In the Name of Allah who is most Merciful and most Beneficent

Group Members

• Mohammad Golam Mostafa

• Mohd Izhar Abdul Malek

• Syed Absar Kazmi

• Abdallah Zyoud

• Mohammad Jabed Perves

• S. Md Ehsanur Rahman

Transfer of Technology:Means, methods and

strategies

RKGS 6000Values ,Technology and Society

Dr. Abdi Omar Shuriye

OUTLINES

• Concept of TOT

• TOT process cycle

• TOT check lists

• Types of Technology (TOT)

• Factor affecting TOT

• Barrier to TOT

• Model of TOT

• Strategies of TOT

OUTLINES (CONT.)

• Role of TOT in economic development and education

• Islamic view of TOT to Muslim world

• Organizations behind TOT in Muslim world & its significance

TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY

Definition

•Technology transfer, also called transfer of technology (TOT), is the process of transferring skills, knowledge, technologies, methods of manufacturing from the developed to developing or under developed countries.

•At minor scale it can also be done among universities ,organizations and other institutions to ensure that the scientific and technological developments are accessible to a wider range of users who can then further develop and exploit the technology into new products, processes, applications, materials or services. It is closely related to knowledge transfer.

1. CONCEPT OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

• Concept • The fundamental of technology transfer pertains on the

movement of technology and associated knowledge from a provider to a receiver, who implicates them for the relevant purporses as the provider in exchange for compensation.

RecipentRecipentSupplier

Technology and/or knowledge

A consideration

suppliersupplier

TOT PROCESS CYCLE

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CHECKLIST

1. Production master formula2. Manufacturing instruction3. Dispensing instruction4. Analytical methods5. Previous process validation6. Consolidation reports7. Excipient specification and source8. Active specification and the source

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CHECKLIST

9. Primary packaging material specification and source.10. Packaging instruction11. Customer complaints12. Process deviation file13. Analytical deviation file14. Reject/Rework file15. Specimen manufacturing batch record16. Specimen cartons, Labels, Leaflets.

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CONTENTS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

6 P

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TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

1) EMERGING TECHNOLOGY- is an innovative technology that currently is undergoing bench scale testing, in which a small version of the technology is tested in a laboratory.

2) INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY- is a technology that has been field tested and applied to a hazardous waste problem at a site, but lack a long history of full-scale use.

3) ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGY- is a technology for which cost and performance information is readily only after a technology has been deployed at many different sites and the result is fully documented, that technology is considered to be established.

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FUNCTION OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TEAM

1) Coordinate- Coordinating between technology users and developer, between researcher and manufacturers is important element of technology transfer.

2) Nurture- A main ingredient for moving technology from a research laboratory to a new business enterprises successfully in an environment that is supportive for entrepreneurship.

3) Link- Cataloging resources related to business enterprises & connecting would be entrepreneurship / researcher and other technology developers to outside group & organization which can help in the process of starting new product, companies etc.

Technology implementation potential for successful TOT :

1.Communication factor

2.Financial factor

3.External factor

4.Human factor

5.Corporate factor

6.Technology factor

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FACTOR AFFECTING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

BARRIERS TO TRANSFER

What hinders technology transfer and what causes leads it to failure:

• Lack of awareness – what technologies are available to them • Lack of knowledge – If staff of company is lacking technical

knowledge, it may not be able to capitalize on the technology being offered in the transfer

• Lack of funds – company may not be able to afford the development costs of the technology being transferred

• Lack of common interests – Individuals putting the interests of their own company ahead of the alliance

• Conflict of interest – Even in collaborations on the technical level or strong, it has been found that collaborations between competing companies doesn’t work.

BARRIERS TO TRANSFER (CONT.)

• Lack of Trust – If little trust exists between companies, it is doomed to fail

• Poor communications – Fail to keep each abreast on everything relevant to the collaboration, activities, thoughts, processes, goals, direction of venture

• Lack of infrastructure – company may lack equipment and facility in infrastructure to take on the transfer

• Over-committed – The company may be over-committed on current projects and simply lacks the time needed for success.

BARRIERS – WITH REGARDS TO COLLABORATION

• Technical Problems – which are generally overcome, but

which add time and money and frustration

• Resource Limitation – Poor budget control

• Change in Project’s Structure – Loss of key members or

loss of partner

• Organizational Problems – due to a partner losing or

changing interest in the technological side.

Transferor Technology Transferee

Consequence

Assessment of Technology Transfer

MarketsRaw materialsLabourKnow-howWillingnessAbility

Needs

Transferor caused barriers

Needs

Willingness Transferee caused barriers

Readiness

Transferor’s knowledge

of the Transferee’s background

Basic model of technology transfer

Strategies for technology transfer

What are the technology transfer strategies?

• A plan of action designed to achieve a long-term or overall

aim.

• Process of transferring skills, knowledge, technologies,

methods of manufacturing, samples of manufacturing and

facilities among governments and non-governments. 

STRATEGIES

• Turn key delivery• Joint venture• Licensing• Reverse engineering• Starting from outdated technology• Starting from scratch• Technology espionage

1. TURNKEY DELIVERY

• General contractor responsible for procedures related to technology transfer, such as technology design, financing, equipment supply, construction and commissioning.

• Advantages: – the company concludes a contract only with one supplier

who takes full responsibility for the project execution; – the project will have a fixed price; – the supplier guarantees the performance and the efficiency

of technology.

• Example: construction projects

2. JOINT VENTURE

• Agreement concluded between two or more companies in order to execute a particular business.

• Implies mutual assets, management, risks, profit sharing, co-production, services and marketing.

• Benefits: – long-term cooperation between the parties, – reduce costs than if the companies have been working

separately.

• Example: Sony Ericsson, Proton

3. LICENSING

• Agreement which owner of a patent, trademark or other intellectual property gives permission to another company to use the technology in a certain area during a certain period of time. exclusive right or non-exclusive right

• Could include sublicensing clause – permits the licensee to grant to someone else

the right to use the technology.• Advantage: it has lower costs, compared with

other technology transfer methods. • Example: Licensing intellectual property of

university to industry

4. REVERSE ENGINEERING

• Process of extracting knowledge or design information from anything man-made.

• Involves disassembling something (a mechanical device, electronic component, computer program, or biological, chemical, or organic matter) and analyzing its components and workings in detail.

• Reasons vary from socially beneficial actions, to criminal actions, depending upon the situation. Often no intellectual property rights are breached.

• Common in Japan, China, Korea

5. STARTING FROM OBSOLETE TECHNOLOGY

• Technology that is outdated or no longer used at all.

• Company with low financial support is common with this strategy.

• Company do not mind sharing their old design • Example: Tata Automobile

6. START FROM SCRATCH

• More towards technology creation• Start from zero• Require high level of skill, resource, expertize• Example: Karl Benz (Germany) invented the first

car in 1886

7. TECHNOLOGY ESPIONAGE

• Theft of trade secrets by the removal, copying or recording of confidential or valuable information in a company for use by a competitor.

• Conducted for commercial purposes rather than national security purposes

• Common among developed countries such as USA and Germany

The Role of Technology Transfer in Economic Development

• In 1960, Korea, Taiwan, Syria, Tunisia, Morocco, Jordan, and Egypt were in roughly the same economic position

EXPORT-ORIENTED POLICIES VS ORIENTATIONTO THE DOMESTIC ECONOMY

• Asian governments encouraged high rates of investment in physical capital such as roads, buildings, and machinery; growing levels of education; a stable macroeconomic policy that controlled inflation; and an emphasis on exports that motivated firms to compete in global markets, thus generating a demand for international technology transfer

• Wile in the middle east rather than openness to foreign trade; the economy was domestically oriented, and no international technology transfer; and less effort to build a high-quality education system, which enabled local firms to ignore international technology

HIGH TECHNOLOGY EXPORTS (BILLIONS OF U.S. DOLLARS)

  1990 1995 1998 2001 2004

Egypt — 6 2 12 15

Korea, 10.8 29.6 30.6 40 75.7

Indonesia 0.1 1.7 2.2 4.4 5.8

Malaysia 6 25.4 31.6 40.9 52.9

Thailand 3 10.1 13.5 15.2 —

Tunisia 0.05 0.07 0.1 0.2 0.4

Morocco — 0.01 0.4 0.4 0.7

Adopted TOT Strategies• Japan relied heavily on technology licensing while

discouraging FDI. In the 1960s and 1970s, Korea also largely excluded FDI but used technology licensing, consultants, and imported equipment and intermediates as sources of technological advances. Countries such as Malaysia and Thailand pursued several paths simultaneously. The overarching orientation in the Asian countries was openness to foreign ideas, some embodied in physical inputs, others conveyed by manuals, blueprints, and know-how

• To identify and apply such knowledge transfers requires a highly educated domestic labor force that is critical in the identification, modification, and absorption of foreign technology

Source: World Development Indicators (WDI).

Islamic view to the technology transfer to the Muslim World

Seek knowledge even though it be in China.

The acquisition of knowledge is compulsory for every Muslim, whether male or female.

The ink of the scholar is more sacred than the blood of the martyr.

Seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave.

God has revealed to me, Whoever walks in the pursuit of Knowledge I facilitate for him the way to heaven.

The best form of worship is the pursuit of knowledge.

Scholars should endeavour to spread knowledge and provide education to people who have been deprived of it. For,  where knowledge is hidden it disappears.

Some one asked the Prophet (SAS): Who is the biggest  scholar?. He replied: "He who is constantly trying to  learn from others, for a scholar is every hungry for more knowledge.

Seek for knowledge and wisdom, for whatever the vessel from which it flows, you will never be the loser.

Thinking deep for one hour (with sincerity) is better than 70 years of (mechanical) worship.

Worship without knowledge, has no goodness in it and  knowledge without understanding has no goodness in it. 

To listen to the words of the learned and to install unto others the lessons of science is better than  religious exercises.

Organization behind the transfer of technology to the Muslim world

United Nations Development Program (UNDP) WHO (World Health Organization) U.N. branches OIC (Organization of Islamic Conference) IDB (Islamic Development Bank) ISESCO (Islamic Educational Scientific and

Cultural Organization) Philanthropic Islamic organizations (PIO)

Significant of TOT to the Muslim world

Saving economics: Muslim world must stop importing military weapons and start manufacturing the needed weapons including space satellites and their launching vehicles(rockets and missiles), to

Defence their national security. Industrial developmentDaily life improvement

THANK YOU