tour and travel final project report.docx

8/17/2019 tour and travel final project report.docx

1/88

A Project Report

on

Tour and Travel ManagementSystem

Submitted for the award of the Degree of

MCA

In

DIT University, Dehradun

by

Iram !ussain

Under the Guidance of

"iita Mam

DIT U"I#$RSIT%, D$!RADU", I"DIA

May2015

1


2/88

D$C&ARATI'"

This is to certify that the Proect ! Thesis ! Dissertation entit"ed (Tour And Travel

Management System) in #artia" fu"fi""ment of the re$uirement for the award of the

Degree o* Master '* Computer Application in MSo*t Corporation ,"oida +%

submitted to DIT University, Dehradun,Uttarahand, India, is an authentic record

of bonfire wor& carried out by me%underthe su#er'ision !guidance of Miss()i&ita

The matter embodied in this Proect!Thesis!Dissertation has not been submitted for

the award of any other degree or di#"oma to any Uni'ersity!Institution(

Date -.may-/01 Signature

Place Dehradun "ame o* Candidate Iram !ussain

Roll "o

2


3/88

C$RTI2ICAT$

This is to certify that the Proect!Thesis!Dissertationentit"ed (Tour And Travel

Management System ) in #artia" fu"fi""ment of the re$uirement for the award of the

Degree Master '* Computer Application +in MSo*t Corporation%)oida submitted

to DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarahand, India, is an authentic record of

bonafide research wor& carried out by Mr!Ms(I&ram *ussain +o"" )o 1,5-00101.

under my su#er'ision! guidance(

Date -.may-/01 Signature and "ame o*

Place Supervisor3s456uide

3


4/88

&IST '2 A77R$#IATI'"S5S%M7'&S56&'SSAR%

/ f"ow chart is a #ictoria" re#resentation of an a"gorithm that uses boes on different

sha#es to denote different ty#e of instructions( The actua" instructions are written with

in these boes using c"ear and concise statements( These boes are connected by

arrows to indicate the f"ow of o#erations( The eact se$uence in which the

instructions are eecuted(The f"ow chart can be used to con'ert the statement or series

of ste#s in #rogramming "anguage statements

1( This symbo" is used to indicate the beginning end of the #rogram

"ogic(

2( 8This is used to denote any ty#e of in#ut and out#ut

statement(

, 8 Processing symbo"s used in a f"ow chart to re#resent arithmetic

and other e#ression statements(

- 8This symbo" is used to indicate a #oint at which a decision has to be

made( This symbo" shows to a"ternati'e #aths to re#resent the actions to be ta&en

when the condition is true or fa"se(

4


5/88

5 8 f"ow "ines with arrow heads are used to indicate the f"ow o#eration or

to re#resent the se$uence of f"ow of instructions(

5


6/88

AC9"':&$D6$M$"T

This #roect was an ambitious wor& and wou"d ha'e ne'er been com#"eted without

the faci"ities #ro'ided by the sir and the coo#eration of my #arents and sincere efforts

of my facu"ty co""eagues guided me he"#ed this #roect(

My sincere 3T*/)4S goes to

• I was to e#ress my gratitude and sincere than&s to our 6acu"ty and *7D of de#t(

Mrs+ Ritia #erma for #ro'iding better wor&ing en'ironment for com#eting this

#roect successfu""y(

• I am a"so than&fu" to a"" facu"ties i(e( Mr+Ashish Sa;ena% Mr+Raesh Saini

,Mr+Amit Dua+ Mr+ Deepa Sharma(

• 8ast"y my than&s to my #arents and a"" my friends for ins#iring my s#irit to

achie'e this target(

I&ram *ussain

Master of 9om#uter /##"ications

9o""ege +o"" )o(1.

Uni'ersity +o"" )o(1,5-00101.

6


7/88

A7STRACT

The obecti'e of the #roect is to de'e"o# a system that automates the #rocesses

and acti'ities of a tra'e" and( The #ur#ose is to design a system using which one can

#erform a"" o#erations re"ated to tra'e"ing(

$


8/88

• /dministrator

The visitor module include,

;iew /bout Us This modu"e he"# the 'isitor to see the "atest /bout 7ur


9/88

Understanding

9ustomer 9hec& 7ur Status(

9urrency 9on'ersion(

The administrator module includes,

/dd *ote" /dmimistrator /dd Different Ty#e *ote" (

/dd 6"ight /dmimistrator /dd 6"ight

/dd Tour Pac&age /dmimistrator /dd Different Ty#e Tour Pac&age(

/dd >us%9ar(

/dministrator U#date User >oo4ing Status about /"" (*ote"%9ar%>us

6"ight%Tour (

;iew /"" +ecord /bout >oo&ing 7f (*ote"%9ar%>us 6"ight%Tour (

9


10/88

S'2T:AR$

Techno"ogy ?a'a%?s#%Ser'"et


11/88

&IST '2 TA7&$S

Ta=le "ame &ogin

2ieldname Data Type &ength 9ey

Username ;archar 20 Primary &ey

Password ;archar 25

Status ;archar 10

Ta=le "ame User Registration


USC+)/MC;/+9*/+2-000

E )o #rimary

)/MC;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

/DD+CSS ;/+9*/+2-000 Fes

11


12/88

E

P*7)C)7 ;/+9*/+2..E Fes

PI)97DC ;/+9*/+2..E Fes

CM/I8;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

Ta=le "ame 7usResult


>US)7 )UM>C+ )o #rimary

>US)/MC;/+9*/+2-000

E )o

S7U+9C

;/+9*/+2-000

E )o

DCSTI)/TI7);/+9*/+2-000

E )o

>USTFPC;/+9*/+2-000

E )o

>US)7 )UM>C+ )o

12


13/88

Ta=le "ame Car7ooing


+C)7 ;/+9*/+2-0E )o #rimary

)/MC ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

/DD+CSS ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

P*7)C)7 ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

CM/I8ID ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

;I*I98C ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

PI9UP ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

D+7PP ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

9/)T+F ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

P/SSC)GC+ ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

/++I;/8 ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

+CTU+) ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

9/+ ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

Ta=le "ame CarResult


13


14/88

9/+)7 )UM>C+ )o #rimary

9/+)/MC;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

S7U+9C;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

DCSTI)/TI7);/+9*/+2-000

E

Fes

9/+TFPC;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

9/+)7 )UM>C+ )o

Ta=le "ame Contact


)/MC;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

/DD+CSS

;/+9*/+2-000

E Fes

9ITF;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

97U)T+F;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

P*7)C)7 ;/+9*/+2-000 Fes

14


15/88

E

CM/I8;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

D/T/I8S;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

Ta=le "ame *eed7ac


)/MC ;/+9*/+250E Fes

/DD+CSS ;/+9*/+250E Fes

CM/I8ID ;/+9*/+250E Fes

P*7)C)7 ;/+9*/+250E Fes

6CCD ;/+9*/+250E Fes

6> ;/+9*/+250E Fes

MCSS/GC ;/+9*/+250E Fes

15


16/88

Ta=le "ame 2light


+C)7 ;/+9*/+2-0E )o #rimary

)/MC ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

/DD+CSS ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

/GC ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

CM/I8 ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

68IG*T)7 ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

68IG*T)/MC ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

D/TCT ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

97)T/9T ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

SC/TS ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

SC/T)7;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

ST/TUS;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

Ta=le "ame 2light7oo


16


17/88

68IG*TH)UM>C+ )UM>C+20%0E )o

68IG*TH)/MC ;/+9*/+220E Fes

S7U+9C ;/+9*/+225E )o

DCSTI)/TI7) ;/+9*/+225E Fes

C97)7MFHP+I9C )UM>C+10%0E Fes

>USI)CSSHP+I9C )UM>C+10%0E Fes

DCP/+TU+CHTIMC ;/+9*/+255E Fes

/++I;/8HTIMC ;/+9*/+255E Fes

Ta=le "ame !otel7ooing


+C)7 )UM>C+ )o #rimary

)/MC ;/+9*/+2100E )o

/DD+CSS ;/+9*/+2100E )o

17


18/88

P*7)C)7 ;/+9*/+2100E )o

CM/I8ID ;/+9*/+2100E )o

*7TC8 ;/+9*/+2100E )o

9*C94I)D/TC ;/+9*/+2100E )o

9*C947UTD/TC ;/+9*/+2100E )o

+77MS ;/+9*/+2100E )o

/DU8TS ;/+9*/+2100E )o

9*I8DC+) ;/+9*/+2100E )o

+77M)7;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

Ta=le "ame !otelResult


IM/GC >87> Fes

*7TC8)/MC;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

*7TC8/DD+CSS;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

*7TC8TFPC;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

18


19/88

*7TC8P+I9C;/+9*/+2-000

E

Fes

6/9I;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

Ta=le "ame Tour7oo


+C)7 ;/+9*/+2-0E )o #rimary

)/MC ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

/DD+CSS ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

P*7)C)7 ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

CM/I8ID ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

T7U+)/MC ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

9/)T+F ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

T7+IST ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

/++I;C8 ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

19


20/88

+CTU+) ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

*7TC8)/MC ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

+77MS ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

/DU8TS ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

9*I8DC+) ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

DCT/I8 ;/+9*/+2-0E Fes

T7U+HST/TUS;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

*7TC8HST/TUS;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

+77M)7 ;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

Ta=le "ame TourResult


IM/GC >87> Fes

T7U+)/MC;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

T7U+P+I9C;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

T7U+D/FS ;/+9*/+2-000 Fes

20


21/88

E

TFPCT7U+ ;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

S7U+9C;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

DCSTI)/TI7);/+9*/+2-000

E

Fes

+7UTC;/+9*/+2-000

EFes

C'"T$"TS

21


22/88

0+ Introduction 0>8-/

1(1 ( 7becti'e of Proect 20

-+ Scope o* Project -0

?+ Theoretical 7acground --8-@

,(1 ( ?a'a 222-

,(2(?a'a ;irtua" Machine 2-25

,(,(9"ass 8ibraries 252.

,(-(P"atform inde#endence 2.2@

+ System Analysis B Design ->8?@

-(1( Introduction 2

-(2(7becti'e 2

-(,( Defining / System 2,0

-(-(System 8ife 9yc"e( ,0,@

1+ Complete Structure ?>8?

5(1(7'era"" Descri#tion ,-0

5(2(6unction Descri#tion( -0-,

.+ 2easi=ility Study 81

.(1(Technica" feasibi"ity --

.(2(Cconomic feasibi"ity --

22


23/88

.(,(>eha'iora" feasibi"ity -5

+ Data=ase design

@+ Relational Data=ase management system@(1(+e"ation Domains J /ttributes

@(2(+e"ationshi#

>+ "ormalisation(1(6irst )orma" 6orm

(2(Second )orma" 6orm

(,(Third )orma" 6orm

0/+System Maintains B $valuation

10(1(Testing J Debugging

10(2(Security

00+Cost B 7ene*it Analysis

11(1(*ardware 9osts

11(2(Persona" 9ost

11(,(7#eratinng 9ost

11(-(Su##"y 9ost

0-+$RD, D2D, 2lo Chart

12(1( 9ontet 8e'e" Dfd

12(2( 8e'e"1 /dministrator Dfd

12(,(8e'e"1 User Dfd

12(-(8e'e"2 Tra'e"s Dfd

23


24/88

12(5(8e'e"2 >oo&ing Dfd

12(. 8e'e", Searching Dfd

0?+System Algorithm

1,(1(9ustomer +egistration

1,(2(Tour Pac&ages /nd *o"iday Pac&age >oo&ing

1,(,(7n"ine >us Tic&et +eser'ation

1,((-(7n"ine *ote" >o&ing +eser'ation

1,(5(9ance"ation

1,(.(9hec& Status

0+Input5 'utput Screen Design

1-(1(User *ome Page

1-(2(/bout Us

1-(,(Tra'e""ing

1-(-(*o"iday #ac&age

1-(5(Seaching

01+Conclusion

15(1(


25/88

0+CD Details

25


26/88

I"TR'DUCTI'"

Tour J Tra'e" is an irresistib"e word when it comes totour and tra'e" #ac&ages(


27/88

'7E$CTI#$S '2 PR'E$CT

The #roect carried out under the tit"e (T'UR B TRA#$& MA"$6M$"T

S%ST$M) is a sincere efforts towards increasing the s#eed and enhancing the

Performance a managing an Pri'ate C/)S and database is in 7+/98C 10g(

)CT>C/)S is used as 6ront end and 7+/98C as a bac&end of this software(

Fou can manage a"" your information from a sing"e database fi"e(


28/88

SC'P$ '2 PR'E$CT

The


29/88

Theoretical 7acground

EA#A

?a'a is a sma""% sim#"e% safe% obect oriented% inter#reted or dynamica""yo#timi:ed% byte coded% architectura"% garbage co""ected% mu"tithreaded #rogramming

"anguage with a strong"y ty#ed ece#tionhand"ing for writing distributed and

dynamica"y etensib"e #rograms(

?a'a is an obect oriented #rogramming "anguage( ?a'a is a high"e'e"% third

generation "anguage "i&e 9% 67+T+/)% Sma"" ta"&% Pear" and many others( Fou can

use a'a to write com#uter a##"ications that crunch numbers% #rocess words% #"ay

games% store data or do any of the thousands of other things com#uter software can

do(

S#ecia" #rograms ca""ed a##"ets that can be down"oaded from the internet and #"ayed

safe"y within a web browser( ?a'a a su##orts this a##"ication and the fo""ow features

ma&e it one of the best #rogramming "anguages(

It is sim#"e and obect oriented

It he"#s to create user friend"y interfaces(

It is 'ery dynamic(

It su##orts mu"tithreading(

It is #"atform inde#endent

It is high"y secure and robust(

29


30/88

It su##orts internet #rogramming

Eava is a #rogramming "anguage origina""y de'e"o#ed by Sun

Microsystems and re"eased in 15 as a core com#onent of SunKs ?a'a #"atform( The

"anguage deri'es much of its synta from 9 and 9== but has a sim#"er obect mode"

and fewer "ow"e'e" faci"ities( ?a'a a##"ications are ty#ica""y com#i"ed to byte code

which can run on any ?a'a 'irtua" machine ?;ME regard"ess of com#uter

architecture(

The origina" and reference im#"ementation ?a'a com#i"ers% 'irtua" machines% and c"ass

"ibraries were de'e"o#ed by Sun from 15( /s of May 200A% in com#"iance with the

s#ecifications of the ?a'a 9ommunity Process% Sun made a'ai"ab"e most of their ?a'a

techno"ogies as free software under the G)U Genera" Pub"ic 8icense( 7thers ha'e

a"so de'e"o#ed a"ternati'e im#"ementations of these Sun techno"ogies% such as the

G)U 9om#i"er for ?a'a and G)U 9"ass #ath(

The ?a'a "anguage was created by ?ames Gos"ing in ?une 11 for use

in a set to# bo #roect( The "anguage was initia""y ca""ed Oak % after an oa& tree that

stood outside Gos"ingKs office and a"so went by the name Green and ended u# "ater

being renamed to Java% from a "ist of random words( Gos"ingKs goa"s were to

im#"ement a 'irtua" machine and a "anguage that had a fami"iar 9!9== sty"e of

notation(

Primary goals

There were fi'e #rimary goa"s in the creation of the ?a'a "anguage

1( It shou"d use the obectoriented #rogramming methodo"ogy(

2( It shou"d a""ow the same #rogram to be eecuted on mu"ti#"e o#erating

systems(

,( It shou"d contain bui"tin su##ort for using com#uter networ&s(

-( It shou"d be designed to eecute code from remote sources secure"y(

30


31/88

5( It shou"d be easy to use by se"ecting what were considered the good #arts of

other obectoriented "anguages(

The Java platform is the name for a bund"e of re"ated #rograms% or

#"atform% from Sun which a""ow for de'e"o#ing and running #rograms written in the

?a'a #rogramming "anguage( The #"atform is not s#ecific to any one #rocessor or

o#erating system% but rather an eecution engine ca""ed a 'irtua" machineE and a

com#i"er with a set of standard "ibraries which are im#"emented for 'arious hardware

and o#erating systems so that ?a'a #rograms can run identica""y on a"" of them(

Different editions of the #"atform are a'ai"ab"e% inc"uding

• ?a'a MC Micro CditionE S#ecifies se'era" different sets of "ibraries &nown

as #rofi"esE for de'ices which are sufficient"y "imited that su##"ying the fu"" set

of ?a'a "ibraries wou"d ta&e u# unacce#tab"y "arge amounts of storage(

• ?a'a SC Standard CditionE 6or genera" #ur#ose use on des&to# P9s% ser'ers

and simi"ar de'ices(

• ?a'a CC Cnter#rise CditionE ?a'a SC #"us 'arious /PIs usefu" for mu"titier

c"ientser'er enter#rise a##"ications(

31


32/88

Eava #irtual Machine

The heart of the ?a'a P"atform is the conce#t of a 'irtua" machine that

eecutes ?a'a bytecode #rograms( This bytecode is the same no matter what hardware

or o#erating system the #rogram is running under( There is a ?IT com#i"er within the

Java Virtual Machine% or ?;M( The ?IT com#i"er trans"ates the ?a'a bytecode into

nati'e #rocessor instructions at runtime and caches the nati'e code in memory during

eecution(

The use of bytecode as an intermediate "anguage #ermits

?a'a #rograms to run on any #"atform that has a 'irtua" machine a'ai"ab"e( The use of

a ?IT com#i"er means that ?a'a a##"ications% after a short de"ay during "oading and

once they ha'e warmed u# by being a"" or most"y ?ITcom#i"ed% tend to run about as

fast as nati'e #rograms( Since ?+C 'ersion 1(2% SunKs ?;M im#"ementation has

inc"uded a ustintime com#i"er instead of an inter#reter(

/"though ?a'a #rograms are P"atform Inde#endent% the

code of the ?a'a ;irtua" Machine ?;ME that eecute these #rograms are not( C'ery

7#erating System has its own ?;M(

Class li=raries

32


33/88

In most modern o#erating systems% a "arge body of reusab"e code is

#ro'ided to sim#"ify the #rogrammerKs ob( This code is ty#ica""y #ro'ided as a set of

dynamica""y "oadab"e "ibraries that a##"ications can ca"" at runtime( >ecause the ?a'a

P"atform is not de#endent on any s#ecific o#erating system% a##"ications cannot re"y

on any of the eisting "ibraries( Instead% the ?a'a P"atform #ro'ides a com#rehensi'e

set of standard c"ass "ibraries% containing much of the same reusab"e functions

common"y found in modern o#erating systems(

The ?a'a c"ass "ibraries ser'e three #ur#oses within the ?a'a P"atform(

8i&e other standard code "ibraries% they #ro'ide the #rogrammer a we""&nown set of

functions to #erform common tas&s% such as maintaining "ists of items or #erforming

com#"e string #arsing( In addition% the c"ass "ibraries #ro'ide an abstract interface to

tas&s that wou"d norma""y de#end hea'i"y on the hardware and o#erating system(

Tas&s such as networ& access and fi"e access are often hea'i"y de#endent on the nati'e

ca#abi"ities of the #"atform( The ?a'a a'a(net and a'a(io "ibraries im#"ement the

re$uired nati'e code interna""y% then #ro'ide a standard interface for the ?a'a

a##"ications to #erform those tas&s( 6ina""y% when some under"ying #"atform does not(

Plat*orm independence

7ne characteristic% #"atform inde#endence% means that #rograms written in the ?a'a

"anguage must run simi"ar"y on any su##orted hardware!o#eratingsystem #"atform(

7ne shou"d be ab"e to write a #rogram once% com#i"e it once% and run it anywhere(

This is achie'ed by most ?a'a com#i"ers by com#i"ing the ?a'a "anguage code

halfway to ?a'a bytecodeE N sim#"ified machine instructions s#ecific to the ?a'a

#"atform( The code is then run on a 'irtua" machine ;ME% a #rogram written in nati'e

code on the host hardware that inter#rets and eecutes generic ?a'a bytecode( In

33


34/88

some ?;M 'ersions% bytecode can a"so be com#i"ed to nati'e code% either before or

during #rogram eecution% resu"ting in faster eecution(E 6urther% standardi:ed

"ibraries are #ro'ided to a""ow access to features of the host machines such as

gra#hics% threading and networ&ingE in unified ways( )ote that% a"though there is an

e#"icit com#i"ing stage% at some #oint% the ?a'a bytecode is inter#reted or con'erted

to nati'e machine code by the ?IT com#i"er(

The first im#"ementations of the "anguage used an inter#reted 'irtua" machine to

achie'e #ortabi"ity( These im#"ementations #roduced #rograms that ran more s"ow"y

than #rograms com#i"ed to nati'e eecutab"es% for instance written in 9 or 9==% so the

"anguage suffered a re#utation for #oor #erformance( More recent ?;M

im#"ementations #roduce #rograms that run significant"y faster than before% using

mu"ti#"e techni$ues(

7ne techni$ue% &nown as just-in-time compilation ?ITE% trans"ates the

?a'a bytecode into nati'e code at the time that the #rogram is run% which resu"ts in a

#rogram that eecutes faster than inter#reted code but a"so incurs com#i"ation

o'erhead during eecution( More so#histicated ;Ms use dynamic recompilation% in

which the ;M can ana"y:e the beha'ior of the running #rogram and se"ecti'e"y

recom#i"e and o#timi:e critica" #arts of the #rogram( Dynamic recom#i"ation can

achie'e o#timi:ations su#erior to static com#i"ation because the dynamic com#i"er

can base o#timi:ations on &now"edge about the runtime en'ironment and the set of

"oaded c"asses% and can identify the hot spots #arts of the #rogram% often inner "oo#s%

that ta&e u# the most eecution timeE( ?IT com#i"ation and dynamic recom#i"ation

a""ow ?a'a #rograms to ta&e ad'antage of the s#eed of nati'e code without "osing

#ortabi"ity(

/nother techni$ue% common"y &nown as static compilation% is to com#i"e direct"y into

nati'e code "i&e a more traditiona" com#i"er( Static ?a'a com#i"ers% such as G9?%

trans"ate the ?a'a "anguage code to nati'e obect code% remo'ing the intermediate

bytecode stage( This achie'es good #erformance com#ared to inter#retation% but at the

e#ense of #ortabi"ityO the out#ut of these com#i"ers can on"y be run on a sing"earchitecture( Some see a'oiding the ;M in this manner as defeating the #oint of

34


35/88

de'e"o#ing in ?a'aO howe'er it can be usefu" to #ro'ide both a generic bytecode

'ersion% as we"" as an o#timised nati'e code 'ersion of an a##"ication(

Automatic memory management

7ne of the ideas behind ?a'aKs automatic memory management mode" is that

#rogrammers be s#ared the burden of ha'ing to #erform manua" memory

management( In some "anguages the #rogrammer a""ocates memory for the creation of

obects stored on the hea# and the res#onsibi"ity of "ater dea""ocating that memory

a"so resides with the #rogrammer( If the #rogrammer forgets to dea""ocate memory or

writes code that fai"s to do so% a memory "ea& occurs and the #rogram can consume an

arbitrari"y "arge amount of memory( /dditiona""y% if the #rogram attem#ts to

dea""ocate the region of memory more than once% the resu"t is undefined and the

#rogram may become unstab"e and may crash( 6ina""y% in non garbage co""ected

en'ironments% there is a certain degree of o'erhead and com#"eity of usercode to

trac& and fina"i:e a""ocations( 7ften de'e"o#ers may bo themse"'es into certain

designs to #ro'ide reasonab"e assurances that memory "ea&s wi"" not occur(

In ?a'a% this #otentia" #rob"em is a'oided by automatic garbage co""ection( The

#rogrammer determines when obects are created% and the ?a'a runtime is res#onsib"e

for managing the obectKs "ifecyc"e( The #rogram or other obects can reference an

obect by ho"ding a reference to it which% from a "ow"e'e" #oint of 'iew% is its

address on the hea#E(


36/88

need to synchroni:e as different threads wor& on different obect instancesE and data

hiding( The use of transient immutab"e 'a"ueobects minimi:es sideeffect

#rogramming(

9om#aring ?a'a and 9==% it is #ossib"e in 9== to im#"ement simi"ar functiona"ity for

eam#"e% a memory management mode" for s#ecific c"asses can be designed in 9== to

im#ro'e s#eed and "ower memory fragmentation considerab"yE% with the #ossib"e cost

of adding com#arab"e runtime o'erhead to that of ?a'aKs garbage co""ector% and of

added de'e"o#ment time and a##"ication com#"eity if one fa'ors manua"

im#"ementation o'er using an eisting third#arty "ibrary( In ?a'a% garbage co""ection

is bui"tin and 'irtua""y in'isib"e to the de'e"o#er( That is% de'e"o#ers may ha'e no

notion of when garbage co""ection wi"" ta&e #"ace as it may not necessari"y corre"ate

with any actions being e#"icit"y #erformed by the code they write( De#ending on

intended a##"ication% this can be beneficia" or disad'antageous the #rogrammer is

freed from #erforming "ow"e'e" tas&s% but at the same time "oses the o#tion of writing

"ower "e'e" code( /dditiona""y% the garbage co""ection ca#abi"ity demands some

attention to tuning the ?;M% as "arge hea#s wi"" cause a##arent"y random sta""s in #erformance(

?a'a does not su##ort #ointer arithmetic as is su##orted in% for eam#"e% 9==( This is

because the garbage co""ector may re"ocate referenced obects% in'a"idating such

36


37/88

S%ST$M A"A&%SIS B D$SI6"

->+0 I"TR'DUCTI'"

Systems are created to so"'e #rob"ems( 7ne can thin& of the systems a##roach as an

organi:ed way of dea"ing with a #rob"em( In this dynamic wor"d% The subect System

/na"ysis and Design% main"y dea"s with the software de'e"o#ment acti'ities(

->+- '7E$CTI#$S

/fter going through this "esson% you shou"d be ab"e to

understand a system

understand the different #hases of system de'e"o#ments "ife cyc"e

&now the com#onents of system ana"ysis

&now the com#onents of system designing

->+? De*ining A System

/ co""ection of com#onents that wor& together to rea"i:e some obecti'e forms a

system( >asica""y there are three maor com#onents in e'ery system% name"y in#ut%

#rocessing and out#ut(

37


38/88

In a system the different com#onents are connected with each other and they are

interde#endent( 6or eam#"e% *uman body re#resents a com#"ete natura" system(


39/88

Maintenance

The different #hases of software de'e"o#ment "ife cyc"e is shown in 6ig(2(1

3a4 System Study

System study is the first stage of system de'e"o#ment "ife cyc"e( This gi'es a c"ear

#icture of what actua""y the #hysica" system isQ In #ractice% the system study is donein two #hases( In the first #hase% the #re"iminary sur'ey of the system is done which

he"#s in identifying the sco#e of the system( The second #hase of the system study is

more detai"ed and inde#th study in which the identification of userLs re$uirement and

the "imitations and #rob"ems of the #resent system are studied( /fter com#"eting the

system study% a system #ro#osa" is #re#ared by the System /na"yst who studies the

systemE and #"aced before the user( The #ro#osed system contains the findings of the

#resent system and recommendations to o'ercome the "imitations and #rob"ems of the

#resent system in the "ight of the userLs re$uirements(

To describe the system study #hase more ana"ytica""y% we wou"d say that system study

#hase #asses through the fo""owing ste#s

#rob"em identification and #roect initiation

bac&ground ana"ysis

39


40/88

inference or findings

3=4 2easi=ility Study

7n the basis of resu"t of the initia" study% feasibi"ity study ta&es #"ace( The feasibi"ity

study is basica""y the test of the #ro#osed system in the "ight of its wor&abi"ity%

meeting userLs re$uirements% effecti'e use of resources and (of course% the cost

effecti'eness( The main goa" of feasibi"ity study is not to so"'e the #rob"em but to

achie'e the sco#e( In the #rocess of feasibi"ity study% the cost and benefits are

estimated with greater accuracy(

3c4 System Analysis

/ssuming that a new system is to be de'e"o#ed% the net #hase is system analysis(

/na"ysis in'o"'ed a detai"ed study of the current system% "eading to s#ecifications of a

new system( /na"ysis is a detai"ed study of 'arious o#erations #erformed by a system

and their re"ationshi#s within and outside the system( During ana"ysis% data are

co""ected on the a'ai"ab"e fi"es% decision #oints and transactions hand"ed by the #resent system( Inter'iews% onsite obser'ation and $uestionnaire are the too"s used

for system ana"ysis( Using the fo""owing ste#s it becomes easy to draw the eact

boundary of the new system under consideration

4ee#ing in 'iew the #rob"ems and new re$uirements


41/88

6unctiona" hierarchy showing the functions to be #erformed by the new system

and their re"ationshi# with each other(

6unction networ& which are simi"ar to function hierarchy but they high"ight the

those functions which are common to more than one #rocedure(

8ist of attributes of the entities these are the data items which need to be he"d

about each entity recordE

3d4 System Design

>ased on the user re$uirements and the detai"ed ana"ysis of a new system% the new

system must be designed( This is the #hase of system designing( It is a most crucia"

#hase in the de'e"o#ment of a system( )orma""y% the design #roceeds in two stages

#re"iminary or genera" design

Structure or detai"ed design

Pre"iminary or genera" design In the #re"iminary or genera" design% the features of the

new system are s#ecified( The costs of im#"ementing these features and the benefits to

be deri'ed are estimated( If the #roect is sti"" considered to be feasib"e% we mo'e to

the detai"ed design stage(

Structure or Detai"ed design In the detai"ed design stage% com#uter oriented wor&

begins in earnest( /t this stage% the design of the system becomes more structured(

Structure design is a b"ue #rint of a com#uter system so"ution to a gi'en #rob"em

ha'ing the same com#onents and interre"ationshi# among the same com#onents as

the origina" #rob"em( In#ut% out#ut and #rocessing s#ecifications are drawn u# in

detai"( In the design stage% the #rogramming "anguage and the #"atform in which the

new system wi"" run are a"so decided(

There are se'era" too"s and techni$ues used for designing( These too"s and techni$ues

are

41


42/88

6"owchart

Data f"ow diagram D6DsE

Data dictionary

Structured Cng"ish

Decision tab"e

Decision tree

Cach of the abo'e too"s for designing wi"" be discussed in detai"ed in the net "esson(

3e4 Coding

/fter designing the new system% the who"e system is re$uired to be con'erted into

com#uter understanding "anguage( Coding the new system into com#uter

#rogramming "anguage does this( It is an im#ortant stage where the defined #rocedure

are transformed into contro" s#ecifications by the he"# of a com#uter "anguage( This is

a"so ca""ed the #rogramming #hase in which the #rogrammer con'erts the #rogram

s#ecifications into com#uter instructions% which we refer as programs( The #rograms

coordinate the data mo'ements and contro" the entire #rocess in a system(

It is genera""y fe"t that the #rograms must be modu"ar in nature( This he"#s in fast

de'e"o#ment% maintenance and future change% if re$uired(

3*4 Testing

>efore actua""y im#"ementing the new system into o#erations% a test run of the system

is done remo'ing a"" the bugs% if any( It is an im#ortant #hase of a successfu" system(

/fter codifying the who"e #rograms of the system% a test #"an shou"d be de'e"o#ed

and run on a gi'en set of test data( The out#ut of the test run shou"d match the

e#ected resu"ts(

42


43/88

Using the test data fo""owing test run are carried out

Unit test

System test

Unit test


44/88

*ow to #rocess the data #rocessing detai"sE

*ow to ta&e out the re#orts

/fter the users are trained about the com#uterised system% manua" wor&ing has to

shift from manua" to com#uterised wor&ing( The fo""owing two strategies are

fo""owed for running the system

i( Parallel run In such run for a certain defined #eriod% both the systems i(e(

com#uterised and manua" are eecuted in #ara""e"( This strategy is he"#fu"

because of the fo""owing

Manua" resu"ts can be com#ared with the resu"ts of the com#uterised system(

6ai"ure of the com#uterised system at the ear"y stage% does not affect the

wor&ing of the organisation% because the manua" system continues to wor&% as

it used to do(

i( Pilot run In this ty#e of run% the new system is insta""ed in #arts( Some #art

of the new system is insta""ed first and eecuted successfu""y for considerab"e

time #eriod(


45/88

studying the #erformance

If a maor change to a system is needed% a new #roect may ha'e to be set u# to carry

out the change( The new #roect wi"" then #roceed through a"" the abo'e "ife cyc"e

#hases(

:AT$R2A&& M'D$&

The waterfa"" mode" is a #o#u"ar 'ersion of the system de'e"o#ment "ife cyc"e

mode" for software engineering( 7ften considered the c"assic a##roach to the systems

de'e"o#ment "ife cyc"e% the waterfa"" mode" describes a de'e"o#ment method that is

"inear and se$uentia"(


46/88

46


47/88

6ig


48/88

T!$ C'MP&$T$ STRUCTUR$

T RnL T Tra'e"s is an R 7ne Sto# Sho#sL for a"" &inds of tour and tra'e"

#roductsto ser'e the domestic and internationa" tourists at any time% any moment and

anywhere in any #arts of the India( It is a com#"ete on"ine tra'e" so"ution #orta" in the

sense that the tra'e""ers need not re$uire mo'ing to different tra'e" agents for different

ser'ices in'o"'ed in the entire tra'e" #rocess( Sitting at one #"ace% tra'e""ers can

en$uire% na'igate and as& for e'erything re"ated to tra'e" ser'ices( The maor "ist of

on"ine tra'e" ser'ices inc"ude on"ine f"ight boo&ing% on"ine hote" boo&ing% on"ine

cruise boo&ing % on"ine car!bus boo&ing(The entire system is userfriend"y that guides

the tra'e""ers automatica""y whi"e ma&ing their reser'ation(

'verall Description

T LnL T Tra'e"s arranges ho"idays for customers( It offer tour and tra'e"

ser'ices inc"uding tic&et boo&ings% hote" reser'ations%renta" car ser'ices% ho"iday tour

#ac&ages% domestic tour #ac&ages( >oo&ings are made on"ine direct"y by customers(

The customer has to register himse"f!herse"f as our registered customer( )ow he!she

can se"ect #ac&age tours #ro'ided by us or can customi:e his!hers own tour( oo&ing fi"e(

The customer must confirm this boo&ing within three days by sending a

de#osit of 10 of the costs( 7n recei#t of the de#osit% +eser'ations transfer the detai"s

from the Pro'isiona" >oo&ings fi"e to the 9onfirm >oo&ings fi"e(

48


49/88

6our wee&s before the Tour is due% we send an in'oice to the customer for the

remaining costs( The 9ustomer is notified when the fu"" #ayment is recei'ed 'ia

Cmai" or messages% and 9ustomer Ser'ices then send tic&ets and other instructions

and informationLs to the customer 'ia emai"( The tic&ets are then send to the

customers by mai"(

9ustomer can a"so cance" their reser'ation on"ine( The register customer "og

into our site and can confirm their reser'ation( The cance"ation is confirmed by the

administrator and then refund amount is send to the customer within 5 days deducting

the cance"ation charges(

2unctional Description

T RnL T Tra'e"s im#eccab"e ser'ices and we"" researched J #"anned out tour

itineraries ha'e drawn us a 'eritab"e "ist of c"ients from the wor"d o'er(


50/88

Customer Reservation

The customer are gi'en the faci"ity to ma&e on"ine direct"y(Theyhas to register

themse"'es as registered customers( It is made to authentication of the customers%

echange of cry#togra#hy &eys% and creation of a #rofi"e for each tra'e"er( Cach

customer is identified by the user name( The customer confirms their reser'ation or

ma&es any $uery using the user id(

Tour Pacages and !oliday

T RnL T Tra'e"s offers a 'ariety of tours for Grou#s and Indi'idua" tourists and has

been ab"e to mastermind tour #ac&ages with great dea" of efficiency( Some of our tour

#ac&ages are Tai"ormade #ac&ages% cu"tura" tours #ac&ages% ad'enture tour #ac&ages%

desert tour #ac&ages%beach tour #ac&ages% re"igious tour #ac&ages%safari tour

#ac&ages% festi'a" tour #ac&ages% art and crafts tour #ac&ages% wi"d"ife tour #ac&ages%

conference tour #ac&ages etc( and much more #ac&ages in the Indian Subcontinent(

7ur Inbound Tour di'ision s#ecia"i:es in a wide s#ectrum of tours #ac&ages(

'nline Ticet Reservation

T RnL T Tra'e"s a""ows its customers to reser'e tic&et on"ine through its own site

'isit(com(;isit(com contains a huge information regarding a"" ty#es of con'enes

throughout India in com#arati'e"y "ess #rice( 9ustomer may se"ect their own way of

communication according to their re$uirements( Tra'e"s boasts of a modern and

com#uteri:ed infrastructure( This enab"es us to assure immediate reser'ations to

ourccustomersand #ro'ide them with re"e'ant on"ine information( ( The ad'antage of

boo&ing your on"ine tic&et is that you recei'e etic&ets instant"y% which consist of a

number that identifies your transaction( This not on"y sa'es your time but a"so he"#s

you to com#are and find the best dea"s on your tra'e"(

50


51/88

'nline 7us Ticet Reservation

Tra'e"ing India by >us is the best &ind of way for tra'e"ing because by bus

you are ab"e to e#erience India more easi"y and c"ose"y( If someone has India for

tra'e"ing and no nothing about this #"ace bus tra'e"ing is the best o#tion( )o doubt

those buses are the best &ind of way for tra'e"ing in India because it is a'ai"ab"e in

e'ery #art of India( T RnL T Tra'e"s #ro'ide on"ine bus tic&et boo&ing ser'ices in India

to reser'e bus tic&et u# to 10% 000 destinations% with a"most e'ery maor tourist

#"aces% worshi# #"aces and suburb #"aces of India( 7ur on"ine reser'ation system

he"#s us in confirming the boo&ings instant"y e'en in the 'ery busy sectors( ?ust "et us&now the #"ace and time and we wi"" do the rest as soon as #ossib"e( C'ery &ind of

buses is a'ai"ab"e at 'isit(com site such as ;o"'o bus% s"ee#er bus% /9 bus and non /9

bus( The #rocess for reser'ing a tic&et or numerous tic&ets is 'ery easy and short time

#rocess(


52/88

enter the number of guests( Fou cou"d a"so search by a s#ecific hote" name within a

city( / "ist of hote"s or 'acation renta"s wi"" a##ear on the screen(

/fter room ty#es and rates are returned to your screen% you wi"" be ab"e to

choose the rate you desire by reading the room information in the centre of the screen%

then c"ic&ing on the Book It button on the right side of the screen( /fter you ha'e

se"ected your desired room ty#e% you wi"" be ta&en to a Secure +eser'ation +e$uest

form( Then you wi"" need to re'iew the +eser'ation Information and fi"" in the

b"an&s on the Guest Information section( >e sure that you write your name and

emai" address correct"y( /fter you fi"" out a"" of the needed information% #ress theSubmit +eser'ation button(

Cancelation

9ustomer can a"so cance" their reser'ation on"ine( The register customer "og into our

site 'isit(com and can re$uest for cance"ation of their reser'ation( The cance"ation is

confirmed by the administrator and then refund amount is send to the customer within

5 days deducting the cance"ation charges( The If the cance""ation is recei'ed before

four wee&s before the de#arture date% then 50 of a##ro#riate de#osit sha"" be

forfeited( In the e'ent of the cance""ation being ,0 days or "ess #rior to the de#arture

date the fo""owing charges wi"" a##"y% with a minimum cance""ation fee of the origina"

de#osit%

More than -wee&s 50 of de#osit

,1 days to 15 days ,0 of tour cost

15 days or 2days@0 of tour cost

2$ASI7I&IT% STUD%

6easibi"ity study is made to see if the #roect on com#"etion wi"" ser'e the

#ur#ose of the organi:ation for the amount of wor&% effort and the time that s#end on

52


53/88

it( 6easibi"ity study "ets the de'e"o#er foresee the future of the #roect and the

usefu"ness( / feasibi"ity study of a system #ro#osa" is according to its wor&abi"ity%

which is the im#act on the organi:ation% abi"ity to meet their user needs and effecti'e

use of resources( Thus when a new a##"ication is #ro#osed it norma""y goes through a

feasibi"ity study before it is a##ro'ed for de'e"o#ment(

The document #ro'ide the feasibi"ity of the #roect that is being designed and

"ists 'arious areas that were considered 'ery carefu""y during the feasibi"ity study of

this #roect such as Technica"% Cconomic and 7#erationa" feasibi"ities( The fo""owing

are its features

T$C!"ICA& 2$ASI7I&IT%

The system must be e'a"uated from the technica" #oint of 'iew first( The

assessment of this feasibi"ity must be based on an out"ine design of the system

re$uirement in the terms of in#ut% out#ut% #rograms and #rocedures( *a'ing identified

an out"ine system% the in'estigation must go on to suggest the ty#e of e$ui#ment%

re$uired method de'e"o#ing the system% of running the system once it has been

designed(

Technica" issues raised during the in'estigation are

Does the eisting techno"ogy sufficient for the suggested oneQ 9an the system e#and if de'e"o#edQ

The #roect shou"d be de'e"o#ed such that the necessary functions and

#erformance are achie'ed within the constraints( The #roect is de'e"o#ed within

"atest techno"ogy( Through the techno"ogy may become obso"ete after some #eriod of

time% due to the fact that ne'er 'ersion of same software su##orts o"der 'ersions% thesystem may sti"" be used( So there are minima" constraints in'o"'ed with this #roect(

53


54/88

The system has been de'e"o#ed using ?a'a the #roect is technica""y feasib"e for

de'e"o#ment(

$C'"'MIC 2$ASI7I&IT%

The de'e"o#ing system must be ustified by cost and benefit( 9riteria to ensure

that effort is concentrated on #roect% which wi"" gi'e best% return at the ear"iest( 7ne

of the factors% which affect the de'e"o#ment of a new system% is the cost it wou"d

re$uire(

The fo""owing are some of the im#ortant financia" $uestions as&ed during

#re"iminary in'estigation

The costs conduct a fu"" system in'estigation( The cost of the hardware and software(

The benefits in the form of reduced costs or fewer cost"y errors(

Since the system is de'e"o#ed as #art of #roect wor&% there is no manua" cost to

s#end for the #ro#osed system( /"so a"" the resources are a"ready a'ai"ab"e% it gi'e an

indication of the system is economica""y #ossib"e for de'e"o#ment(

7$!A#I'RA& 2$ASI7I&IT%

This inc"udes the fo""owing $uestions

Is there sufficient su##ort for the usersQ


55/88

DATA7AS$ D$SI6"

/ database is an organi:ed mechanism that has the ca#abi"ity of

storing information through which a user can retrie'e stored information in an

effecti'e and efficient manner( The data is the #ur#ose of any database and must be

#rotected(

The database design is a two "e'e" #rocess( In the first ste#% user

re$uirements are gathered together and a database is designed which wi"" meet these

re$uirements as c"ear"y as #ossib"e( This ste# is ca""ed Information 8e'e" Design and

it is ta&en inde#endent of any indi'idua" D>MS(

In the second ste#% this Information "e'e" design is transferred into a design for

the s#ecific D>MS that wi"" be used to im#"ement the system in $uestion( This ste# is

ca""ed Physica" 8e'e" Design% concerned with the characteristics of the s#ecific

D>MS that wi"" be used( / database design runs #ara""e" with the system design( The

organi:ation of the data in the database is aimed to achie'e the fo""owing two maor

obecti'es(

o Data Integrity

o Data inde#endence

)orma"i:ation is the #rocess of decom#osing the attributes in an a##"ication%

which resu"ts in a set of tab"es with 'ery sim#"e structure( The #ur#ose of

norma"i:ation is to ma&e tab"es as sim#"e as #ossib"e( )orma"i:ation is carried out in

this system for the fo""owing reasons(

To structure the data so that there is no re#etition of data % this he"#s in

sa'ing(

To #ermit sim#"e retrie'a" of data in res#onse to $uery and re#ort

re$uest(

55


56/88

To sim#"ify the maintenance of the data through u#dates%

R$&ATI'"A& DATA7AS$ MA"A6$M$"T S%ST$M

/ re"ationa" mode" re#resents the database as a co""ection of re"ations(

Cach re"ation resemb"es a tab"e of 'a"ues or fi"e of records( In forma" re"ationa" mode"

termino"ogy% a row is ca""ed a tu#"e% a co"umn header is ca""ed an attribute and the

tab"e is ca""ed a re"ation( / re"ationa" database consists of a co""ection of tab"es% each

of which is assigned a uni$ue name( / row in a ta"e re#resents a set of re"ated 'a"ues(

R$&ATI'"S, D'MAI"S B ATTRI7UT$S

/ tab"e is a re"ation( The rows in a tab"e are ca""ed tu#"es( / tu#"e is an

ordered set of n e"ements( 9o"umns are referred to as attributes( +e"ationshi#s

ha'e been set between e'ery tab"e in the database( This ensures both +eferentia"

and Cntity +e"ationshi# Integrity( / domain D is a set of atomic 'a"ues( / common

method of s#ecifying a domain is to s#ecify a data ty#e from which the data

'a"ues forming the domain are drawn( It is a"so usefu" to s#ecify a name for the

domain to he"# in inter#reting its 'a"ues( C'ery 'a"ue in a re"ation is atomic% that is

not decom#osab"e(

R$&ATI'"S!IPS

o Tab"e re"ationshi#s are estab"ished using 4ey( The two main &eys of #rime

im#ortance are Primary 4ey J 6oreign 4ey( Cntity Integrity and +eferentia"

Integrity +e"ationshi#s can be estab"ished with these &eys(

56


57/88

o Cntity Integrity enforces that no Primary 4ey can ha'e nu"" 'a"ues(

o +eferentia" Integrity enforces that no Primary 4ey can ha'e nu"" 'a"ues(

o +eferentia" Integrity for each distinct 6oreign 4ey 'a"ue% there must eist amatching Primary 4ey 'a"ue in the same domain( 7ther &ey are Su#er 4ey

and 9andidate 4eys(

o +e"ationshi#s ha'e been set between e'ery tab"e in the database( This ensures

both +eferentia" and Cntity +e"ationshi# Integrity(

"'RMA&IFATI'"

/s the name im#"ies% it denoted #utting things in the norma" form( The

a##"ication de'e"o#er 'ia norma"i:ation tries to achie'e a sensib"e organi:ation of data

into #ro#er tab"es and co"umns and where names can be easi"y corre"ated to the data

by the user( )orma"i:ation e"iminates re#eating grou#s at data and thereby a'oids data

redundancy which #ro'es to be a great burden on the com#uter resources( These

inc"udes

)orma"i:e the data(

9hoose #ro#er names for the tab"es and co"umns(

9hoose the #ro#er name for the data(

2irst "ormal 2orm

The 6irst )orma" 6orm states that the domain of an attribute must inc"ude on"y

atomic 'a"ues and that the 'a"ue of any attribute in a tu#"e must be a sing"e 'a"ue from

the domain of that attribute( In other words 1)6 disa""ows 3re"ations within re"ations

or 3re"ations as attribute 'a"ues within tu#"es( The on"y attribute 'a"ues #ermitted by

1)6 are sing"e atomic or indi'isib"e 'a"ues(

57


58/88

The first ste# is to #ut the data into 6irst )orma" 6orm( This can be donor by

mo'ing data into se#arate tab"es where the data is of simi"ar ty#e in each tab"e( Cach

tab"e is gi'en a Primary 4ey or 6oreign 4ey as #er re$uirement of the #roect( In this

we form new re"ations for each nonatomic attribute or nested re"ation( This e"iminated

re#eating grou#s of data(

/ re"ation is said to be in first norma" form if on"y if it satisfies the constraints that

contain the #rimary &ey on"y(

Second "ormal 2orm

/ccording to Second )orma" 6orm% for re"ations where #rimary &ey contains

mu"ti#"e attributes% no non&ey attribute shou"d be functiona""y de#endent on a #art of

the #rimary &ey(

In this we decom#ose and setu# a new re"ation for each #artia" &ey with its

de#endent attributes( Ma&e sure to &ee# a re"ation with the origina" #rimary &ey and

any attributes that are fu""y functiona""y de#endent on it( This ste# he"#s in ta&ing out

data that is on"y de#endant on a#art of the &ey(

/ re"ation is said to be in second norma" form if and on"y if it satisfies a"" the first

norma" form conditions for the #rimary &ey and e'ery non#rimary &ey attributes of

the re"ation is fu""y de#endent on its #rimary &ey a"one(

Third "ormal 2orm

/ccording to Third )orma" 6orm% +e"ation shou"d not ha'e a non&ey attribute

functiona""y determined by another non&ey attribute or by a set of non&ey attributes(

That is% there shou"d be no transiti'e de#endency on the #rimary &ey(

In this we decom#ose and set u# re"ation that inc"udes the non&ey attributes that

functiona""y determines other non&ey attributes( This ste# is ta&en to get rid of

anything that does not de#end entire"y on the Primary 4ey(

58


59/88

/ re"ation is said to be in third norma" form if on"y if it is in second norma" form

and more o'er the non &ey attributes of the re"ation shou"d not be de#end on other non

&ey attribute(

S%ST$M MAI"TAI"S B $#A&UATI'"

T$STI"6 B D$7U66I"6

59


60/88

Testing is the one of the most essentia" #rocess that in'o"'e chec&ing of the

entire software fi"es that he"#s in the #ro#er functioning of the software( Testing

#ro'ides a way of finding out the errors J fau"ts that might ha'e occurred during the

de'e"o#ment of the software( During the #rocess of the testing of the software% a"" the

necessary errors J fau"ts that ha'e occurred or arisen are traced J #ro#er so"utions

regarding the errors( /re #re#ared(

Testing acts as an im#ortant #hase of the software de'e"o#ment "ife cyc"e(

Testing basica""y de#ends u#on fo""owing two factors

1( Crror 6au"ts(

2( +e"iabi"ity(

Crrors 6au"ts defines the number of errors that ha'e occurred during the

de'e"o#ment of the software that in effect ha'e changed or di'erted the entire #rocess

of the functioning of the software( The second im#ortant factor that comes out as

resu"t of testing is +e"iabi"ity( >y testing the entire software% we can easi"y find out the

re"iabi"ity of the software( So% testing #ro'ides a #"atform for the software de'e"o#ers

to de'e"o# software that are error free and in effect% efficient and re"iab"e(

Testing can be categori:ed into the fo""owing ty#es de#ending on their use and

#ur#ose in the de'e"o#ment of the software( They are

0+ 2unctional Testing6unctiona" testing of the software com#rises of

testing of the function and modu"es that were created in the software

and chec&ing the accuracy of the functioning of the modu"es and

functions that ha'e been used in the #ro#er and effecti'e wor&ing of

the software(

60


61/88

-+ Structural Testing 8Structura" Testing in'o"'es the #rocess of testing

the entire structure of the software that is de'e"o#ed i(e( 8ogica" as

we"" as #hysica"E( /"" the "ogica" ste#s re"ated to the "ogica" structure

and the #hysica" structure are tested for their accurate functioning and

satisfaction for the de'e"o#er(

De=ugging 8 Testing is the #rocess of chec&ing the errors% fau"ts and fai"ures that

ha'e occurred during the de'e"o#ment or during the running of the system and which

in turns ha'e caused #rob"ems in the #ro#er functioning of the system( Testing ust

#ro'ides a medium for searching out errors( 7n the other hand% debugging a""ows

de'e"o#ers of the software to remo'e or ma&e corrections on the errors that were

found during testing of the software as debugging means% 3remo'ing of bugs(

S$CURIT%

Security of the system means to define the safety of the software or the system(

SoftwareLs whether they may be "arge or sma"" security #"ay a 'ita" ro"e in im#ro'ing

the re"iabi"ity and efficiency of the software( >y securing the software at a"" the "e'e"s

of the software ma&es the a##"ication as we"" as the software more re"iab"e J efficient

in wor&ing or functioning(

61


62/88

Security or safety of the system or the software can be done in many ways( These can

be categori:ed as

Physical Security8 The term #hysica" security of safety of the software% one

means define the #hysica" structure of the software safe and secure( This can be

achie'ed by #ro'iding a##ro#riate chec&s at each and e'ery "e'e" of data entry

and a"so by not gi'ing any &ind of structura" changes in the software they are

wor&ing on(

Application Security In the software the tet bo wi"" acce#t on"y those 'a"ues

for which it is #"aced in the #roect( Such as it the name of costumer is to be

entered in the tet then it wi"" acce#t the on"y the string 'a"ue and it wi"" not

acce#t the numeric 'a"ues and if the user wi"" gi'e any wrong 'a"ue then it wi""

dis#"ay the error message and if the user wi"" gi'e the string 'a"ue in the numeric

tet bo then a"so it wi"" gi'e the error message( In this way the a##"ication is

secured for acce#ting the correct 'a"ue in the database is secured(

Administrator Security8The administrator is the main of any system and if theuser enter the #assword of the administrator then he!she wi"" enter in administrator

mode or on"y then he!she can change the administration #assword or add or

remo'e "ogin( 7therwise if any user "ogin he!she canLt be ab"e to access this

administrator mode(

'perating &evel Security This "e'e" of security #ro'ide a safety &it at times

when any user free of worries and tension and tension of how the software may

beha'e if they #ro'ide wrong in#ut at any "e'e" of o#erating the software( 6or this

se'era" of chec&s are attached with the software of the software with on the S#ot

correction ma&ing etc(

Data=ase SecurityThe database security of the databases that are used in the

software in one of the most necessary ste# that shou"d be &e#t in the mind whi"e

ma&ing the software secure as a"" the data that is #ur#ose( If% by mista&e any thing

ha##ens to the database% then the entire software is use"ess or is of no use( So% one

shou"d not #ro'ide access to databases to the user of the software and if in some

62


63/88

conditions it become essentia" to gi'e #ermissions to the users% then% one shou"d

#ro'ide readi"y% write on"y etc( as #ermission ty#es(

C'ST B 7$"$2IT A"A&%SIS

63


64/88

+/+FE de'e"o#ed% I need

to consider se'era" cost e"ements( /mong them are hardware% #ersona"% faci"ity%

o#erating and su##"y costs(

1( !ardare Costs 8 *ardware cost re"ates to the actua" #urchase or "ess of the

com#uter and #eri#hera"s for e( Printer% dis& dri'e% ta#e etc(E( Determining the

actua" cost of the hardware is genera""y ore difficu"t when 'arious users that for a

dedicated stand a"one system share the system( In some cases the best way to

contro" for this cost is to treat it as an o#erating cost(

2( Personal Costs 8This ty#e of cost inc"ude CDP staff sa"aries and benefits

hea"th insurance% 'accination time etc(E as we"" as #ay for those in'o"'ed in

de'e"o#ing the system( 9osts incurred during the de'e"o#ment of a system are

one time cost(

,( 2acility Cost 8 6aci"ity cost e#enses inc"ude in the #re'ention of the #hysica"

site where the a##"ication or the com#uter wi"" be in o#eration( This inc"ude

wiring% f"ooring% acoustics% "ightning and air coo"ing( These costs are treated as

one time costs are incor#orated into the o'era"" cost estimate of the candidate

system(

-( 'perating Cost 8 This cost inc"ude a"" cost associated with the daytoday

o#erations of the SystemO the amount de#ends on the number of shifts% the nature

of the a##"ications and the ca"iber of the o#erating staff( There are 'arious ways

of co'ering o#erating cost( The amount 9harged is based on com#uter time% staff

time and 'o"ume of the out#ut #roduced(

64


65/88

5( Supply Costs 8 Su##"y cost are 'ariab"e cost that increase with increased use of

#a#er% ribbons% dis&s% and the "i&e( They shou"d be estimated and inc"uded in the

o'er a"" cost of the system( / system is a"so e#ected or #ro'ides benefits( The

first tas& is to identify each benefit and then assign a monetary 'a"ue to it for

cost!benefit ana"ysis( >enefit may be tangib"e and intangib"e% direct or indirect as

we sha"" see "ater(

Procedure *or Cost B 7ene*it Determination 8 9ost are incurred during throughout

its "ife cyc"e( >enefits are rea"i:ed in the form of reduced o#erating cost% im#ro'ed

o#erating image% staff efficiency or re'enues( To what etent benefits outweigh costs

is the function of cost!benefit ana"ysis! 9ost benefit ana"ysis is a #rocedure that gi'es

a #rocedure of the 'arious costs% benefit and ru"es associated with a system( The

determination of costs and benefits entai"s the fo""owing ste#

Identify the costs and benefit #ertaining to gi'en #roect(

9ategori:ed the 'arious costs and benefits for ana"ysis(

Se"ect a method of e'o"ution(

Inter#ret the resu"t of ana"ysis(

Ta&e action(

Classi*ication o* Costs and 7ene*it Analysis 8The net ste# in cost and benefit

determination is to categori:ed costs and benefits( 6o""owing are the 9ategories

1( Tangib"e or Intangib"e 9osts and >enefits(

2( Direct or Indirect 9osts and >enefits(

65


66/88

Booking

ADMINISTRATORUSER

Stately Sojourn

DB

,( 6ied or ;ariab"e 9osts and >enefits(

DATA 2&': DIA6RAM8

Conte;t level D2D

66


67/88

&evel 0 D2D *or Administrator

67


68/88

Upda! Booking Sa"#

Add $o!% &a'( )"#( *ig$ (o"' and o$!'

+i!, '!&o'd#

+i!, "#!' d!ai%#

+i!, -!!d)a&k

U#!' na.!( /a##,o'd

To"' And T'a!%

Ad.ini#'ao'

U#!'

R!gi#'aion d!ai%#

+i!, '!&o'd o $o!% &a''

B"# (o"' (*ig$(

ogin

#a"#

Add '!&o'd#

68


69/88

&evel 0 D2D *or Users

&evel - D2D *or Travels

69


70/88

&evel - D2D *or Routes

&evel - D2D *or Picup Points

70


71/88

&evel - D2D *or 7ooing Modules

71


72/88

72


73/88

U#!' S!a'&$

U#!' #!a'&$

"#!' S!a'&$

"#!' #!a'&$U#!' na.!( /a##,o'd

S!a'&$ing

i!,!'

U#!'

S!a'&$ o!%

S!a'&$ -%ig$

ogin

S!a'&$ To"'

S!a'&$ing T'ain

8e'e" - D6D for Searching

8e'e" - D6D for Testimonia"

S%ST$M A&6'RIT!M

73


74/88

Customer Registration

Ste#1( Start

Ste#2( Cnter To The SiteLs *ome Page

Ste#,( 9"ic& 7n The 3)ew +egistration 8in&

Ste#-( 6i"" U# The +egistration 6orm In The Site

Ste#5( Set User )ame /nd Password

Ste#.( Sto#(

Tour Pacages And !oliday 7ooing

Ste#1( Start


Ste#,( 9"ic& 7n The 3Pac&age 8in&

74


75/88

Ste#-( Se"ect 9ategory Pac&age(

Ste#5( ;iew Detai"s

Ste# .(9"ic& on 3>oo& now 3 >utton

Ste# A(6i"" u# the Tra'e""ers Detai"s 6orm

Ste# @(Pay /mount 7n"ine(

Ste# (Four Tic&ets%and other Detai"s wi"" be send to you (

Ste#10( Sto#(

'nline 7us Ticet Reservation

Ste#1( Start


Ste#,( 9"ic& 7n The 3>us 8in&

75


76/88

Ste#-( 6i"" u# the 3>us Searching 6orm(

Ste#5( ;iew Detai"s according to your +e$urements(



Ste# @(Pay /mount on"ine(

Ste# (Four Tic&ets Detai"s wi"" be send to you (

Ste#10( Sto#(

'nline !otel Reservation

Ste#1( Start


76


77/88

Ste#,( 9"ic& 7n The 3*ote" 8in&

Ste#-( 6i"" u# the 3*ote" Searching 6orm(

Ste#5( ;iew Detai"s according to your +e$urements(



Ste# @(Pay /mount 7n"ine(

Ste# (Four +eser'ation Detai"s wi"" be send to you (

Ste#10( Sto#(

Cancelation

Ste#1( Start

77


78/88

Ste#2( Cnter To The My /ccount Page

Ste#,( 9"ic& 7n The 3My >oo&ing 8in&

Ste#-( Se"ect the >oo&ing Fou want to 9ance"(

Ste#5( ;iew Detai"s of the >oo&ing(

Ste# .(9"ic& on 39anc"e now 3 >utton

Ste# A( 9onfirm your 9ace"ation(

Ste# @(Four +efundab"e /mountaccording to the +u"es Ewi"" be debited to your

account(

Ste# (Sto#(

"e Tour Pacages And !oliday Details

Ste#1( Start

78


79/88

Ste#2(/dmin 8og In(

Ste#,( Cnter To The /dmin Master Page

Ste# -(Se"ect new Insert Ty#e

Ste#5( 6i"" u# the 3Pac&age tour Detai"s 6orm(

Ste# .(6i"" u# the 3Pac&age Descri#tion 6orm(

Ste#A( U#"oad Picture and Images of the Pac&age Tour(

Ste#@( Sto#(

"e 7us Details

Ste#1( Start

Ste#2(/dmin 8og In(

Ste#,( Cnter To The/dmin Master Page

79


80/88


Ste#-( 6i"" u# the >us Detai"s form(

Ste#5( U#"oad Picture (

Ste#.(Sto#(

)ew *ote" Detai"s

Ste#1( Start

Ste#2(/dmin 8og In(



Ste#5( 6i"" u# the *ote" Detai"s form(

80


81/88

Ste#.( U#"oad Picture (

Ste#A(Sto#(

$dit Tour Pacages And !oliday Details

Ste#1( Start

Ste#2(/dmin 8og In(

Ste#,( Cnter To The /dmin Master Page

Ste# -(Se"ect Cdit Insert Ty#e

Ste#5( Se"ect the Pac&age re$uired to Modified (

Ste# .(Cdit Pac&age tour Detai"s(

Ste#A(Cdit Picture and Images of the Pac&age Tour(

81


82/88

Ste#@( Sto#(

$dit 7us Details

Ste#1( Start

Ste#2(/dmin 8og In(


Ste# -(Se"ect edit Insert Ty#e

Ste#5( Se"ect the >us re$uired to Modified (

Ste# .(Cdit >us Detai"s(

Ste#A(Cdit Picture and Images of the >us(

Ste#@(Sto#(

$dit !otel Details

82


83/88

Ste#1( Start

Ste#2(/dmin 8og In(


Ste# -(Se"ect edit Insert Ty#e

Ste#5( Se"ect the *ote" re$uired to Modified (

Ste# .(Cdit *ote" Detai"s(

Ste#A(Cdit Picture and Images of the *ote"(

Ste#@(Sto#(

83


84/88

I"PUT 'UTPUT SCR$$" D$SI6"

!ome Page+

!otel Page

84


85/88

Searching Page+

Tour Pacage+

85


86/88

C'"C&USI'"

:'R9 D'"$

The (Tour B Travel Management) was successfu""y designed and is tested for

accuracy and $ua"ity(

During this #roect we ha'e accom#"ished a"" the obecti'es and this #roect

meets the needs of the organi:ation (The de'e"o#ed wi"" be used in searching%

retrie'ing and generating information for the concerned re$uests(

6'A&S

+educed entry wor&(

Casy retrie'a" of information

+educed errors due to human inter'ention

User friend"y screens to enter the data

86


87/88

Portab"e and f"eib"e for further enhancement


88/88

• ,,,aa#"n&o.

• ,,,aapoin&o.

•

,,,3&$oo%&o.•
http://www.javatpoint.com/http://www.javatpoint.com/

tour and travel final project report.docx

Documents