total capabilities in the pipeline industry · – spitzglass (low pressure) • low pressures...
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TOTAL CAPABILITIES IN THE PIPELINE INDUSTRY
UTILITY TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION Cincinnati Columbus West Jefferson
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Load Estimating
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Weather-Load Relationship
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Temperature - Degrees F
Th
erm
s/D
ay
Qsh = C (Tb-To)
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Service Loads • Example (new home)
– 85,000 BTU furnace – 40,000 BTU H2O Heater – 50,000 BTU Range – 20,000 BTU Clothes Dryer – 30,000 BTU Gas Logs – 15,000 BTU Gas Grill 240,000 BTU total = 240scfh
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Service Loads (cont’d)
• Example (Old home)
– 125,000 BTU furnace
– 75,000 BTU H2O Heater
– 60,000 BTU Range
– 20,000 BTU Clothes Dryer
280,000 BTU total = 280 scfh
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Is it likely that all the appliances for a home will be on continuously for
an entire hour?
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Is it likely that all the appliances for a home will be on continuously for
an entire hour?
NO
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Max hour-Typical Residence
• New – 60 scfh to 65 scfh
• Old – 100 scfh to 125 scfh
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Load profile for Residential space- heating
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Likewise, is it likely all the homes in an area will experience their max our usage during the same hour?
NO !
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Load Curve
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Coincidence
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Sample Diversity factor
Number of customers
Heating diversity (demand) factors
1 1.0
5 .920
10 .868
25 .800
50 .784
100 .770
200 .750 13
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Load Factor • Ratio
• Actual gas usage over a given time period, to
• Use that would have occurred if the maximum short term use rate in that period occurred over the entire period
• Daily-annual; hourly-annual; hourly-daily
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Daily-Annual Load Factor
100/365
/, x
dayMcfOutSendDailyMaximum
yearMcfOutSendAnnualTotalL yd
Average percent use of gas supply facilities
Higher the load factor implies lower $ per
unit volume invested in the system supply
facilities
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Hourly-Annual Load Factor
hourMcfOutSendHourlyMaximum
xyearMcfOutSendAnnualTotalL yh
/24365
100/,
Average percent use of gas distribution facilities
Higher the load factor implies lower $ per unit
volume invested in the distribution facilities
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Typical load factors
Table 3-3. Typical Load Factors for Gas Consumers
Annual Load Factor (%) Based on:
Type of Consumer
Maximum Daily Demand
Maximum Hourly Demand
Space Heating
(northern U.S.)
26 17
Cooking 72 16
Restaurant 84 53
Retail Store 63 21
Industrial Metal Products 79 45
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Estimating max hour from annual usage
• Restaurant’s Annual usage = 2,000 Mcf
• Average load factor for a restaurant ≈ .53
• LF = annual use/(365x24x max hr)
• Max hr = annual use /(365x24x0.53)
• Max hr = 2,000 Mcf /(365x24x0.53)
• Max hr = 0.431 Mcfh = 431 scfh
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Residential Heating Load Conversion Rule of Thumb
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Estimating use for a building (other than a Home)
• 40 BTU/ft2
– Typical ceilings
– Thermostat set at 68°F to 70°F
• Higher ceilings slightly > 40 BTU/ft2
• Lower for warehouse temperature set at 50°F
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Estimating use for a building (other than a Home)
Sq ft BTU/
Sq ft
BTU /hr
BTU/
Cf
cf/
MCF
MCF/
hr
10,000 40 40,000 1000 1000 0.4
20,000 40 80,000 1000 1000 0.8
50,000 40 200,000 1000 1000 2.0
100,000 40 4,000,000 1000 1000 4.0
200,000 40 8,000,000 1000 1000 8.0
500,000 40 2,000,000 1000 1000 20.0 21
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Load profile for Commercial customers
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Estimating Load for undeveloped area
• 1.5 to 1.8 meters per acre
• Takes into account road, utility corridors, retention ponds, parks, etc.
• Fully developed
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Gas Flow & Pipe Sizing
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Gas Flow
If your pipeline is moving 40 Mcfh starting at a pressure of 50 psig and delivering at a pressure of 25 psig, how much additional capacity remains on this segment of pipe?
𝑃2𝑃1
= 50%
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
P2
/P1
Utilized Capacity
P2/P1 vs Utilized Capacity
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How to use chart to estimate system performance on a design
day
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Dem
and (
flow
)
Degree Days
Demand (flow) directly proportional to degree days
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Weather-Load Relationship
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Temperature - Degrees F
Th
erm
s/D
ay
Qsh = C (Tb-To)
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Problem:
• At a temperature of 15 degrees F, a pressure of 30 psig is recorded at the end of a 75 psig system.
• What pressure would you expect at a design temperature of 5 degrees F?
(hint: think of % capacity as directly corresponding to demand or flow)
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Problem solution •
𝑃2
𝑃1=
30
75= 40%
• From chart, utilizing 85% of pipeline capacity
• Think of % capacity as demand which is proportional to degree days or degree hours.
•85%
65−15=
𝑋
65−5
• X = 102%
• #*&% We ran out of pipeline capacity! 31
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Same Problem:
• Only this time a pressure of 40 psig is recorded at the end of a 75 psig system when the temperature is 15°F.
• What pressure would you expect at a design temperature of 5 degrees F?
(again: think of % capacity as directly corresponding to demand or flow)
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Problem solution •
𝑃2
𝑃1=
40
75= 53.3%
• From chart, utilizing 78% of pipeline capacity
• Think of % capacity as demand which is proportional to degree days or degree hours.
•78%
65−15=
𝑋
65−5
• X = 93.6%
• From chart, 93.6% capacity equates to 𝑃2
𝑃1 = 25%
• P2 = (P1 * 25%) = (75 psig * 25%) = 18.75 psig
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Flow Modeling Software • GasWorks • SynerGEE Gas • Stoner Pipeline Simulator (SPS) • AFT Aarow • Pipeline Studio • Pipe-Flo • Gregg Engineering (Multiple Programs)
• GasCalc • Pipeline Toolbox (Gas, Liquid, Enterprise) • QuickConvert
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Modeling Considerations • Station pressures (drop across M&R Settings) • Load Estimating • Pipe Type & Length
– Plastic or Steel – Wall thickness
• Pipe Efficiency Factor – Typically use 0.90-0.95 efficiency factor for distribution system
using IGT Improved Equation
• Fittings • Regulators • Compressors • Valves
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• Flow Equations
– Spitzglass (Low Pressure) • Low pressures (inches of water column) • 12” and smaller • Assumes smooth pipe flow
– Spitzglass (High Pressure) • Medium and high pressures • Very conservative
– IGT Improved • Very good distribution equation • 3”-30” Low Pressure • 1 ½” – 20” (2-100 psig)
– Weymouth • Use for early evaluation • Very Conservative • Good for high pressure supply lines 10” – 30” rough pipe
– Panhandle A • Good for ≥ 16” and ≥20 psig • Better for high pressure lines • Relatively good equation but is slightly optimistic
– Mueller • Services • 3
8 ” – 2” (2-100 psig)
Modeling Considerations (Cont.)
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