Total surface area of earth 5.1 1014 m2

Land 25% 1.3 1014 m2 13,000 Mha 11% 5,500 Mha(1 hm = 102 m; 1 ha = 1 hm2 = 104

m2)

A rab lelan d11 %

(1 .4 4 b illio nhec ta re s)

O the r land33 %

(4 .3 5 b illio nhec ta re s)

a

F orest and w ood land30 %

(3 .8 9 b illio nhec ta re s)

P e rm an en tm eado w s & p astu re s

26 %(3 .3 6 b illio n

hec ta re s)

17 % o f a rab le landis irriga ted(2 40 m illion h ec tare s)

The Earth's LandTotal Area: 13 Billion Hectares

a"Other land" includes barren and developed land.

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization

from Committee for the National Institute for theEnvironment

http://www.cnie.org/pop/conserving/landuse2.htm

(North America, western Europe, beginning ~1940s and 1950s)

Chlordane

ChlordaneFormula: C10H6Cl8

MW: 406 CAS#: 57-74-9 NIST#: 118984

Synonyms: 1. 4,7-Methano-1H-indene, 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro- 2. 4,7-Methanoindan, 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro- 3. Belt 4. Chlor Kil 5. Chlordan 6. Chlorindan 7. Corodane 8. Cortilan-neu 9. CD 6810. Dichlorochlordene11. Dowchlor12. ENT-993213. HCS 326014. Kypchlor15. M 14016. Octa-Klor17. Octachlor18. Octachloro-4,7-methanotetrahydroindane19. Oktaterr20. Ortho-Klor21. Synklor22. Tat Chlor 423. Toxichlor24. Velsicol 106825. 106826. .gamma.-Chlordane27. 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methanoindan28. .gamma.-Chlordan29. Chloordaan30. Chlor kill31. Chlorodane32. Clordan

33. Ent-25,552-x34. ENT-9,93235. M 41036. Niran37. NCI-C0009938. Octachloro-4,7-methanohydroindane39. Octachlorodihydrodicyclopentadiene40. Shell sd-553241. SD 553242. Topiclor43. 1,2,4,5,6,7,10,10-Octachloro-4,7,8,9-tetrahydro-4,7-methyleneindane44. 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloor-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-endo-methano-indaan45. 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachlor-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-endo-methano-indan46. 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoindan47. 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoindene48. 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methylene indane49. 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methanoindane50. 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-4,7-methano-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydroindane51. 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Ottochloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetraidro-4,7-endo-metano-indano52. Aspon-chlordane53. Chlortox54. Clordano55. Kilex lindane56. Latka 106857. NA 276258. 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octahydro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoindan59. 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachlor-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoindane60. 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methano-1H-indene61. OMS 143762. Rcra waste number U03663. Starchlor64. Unexan-koeder65. Termi-ded66. Topichlor 2067. Topiclor 2068. Steraskin69. 1068 Steral70. Intox

Metabolic breakdown product, DDE:

Widespread use of DDT led to a decrease in many species at the top of the food chain, especially birds of prey that feed mainly on fish.

A correlation was observed between decreased number of young and concentration of DDT and degradation products in eggs that did not hatch; also between DDT/degradation product levels and broken and thinner-than-normal shells.

The table above shows data for the brown pelican population of coastal southern California and northern Baja. A DDT manufacturing plant in Los Angeles had been releasing its effluent into the ocean. In 1970, the outlet was diverted to a landfill, after which the pelicans fared much better.

Bailey, Clark, Ferris, Krause and Strong, “Chemistry of the Environment,” second edition (San Diego: Academic Press) 2002.

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