'$ )# "he!-e,%"h "% (e !%!.? Emphasis supplied .

The B&!$%- #p%e# ,&"he a/&e "ha" "he a(%e A")-'e = #h%&'$ (e ea$ )! e'a")%! "% A")-'e 4 %, "he #a*e C%$e>

?A". 4. E,,e-" %, A$%p")%!. — The a$%p")%! #ha''> x x x

6 D)##%'e "he a&"h%)"+ e#"e$ )! "he !a"&a' pae!"#0 e3-ep" hee "he a$%p"e )# "he #p%e %, "he #&))!/ !a"&a'pae!";?

x x x

Emphasis supplied

a!$ &/e "ha" "he) pae!"a' a&"h%)"+ *" (e $ee*e$ "% hae (ee! $)##%'e$ a# %, "he ")*e "he pe")")%! ,% a$%p")%! a#,)'e$.

The C%&" )# !%" pe#&a$e$. A# ea')e !%"e$0 &!$e "he C))' C%$e0 "he (a#)# %, pae!"a' ')a()')"+ ,% "he "%"# %, a *)!% -h)'$)# "he e'a")%!#h)p e3)#")!/ (e"ee! "he pae!"# a!$ "he *)!% -h)'$ '))!/ )"h "he* a!$ %e h%*0 "he 'a pe#&*e#0 "he

pae!"# e3e-)#e #&pe)#)%! a!$ -%!"%'. A")-'e 57 %, "he Ch)'$ a!$ Y%&"h We',ae C%$e0 e9e!a-"e$ "h)# &'e> ?A")-'e 57. T%"# — Pae!"# a!$ /&a$)a!# ae e#p%!#)('e ,% "he $a*a/e -ae$ (+ "he -h)'$ &!$e "he) pae!"a' a&"h%)"+)! a--%$a!-e )"h "he C))' C%$e.? Emphasis supplied .

A")-'e 661 %, "he Fa*)'+ C%$e %, "he Ph)')pp)!e# 4 ha# #)*)'a'+ )!#)#"e$ &p%! "he e8&)#)"e "ha" "he -h)'$0 $%e %, "he "%")%a-"0 #ha'' hae (ee! )! "he a-"&a' -"%$+ %, "he pae!"# #%&/h" "% (e he'$ ')a('e ,% "he e!#&)!/ $a*a/e> :

?A". 661. Pae!"# a!$ %"he pe#%!# e3e-)#)!/ pae!"a' a&"h%)"+ #ha'' (e -))''+ ')a('e ,% "he )!:&)e# a!$ $a*a/e# -ae$(+ "he a-"# % %*)##)%!# %, "he) &!e*a!-)pa"e$ -h)'$e! '))!/ )! "he) -%*pa!+ a!$ &!$e "he) pae!"a' a&"h%)"+ #&(:e-""% "he app%p)a"e $e,e!#e# p%)$e$ (+ 'a.? Emphasis supplied

10


11/46

We $% !%" (e')ee "ha" pae!"a' a&"h%)"+ )# p%pe'+ e/a$e$ a# ha)!/ (ee! e"%a-")e'+ "a!#,ee$ "% a!$ e#"e$ )! "hea$%p")!/ pae!"#0 "he Rap)#&a #p%e#0 a" "he ")*e "he a) ),'e #h%%")!/ happe!e$. We $% !%" -%!#)$e "ha" e"%a-")ee,,e-" *a+ (e /)e! "% "he $e-ee %, a$%p")%! #% a# "% )*p%#e a ')a()')"+ &p%! "he a$%p")!/ pae!"# a--&)!/ a" a ")*e he!"he a$%p")!/ pae!"# ha$ !% a-"&a' % ph+#)-a' -"%$+ %e "he a$%p"e$ -h)'$. Re"%a-")e e,,e-" *a+ pehap# (e /)e! "%"he /a!")!/ %, "he pe")")%! ,% a$%p")%! hee #&-h )# e##e!")a' "% pe*)" "he a--&a' %, #%*e (e!e,)" % a$a!"a/e )! ,a%%, "he a$%p"e$ -h)'$. I! "he )!#"a!" -a#e0 h%ee0 "% h%'$ "ha" pae!"a' a&"h%)"+ ha$ (ee! e"%a-")e'+ '%$/e$ )! "heRap)#&a #p%e# #% a# "% (&$e! "he* )"h ')a()')"+ ,% a "%")% a-" "ha" "he+ -%&'$ !%" hae ,%e#ee! a!$ h)-h "he+-%&'$ !%" hae pee!"e$ #)!-e "he+ ee a" "he ")*e )! "he U!)"e$ S"a"e# a!$ ha$ !% ph+#)-a' -"%$+ %e "he -h)'$A$e'(e"% %&'$ (e &!,a) a!$ &!-%!#-)%!a('e. S&-h a e#&'"0 *%e%e0 %&'$ (e )!-%!#)#"e!" )"h "he ph)'%#%ph)-a' a!$p%')-+ (a#)# &!$e'+)!/ "he $%-")!e %, )-a)% ')a()')"+. P&" a ')""'e $),,ee!"'+0 !% pe#&*p")%! %, pae!"a' $ee')-")%! %! "hepa" %, "he a$%p")!/ pae!"#0 "he Rap)#&a #p%e#0 -%&'$ hae a)#e! #)!-e A$e'(e"% a# !%" )! ,a-" #&(:e-" "% "he) -%!"%'a" "he ")*e "he "%" a# -%**)""e$.

A")-'e 5 %, "he Ch)'$ a!$ Y%&"h We',ae C%$e ,%"),)e# "he -%!-')%! ea-he$ a(%e. A")-'e 5 p%)$e# a# ,%''%#> :/->-ha!%('e#.-%*.ph

?A". 5. T)a' C"%$+. — N% Pe")")%! ,% a$%p")%! #ha'' (e ,)!a''+ /a!"e$ &!'e## a!$ &!")' "he a$%p")!/ pae!"# ae /)e! (+"he -%&"# a #&pe)#e$ ")a' -"%$+ pe)%$ %, a" 'ea#" #)3 *%!"h# "% a##e## "he) a$:"*e!" a!$ e*%")%!a' ea$)!e## ,%"he 'e/a' &!)%!. D&)!/ "he pe)%$ %, ")a' -"%$+0 pae!"a' a&"h%)"+ #ha'' (e e#"e$ )! "he a$%p")!/ pae!"#.? Emphasissupplied

U!$e "he a(%e A")-'e 50 pae!"a' a&"h%)"+ )# p%)#)%!a''+ e#"e$ )! "he a$%p")!/ pae!"# $&)!/ "he pe)%$ %, ")a'-"%$+0 ).e.0 (e,%e "he )##&a!-e %, a $e-ee %, a$%p")%!0 pe-)#e'+ (e-ae "he a$%p")!/ pae!"# ae /)e! a-"&a' -"%$+ %, "he -h)'$ $&)!/ #&-h ")a' pe)%$. I! "he )!#"a!" -a#e0 "he ")a' -"%$+ pe)%$ e)"he ha$ !%" +e" (e/&! % ha$ a'ea$+ (ee!-%*p'e"e$ a" "he ")*e %, "he a) ),'e #h%%")!/; )! a!+ -a#e0 a-"&a' -"%$+ %, A$e'(e"% a# "he! )"h h)# !a"&a' pae!"#0

!%" "he a$%p")!/ pae!"#. A--%$)!/'+0 e -%!-'&$e "ha" e#p%!$e!" B&!$%- #p%e#0 A$e'(e"%@# !a"&a' pae!"#0 ee )!$)#pe!#a('e pa")e# "% "he#&)" ,% $a*a/e# (%&/h" (+ pe")")%!e#0 a!$ "ha" "he $)#*)##a' (+ "he ")a' -%&" %, pe")")%!e#@ -%*p'a)!"0 "he )!$)#pe!#a('epa")e# (e)!/ a'ea$+ (e,%e "he -%&"0 -%!#")"&"e$ /ae a(e %, $)#-e")%! a*%&!")!/ "% 'a- % e3-e## %, :&)#$)-")%!.

WHEREFORE0 pe*)#e# -%!#)$ee$0 "he Pe")")%! ,% Re)e )# hee(+ GRANTED DUE COURSE a!$ "he De-)#)%! %, "he C%&"%, Appea'# $a"e$ = Sep"e*(e 14770 )! C.A.9G.R. N%. SP91521= )# hee(+ REVERSED a!$ SET ASIDE. Pe")")%!e#@ -%*p'a)!",)'e$ (e,%e "he ")a' -%&" )# hee(+ REINSTATED a!$ "h)# -a#e )# REMANDED "% "ha" -%&" ,% ,&"he p%-ee$)!/# -%!#)#"e!")"h "h)# De-)#)%!. C%#"# a/a)!#" e#p%!$e!" B&!$%- #p%e#. Th)# De-)#)%! )# )**e$)a"e'+ e3e-&"%+.

SO ORDERED.

11


12/46

[G.R. No. L-77-5. !pr/< 15, 1988.]

6OSE S. !"!(OR!, LORE'! !. !"!(OR!, 6OSE !. !"!(OR! 6R., NOR"! !. #L!#!, $!N'!LEON !. !"!(OR!,6OSE !. !"!(OR! III, L)C# !. !"!(OR!, ROS!LIN(! !. !"!(OR!, $EREC'O !. !"!(OR!, SERREC !.

!"!(OR!, ;ICEN'E !. !"!(OR! an "!RI! 'ISC!LIN! !. !"!(OR!, Petitioners, %. &ONOR!BLE CO)R' O

!$$E!LS, COLEGIO (E S!N 6OSERECOLE'OS, ;IC'OR LL)C&, SERGIO $. (!"!SO, 6R., CELES'INO (ICON,!NI!NO, !BELL!N!, $!BLI'O (!ON, tr / parent an natra< ar/an, "R. an "RS. NIC!NOR

G)"B!N, an ROL!N(O ;!LENCI!, tr / ar/an, !''#. R!NCISCO !LONSO,Respondents.

S#LL!B)S

1. CIVIL LAW; OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS; QUASI9DELICT; LIABILITY OF TEACHERS AND HEADS OFESTABLISHMENTS; APPLIES TO ALL SCHOOLS0 WHETHER ACADEMIC OR NOT; RATIONAL. — The p%)#)%! )! A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e #h%&'$ app'+ "% a'' #-h%%'#0 a-a$e*)- a# e'' a# !%!9a-a$e*)-. Whee "he #-h%%' )# a-a$e*)- a"he "ha!"e-h!)-a' % %-a")%!a' )! !a"&e0 e#p%!#)()')"+ ,% "he "%" -%**)""e$ (+ "he #"&$e!" )'' a""a-h "% "he "ea-he )! -ha/e %, #&-h #"&$e!"0 ,%''%)!/ "he ,)#" pa" %, "he p%)#)%!. Th)# )# "he /e!ea' &'e. I! %"he %$#0 "ea-he# )! /e!ea' #ha'' (e')a('e ,% "he a-"# %, "he) #"&$e!"# e3-ep" hee "he #-h%%' )# "e-h!)-a' )! !a"&e0 )! h)-h -a#e )" )# "he hea$ "hee%, h%#ha'' (e a!#ea('e. Thee )# ea''+ !% #&(#"a!")a' $)#")!-")%! (e"ee! "he a-a$e*)- a!$ "he !%!9a-a$e*)- #-h%%'# )!#%,a

a# "%"# -%**)""e$ (+ "he) #"&$e!"# ae -%!-e!e$. The #a*e )/)'a!-e )# e3pe-"e$ ,%* "he "ea-he %e "he #"&$e!"#&!$e h)# -%!"%' a!$ #&pe)#)%!0 ha"ee "he !a"&e %, "he #-h%%' hee he )# "ea-h)!/.

6. STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION AND INTERPRETATION; REDDENDO SINGULA SINGULIS; APPLIED IN ARTICLE 6172 OF THECIVIL CODE. — A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e p%)$e#> ?La#"'+0 "ea-he# % hea$# %, e#"a(')#h*e!"# %, a"# a!$ "a$e# #ha''(e ')a('e ,% $a*a/e# -ae$ (+ "he) p&p)'# a!$ #"&$e!"# % appe!")-e# #% '%!/ a# "he+ e*a)! )! "he) -"%$+.? F%''%)!/"he -a!%! %, e$$e!$% #)!/&'a #)!/&')#0 ?"ea-he# #h%&'$ app'+ "% "he %$# ?p&p)'# a!$ #"&$e!"@# a!$ ?hea$# %, e#"a(')#h*e!"# %, a"# a!$ "a$e#? "% "he %$ ?appe!")-e#.? . CIVIL LAW; OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS; QUASI9DELICT; LIABILITY OF TEACHERS AND HEADS OF ESTABLISHMENTSCO9EJTENSIVE WITH THE PERIOD THE STUDENT IS IN SCHOOL PREMISES IN PURSUANCE OF LEGITIMATE OB


13/46

#ha'' -ea#e he! "he pe#%!# *e!")%!e$ p%e "ha" "he+ %(#ee$ a'' "he $)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, a ,a*)'+ "% pee!"$a*a/e.

. ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; LIABILITY OF SCHOOLS0 EJPLAINED; DEFENSE AVAILABLE. — A!$ h)'e a #-h%%' )#0 a$*)""e$'+0 !%"$)e-"'+ ')a('e #)!-e A")-'e 6172 #pea# %!'+ %, "ea-he# a!$ #-h%%'# hea$#0 +e"0 (+ )"&e %, "he #a*e p%)#)%!0 "he #-h%%'0a# "he) e*p'%+e0 *a+ (e he'$ ')a('e ,% "he ,a)'&e %, )"# "ea-he# % #-h%%' hea$# "% pe,%* "he) *a!$a"%+ 'e/a' $&")e#a# #&(#")"&"e pae!"# Sa!/-%0 Ph)')pp)!e La %! T%"# Da*a/e#0 147 e$.0 p. 621. A/a)!0 "he #-h%%' *a+ e3-&'pa"e )"#e', ,%* ')a()')"+ (+ p%)!/ "ha" )" ha$ e3e-)#e$ "he $)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, "he ,a*)'+.

( E C I S I O N

CR)=, J.+

L)e a!+ p%#pe-")e /a$&a"e0 A',e$% A*a$%a a# '%%)!/ ,%a$ "% "he -%**e!-e*e!" e3e-)#e# hee he %&'$a#-e!$ "he #"a/e a!$ )! "he pe#e!-e %, h)# e'a")e# a!$ ,)e!$# e-e)e h)# h)/h #-h%%' $)p'%*a. The#e -ee*%!)e# ee#-he$&'e$ %! Ap)' 1=0 146. A# )" "&!e$ %&"0 "h%&/h0 ,a"e %&'$ )!"ee!e a!$ $e!+ h)* "ha" aa)"e$ e3pe)e!-e. O! Ap)'10 1460 h)'e "he+ ee )! "he a&$)"%)&* %, "he) #-h%%'0 "he C%'e/)% $e Sa!


14/46

I! Pa')#%- . B)''a!"e#0 $e-)$e$ %! O-"%(e 0 1410 a 1=9+ea %'$ #"&$e!" a# )''e$ (+ a -'a##*a"e )"h ,)#" ('%# )! "he'a(%a"%+ %, "he Ma!)'a Te-h!)-a' I!#")"&"e. A'"h%&/h "he %!/$%e — h% a# a'ea$+ %, a/e — a# !%" (%a$)!/ )! "he#-h%%'0 "he hea$ "hee%, a!$ "he "ea-he )! -ha/e ee he'$ #%')$a)'+ ')a('e )"h h)*. The C%&" $e-'ae$ "h%&/h


15/46

#-h%%' ha$ "he! a# !% %!'+ a )-a)% e'a")%!#h)p )"h "he #"&$e!"#. C%!#e8&e!"'+0 h)'e he -%&'$ !%" (e $)e-"'+,a&'"e$ ,% "he a-"# %, "he #"&$e!"#0 "he hea$ %, "he #-h%%' %, a"# a!$ "a$e#0 (e-ae %, h)# -'%#e ")e# )"h "he*0 -%&'$ (e#% ('a*e$.

I" )# -%!-e$e$ "ha" "he $)#")!-")%! !% '%!/e %("a)!# a" pe#e!" )! )e %, "he e3pa!#)%! %, "he #-h%%'# %, a"# a!$ "a$e#0"he -%!#e8&e!" )!-ea#e )! "he) e!%''*e!"0 a!$ "he -%e#p%!$)!/ $)*)!&")%! %, "he $)e-" a!$ pe#%!a' -%!"a-" %, "he)hea$# )"h "he #"&$e!"#. A")-'e 61720 h%ee0 e*a)!# &!-ha!/e$. I! )"# pe#e!" #"a"e0 "he p%)#)%! *" (e )!"epe"e$(+ "he C%&" a--%$)!/ "% )"# -'ea a!$ %)/)!a' *a!$a"e &!")' "he 'e/)#'a"&e0 "a)!/ )!"% a--%&!" "he -ha!/e# )! "he#)"&a")%! #&(:e-" "% (e e/&'a"e$0 #ee# ,)" "% e!a-" "he !e-e##a+ a*e!$*e!". The %"he *a""e "% (e e#%'e$ )# "he $&a")%! %, "he e#p%!#)()')"+ %, "he "ea-he % "he hea$ %, "he #-h%%' %, a"# a!$"a$e# %e "he #"&$e!"#. I# #&-h e#p%!#)()')"+ -%9e3"e!#)e )"h "he pe)%$ he! "he #"&$e!" )# a-"&a''+ &!$e/%)!/ #"&$)e#$&)!/ "he #-h%%' "e*0 a# -%!"e!$e$ (+ "he e#p%!$e!"# a!$ )*p')e$'+ a$*)""e$ (+ "he pe")")%!e# "he*#e'e#

F%* a ea$)!/ %, "he p%)#)%! &!$e e3a*)!a")%!0 )" )# -'ea "ha" h)'e "he -"%$+ e8&)e*e!"0 "% epea" Pa')#%- .B)''a!"e#0 $%e# !%" *ea! "ha" "he #"&$e!" *" (e (%a$)!/ )"h "he #-h%%' a&"h%)")e#0 )" $%e# #)/!),+ "ha" "he #"&$e!"#h%&'$ (e )"h)! "he -%!"%' a!$ &!$e "he )!,'&e!-e %, "he #-h%%' a&"h%)")e# a" "he ")*e %, "he %--&e!-e %, "he )!:&+.Th)# $%e# !%" !e-e##a)'+ *ea! "ha" #&-h0 -"%$+ (e -%9"e*)!% )"h "he #e*e#"e0 (e/)!!)!/ )"h "he #"a" %, -'a##e#a!$ e!$)!/ &p%! "he -'%#e "hee%,0 a!$ e3-'&$)!/ "he ")*e (e,%e % a,"e #&-h pe)%$0 #&-h a# "he pe)%$ %, e/)#"a")%!0a!$ )! "he -a#e %, /a$&a")!/ #"&$e!"#0 "he pe)%$ (e,%e "he -%**e!-e*e!" e3e-)#e#. I! "he )e %, "he C%&"0 "he#"&$e!" )# )! "he -"%$+ %, "he #-h%%' a&"h%)")e# a# '%!/ a# he )# &!$e "he -%!"%' a!$ )!,'&e!-e %, "he #-h%%' a!$ )"h)!)"# pe*)#e#0 he"he "he #e*e#"e ha# !%" +e" (e/&! % ha# a'ea$+ e!$e$.

I" )# "%% "e!&% "% a/&e "ha" "he #"&$e!" -%*e# &!$e "he $)#-)p')!e %, "he #-h%%' %!'+ &p%! "he #"a" %, -'a##e#!%")"h#"a!$)!/ "ha" (e,%e "ha" $a+ he ha# a'ea$+ e/)#"ee$ a!$ "h p'a-e$ h)*#e', &!$e )"# &'e#. Ne)"he #h%&'$ #&-h

$)#-)p')!e (e $ee*e$ e!$e$ &p%! "he 'a#" $a+ %, -'a##e# !%")"h#"a!$)!/ "ha" "hee *a+ #")'' (e -e"a)! e8&)#)"e# "% (e#a")#,)e$ ,% -%*p'e")%! %, "he -%&#e0 #&-h a# #&(*)##)%! %, ep%"#0 "e* pape#0 -'eaa!-e# a!$ "he ')e. D&)!/ #&-hpe)%$#0 "he #"&$e!" )# #")'' #&(:e-" "% "he $)#-)p')!a+ a&"h%)"+ %, "he #-h%%' a!$ -a!!%" -%!#)$e h)*#e', e'ea#e$ a'"%/e"he,%* %(#ea!-e %, )"# &'e#.

A# '%!/ a# )" -a! (e #h%! "ha" "he #"&$e!" )# )! "he #-h%%' pe*)#e# )! p&#&a!-e %, a 'e/)")*a"e #"&$e!" %(:e-")e0 )! "hee3e-)#e %, a 'e/)")*a"e #"&$e!" )/h"0 a!$ ee! )! "he e!:%+*e!" %, a 'e/)")*a"e #"&$e!" )/h"0 a!$ ee! )! "he e!:%+*e!" %, a 'e/)")*a"e #"&$e!" p))'e/e0 "he e#p%!#)()')"+ %, "he #-h%%' a&"h%)")e# %e "he #"&$e!" -%!")!&e#. I!$ee$0 ee! ), "he#"&$e!" #h%&'$ (e $%)!/ !%"h)!/ *%e "ha! e'a3)!/ )! "he -a*p )! "he -%*pa!+ %, h)# -'a##*a"e# a!$ ,)e!$# a!$e!:%+)!/ "he a*()e!-e a!$ a"*%#phee %, "he #-h%%'0 he )# #")'' )"h)! "he -"%$+ a!$ #&(:e-" "% "he $)#-)p')!e %, "he #-h%%'a&"h%)")e# &!$e "he p%)#)%!# %, A")-'e 6172.

D&)!/ a'' "he#e %--a#)%!#0 )" )# %()%'+ "he "ea-he9)!9-ha/e h% *" a!#e ,% h)# #"&$e!"#@ "%"#0 )! pa-")-a''+ "he#a*e a+ "ha" "he pae!"# ae e#p%!#)('e ,% "he -h)'$ he! he )# )! "he) -"%$+. The "ea-he9)!9-ha/e )# "he %!e$e#)/!a"e$ (+ "he $ea!0 p)!-)pa'0 % %"he a$*)!)#"a")e #&pe)% "% e3e-)#e #&pe)#)%! %e "he p&p)'# )! "he #pe-),)--'a##e# % #e-")%!# "% h)-h "he+ ae a##)/!e$. I" )# !%" !e-e##a+ "ha" a" "he ")*e %, "he )!:&+0 "he "ea-he (e ph+#)-a''+

pe#e!" a!$ )! a p%#)")%! "% pee!" )". C"%$+ $%e# !%" -%!!%"e )**e$)a"e a!$ a-"&a' ph+#)-a' -%!"%' (&" e,e# *%e "%"he )!,'&e!-e e3e"e$ %! "he -h)'$ a!$ "he $)#-)p')!e )!#")''e$ )! h)* a# a e#&'" %, #&-h )!,'&e!-e. Th ,% "he )!:&)e#-ae$ (+ "he #"&$e!"0 "he "ea-he a!$ !%" "he pae!" #ha'' (e he'$ e#p%!#)('e ), "he "%" a# -%**)""e$ )"h)! "hepe*)#e# %, "he #-h%%' a" a!+ ")*e he! )"# a&"h%)"+ -%&'$ (e a')$'+ e3e-)#e$ %e h)*.

I! a!+ ee!"0 )" #h%&'$ (e !%"e$ "ha" "he ')a()')"+ )*p%#e$ (+ "h)# a")-'e )# #&pp%#e$ "% ,a'' $)e-"'+ %! "he "ea-he % "hehea$ %, "he #-h%%' %, a"# a!$ "a$e# a!$ !%" %! "he #-h%%' )"#e',. I, a" a''0 "he #-h%%'0 ha"ee )"# !a"&e0 *a+ (e he'$ "%a!#e ,% "he a-"# %, )"# "ea-he# % ee! %, "he hea$ "hee%, &!$e "he /e!ea' p)!-)p'e %, e#p%!$ea" #&pe)%0 (&" "he! )"*a+ e3-&'pa"e )"#e', ,%* ')a()')"+ (+ p%%, "ha" )" ha$ e3e-)#e$ "he $)')/e!-e %, a (%! pa"e,a*)')a#.

S&-h $e,e!#e )#0 %, -%&#e0 a'#% aa)'a('e "% "he "ea-he % "he hea$ %, "he #-h%%' %, a"# a!$ "a$e# $)e-"'+ he'$ "% a!#e,% "he "%" -%**)""e$ (+ "he #"&$e!". A# '%!/ a# "he $e,e!$a!" -a! #h% "ha" he ha$ "ae! "he !e-e##a+ pe-a&")%!# "%pee!" "he )!:&+ -%*p'a)!e$ %,0 he -a! e3%!ea"e h)*#e', ,%* "he ')a()')"+ )*p%#e$ (+ A")-'e 61720 h)-h a'#% #"a"e#"ha"> ?The e#p%!#)()')"+ "ea"e$ %, )! "h)# a")-'e #ha'' -ea#e he! "he pe#%!# hee)! *e!")%!e$ p%e "ha" "he+ %(#ee$ a'' "he$)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, a ,a*)'+ "% pee!" $a*a/e#.? I! "h)# -%!!e-")%!0 )" #h%&'$ (e %(#ee$ "ha" "he "ea-he )'' (e he'$ ')a('e !%" %!'+ he! he )# a-")!/ )! '%-% pae!")# ,%"he 'a $%e# !%" e8&)e "ha" "he %,,e!$)!/ #"&$e!" (e %, *)!%)"+ a/e. U!')e "he pae!"0 h% )'' (e ')a('e %!'+ ), h)# -h)'$)# #")'' a *)!%0 "he "ea-he )# he'$ a!#ea('e (+ "he 'a ,% "he a-" %, "he #"&$e!" &!$e h)* e/a$'e## %, "he #"&$e!"@#a/e. Th )! "he Pa')#%- Ca#e0 ')a()')"+ a""a-he$ "% "he "ea-he a!$ "he hea$ %, "he "e-h!)-a' #-h%%' a'"h%&/h "he %!/$%ea# a'ea$+ %, a/e. I! "h)# #e!#e0 A")-'e 6172 "ea"# "he pae!" *%e ,a%a('+ "ha! "he "ea-he.

The C%&" )# !%" &!*)!$,&' %, "he appehe!#)%!# e3pe##e$ (+


16/46

"he pe)%$ %, -"%$+0 )# &a''+ e!,%-e$ %!'+ (e-ae %, "he #"&$e!"#@ $e#)e "% pa## "he -%&#e. The pae!" -a! )!#")''*%e 'a#")!/ $)#-)p')!e %! "he -h)'$ "ha! "he "ea-he a!$ #% #h%&'$ (e he'$ "% a /ea"e a--%&!"a()')"+ "ha! "he "ea-he ,%"he "%" -%**)""e$ (+ "he -h)'$.

A!$ ), )" )# a'#% -%!#)$ee$ "ha" &!$e "he a")-'e )! 8&e#")%!0 "he "ea-he % "he hea$ %, "he #-h%%' %, a"# a!$ "a$e# )#e#p%!#)('e ,% "he $a*a/e -ae$ (+ "he #"&$e!" % appe!")-e ee! ), he )# a'ea$+ %, a/e — a!$ "hee,%e 'e## "a-"a('e"ha! "he *)!% — "he! "hee #h%&'$ a'' "he *%e (e :"),)-a")%! "% e8&)e ,%* "he #-h%%' a&"h%)")e# 'e## a--%&!"a()')"+ a#'%!/ a# "he+ -a! p%e ea#%!a('e $)')/e!-e )! pee!")!/ "he )!:&+. A,"e a''0 ), "he pae!" h)*#e', )# !% '%!/e ')a('e ,% "he#"&$e!"@# a-"# (e-ae he ha# ea-he$ *a:%)"+ a/e a!$ #% )# !% '%!/e &!$e "he ,%*e@# -%!"%'0 "hee )# "he! a'' "he*%e ea#%! ,% 'e!)e!-+ )! a##e##)!/ "he "ea-he@# e#p%!#)()')"+ ,% "he a-"# %, "he #"&$e!".

App'+)!/ "he ,%e/%)!/ -%!#)$ea")%!#0 "he C%&" ha# a)e$ a" "he ,%''%)!/ -%!-')%!#>-ha!%(1e# )"&a' 1a ')(a+

1. A" "he ")*e A',e$% A*a$%a a# ,a"a''+ #h%"0 he a# #")'' )! "he -"%$+ %, "he a&"h%)")e# %, C%'e/)% $e Sa!


17/46

Separate Op/n/on

MELENCIO9HERRERA0 J.0 -%!-&)!/ a!$ $)##e!")!/>-ha!%(1e# )"&a'1a')(a+

I -%!-&0 e3-ep" )"h e#pe-" "% "he e#")-"e$ *ea!)!//)e! "he "e* ?"ea-he? )! A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$ea# ?"ea-he9)!9-ha/e.? Th)# %&'$ ')*)" ')a()')"+ "%%--a#)%!# hee "hee ae -'a##e# &!$e "he )**e$)a"e-ha/e %, a "ea-he0 h)-h $%e# !%" #ee* "% (e "he)!"e!$*e!" %, "he 'a.

A# I &!$e#"a!$ )"0 "he ph)'%#%ph+ %, "he 'a )# "ha"h%ee #"a!$# )! '%-% pae!")# )'' hae "he #a*e $&")e#a!$ %(')/a")%!# a# pae!"# he!ee )! #&-h a #"a!$)!/.Th%#e pe#%!# ae *a!$a"%)'+ he'$ ')a('e ,% "he "%")%a-"# %, p&p)'# a!$ #"&$e!"# #% '%!/ a# "he 'a""e e*a)! )!"he) -"%$+0 *ea!)!/ "he) p%"e-")e a!$ #&pe)#%+-"%$+.

Th A")-'e 4 %, "he C))' C%$e e!&*ea"e# "hepe#%!# h% #"a!$ )! '%-% pae!")# a!$ "hee(+ e3e-)#e#&(#")"&"e pae!"a' a&"h%)"+> :/->-ha!%('e#.-%*.ph

?A". 4. The ,%''%)!/ pe#%!# #ha'' e3e-)#e #&(#")"&"epae!"a' a&"h%)"+>-ha!%(1e#)"&a' 1a')(a+

x x x

6 Tea-he# a!$ p%,e##%#; x x x

D)e-"%# %, "a$e e#"a(')#h*e!"#0 )"h e/a$ "%

appe!")-e#;?

A")-'e 56 %, "he C))' C%$e ,&"he p%)$e#> :/->-ha!%('e#.-%*.ph

?A". 56. The e'a")%!# (e"ee! "ea-he a!$ p&p)'0p%,e##% a!$ #"&$e!"0 ae ,)3e$ (+ /%e!*e!"e/&'a")%!# a!$ "h%#e %, ea-h #-h%%' % )!#")"&")%!. . . .? -a'a)"&a1a ')(a+

B&" ee! #&-h &'e# a!$ e/&'a")%!# a# *a+ (e ,)3e$ -a!!%" -%!"ae!e "he -%!-ep" %, #&(#")"&"e pae!"a'a&"h%)"+.-ha!%('e# )"&a'a')(a+ -ha!%('e#.-%*>-ha!%('e#.-%*.ph

The a")%!a'e %, ')a()')"+ %, #-h%%' hea$# a!$ "ea-he# ,%"he "%")% a-"# %, "he) p&p)'# a# e3p'a)!e$ )! Pa')#%- .B)''a!"e# 1 SCRA 570 "h> :/->

?The p%"e-")e -"%$+ %, "he #-h%%' hea$# a!$ "ea-he#)# *a!$a"%)'+ #&(#")"&"e$ ,% "ha" %, "he pae!"#0 a!$he!-e0 )" (e-%*e# "he) %(')/a")%! a# e'' a# "ha" %, "he#-h%%' )"#e', "% p%)$e p%pe #&pe)#)%! %, "he#"&$e!"#@ a-"))")e# $&)!/ "he h%'e ")*e "ha" "he+ ae a"a""e!$a!-e )! "he #-h%%'0 )!-'&$)!/ e-e## ")*e0 a# e''a# "% "ae "he !e-e##a+ pe-a&")%!# "% p%"e-" "he#"&$e!"# )! "he) -"%$+ ,%* $a!/e# a!$ haa$# "ha"%&'$ ea#%!a('+ (e a!")-)pa"e$0 )!-'&$)!/ )!:&)e# "ha"#%*e #"&$e!"# "he*#e'e# *a+ )!,')-" )',&''+ % "h%&/h!e/')/e!-e %! "he) ,e''% #"&$e!"#. Italics supplied

O, -%&#e0 a# p%)$e$ ,% )! "he #a*e A")-'e 61720 "hee#p%!#)()')"+ "ea"e$ %, #ha'' -ea#e he! "he pe#%!#*e!")%!e$ p%e "ha" "he+ %(#ee$ a'' "he $)')/e!-e %, a

/%%$ ,a"he %, a ,a*)'+ "% pee!" $a*a/e.

A!$ h)'e a #-h%%' )#0 a$*)""e$'+0 !%" $)e-"'+ ')a('e #)!-eA")-'e 6172 #pea# %!'+ %, "ea-he# a!$ #-h%%'# hea$#0+e"0 (+ )"&e %, "he #a*e p%)#)%!0 "he #-h%%'0 a# "he)e*p'%+e0 *a+ (e he'$ ')a('e ,% "he ,a)'&e %, )"# "ea-he#

% #-h%%' hea$# "% pe,%* "he) *a!$a"%+ 'e/a' $&")e#a# #&(#")"&"e pae!"# Sa!/-%0 Ph)')pp)!e La %! T%"# Da*a/e#0 147 e$.0 p. 621. A/a)!0 "he #-h%%' *a+e3-&'pa"e )"#e', ,%* ')a()')"+ (+ p%)!/ "ha" )" ha$e3e-)#e$ "he $)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, "he ,a*)'+.

?A". 6172. . . .

?E*p'%+e# #ha'' (e ')a('e ,% "he $a*a/e# -ae$ (+"he) e*p'%+ee# a!$ h%eh%'$ he'pe# a-")!/ )"h)! "he#-%pe %, "he) a##)/!e$ "a##0 ee! "h%&/h "he ,%*eae !%" e!/a/e$ )! a!+ ()!e## % )!$"+.

x x x

Pae!"he")-a''+0 ,%* "he e!&*ea")%! )! A")-'e 4 %, "he C))' C%$e0 #&pa0 )" )# appae!" "ha" "he C%$eC%**)##)%! ha$ a'ea$+ #e/e/a"e$ "he -'a##),)-a")%! %, ?"ea-he# a!$ p%,e##%#? )#9a9)# "he) p&p)'#0 ,%*?$)e-"%# %, "a$e e#"a(')#h*e!"#0 )"h e/a$ "% "he)appe!")-e#.?-a'a )"&a1a ')(a+

GUTIERRE0 -ha!%(1e# ) "&a' 1a ') (a+

I -%!-& )! "he C%&"@# %p)!)%! #% -ae,&''+ a!a'+e$ a!$-a,"e$ (+


18/46

[G.R. No. 1->. ebrar >, 2002.]

S'. "!R#?S !C!(E"#, Petitioner , %. @ILLI!" C!R$I'!NOS an L)CI! S. C!R$I'!NOS, G)!(! (!NIEL, 6!"ES(!NIEL II, 6!"ES (!NIEL, SR., an ;I;ENCIO ;ILL!N)E;!,Respondents.

( E C I S I O N

$!R(O, J.+

'e Cae

The -a#e )# a! appea' )a certiorari ,%* "he $e-)#)%! 1 %, "he C%&" %, Appea'# a# e'' a# "he e#%'&")%! $e!+)!/

e-%!#)$ea")%!0 h%'$)!/ pe")")%!e ')a('e ,% $a*a/e# a)#)!/ ,%* a! a--)$e!" "ha" e#&'"e$ )! "he $ea"h %, a #"&$e!" h%ha$ :%)!e$ a -a*pa)/! "% )#)" "he p&(')- #-h%%'# )! D)p%'%/ C)"+ "% #%')-)" e!%''*e!". -ha!%(1e# )"&a1 1a 1)(a+

'e a:t

The ,a-"#0 a# ,%&!$ (+ "he C%&" %, Appea'#0 ae a# ,%''%#> ?C'a)*)!/ $a*a/e# ,% "he $ea"h %, "he) %!'+ #%!0 She)! Cap)"a!%#0 #p%e# W)'')a* Cap)"a!%# a!$ L&-)a Cap)"a!%#,)'e$ %!


19/46

He!-e0 "h)# appea'. ='e Ie

1 Whe"he "he C%&" %, Appea'# ee$ )! h%'$)!/ "he pe")")%!e ')a('e ,% $a*a/e# ,% "he $ea"h %, She)! Cap)"a!%#.

6 Whe"he "he C%&" %, Appea'# ee$ )! a,,)*)!/ "he aa$ %, *%a' $a*a/e# a/a)!#" "he pe")")%!e.

'e Cort? R


20/46

F% "he ea#%! "ha" pe")")%!e a# !%" $)e-"'+ ')a('e ,% "he a--)$e!"0 "he $e-)#)%! %, "he C%&" %, Appea'# %$e)!/ pe")")%!e"% pa+ $ea"h )!$e*!)"+ "% e#p%!$e!" Cap)"a!%# *" (e $e'e"e$. M%e%e0 "he /a!" %, a""%!e+@# ,ee# a# pa" %, $a*a/e# )# "he e3-ep")%! a"he "ha! "he &'e. 15 The p%e %, "he -%&" "% aa$ a""%!e+@# ,ee# &!$e A")-'e 6627 %, "heC))' C%$e $e*a!$# ,a-"&a'0 'e/a' a!$ e8&)"a('e :"),)-a")%!. 1= Th "he /a!" %, a""%!e+@# ,ee# a/a)!#" "he pe")")%!e )#')e)#e $e'e"e$.

I!-)$e!"a''+0 "hee a# !% 8&e#")%! "ha" "he e/)#"ee$ %!e %, "he eh)-'e a# e#p%!$e!" V)''a!&ea. He !ee $e!)e$ a!$)! ,a-" a$*)""e$ "h)# ,a-". We hae he'$ "ha" "he e/)#"ee$ %!e %, a!+ eh)-'e0 ee! ), !%" e$ ,% p&(')- #e)-e0 %&'$p)*a)'+ (e e#p%!#)('e "% "he p&(')- % "% "h)$ pe#%!# ,% )!:&)e# -ae$ "he 'a""e h)'e "he eh)-'e a# (e)!/ $)e! %!"he h)/ha+# % #"ee"#.? 1 He!-e0 )"h "he %ehe'*)!/ e)$e!-e pe#e!"e$ (+ pe")")%!e a!$ "he e#p%!$e!" Da!)e'#p%e# "ha" "he a--)$e!" %--&e$ (e-ae %, "he $e"a-h*e!" %, "he #"ee)!/ hee' /&)$e %, "he :eep0 )" )# !%" "he #-h%%'0(&" "he e/)#"ee$ %!e %, "he eh)-'e h% #ha'' (e he'$ e#p%!#)('e ,% $a*a/e# ,% "he $ea"h %, She)! Cap)"a!%#.

WHEREFORE0 "he C%&" REVERSES a!$ SETS ASIDE "he $e-)#)%! %, "he C%&" %, Appea'# 17 a!$ "ha" %, "he ")a' -%&". 14The C%&" e*a!$# "he -a#e "% "he ")a' -%&" ,% $e"e*)!a")%! %, "he ')a()')"+ %, $e,e!$a!"#0 e3-'&$)!/ pe")")%!e S". Ma+@#A-a$e*+0 D)p%'%/ C)"+. N% -%#"#.

SO ORDERED.


21/46

G.R. No. 84698 February 4, 1992

PHILIPPINE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS A!INIS"RA"ION, #UAN . LI!, BEN#A!IN P. PAULINO, AN"ONIO !.!AG"ALAS, COL. PERO SACRO a$% L". !. SORIANO, petitioners,vs.

COUR" OF APPEALS, HON. REGINA ORO&E'(BENI"E', )$ *er +aa+)-y a Pre)%)$/ #u%/e o0 Bra$+* 4, Re/)o$a"r)a Cour-, !a$)a, SEGUNA R. BAU"IS"A a$% ARSENIA . BAU"IS"A, respondents.

PAILLA, J.:

A stabbing incident on 30 August 1985 which caused the death of Carlitos Bautista while on the secondfloor pre!ises of the"hilippine #chool of Business Ad!inistration $"#BA% pro!pted the parents of the deceased to file suit in the &egional 'rial

Court of (anila $Branch )*% presided over b+ udge $now Court of Appeals -ustice% &egina rdo/eBenite, for da!ages

against the said "#BA and its corporate officers. At the ti!e of his death, Carlitos was enrolled in the third +ear co!!erce

course at the "#BA. t was established that his assailants were not !e!bers of the school2s acade!ic co!!unit+ but were

ele!ents fro! outside the school.

#pecificall+, the suit i!pleaded the "#BA and the following school authorities uan 4. i! $"resident%, Ben-a!in ". "aulino

$6ice"resident%, Antonio (. (agtalas $'reasurer7Cashier%, Col. "edro #acro $Chief of #ecurit+% and a t. (. #oriano

$Assistant Chief of #ecurit+%. #ubstantiall+, the plaintiffs $now private respondents% sought to ad-udge the! liable for the

victi!2s unti!el+ de!ise due to their alleged negligence, reclessness and lac of securit+ precautions, !eans and !ethods

before, during and after the attac on the victi!. 4uring the proceedings a quo, t. (. #oriano ter!inated his relationship with

the other petitioners b+ resigning fro! his position in the school.

4efendants a quo $now petitioners% sought to have the suit dis!issed, alleging that since the+ are presu!abl+ sued under

Article 180 of the Civil Code, the co!plaint states no cause of action against the!, as -urisprudence on the sub-ect is to the

effect that academic institutions, such as the "#BA, are be+ond the a!bit of the rule in the aforestated article.

'he respondent trial court, however, overruled petitioners2 contention and thru an order dated 8 4ece!ber 198*, denied their

!otion to dis!iss. A subse:uent !otion for reconsideration was si!ilarl+ dealt with b+ an order dated 5 anuar+ 1988.

"etitioners then assailed the trial court2s disposition before the respondent appellate court which, in a decision 3 pro!ulgatedon 10 une 1988, affir!ed the trial court2s orders. n August 1988, the respondent appellate court resolved to den+ the

petitioners2 !otion for reconsideration. ;ence, this petition.

At the outset, it is to be observed that the respondent appellate court pri!aril+ anchored its decision on the law of quasi-delicts,

as enunciated in Articles 1*< and 180 of the Civil Code.1

"ertinent portions of the appellate court2s now assailedruling state

Article 180 $for!erl+ Article 1903% of the Civil Code is an adoption fro! the old #panish Civil Code. 'he

co!!ents of (anresa and learned authorities on its !eaning should give wa+ to present da+ changes. 'he

law is not fi=ed and fle=ible $sic %> it !ust be d+na!ic. n fact, the greatest value and significance of law as a

rule of conduct in $sic % its fle=ibilit+ to adopt to changing social conditions and its capacit+ to !eet the new

challenges of progress.

Construed in the light of !odern da+ educational s+ste!, Article 180 cannot be construed in its narrow

concept as held in the old case of Exconde vs. Capuno 2 and Mercado vs

. Court of Appeals> hence,

the ruling in the Palisoc 4 case that it should appl+ to all inds of educational institutions,

acade!ic or vocational.

At an+ rate, the law holds the teachers and heads of the school staff liable unless the+ relieve the!selves of

such liabilit+ pursuant to the last paragraph of Article 180 b+ ?proving that the+ observed all the diligence to

prevent da!age.? 'his can onl+ be done at a trial on the !erits of the case. 5

@hile we agree with the respondent appellate court that the !otion to dis!iss the co!plaint was correctl+ denied and the

co!plaint should be tried on the !erits, we do not however agree with the pre!ises of the appellate court2s ruling.


22/46

Article 180, in con-unction with Article 1*< of the Civil Code, establishes the rule of in loco parentis. 'his Court discussed

this doctrine in the aforecited cases of Exconde, Mendoza, Palisoc and, !ore recentl+, in Amadora vs.Court of Appeals. 6 n

all such cases, it had been stressed that the law $Article 180% plainl+ provides that the da!age should have been

caused or inflicted b+ pupils or students of he educational institution sought to be held liable for the acts of its

pupils or students while in its custod+. ;owever, this !aterial situation does not e=ist in the present case for, as

earlier indicated, the assailants of Carlitos were not students of the PSBA, for whose acts the school could be

!ade liable.

;owever, does the appellate court2s failure to consider such !aterial facts !ean the e=culpation of the petitioners fro!

liabilit+ t does not necessaril+ follow.

@hen an acade!ic institution accepts students for enroll!ent, there is established a contract between the!, resulting in

bilateral obligations which both parties are bound to co!pl+ with. or its part, the school undertaes to provide the

student with an education that would presu!abl+ suffice to e:uip hi! with the necessar+ tools and sills to pursue

higher education or a profession. n the other hand, the student covenants to abide b+ the school2s acade!ic

re:uire!ents and observe its rules and regulations.

nstitutions of learning !ust also !eet the i!plicit or ?builtin? obligation of providing their students with an at!osphere that

pro!otes or assists in attaining its pri!ar+ undertaing of i!parting nowledge. Certainl+, no student can absorb the

intricacies of ph+sics or higher !athe!atics or e=plore the real! of the arts and other sciences when bullets are fl+ing or grenades e=ploding in the air or where there loo!s around the school pre!ises a constant threat to life and li!b. ecessaril+,

the school !ust ensure that ade:uate steps are taen to !aintain peace and order within the ca!pus pre!ises and to prevent

the breadown thereof.

Because the circu!stances of the present case evince a contractual relation between the "#BA and Carlitos Bautista, the

rules on :uasidelict do not reall+ govern. 8 A perusal of Article 1*< shows that obligations arising fro! :uasidelicts or tort, also nown ase=tracontractual obligations, arise onl+ between parties not otherwise bound b+ contract, whether e=press or i!plied. ;owever, this i!pression has not

prevented this Court fro! deter!ining the e=istence of a tort even when there obtains a contract. n Air rance vs. Carrascoso $1) "hil. *%, the

private respondent was awarded da!ages for his unwarranted e=pulsion fro! a firstclass seat aboard the petitioner airline. t is noted, however, that

the Court referred to the petitionerairline2s liabilit+ as one arising fro! tort, not one arising fro! a contract of carriage. n effect, Air rance is authorit+

for the view that liabilit+ fro! tort !a+ e=ist even if there is a contract, for the act that breas the contract !a+ be also a tort. $AustroA!erica #.#. Co.

vs. 'ho!as, )8 ed. 31%.

'his view was not all that revolutionar+, for even as earl+ as 1918, this Court was alread+ of a si!ilar !ind. n Can!co

vs. Manila "ailroad

$38 "hil. *80%, (r. ustice isher elucidated thus

'he field of noncontractual obligation is !uch broader than that of contractual obligation, co!prising, as it

does, the whole e=tent of -uridical hu!an relations. 'hese two fields, figurativel+ speaing, concentric> that is

to sa+, the !ere fact that a person is bound to another b+ contract does not relieve hi! fro! e=tra

contractual liabilit+ to such person. @hen such a contractual relation e=ists the obligor !a+ brea the

contract under such conditions that the same act which constitutes a #reach of the contract would have

constituted the source of an extra-contractual o#li!ation had no contract existed #etween the parties.

!!ediatel+ what co!es to !ind is the chapter of the Civil Code on ;u!an &elations, particularl+ Article 1, which provides

An+ person who wilfull$ causes loss or in-ur+ to another in a !anner that is contrar$ to morals, !ood customor pu#lic polic$ shall co!pensate the latter for the da!age. $e!phasis supplied%.

Air rance penalied the racist polic+ of the airline which e!boldened the petitioner2s e!plo+ee to forcibl+ oust the private

respondent to cater to the co!fort of a white !an who allegedl+ ?had a better right to the seat.? n Austro-American, supra, the

public e!barrass!ent caused to the passenger was the -ustification for the Circuit Court of Appeals, $#econd Circuit%, to

award da!ages to the latter. ro! the foregoing, it can be concluded that should the act which breaches a contract be done in

bad faith and be violative of Article 1, then there is a cause to view the act as constituting a :uasidelict.

n the circu!stances obtaining in the case at bar, however, there is, as +et, no finding that the contract between the school and

Bautista had been breached thru the for!er2s negligence in providing proper securit+ !easures. 'his would be for the trial

court to deter!ine. And, even if there be a finding of negligence, the sa!e could give rise generall+ to a breach of contractual

obligation onl+. Dsing the test of Can!co, supra, the negligence of the school would not be relevant absent a contract. n fact,that negligence beco!es !aterial onl+ because of the contractual relation between "#BA and Bautista. n other words, a

contractual relation is a condition sine qua nonto the school2s liabilit+. 'he negligence of the school cannot e=ist independentl+

of the contract, unless the negligence occurs under the circu!stances set out in Article 1 of the Civil Code.

'his Court is not un!indful of the attendant difficulties posed b+ the obligation of schools, above!entioned, for conceptuall+ a

school, lie a co!!on carrier, cannot be an insurer of its students against all riss. 'his is speciall+ true in the populous

student co!!unities of the socalled ?universit+ belt? in (anila where there have been reported several incidents ranging fro!

gang wars to other for!s of hooliganis!. t would not be e:uitable to e=pect of schools to anticipate all

t+pes of violent

trespass upon their pre!ises, for notwithstanding the securit+ !easures installed, the sa!e !a+ still fail against an individual


23/46

or group deter!ined to carr+ out a nefarious deed inside school pre!ises and environs. #hould this be the case, the school

!a+ still avoid liabilit+ b+ proving that the breach of its contractual obligation to the students was not due to its negligence,

here statutoril+ defined to be the o!ission of that degree of diligence which is re:uired b+ the nature of the obligation and

corresponding to the circu!stances of persons, ti!e and place. 9

As the proceedings a quo have +et to co!!ence on the substance of the private respondents2 co!plaint, the record is bereft

of all the !aterial facts. bviousl+, at this stage, onl+ the trial court can !ae such a deter!ination fro! the evidence still to

unfold.

@;E&E&E, the foregoing pre!ises considered, the petition is 4EE4. 'he court of origin $&'C, (anila, Br. )*% is hereb+

ordered to continue proceedings consistent with this ruling of the Court. Costs against the petitioners.

# &4E&E4.

[G.R. No. L251-2. "ar: 25, 1975.]

$&ILI$$INE R!BBI' B)S LINES, INC. an ELIA $!NG!L!NG!N, Plaintiffs-Appellants, %. $&IL!"ERIC!NOR@!R(ERS, INC., !RC&I"E(ES 6. B!LINGI' an ERN!N(O $INE(!,Defendants-Appellees.

S#NO$SIS

A# a e#&'" %, a eh)-&'a a--)$e!"0 -%*p'a)!" ,% $a*a/e# (a#e$ %! -&'pa9a8&)")a!a a# ,)'e$ a/a)!#" "he Ph)'9A*e)-a!F%a$e#0 I!-.0 Fe!a!$% P)!e$a0 a!$ Ba')!/)" a# *a!a/e %, "he -%*pa!+. The ")a' -%&" $)#*)##e$ "he -%*p'a)!" a/a)!#"Ba')!/)" %! "he /%&!$ "ha" he )# !%" "he *a!a/e %, a! e#"a(')#h*e!" -%!"e*p'a"e$ )! A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e *a)!/%!e# a!$ *a!a/e# %, a! e#"a(')#h*e!" e#p%!#)('e ,% $a*a/e# -ae$ (+ "he) e*p'%+ee#0 #)!-e Ba')!/)" h)*#e', *a+(e e/a$e$ a# a! e*p'%+ee %, "he Ph)'9A*e)-a! F%a$e#0 I!-. O! appea'0 p'a)!"),,# &/e$ "ha" "he e)' %, -%p%a"e,)-")%! #h%&'$ (e p)e-e$0 "he Ph)'9A*e)-a! F%a$e# I!-. (e)!/ *ee'+ a ()!e## -%!$&)" %, Ba')!/)"0 #)!-e he a!$ h)#),e ae "he -%!"%'')!/ #"%-h%'$e#. The S&pe*e C%&" he'$ "ha" "h)# )##&e -a!!%" (e e!"e"a)!e$ %! appea'0 (e-ae )"a# !%" a)#e$ )! "he '%e -%&".

O$e %, $)#*)##a' a,,)*e$.S#LL!B)S

1. QUASI9DELICT; EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYEES; ?EMPLOYER? AND ?OWNER AND MANAGER OF ESTABLISHMENT OFENTERPRISE? DO NOT INCLUDE MANAGER OF CORPORATION. — The "e*# ?e*p'%+e? a!$ ?%!e a!$ *a!a/e %, e#"a(')#h*e!" % e!"ep)#e? a# e$ )! A")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e $% !%" )!-'&$e "he *a!a/e %, a -%p%a")%! %!)!/ a"&- "he e-'e## %pea")%! %, h)-h a''e/e$'+ e#&'"e$ )! "he eh)-&'a a--)$e!" ,%* h)-h "he $a*a/e a%#e.

6. WORDS AND PHRASES; ?MANAGER? UNDER SEC. 6172 OF CIVIL CODE USED IN THE SENSE OF ?EMPLOYER.? — U!$eA")-'e 6172 "he "e* ?*a!a/e? )# e$ )! "he #e!#e %, ?e*p'%+e? a!$ $%e# !%" e*(a-e a ?*a!a/e? h% *a+ h)*#e', (ee/a$e$ a# a! e*p'%+ee % $epe!$)e!"e %, h)# e*p'%+e.

. APPEAL; ISSUES NOT RAISED IN THE LOWER COURT CANNOT BE ENTERTAINED ON APPEAL. — A !e ,a-"&a' )##&e)!:e-"e$ )! "he ()e, h)-h a# !%" a''e/e$ )! "he -%*p'a)!" % a)#e$ )! "he ")a' -%&" -a!!%" (e e!"e"a)!e$ %! appea'. A!appea' ha# "% (e $e-)$e$ %! "he (a#)# %, "he p'ea$)!/# ,)'e$ )! "he ")a' -%&"0 a!$ appe''a!"# -a! e!")'a"e %! appea' %!'+"h%#e 'e/a' )##&e# a)#e$ )! "he '%e -%&" a!$ "h%#e )"h)! "he )##&e# ,a*e$ (+ "he pa")e#.

. ID.; ID.; CHANGE OF THEORY; PARTY9LITIGANT CANNOT BE ALLOWED TO CHANGE THEORY OF CASE ON APPEAL. —Whe! a pa"+ $e')(ea"e'+ a$%p"# a -e"a)! "he%+ a!$ "he -a#e )# $e-)$e$ &p%! "ha" "he%+ )! "he -%&" (e'%0 he )'' !%" (epe*)""e$ "% -ha!/e h)# "he%+ %! appea' (e-ae "ha" %&'$ (e &!,a) "% "he a$e#e pa"+.

( E C I S I O N

!)INO, J.+

Ph)')pp)!e Ra(()" B L)!e#0 I!-. a!$ Fe')3 Pa!/a'a!/a! appea'e$ %! p&e 8&e#")%!# %, 'a ,%* "he %$e %, "he C%&" %, F)#" I!#"a!-e %, Ta'a-0 $)#*)##)!/ "he) -%*p'a)!" a/a)!#" A-h)*e$e#


24/46

a!$ P)!e$a0 )" a# a''e/e$ "ha" %! N%e*(e 60 14=60 P)!e$a $%e e-'e##'+ a ,e)/h" "&-0 %!e$ (+ Ph)'9A*e)-a!F%a$e#0 I!-.0 a'%!/ "he !a")%!a' h)/ha+ a" S"%. T%*a#0 Pa*pa!/a. The "&- (&*pe$ "he ( $)e! (+ Pa!/a'a!/a!0h)-h a# %!e$ (+ Ph)')pp)!e Ra(()" B L)!e#0 I!-. A# a e#&'" %, "he (&*p)!/0 Pa!/a'a!/a! #&,,ee$ )!:&)e# a!$ "he (a# $a*a/e$ a!$ -%&'$ !%" (e e$ ,% #ee!"+9!)!e $a+#0 "h $ep))!/ "he -%*pa!+ %, ea!)!/# a*%&!")!/ "%P70==5.51. Ba')!/)" a# "he *a!a/e %, Ph)'9A*e)-a! F%a$e#0 I!-.

A*%!/ "he $e,e!#e# )!"ep%#e$ (+ "he $e,e!$a!"# )! "he) a!#e a# "ha" Ba')!/)" a# !%" P)!e$a@# e*p'%+e.

Ba')!/)" *%e$ "ha" "he -%*p'a)!" a/a)!#" h)* (e $)#*)##e$ %! "he /%&!$ "ha" "he ( -%*pa!+ a!$ "he ( $)e ha$ !%-ae %, a-")%! a/a)!#" h)*. A# a'ea$+ #"a"e$0 "he '%e -%&" $)#*)##e$ "he a-")%! a# "% Ba')!/)". The ( -%*pa!+ a!$ )"#$)e appea'e$.

The C))' C%$e p%)$e#> :

?ART. 61=. Wh%ee (+ a-" % %*)##)%! -ae# $a*a/e "% a!%"he0 "hee (e)!/ ,a&'" % !e/')/e!-e0 )# %(')/e$ "% pa+ ,% "he$a*a/e $%!e. S&-h ,a&'" % !e/')/e!-e0 ), "hee )# !% pe9e3)#")!/ -%!"a-"&a' e'a")%! (e"ee! "he pa")e#0 )# -a''e$ a 8&a#)9$e')-" a!$ )# /%e!e$ (+ "he p%)#)%!# %, "h)# Chap"e.

?ART. 6172. The %(')/a")%! )*p%#e$ (+ a")-'e 61= )# $e*a!$a('e !%" %!'+ ,% %!e@# %! a-"# % %*)##)%!#0 (&" a'#% ,%"h%#e %, pe#%!# ,% h%* %!e )# e#p%!#)('e.

x x x

?The %!e# a!$ *a!a/e# %, a! e#"a(')#h*e!" % e!"ep)#e ae ')e)#e e#p%!#)('e ,% $a*a/e# -ae$ (+ "he)

e*p'%+ee# )! "he #e)-e %, "he (a!-he# )! h)-h "he 'a""e ae e*p'%+e$ % %! "he %--a#)%! %, "he) ,&!-")%!#.

?E*p'%+e# #ha'' (e ')a('e ,% "he $a*a/e# -ae$ (+ "he) e*p'%+ee# a!$ h%eh%'$ he'pe# a-")!/ )"h)! "he #-%pe %, "he)a##)/!e$ "a##0 ee! "h%&/h "he ,%*e ae !%" e!/a/e$ )! a!+ ()!e## % )!$"+.

x x x

?The e#p%!#)()')"+ "ea"e$ %, )! "h)# a")-'e #ha'' -ea#e he! "he pe#%!# hee)! *e!")%!e$ p%e "ha" "he+ %(#ee$ a'' "he$)')/e!-e %, a /%%$ ,a"he %, a ,a*)'+ "% pee!" $a*a/e. 142a? The !%e' a!$ &!pe-e$e!"e$ 'e/a' )##&e )! "h)# appea' )# he"he "he "e*# ?e*p'%+e#? a!$ ?%!e# a!$ *a!a/e# %, a!e#"a(')#h*e!" % e!"ep)#e? $&e%# % $)e-"%e# $e &! e#"a(')-)*)e!"% % e*pe#a e$ )! a")-'e 6172 %, "he C))' C%$e0,%*e'+ a")-'e 142 %, "he %'$ C%$e0 e*(a-e "he *a!a/e %, a -%p%a")%! %!)!/ a "&-0 "he e-'e## %pea")%! %, h)-ha''e/e$'+ e#&'"e$ )! "he eh)-&'a a--)$e!" ,%* h)-h "he $a*a/e a%#e.

We ae %, "he %p)!)%! "ha" "h%#e "e*# $% !%" )!-'&$e "he *a!a/e %, a -%p%a")%!. I" *a+ (e /a"hee$ ,%* "he -%!"e3" %, a")-'e 6172 "ha" "he "e* ?*a!a/e? ?$)e-"%? )! "he Spa!)#h e#)%! )# e$ )! "he #e!#e %, ?e*p'%+e.? He!-e0 &!$e "he a''e/a")%!# %, "he -%*p'a)!"0 !% "%")% % 8&a#)9$e')-"&a' ')a()')"+ -a! (e ,a#"e!e$ %! Ba')!/)" a# *a!a/e%, Ph)'9A*e)-a! F%a$e#0 I!-.0 )! -%!!e-")%! )"h "he eh)-&'a a--)$e!" a'ea$+ *e!")%!e$ (e-ae he h)*#e', *a+ (ee/a$e$ a# a! e*p'%+ee % $epe!$)e!"e %, h)# e*p'%+e0 Ph)'9A*e)-a! F%a$e#0 I!-.

Th )" a# he'$ ?8&e e# $epe!$)e!"e0 a '%# e,e-"%# $e 'a e#p%!#a()')$a$ #&(#)$)a)a e#"a('e-)$a e! e' !&*. .3 $e' a".1420 e' $)e-"% $e &! pe)%$)-% e3p'%"a$% p% &!a #%-)e$a$0 p%8&e -&a'8&)ea 8&e #ea #& :ea8&a0 + a&!8&e ''ee 'a$)e--)! $e $e"e*)!a$a# -%!)--)%!e# p%')")-a#0 !% p% e#% $e:a $e e#"a #&(%$)!a$% a 'a #&pe)% a&"%)$a$ $e 'aE*pe#a? De-)#)%! %, Spa!)#h S&pe*e C%&" $a"e$ De-e*(e =0 1416 -)"e$ )! 16 Ma!e#a0 C%$)/% C))' E#pa%'0 5"h E$.==6; 141 E!-)-'%pe$)a


25/46

[G.R. No. 1-580-. ebrar >, 200.]

LIG&' R!IL 'R!NSI' !)'&ORI'# RO(OLO RO"!N, Petitioners, %. "!R6ORIE N!;I(!(, &e/r o3 te LateNIC!NOR N!;I(!( $R)(EN' SEC)RI'# !GENC#, Respondents.

( E C I S I O N

;I')G, J.+

The -a#e (e,%e "he C%&" )# a! appea' ,%* "he $e-)#)%! a!$ e#%'&")%! %, "he C%&" %, Appea'#0 p%*&'/a"e$ %! 6 Ap)'

6222 a!$ 12 O-"%(e 62220 e#pe-")e'+0 )! CA9G.R. CV N%. =2620 e!")"'e$ ?Ma:%)e Na)$a$ a!$ He)# %, "he La"e N)-a!%Na)$a$ . R%$%',% R%*a!0 e". a'.0? h)-h ha# *%$),)e$ "he $e-)#)%! %, 11 A&/" 1447 %, "he Re/)%!a' T)a' C%&"0 Ba!-h6==0 Pa#)/ C)"+0 e3%!ea")!/ P&$e!" Se-&)"+ A/e!-+ P&$e!" ,%* ')a()')"+ a!$ ,)!$)!/ L)/h" Ra)' Ta!#)" A&"h%)"+ LRTAa!$ R%$%',% R%*a! ')a('e ,% $a*a/e# %! a--%&!" %, "he $ea"h %, N)-a!% Na)$a$.-ha!%(1e# )"&a1 1a 1)(a+

O! 1 O-"%(e 1440 a(%&" ha', a! h%& pa#" #ee! %@-'%- )! "he ee!)!/0 N)-a!% Na)$a$0 "he! $&!0 e!"ee$ "he EDSALRT #"a")%! a,"e p&-ha#)!/ a ?"%e!? epe#e!")!/ pa+*e!" %, "he ,ae. Wh)'e Na)$a$ a# #"a!$)!/ %! "he p'a",%* !ea"he LRT "a-#0


26/46

e3%!ea")!/ P&$e!" ,%* a!+ ')a()')"+ ,% "he $ea"h %, N)-a!% Na)$a$ a!$0 )!#"ea$0 h%'$)!/ "he LRTA a!$ R%*a! :%)!"'+a!$ #eea''+ ')a('e "h'+> ?WHEREFORE0 "he a##a)'e$ :&$/*e!" )# hee(+ MODIFIED0 (+ e3%!ea")!/ "he appe''a!"# ,%* a!+ ')a()')"+ ,% "he $ea"h %, N)-a!% Na)$a$0

?I.

THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS GRAVELY ERRED BY DISREGARDING THE FINDINGS OF FACTS BY THE TRIAL COURT

?II.

THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS GRAVELY ERRED IN FINDING THAT PETITIONERS ARE LIABLE FOR THE DEATH OFNICANOR NAVIDAD0


27/46

pa##e!/e# % %, #"a!/e# ), "he -%**%! -a)e@# e*p'%+ee# "h%&/h "he e3e-)#e %, $&e $)')/e!-e -%&'$ hae pee!"e$ %#"%ppe$ "he a-" % %*)##)%!. I! -a#e %, #&-h $ea"h % )!:&+0 a -a)e )# pe#&*e$ "% hae (ee! a" ,a&'" % (ee! !e/')/e!"0a!$ 7 (+ #)*p'e p%%, %, )!:&+0 "he pa##e!/e )# e')ee$ %, "he $&"+ "% #")'' e#"a(')#h "he ,a&'" % !e/')/e!-e %, "he -a)e %%, )"# e*p'%+ee# a!$ "he (&$e! #h),"# &p%! "he -a)e "% p%e "ha" "he )!:&+ )# $&e "% a! &!,%e#ee! ee!" % "% ,%-e*a:e&e. 4 I! "he a(#e!-e %, #a")#,a-"%+ e3p'a!a")%! (+ "he -a)e %! h% "he a--)$e!" %--&e$0 h)-h pe")")%!e#0a--%$)!/ "% "he appe''a"e -%&"0 hae ,a)'e$ "% #h%0 "he pe#&*p")%! %&'$ (e "ha" )" ha# (ee! a" ,a&'"0 12 a! e3-ep")%!,%* "he /e!ea' &'e "ha" !e/')/e!-e *" (e p%e$. 11

The ,%&!$a")%! %, LRTA@# ')a()')"+ )# "he -%!"a-" %, -a)a/e a!$ )"# %(')/a")%! "% )!$e*!),+ "he )-")* a)#e# ,%* "he (ea-h%, "ha" -%!"a-" (+ ea#%! %, )"# ,a)'&e "% e3e-)#e "he h)/h $)')/e!-e e8&)e$ %, "he -%**%! -a)e. I! "he $)#-ha/e %, )"#-%**)"*e!" "% e!#&e "he #a,e"+ %, pa##e!/e#0 a -a)e *a+ -h%%#e "% h)e )"# %! e*p'%+ee# % aa)' )"#e', %, "he#e)-e# %, a! %&"#)$e % a! )!$epe!$e!" ,)* "% &!$e"ae "he "a#. I! e)"he -a#e0 "he -%**%! -a)e )# !%" e')ee$ %, )"# e#p%!#)()')")e# &!$e "he -%!"a-" %, -a)a/e.

Sh%&'$ P&$e!" (e *a$e ')e)#e ')a('e I, a" a''0 "ha" ')a()')"+ -%&'$ %!'+ (e ,% "%" &!$e "he p%)#)%!# %, A")-'e 61= 16a!$ e'a"e$ p%)#)%!#0 )! -%!:&!-")%! )"h A")-'e 61720 1 %, "he C))' C%$e. The pe*)#e0 h%ee0 ,% "he e*p'%+e@#')a()')"+ )# !e/')/e!-e % ,a&'" %! "he pa" %, "he e*p'%+ee. O!-e #&-h ,a&'" )# e#"a(')#he$0 "he e*p'%+e -a! "he! (e *a$e')a('e %! "he (a#)# %, "he pe#&*p")%! :&)# "a!"&* "ha" "he e*p'%+e ,a)'e$ "% e3e-)#e $)')/e!")##)*) pa")# ,a*)')e# )! "he#e'e-")%! a!$ #&pe)#)%! %, )"# e*p'%+ee#. The ')a()')"+ )# p)*a+ a!$ -a! %!'+ (e !e/a"e$ (+ #h%)!/ $&e $)')/e!-e )! "he#e'e-")%! a!$ #&pe)#)%! %, "he e*p'%+ee0 a ,a-"&a' *a""e "ha" ha# !%" (ee! #h%!. A(#e!" #&-h a #h%)!/0 %!e *)/h" a#,&"he0 h% "he! *" "he ')a()')"+ %, "he -%**%! -a)e0 %! "he %!e ha!$0 a!$ a! )!$epe!$e!" -%!"a-"%0 %! "he %"heha!$0 (e $e#-)(e$ I" %&'$ (e #%')$a+. A -%!"a-"&a' %(')/a")%! -a! (e (ea-he$ (+ "%" a!$ he! "he #a*e a-" %%*)##)%! -ae# "he )!:&+0 %!e e#&'")!/ )! -&'pa -%!"a-"&a' a!$ "he %"he )! -&'pa a8&)')a!a0 A")-'e 614 1 %, "he C))'C%$e -a! e'' app'+. 15 I! ,)!e0 a ')a()')"+ ,% "%" *a+ a)#e ee! &!$e a -%!"a-"0 hee "%" )# "ha" h)-h (ea-he# "he-%!"a-". 1= S"a"e$ $),,ee!"'+0 he! a! a-" h)-h -%!#")"&"e# a (ea-h %, -%!"a-" %&'$ hae )"#e', -%!#")"&"e$ "he #%&-e

%, a 8&a#)9$e')-"&a' ')a()')"+ ha$ !% -%!"a-" e3)#"e$ (e"ee! "he pa")e#0 "he -%!"a-" -a! (e #a)$ "% hae (ee! (ea-he$ (+"%"0 "hee(+ a''%)!/ "he &'e# %! "%" "% app'+. 1

Re/e""a('+ ,% LRT0 a# e'' a# pehap# "he #&))!/ #p%e a!$ he)# %, "he 'a"e N)-a!% Na)$a$0 "h)# C%&" )# -%!-'&$e$(+ "he ,a-"&a' ,)!$)!/ %, "he C%&" %, Appea'# "ha" ?"hee )# !%"h)!/ "% ')! P&$e!" "% "he $ea"h %, N)-a!% Na)$a$0 ,%"he ea#%! "ha" "he !e/')/e!-e %, )"# e*p'%+ee0 E#-a")!0 ha# !%" (ee! $&'+ p%e! . . . .? Th)# ,)!$)!/ %, "he appe''a"e -%&")# !%" )"h%&" #&(#"a!")a' :"),)-a")%! )! %& %! e)e %, "he e-%$# %, "he -a#e.

Thee (e)!/0 #)*)'a'+0 !% #h%)!/ "ha" pe")")%!e R%$%',% R%*a! h)*#e', )# /&)'"+ %, a!+ -&'pa('e a-" % %*)##)%!0 he *"a'#% (e a(#%'e$ ,%* ')a()')"+. Nee$'e## "% #a+0 "he -%!"a-"&a' ")e (e"ee! "he LRT a!$ Na)$a$ )# !%" )"#e', a :&)$)-a'e'a")%! (e"ee! "he 'a""e a!$ R%*a!; "h R%*a! -a! (e *a$e ')a('e %!'+ ,% h)# %! ,a&'" % !e/')/e!-e.

The aa$ %, !%*)!a' $a*a/e# )! a$$)")%! "% a-"&a' $a*a/e# )# &!"e!a('e. N%*)!a' $a*a/e# ae a$:&$)-a"e$ )! %$e "ha"a )/h" %, "he p'a)!"),,0 h)-h ha# (ee! )%'a"e$ % )!a$e$ (+ "he $e,e!$a!"0 *a+ (e )!$)-a"e$ % e-%/!)e$0 a!$ !%" ,%"he p&p%#e %, )!$e*!),+)!/ "he p'a)!"),, ,% a!+ '%## #&,,ee$ (+ h)*. 17 I" )# a! e#"a(')#he$ &'e "ha" !%*)!a' $a*a/e#-a!!%" -%9e3)#" )"h -%*pe!#a"%+ $a*a/e#. 14

WHEREFORE0 "he a##a)'e$ $e-)#)%! %, "he appe''a"e -%&" )# AFFIRMED )"h MODIFICATION (&" %!'+ )! "ha" a "he aa$ %, !%*)!a' $a*a/e# )# DELETED a!$ ( pe")")%!e R%$%',% R%*a! )# a(#%'e$ ,%* ')a()')"+. N% -%#"#.-ha!%(1e#)"&a1 1a1)(a+

SO ORDERED.


28/46

IRS' (I;ISION

[G.R. No. 5>78. 6ne 22, 198-.]

N!'ION!L $O@ER COR$OR!'ION, Petitioner , %. '&E CO)R' O !$$E!LS B.E. S!N (IEGO, INC., Respondents.

S#LL!B)S

1. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW; EMINENT DOMAIN;


29/46

a De-'a)!/ "% p'a)!"),, "he ,&'' a!$ 'e/a' )/h" "% a-8&)e (+ e*)!e!" $%*a)! "he a(#%'&"e %!e#h)p %e "he p%")%! %, "he'a!$ e,ee$ "% )! Paa/aph# a!$ 4 %, "he A*e!$e$ C%*p'a)!"0 -%!#)#")!/ %, 70= #8&ae *e"e#0 a--e## %a$ %, "hep'a)!"),, "% )"# A!/a" R)e H+$%e'e-")- P%:e-";

( A&"h%))!/ "he pa+*e!" (+ p'a)!"),, "% $e,e!$a!" %, "he a*%&!" %, P10466.22 a# ,&'' )!$e*!)"+ ,% "he p%pe"+ a" "hea"e %, P.5 pe #8&ae *e"e0 )"h )!"ee#" a" 16 pe a!!&* ,%* Ma-h 110 14= &!")' ,&''+ pa)$;

- A ,)!a' O$e %, C%!$e*!a")%! %e "he p%pe"+ a!$ )*p%e*e!"# "hee)! )# e!"ee$0 ,% "he p&p%#e #e" ,%"h0 ,ee,%* a'' ')e!# a!$ e!-&*(a!-e#;

$ O$e)!/ "he e/)#"a")%! %, "h)# A-" %, E3p%p)a")%!0 a" p'a)!"),,@# e3pe!#e0 )"h "he Re/)#"e %, Dee$# %, B&'a-a! a" "he(a- %, $e,e!$a!"@# ")"'e "% "he h%'e p%pe"+.

SO ORDERED.?-a'a)"&a1a')(a+

B%"h pa")e# appea'e$ "% "he "he! C%&" %, Appea'#0 h)-h e!$ee$ a De-)#)%! %! De-e*(e 60 14720 $e-ee)!/>

?C%!#)$e)!/ "he pe-&')a ,a-"# a!$ -)-&*#"a!-e# %("a)!)!/ )! "he pe#e!" -a#e0 )" )# %& -%!#)$ee$ )e "ha" "he :" a!$ea#%!a('e -%*pe!#a")%! ,% "he p%pe"+ )! 8&e#")%! )# P.22 pe #8&ae *e"e.

ACCORDINGLY0 "he :&$/*e!" appea'e$ ,%* )# hee(+ *%$),)e$ a# )!$)-a"e$ a(%e. N% -%#"#.

SO ORDERED.?-a'a)"&a1a')(a+

Re-%!#)$ea")%! ha)!/ (ee! $e!)e$0 NPC aa)'e$ %, "he pe#e!" e-%&#e0 "% h)-h $&e -%&#e a# /)e!. SAN DIEGO $)$!%" appea' ,%* "he Appe''a"e C%&" :&$/*e!" a'"h%&/h )" ,)'e$ a B)e,.-ha!%('e# 'a')(a+

The )##&e# pe#e!"e$ ae he"he % !%" e#p%!$e!" C%&" ee$ 1 )! ,)3)!/ "he a*%&!" %, P.22 pe #8&ae *e"e a# :"-%*pe!#a")%! ,% "he p%")%! %, 'a!$ #%&/h" "% (e e3p%p)a"e$ (a#e$ %! )"# p'a!!e$ -%!e")()')"+ )!"% a e#)$e!")a'#&($))#)%!; a!$ 6 )! !%" e$&-)!/ "he a"e %, )!"ee#" pa+a('e (+ NPC ,%* "e'e 16 pe -e!" "% #)3 = pe -e!"pe a!!&*.

The T)a' C%&" a!$ e#p%!$e!" C%&" a##e##e$ "he -%!,')-")!/ e)$e!-e )! $),,ee!" ')/h"#. Rep%$&-e$ (e'% ae pa")a',)!$)!/# %, "he T)a' C%&"> :/->-ha!%('e#.-%*.ph

?The p'a)!"),,@# -%**)##)%!e0 "% (e/)! )"h0 e-%**e!$e$ a p)-e %, P2.52 pe #8&ae *e"e; $e,e!$a!"@# -%**)##)%!e

)!$)-a"e$ P62.22 pe #8&ae *e"e0 h)'e "he -%**)##)%!e %, "he C%&" pe//e$ "he a'&e a" P.22 pe #8&ae *e"e. The"%"a' %a$ aea -%!#)#"# %, 70= #8&ae *e"e# E3h)()"# 99-0 )!-')e. A/a)!#" "he #e"-h E3h)()" D91 pe#e!"e$ (+p'a)!"),,0 "he ,%*e #h%&'$ pea)'.

Thee )# -%*pe"e!" "e#")*%!+0 "%%0 "ha" "he 'a!$ a# -%/%!a'e# a" "he ")*e %, "he %--&pa!-+. D&)!/ a)!+ #ea#%!0a--%$)!/ "% Ce'e$%!)%


30/46

h)# -"%$+ a -%p+ %, $e,e!$a!"@# #&($))#)%! p'a!0 E3h)()" . I! p%)!" %, ,a-"0 E3h)()" a# p%$&-e$ )! -%&" (+ "he p'a)!"),, ,%* )"# %! e-%$ p. 40 Re-%$ %! Appea'. E)$e!-e ha# a'#% (ee! a$$&-e$ "% #h% "ha"0 a# appa)#e$ (+ C.M. M%!"a!%Rea'"+0 "he pea)')!/ *ae" p)-e %, e#)$e!")a' '%"# )! "he )-)!)"+ %, $e,e!$a!"@# 'a!$ a# P62.22 pe #8&ae *e"e p.1=0 I()$.

?De,e!$a!" ,&"he *a)!"a)!# "ha" (e-ae "he a--e## %a$ a# !%" -%!#"&-"e$ )! a #"a)/h" ')!e0 "he p%pe"+ a#&!!e-e##a)'+ $))$e$ )!"% "hee #epaa"e a!$ )e/&'a #e/*e!"# E3h)()" . A--%$)!/ "% "he -%&"@# -%**)##)%!e0 "he%a$0 a# a-"&a''+ 'a)$ %&"0 ha$ e!$ee$ "he %!e@# p'a! %, -%!e")!/ "he 'a!$ )!"% a #&($))#)%! K,&")'e.@

x x x

?Nee$'e## "% #"a"e0 p'a)!"),, #h%&'$ hae /)e! hee$ "% "he a(%e 'e/a' pe#-)p")%! A". =520 C))' C%$e (+ ha)!/-%!#"&-"e$ "he %a$ )! a #"a)/h" ')!e )! %$e "% -%e "he #h%"e#" $)#"a!-e0 a!$ "h -ae "he 'ea#" pe:&$)-e "% "he$e,e!$a!". P'a)!"),, ,a)'e$ "% %(#ee "h)# &'e0 a!$ !% e3p'a!a")%! ha# (ee! %,,ee$ ,% #&-h !e/'e-". The#e ,a-"# -%!"a$)-""he -%!-')%! %, "he '%e -%&" "ha" Ke3-ep" ,% "he -%#" %, "he 'a!$ e!-%*pa##e$ (+ "he %a$0 "hee )# !e/')('e0 ), a!+0-%!#e8&e!")a' $a*a/e "% #pea %, .@ p. 1=0 Re-%$ %! Appea'.

?I" )# !%"e$ "ha" "he %!'+ (a#)# %, "he -%&" a 8&% )! a##e##)!/ "he :" -%*pe!#a")%! %, "he p%pe"+ a" "he p)-e %, P.5pe #8&ae *e"e )# "ha" a" "he ")*e %, a-"&a' %--&pa!-+ (+ "he p'a)!"),,0 K"he p%pe"+ a# a/)-&'"&a' )! e a# e'' a# ,%"a3a")%! p&p%#e# E3h)()"# A a!$ D p. 1=50 Re-%$ %! Appea'.@ B&" #&-h p%#"&e )# ha$'+ )! a--%$ )"h "he #e""'e$ &'e"ha" K)! $e"e*)!)!/ "he a'&e %, "he 'a!$ app%p)a"e$ ,% p&(')- p&p%#e#0 "he #a*e -%!#)$ea")%!# ae "% (e e/a$e$ a# )!a #a'e %, p%pe"+ (e"ee! p)a"e pa")e#. The )!8&)+0 )! #&-h -a#e#0 *" a'a+# (e !%" ha" "he p%pe"+ )# %"h )! "he*ae"0 )ee$ !%" *ee'+ a# "% "he e# "% h)-h )" )# a" "he ")*e app')e$0 (&" )"h e,ee!-e "% "he e# "% h)-h )" )#p'a)!'+ a$%p"e$; "ha" )# "% #a+0 ha" )# )"# %"h ,%* )"# aa)'a()')"+ ,% a'&a('e e#@ C)"+ %, Ma!)'a . C%a'e#0 6 Ph)'.750 47. I" ha# a'#% (ee! he'$ K"ha" "he %!e ha# a )/h" "% )"# a'&e ,% "he e ,% h)-h )" %&'$ ()!/ "he *%#" )! "he*ae"@ C)"+ %, Ma!)'a . C%a'e#0 #&pa; Rep&(')- . Ve!"&a!a0 E". A'. 1 SCRA 660 6.

I!$ee$0 e -a!!%" ')/h"'+ (h a#)$e "he e)$e!-e #h%)!/ "ha" p'a)!"),,@# ,a)'&e "% %(#ee "he &'e ,% 'a+)!/ %&" "he )/h"%, a+ ea#e*e!" )! a #"a)/h" ')!e ha$ pee!"e$ "he $e,e!$a!" ,%* -a+)!/ %&" )"# p'a! %, -%!e")!/ "he p%pe"+ )!"% ah%)!/ #&($))#)%!. Th)# -%!#e8&e!")a' $a*a/e *" (e "ae! )!"% a--%&!" )! "he a##e##*e!" %, "he :" -%*pe!#a")%! %, "he p%pe"+? Emphasis supplied .

A,"e a e)e %, "he e-%$#0 e ae %, "he -%!#)$ee$ %p)!)%! "ha" "he ,)!$)!/# %, "he T)a' C%&" *e)" %& app%a' ,%#eea' ea#%!#>-ha!%(1e# )"&a' 1a ')(a+

1 B%"h $%-&*e!"a+ a!$ %a' e)$e!-e )!$)-a"e "ha" "he 'a!$ )! 8&e#")%!0 a" "he ")*e %, "a)!/ (+ NPC )! 14=10 a#a/)-&'"&a' )! e a# e'' a# ,% "a3a")%! p&p%#e#. I! ,a-"0 )" a# $e#-)(e$ a# ?-%/%!a'e#.?

6 SAN DIEGO@# -%!"e!")%! "ha" "he '%-a")%! a!$ $)e-")%! %, "he a--e## %a$ )# (&$e!#%*e )# !%" (%!e %&" (+ "hee)$e!-e. The Rep%" %, "he C%**)##)%!e %, "he C%&" eea'e$ "ha" NPC *ee'+ )*p%e$ a pe9e3)#")!/ *)!)!/ %a$ %!"he pe*)#e#0 h)-h a# %!'+ a--e##)('e (+ -aa(a%9$a! #'e$/e $&)!/ "he a)!+ #ea#%!. 1 A# -%!-'&$e$ (+ "he T)a'C%&"0 h)-h ha$ "he (e!e,)" %, a&"%p")- %(#ea")%!> :/->-ha!%('e#.-%*.ph

?De,e!$a!"@# -%!"e!")%!0 %! "he %"he ha!$0 "ha" "he '%-a")%! %, "he %a$ )# (&$e!#%*e appea# "% (e *%e )$ea')#")- "ha!*e)"%)%. The )/h" %, a+ a# !% (&)'" )# *%e (e!e,)-)a' "% "he a$:%)!)!/ #&($))#)%! %!e $e,e!$a!" )! "he #e!#e"ha" "he e#)$e!")a' '%" %! (%"h ,'a!# %, "he %a$ -%&'$ -%**a!$ a h)/he p)-e. Th)# *a+ !%" h%'$ "&e ), "he a--e## %a$ee "% (e (&)'" %! "he ea#" #)$e (%&!$a+ a# p%p%#e$ (+ "he $e,e!$a!" (e-ae %!'+ %!e #)$e %, "he %a$ *a+ (e $e%"e$"% "he h%)!/ aea. The ,)!$)!/ %, "he T)a' C%&" "ha" ?"hee )# !e/')/)('e0 ), a!+0 -%!#e8&e!")a' $a*a/e "% #pea %,? "h (e-%*e# ea$)'+"e!a('e. SAN DIEGO a# !%"0 a# a# "he (e')e, %, e#p%!$e!" C%&"0 ?pee!"e$ ,%* -a+)!/ %&" "he p'a! %, -%!e")!/ "hep%pe"+ )!"% a h%)!/ #&($))#)%!.? O! "he -%!"a+0 "he T)a' C%&" %(#ee$ "ha" ?"he "h%%&/h,ae #h%&'$ p%)$e a*ae$ )*p%e*e!" "% "he ,'%&)#h)!/ h%)!/ #&($))#)%! *a!a/e$ (+ $e,e!$a!" p)a"e Respondent .?

The appa)#a' (+ a ea'"+ ,)* %, P62.22 pe #8&ae *e"e0 "he p)-e "ha" SAN DIEGO #"e##e# "he p%pe"+ #h%&'$-%**a!$0 )# !%"0 "% %& *)!$#0 a ,a) *ae" a'&e. The ,%*e %!e#0 "he Sa$a!/ #p%e#0 %,,ee$ "% pa" )"h "hep%pe"+ a" P.22 pe #8&ae *e"e. SAN DIEGO ha$ p&-ha#e$ "he e!")e p%pe"+ %, =60675 #8&ae *e"e# a" p&(')-a&-")%! ,% P120222.220 % a" P2.1= pe #8&ae *e"e. Pe)% "% "ha"0 % )! 1450 "he p%pe"+ a# *%"/a/e$ "% "heDee'%p*e!" Ba! %, "he Ph)')pp)!e# ,% P620222.22 a!$ #&(#e8&e!"'+ )! 1457 "% SAN DIEGO0 (+ a+ %, #e-%!$ *%"/a/e0,% P20222.22. The %(#ea")%! %, "he T)a' C%&"0 %! "h)# p%)!"0 )# $e-)$e$'+ ap%p%#> : ?3 3 3

?A e+ )*p%"a!" p%)!"> O! "he (a#)# %, a e-%/!)e$ p%')-+ %, 'e!$)!/ )!#")"&")%!# "% /a!" a *a3)*&* *%"/a/e '%a!-%e#p%!$)!/ "% =2 %, "he appa)#e$ a'&e %, "he ea' e#"a"e -%''a"ea'#0 "he "e!"+ "h%a!$ *%"/a/e '%a! e3"e!$e$ (+"he Dee'%p*e!" Ba! %, "he Ph)')pp)!e# "% "he #p%e# Sa$a!/ %&'$ %&/h'+ p'a-e "he app%3)*a"e a'&e %, "he p%pe"+a" P02 % %&/h'+ P2.51 pe #8&ae *e"e. A!$ a" "h)# a")%0 (+ /a!")!/ a #e-%!$ *%"/a/e %, P202220 "he $e,e!$a!")*p')e$'+ p'a-e$ "he e-%ea('e a'&e %, "he p%pe"+ )"h)! P70. ,% "he aea %, =60675 #8&ae *e"e# % a(%&"P1. pe #8&ae *e"e. Tha" a# )! 14570 "he +ea %, "he #e-%!$ *%"/a/e E3h)()" 160 % a! a!!&a' )!-ea#e )! p)-e a""he a"e %, P2.71 pe #8&ae *e"e. F%* 1457 "% 14=1 $a"e %, a-"&a' "a)!/ epe#e!"# "hee +ea#0 % a! a//e/a"e)!-ea#e %, P6. pe #8&ae *e"e. A$$ P1.6 "% "h)# "h *a)!/ a "%"a' %, P.5 pe #8&ae *e"e.?-a'a )"&a1a')(a+

The p)-e %, P16.22 "% P15.220 h)-h e#p%!$e!" C%&" %(#ee$ a# "he :" -%*pe!#a")%! aa$e$ )! "% -))' #&)"# ,%

'a!$# -%!$e*!e$ )! "he )**e$)a"e )-)!)"+0 -a!!%" (e a ,a) /a&/e #)!-e #a)$ C%&" !e)"he a$%p"e$ "he #a*e0 a!$ #pe-)a''+-%!#)$e)!/ "ha" "he p%pe"+ a# ?-%/%!a'? a" "he ")*e NPC -%!#"&-"e$ )"# a--e## %a$ )! 14=1. M%e%e0 NPC a'#%pe#e!"e$ -%!"a+ e)$e!-e )!$)-a")!/ p)-e# %, P.25 a!$ P.2= pe #8&ae *e"e a" a%&!$ "he ")*e )" ha$ e!"ee$ "hep%pe"+. I! ,a-"0 )! e#pe-" %, #a'e# )"h)! "he '%-a')"+0 "he T)a' C%&" ha$ "h)# "% #a+>

?Wh)'e #a'e# %, p%pe")e# )"h)! "he '%-a')"+ )! "he #a*e +ea % "hee a(%&" *a+ #ee a# a /&)$)!/ ,a-"% )! a#-e"a)!)!/ a,a) *ae" a'&e +e" "hee appea# a!" %, p%%, "% #h% "ha" "he a''&$e$ #a'e# E3h)()"# I910


31/46

?The %!e %, p%pe"+ e3p%p)a"e$ (+ "he S"a"e )# e!")"'e$ "% h% *&-h )" a# %"h a" "he ")*e %, "he "a)!/. Th)# ha#(ee! -'a),)e$ )! Rep&(')- . PNB 1 SCRA 45 "h> KI" )# appae!" ,%* "he ,%e/%)!/ "ha"0 he! p'a)!"),, "ae# p%##e##)%!(e,%e "he )!#")"&")%! %, "he -%!$e*!a")%! p%-ee$)!/#0 "he a'&e #h%&'$ (e ,)3e$ a# %, "he ")*e %, "he "a)!/ %, #a)$p%##e##)%!0 !%" %, ,)')!/ %, "he -%*p'a)!"0 a!$ "ha" "he 'a""e #h%&'$ (e "he (a#)# ,% "he $e"e*)!a")%! %, "he a'&e0 he!"he "a)!/ %, "he p%pe"+ )!%'e$ -%)!-)$e# )"h % )# #&(#e8&e!" "%0 "he -%**e!-e*e!" %, "he p%-ee$)!/#. I!$ee$0%"he)#e0 "he p%)#)%! %, R&'e =40 #e-")%! 0 $)e-")!/ "ha" -%*pe!#a")%! K(e $e"e*)!e$ a# %, "he $a"e %, "he ,)')!/ %, "he-%*p'a)!"@ %&'$ !ee (e %pea")e.?

I! "he -a#e a" (a0 "he "a)!/ (+ NPC %--&e$ )! N%e*(e 14=10 he! )" -%!#"&-"e$ "he a--e## %a$ %! "he e3p%p)a"e$p%pe"+ a" ")*e he! )" a# #")'' ?-%/%!a'? a!$ %!e$ (+ "he #p%e# Sa$a!/. The C%*p'a)!" a# ,)'e$ %!'+ )! 14=.

The -%!e")()')"+ %, "he p%pe"+ )!"% a #&($))#)%!0 "he -)"e)%! e')e$ &p%! (+ e#p%!$e!" C%&"0 )# !%" -%!"%'')!/. The-a#e %, Ma!)'a E'e-")- C%. . T&a#%!0 =2 Ph)'. ==0 ==70 -)"e$ )! M&!)-)pa' G%@". %, Sa/a+ . :/->-ha!%('e#.-%*.ph

?A# e/a$# "he -'a)* ,% $a*a/e#0 "he p'a)!"),, )# e!")"'e$ "hee"% )! "he ,%* %, 'e/a' )!"ee#" %! "he p)-e %, "he 'a!$ ,%*"he ")*e )" a# "ae! &p "% "he ")*e "ha" pa+*e!" )# *a$e (+ "he /%e!*e!". I! a$$)")%!0 "he /%e!*e!" #h%&'$ pa+ ,%a""%!e+@# ,ee#0 "he a*%&!" %, h)-h #h%&'$ (e ,)3e$ (+ "he ")a' -%&" a,"e hea)!/.?-a'a)"&a1a')(a+

I! "he -a#e a" (a0 'e/a' )!"ee#" #h%&'$ a--&e ,%* De-e*(e 0 14=60 "he ")*e %, "a)!/ a# ,a a# SAN DIEGO )#-%!-e!e$0 a" #)3 pe -e!" = pe a!!&*0 &p "% "he ")*e "ha" pa+*e!" )# *a$e (+ NPC.

N%" ha)!/ appea'e$ ,%* "he De-)#)%! %, e#p%!$e!" C%&"0 SAN DIEGO -a!!%" a# ,% )"# *%$),)-a")%! (+ a+ %, )!-ea#)!/"he a*%&!" %, -%*pe!#a")%! a!$ )!-'&$)!/ a! aa$ ,% a""%!e+@# ,ee#. =

WHEREFORE0 "he :&$/*e!" %, e#p%!$e!" Appe''a"e C%&"0 $a"e$ De-e*(e 60 14720 )# hee(+ #e" a#)$e0 a!$ "he De-)#)%!%, "he "he! C%&" %, F)#" I!#"a!-e %, B&'a-a!0 Ba!-h I0 )! C))' Ca#e N%. 6650 a&"h%))!/ pa+*e!" %, P10466.22 a# ,&'')!$e*!)"+ ,% "he p%pe"+ a" "he a"e %, P.5 pe #8&ae *e"e )# e)!#"a"e$. Pe")")%!e )# $)e-"e$ "% pa+ )!"ee#" a" #)3pe -e!" = pe a!!&* %! "he a*%&!" a$:&$/e$ ,%* De-e*(e 0 14=60 &!")' ,&''+ pa)$. N% -%#"#.

SO ORDERED.

8/20/201

torts cases (batch 2) full text

Documents