911930

2SUPERVISOR’S USE ONLY

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© New Zealand Qualifications Authority, 2018. All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the prior permission of the New Zealand Qualifications Authority.

ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY

TOTAL

Level 2 Earth and Space Science, 201891193 Demonstrate understanding

of physical principles related to the Earth System

9.30 a.m. Thursday 8 November 2018 Credits: Four

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with ExcellenceDemonstrate understanding of physical principles related to the Earth System.

Demonstrate in-depth understanding of physical principles related to the Earth System.

Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of physical principles related to the Earth System.

Check that the National Student Number (NSN) on your admission slip is the same as the number at the top of this page.

You should attempt ALL the questions in this booklet.

If you need more room for any answer, use the extra space provided at the back of this booklet and clearly number the question.

Check that this booklet has pages 2 – 12 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank.

YOU MUST HAND THIS BOOKLET TO THE SUPERVISOR AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION.

Achievement

11

QUESTION ONE: ARCTIC SEA ICE

Arctic sea ice in 1984 and2012.https://toolkit.climate. gov/image/9 1 6

The Arctic is home to the North Pole, and over time the sea ice around the Arctic (Arctic ice cap)has reduced in size.

It is often stated that polar ice acts as a temperature regulator on Earth due to its high reflectiveability (albedo).

Explain how the Arctic ice cap works to help maintain a stable temperature on Earth.

In your answer, you should:. describe how solar radiation is absorbed, transmitted, and reflected by ice and water

. explain how the high reflective ability (albedo) of polar ice acts as a temperature regulator

. explain the effect that any reduction of the Arctic ice cap could have on the Earth'stemperature.

You may draw an annotated diagram in the box below to assist your answer.

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QUESTION TWO: METHANE

The graph below shows the increasing concentration of the greenhouse gas methane in the Earth'satmosphere from 1984.

GLOBAL MONTHLY AVERAGE METHANE (GH4)

Source: www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/webdatalccgg/trends/ch4_trend_all gl.pdf

Explain in detail how the average temperature of the Earth will be affected by increasing numbersof methane gas molecules in the atmosphere.

In your answer, you should include:. how heat is transferred from the Earth through the atmosphere. how a methane molecule transfers heat

' how increasing numbers (higher concentration) of methane molecules will affect the Earth's---- -tempsrafure*-

You may draw an annotated diagram in the box below to assist your answer.

ASSESSOR'SUSE ONLY

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QUESTION THREE: HOT POOLS

Steam rising from hot pools.Source: http:llactiveadventures.com/blog/2014/08/rvelcome-flat-hot-pools-copland-track/

There are many naturally formed hot pools in the New Zealand bush. The water in these pools canget very hot.

Explain how these hot water pools can form from heat within the Earth.

In your answer, you should include:. an explanation of how the Earth's core gives off heat

. how this heat is transferred through the layers of the Earth

. how this heat results in the heating of groundwater to make the water in the pool hot.

Ybu may draw an annotated diagram in the box below to assist your answer.

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Annotated Exemplar Template

Subject Earth and Space Science

2018 Standard 91193 Total score

11

Q Grade score Annotation

1 A4

An annotated diagram is used which helps clarify the

description given.

Transmission of solar radiation through space is quoted and

the effect of ice in reflecting this radiation is compared with

the absorption that occurs with that of darker materials. The

absorbed radiation heats the Earth. The role ice plays in

keeping the Earth cool is referred to in the what happens

when the size of the ice cap decreases.

Expanding this response to include water and explaining how

its high heat capacity absorbing heat is involved in warming

the planet may have improved this answer.

2 A3

An annotated diagram is used.

The response includes details about solar radiation travelling

through space to Earth. An attempt is made to explain how

methane acts as a greenhouse gas. The effect of additional

methane in the atmosphere is clearly linked to an increase in

Earth’s temperature.

The use of the term reflection is misplaced. The candidate

should be referring to the concept of energy being absorbed

and re-emitted by the methane molecules.

3 A4

An annotated diagram is used.

The response identifies and describes the heat source in the

core as fission and the convection currents in the mantle are

partially explained. Conduction is currently identified as the

means of heat transfer between layers.

The heating of groundwater in Earth’s crust is described.

The outer core is incorrectly identified as a solid.