tourism industry: egypt

8/13/2019 Tourism Industry: EGYPT

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BLOCK A

Course: Bangladesh Studies

Understanding Tourism Economy Dynamics:

Egypt

Prepared for

Sheikh Morshed Jahan

Associate Professor

Prepared by

Bhaskar Kumar Dey

oll: ! "#

Section: B

$mail: %haskar&dey'hotmail(com

Contact )um%er: *+",-*#..*-

BBA +/thBatch

0nstitute of Business Administration

1ni2ersity of Dhaka

+. May 3*+3
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Table of Contents4a%le of Contents(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( i

$5ecuti2e Summary((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ii

+(*0ntroduction:(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( +

+(+ Country O2er2ie6 (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( +

+(+(+ 7eogra8hical Location((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( +

+(+(3 Po8ulation(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 3

+(+(9 Maor Sectors of $gy8t(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((3

+(3 4ourism(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9+(3(+ Definition(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 9

+(3(3 4ourism in $gy8t((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((9

+(3(9 Position of $gy8t;s 4ourism Sector((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((9

+(3(9(+ Positioning Com8ared to Other Sectors((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((9

+(3(9(3 0nternational Positioning((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((-

3(*$2aluating Sustaina%le 4ourism in $gy8t((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((,

3( + 4he


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Executive Summary

EGYPT: Where it all begins

4he Ara% re8u%lic of $gy8t is a transcontinental country and a maor 8o6er in Africa> the

Mediterranean Basin> the Middle $ast and the Muslim 6orld(

4ourism is one of the maor sectors of the country( 0t acts as the highest foreign currency

generator for $gy8t( 0n the fiscal year of 3*++> it earned 1S ?/#/,(# million 6orth of

foreign currency(

Des8ite a num%er of Clear Strengths> $gy8t ranks a lo6 #-th o2erall of +99 countries in

the 4ra2el and 4ourism Com8etiti2eness 0nde5(

Constitutes +@ of the 6orld tourism industry(

Evaluating Egypts tourism sector from important dimensions

Product Dimension: =rom the 8ers8ecti2e of this dimension $gy8t;s tourism can %e

categoried in the follo6ing ty8es of tourism: istorical> Cultural> S8orts> Safari>

ecreational> Conference and $5hi%ition> eligious> Modern(

Social Dimension: 4he culture of$gy8thas thousands of years of recorded

history(Ancient $gy8t6as among the earliestci2iliations( At 8resent> .*@ of $gy8ts

8o8ulation isMuslim> 6ith a Sunni maority( A%out .@ of the 8o8ulation is Co8tic

Christian other religions and other forms ofChristianitycom8rise the remaining one

8ercent(

Infrastructural Dimension:4o co8e 6ith the demand for tourism> 6ith the hel8 of the

8ri2ate sector> recent im8ro2ement in infrastructures such as: %uilding ne6 resorts> ha2e

%een taking 8lace in $gy8t(

Marketing Dimension:$gy8t is already kno6n 6orld6ide for its 8yramids and ancientruins( o6e2er> in an effort to e58and its tourism %usiness %eyond these> $gy8t hasre%randed its tourism sector and introduced a ne6 identity for its tra2el marketing in

3*+*(

Management Dimension:Se2eral management authorities such as 4he $gy8t 4ourism=ederation> $gy8t 4ourist Authority> and 4ourism De2elo8ment Authority e5ist in thecountry(

Economic Dimension:4ourism in $gy8t contri%utes to a%out .@ of the 7DP( Besides%eing the highest foreign currency earning sector> it is also a maor sector in terms ofem8loyment generation(

ii
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity


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The Support Industry Dimension:2arious su88ort industries for tourism such as tra2elagencies> telecommunication ser2ices> hotel ser2ices etc( are 6idely esta%lished 6ithinthe country(

Environment Dimension:6aste dis8osal in ne6 tourist centers along the eastern coastha2e seriously degraded the 6ater Euality of the ed Sea( 0n addition> large

concentrations of tourists threaten the fragile desert areas and the marine corals alongthe coast( 4o add to that there has also %een deteriorations of the ancient monumentssuch as 8yramids and other artifacts(

Policy and Regulatory Frameork:4he go2ernment has a se8arate Ministry of 4ourism

in $gy8t 6hich go2erns and designs 8olicies for this sector(

The urrent risis:

At Present the maor concern for $gy8t;s tourism sector is the negati2e 8u%licity caused%y the re2olution in the country in 3*++( $gy8t has 6itnessed a shar8 fall in the num%er

of tourists since that occurrence(

Other concerns also e5ist regarding congestion> the country;s lack of 8lanning on the

go2ernment;s %ehalf> 8oor infrastructure including lack of midrange hotels(

Egypt !hould:

Do e5tensi2e 8romotional cam8aigns on an international le2el in 8ursuit of changing the

negati2e 8erce8tion a%out $gy8t as a tourism destination caused %y the re2olution(

0n2est on la6 and enforcement to ensure utmost safety of the tourists(

0ncrease the rate of infrastructural de2elo8ments(

4ake 8roacti2e measures to 8reser2e the country;s ancient monuments(

Continue on focusing in di2ersifying and e58anding to 2arious ty8es of tourism(

iii


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"#$ %ntroduction:

"#" ountry &vervie'

Egypt> officially the (rab )epublic of Egypt> is a country mainly in )orth Africa> 6ith theSinai

Peninsula forming a land %ridgein South6est Asia($gy8t is thus atranscontinental country> and

a maor 8o6er in Africa> theMediterranean Basin> the Middle $astand theMuslim 6orld(

Co2ering an area of a%out +>*+*>*** sEuare kilometers F9.*>*** sE miG> $gy8t is %ordered %y

the Mediterranean Seato the north> the 7aa Stri8and 0srael to the northeast> the ed Seato

the east> Sudanto the south and Li%yato the 6est(

$gy8t is one of the most 8o8ulous countries in Africa and the Middle $ast( 4he great maority of

its 8eo8le li2e near the %anks of the )ile i2er> in an area of a%out -*>*** sEuare kilometers

F+,>*** sE miG> 6here the only ara%le landis found( 4he large areas of the SaharaDesert ares8arsely inha%ited( A%out half of $gy8ts residents li2e in ur%an areas> 6ith most s8read across

the densely 8o8ulated centers of greater Cairo> Ale5andriaand other maor cities in the )ile

Delta(

$gy8t is famous for its rich history of ancient ci2iliation> 8haraohs and the 8yramids(

Monuments in $gy8t such as the 7ia 8yramid com8le5and its7reat S8hin56ere constructed

%y its ancient ci2iliation( 0ts ancient ruins> such as those of Mem8his> 4he%es> and Karnackand

the Halley of the KingsoutsideLu5or> are a significant focus of archaeological study(

4he tourismindustry and theed Sea i2ieraem8loy a%out +3@ of $gy8ts 6orkforce(

0n early 3*++> $gy8tunder6ent a re2olution> 6hich resulted in the ousting of President osni

Mu%arakafter nearly 9* years in 8o6er( FIiki8ediaG

"#"#" Geographical *ocation

4he 7eogra8hy of $gy8t relates to t6o regions: South6est Asia and )orth Africa(

$gy8thas coastlines on %oth the Mediterranean Seaand the ed Sea( 4he country

%orders Li%yato the 6est> the 7aa Stri8 and 0sraelto the east> andSudanto the south(

Co2ering +>**+>--. km3> $gy8t has a land area a%out the same as that of 4e5asand )e6

Me5icocom%ined> four times %igger than that of the 1nited Kingdom>and t6ice as %ig as that

of =rance( 4he longest straight&line distance in $gy8t from north to south is +>*3- km> 6hile that

from east to 6est measures +>3-* km( More than 3>.** km of coastline on the MediterraneanSea> the 7ulf of Sue> the 7ulf of AEa%aand theed Seaconstitute $gy8ts maritime

%oundaries(

+ P a g e
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcontinental_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Striphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Deltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Deltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Gizahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_Rivierahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Striphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Suezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqabahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_boundaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_boundaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcontinental_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Striphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Deltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Deltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Gizahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_Rivierahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Striphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Suezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqabahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_boundaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_boundary


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"#"#+ Population

$gy8t has a 8o8ulation of /9>#//>+#- FJuly 3*+3 est(G 6ith a%out half of them li2ing in ur%an

areas( 4he 8o8ulation gro6th rate is +(.33@(

4he age structure and the median age of the 8o8ulation are as follo6s(

Age structure:

*&+- years: 93("@ Fmale +9>"3,>3/3female +9>++3>+,"G+,- years: #3(/@ Fmale 3#>+/">.3+female 3,>9,9>.-"G#, years and o2er: -(,@ Fmale +>##.>9+9female 3>*9+>*+#G F3*++ est(G

Median age:

total: 3-(9 years

Male: 3- years> =emale: 3-(# years F3*++ est(G

FSource: C0A =act BookG

"#"#, -a.or !ectors of Egypt

4he =O1 main economic sectors of $gy8t are as follo6s:

Agricultural sector

0ndustrial sector

o Automo%iles manufacturing

o Chemicals

o Consumer electronics and home a88liances

o Steel industries

o 4e5tiles and clothing

Construction and contracting sector

Ser2ices sector

o Banking insurance

o Communications

o 4rans8ort

o Tourism sector

3 P a g e
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html#2010https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html#2177http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Agricultural_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Industrial_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Automobiles_manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Consumer_electronics_and_home_applianceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Steel_industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Textiles_and_clothinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Construction_and_contracting_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Services_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Banking_.26_insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Tourism_sectorhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html#2010https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html#2177http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Agricultural_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Industrial_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Automobiles_manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Consumer_electronics_and_home_applianceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Steel_industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Textiles_and_clothinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Construction_and_contracting_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Services_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Banking_.26_insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Tourism_sector


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"#+ Tourism

"#+#" Definition

Tourismis tra2el for recreational> leisure or %usiness 8ur8oses(

4he Iorld 4ourism Organiation defines tourists as 8eo8le tra2eling to and staying in

8laces outside their usual en2ironment for not more than one consecuti2e year for

leisure> %usiness and other 8ur8oses(

"#+#+ Tourism in Egypt

$gy8t offers a di2erse range of tourism acti2ities( Most 8eo8le 6ho think of $gy8t

think of antiEuities> %ut $gy8t offers much more( Certainly it is a 8rime location to see

our great heritage from the ancient 6orld> including Pyramidsand 6onderful tem8les>

%ut it is also 8art of the oly Land> and tours to Christianand other religious

monuments are 8o8ular( Net $gy8t also offers nature and desert treks> great scu%a

di2ingand e2en golf>fishingand %irding e58editions( One may choose to rela5 on the

6ondrous $gy8t ed Sea or Sinai coasts> take in the high culture of Cairo> or e2en

leisurely float do6n the $gy8tian )ile on a lu5urious ri2er %oat(

"#+#, Position of Egypts Tourism !ector

"#+#,#" Positioning ompared to &ther !ectors4he $gy8tian tourism industry is one of the most im8ortant sectors in the economy> in

terms of high em8loyment and incoming foreign currency( 4he go2ernment acti2ely

8romotes foreign tourism since it is a maor source of currency and in2estment( 4here

are 8lans to attract to +- million 2isitors %y 3*++(

4he follo6ing diagram sho6s the com8arison %et6een the tourism and other sectors in

terms of foreign e5change earnings:

9 P a g e
http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/pyramids.htmhttp://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/temples.htmhttp://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/temples.htmhttp://www.touregypt.net/holyfamily1.htmhttp://www.touregypt.net/monument.htm#Christian1http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/boasis.htmhttp://www.touregypt.net/vdc/http://www.touregypt.net/vdc/http://www.touregypt.net/golfcourses.htmhttp://www.touregypt.net/lakenasserfishing/http://www.touregypt.net/lakenasserfishing/http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/birding.htmhttp://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/pyramids.htmhttp://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/temples.htmhttp://www.touregypt.net/holyfamily1.htmhttp://www.touregypt.net/monument.htm#Christian1http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/boasis.htmhttp://www.touregypt.net/vdc/http://www.touregypt.net/vdc/http://www.touregypt.net/golfcourses.htmhttp://www.touregypt.net/lakenasserfishing/http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/birding.htm


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1.2.3.2 International Positioning

$gy8t> a country so rich in cultural heritage> ranks a lo6 #-th o2erall of +99 countries in

the 4ra2el and 4ourism Com8etiti2eness 0nde5 and this is des8ite a num%er of clear

strengths %eyond the cultural richness( As $gy8t has e5cellent 8rice com8etiti2eness>

ranked ,th o2erall 6ith lo6 com8arati2e 8rices o2erall> including fuel 8rices( =urther> the

go2ernment is 8rioritiing the sector> 6ith relati2ely high go2ernment s8ending on

tra2el tourism and ensuring the countrys 8resence at maor tourism fairs( 4hisle2el of 8rioritiation is reflected in some 8olicy areas such as the fa2ora%le 8olicy on

2isa reEuirements( On the other hand> the countrys infrastructure is underde2elo8ed>

8articularly tourism infrastructure F/,thG( An u8grading of the Euality of the countrys

human resources a2aila%le to 6ork in the sector> ranked #.th> 6ould also im8ro2e the

countrys o2erall tra2el and tourism com8etiti2eness(

$gy8t Occu8ied the se2enth 8lace among African countries in terms of com8etiti2e

inde5 according to the Africa com8etiti2eness re8ort 3**. issued %y 6orld economic

forum(

$gy8t re8resents -@ of the annual increase in international tourist flo6s(

Besides the $gy8tian tourism re8resents +@ of the 6orld tourism market(

- P a g e


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+#$ Evaluating !ustainable Tourism in Egypt

!ustainable tourismis tourism attem8ting to make a lo6 im8act onthe en2ironment and local culture> 6hile hel8ing to generate future em8loyment for

local 8eo8le( 4he aim of sustaina%le tourism is to ensure that de2elo8ment %rings

a 8ositi2e e58erience for local 8eo8le> tourism com8anies and the tourists

themsel2es(

Harious as8ects need to %e considered to %e udged $gy8t;s standings in terms of

%uilding a sustaina%le tourism industry( 4he follo6ing sections ela%orate on some

im8ortant as8ects(

+# " The /Product Dimension

4ourism in $gy8t 6hen considered from the 8roduct dimension can %e di2ided into

se2eral categories or se2eral 7reeks> omans> Persians>4urks> Ara%s> =rench and British they ha2e 8assed through this land( 4hey left$gy8t 6ith a uniEue com%ination that no other country can match( 4here arehundreds of sites in $gy8t to %e 2isited the follo6ings are famous and ust

e5am8les:

4he Pyramids of 7ia> S8hin5> the ste8 Pyramid of SaEEara> the tem8le ofKarnak>Halley of Kings> Halley of ueens> Ale5andria and its monuments suchas Al Sa6ari column> ait%ay Citadel> Al Ahar mosEue in Cairo> $gy8tianmuseum> Co8tic museum> 0slamic museum(

Cultural 4ourism: =rom the four corners of 6orld tra2elers> Archaeologists>

6riters and scholars go to $gy8t and 6onder around its s8lendors and learnfirsthand a%out Ancient $gy8t> its monument and its 2arious museums(

, P a g e


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+#+ The !ocial Dimension

4he cultureof $gy8thas thousands of years of recorded history( Ancient $gy8t6as among the

earliestci2iliations( =or millennia> $gy8t maintained a strikingly com8le5 and sta%le culture that

influenced later cultures of$uro8e> theMiddle $astand Africa( After the Pharaonic era> $gy8titself came under the influence of ellenism> for a time Christianity> and later>0slamicculture(

4oday> many as8ects of $gy8ts ancient culture e5ist in interaction 6ith ne6er elements>

including the influence of modernIestern culture(

A%out .*@ of $gy8ts 8o8ulation is Muslim> 6ith a Sunni maority( A%out .@ of the 8o8ulation

is Co8tic Christianother religions and other forms of Christianitycom8rise the remaining one

8ercent(

Although modern day $gy8tians are usually lum8ed together 6ith the Ara%s due to their

language and 0slamic traditions> this is not com8letely accurate( 4here is a truly Bedouin Ara%grou8ing 6ithin $gy8t> 6ho are still largely nomadic tri%al 8eo8le li2ing in isolated oases and

roaming through the countrys 2ast desert regions( Many Bedouin Ara%s reside the Sinai

Peninsula and along the ed Sea coast> across from Ara%ia(

4he $gy8tian language> 6hich formed a se8arate %ranch among the family of Afro&Asiatic

languages> 6as among the first 6ritten languages> and is kno6n from hierogly8hicinscri8tions

8reser2ed on monuments and sheets of 8a8yrus( 4he Co8tic language> the last stage of

$gy8tian> is today the liturgical languageof the Co8tic Orthodo5 Church( ierogly8hs 6ere

6ritten on 8eo8le;s front doors> so that the ne6s of the 8haraoh 6ould tra2el to e2eryone(

Ara%ic came to $gy8t in the "th century> and $gy8tian Ara%ichas %ecome today the modern

s8eech of the country( Of the many 2arieties of Ara%ic> it is the most 6idely s8oken second

dialect> due to the influence of $gy8tian cinema and media throughout the Ara%ic&s8eaking

6orld(

Literature 8lays an im8ortant role in sha8ing $gy8t;s society( 4he ancient $gy8tian literature

dates %ack to theOld Kingdom>in the third millennium BC( eligious literature is %est kno6n for

its hymnsto and its mortuary te5ts( 4he oldest e5tant $gy8tian literature is the Pyramid 4e5ts:

the mythology and rituals car2ed around the tom%s of rulers( 4he later> secular literature of

ancient $gy8t includes the 6isdom te5ts> forms of 8hiloso8hical instruction( All these uniEue

societal attri%utes of $gy8t dra6s tourists from all 8arts of the 6orld(

# P a g e
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_Textshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymnshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_Texts


11/18

+#, The %nfrastructure Dimension

Maintaining the influ5 of tourists and increasing their rate of return is a challenge the country iseager to face(

=or decades> $uro8eans ha2e flooded the 2arious ed Sea resorts and e58ressed a 6ideinterest in Cairo and 188er $gy8ts archaeological heritage( 4he influ5 of Ara% tourists duringthe summer season has not only increased hotel %ookings> %ut also the 8urchasing 8o6er inforeign currency(

Iith the increasing com8etition from other Ara% countries> such as the 1A$ and Morocco> it has%ecome mandatory to 8reser2e $gy8ts attracti2eness and de2elo8 the infrastructures that 6illaccommodate the increase in arri2als( One of the 6eaknesses in $gy8ts tourism strategy thatmust %e addressed is the focus on increasing the num%er of tourists %y offering chea8 8ackagesand 8oor ser2ices( 4hese 8ackages result in com8laints of 8oor ser2ice> 8ushy traders and 8oorstandards> 6hich conseEuently lead to lo6 tourist> return rates( 0n 3**#> the ministry issued are8ort saying the num%er of tourists returning to $gy8t & an im8ortant indicator of tourist

satisfaction & 6as a dismal 3* 8ercent(

As a result> the ministry has decided to deli2er educational 8rograms through a com%ination ofonline courses> aimed at furthering the de2elo8ment of $gy8tian industry 8rofessionals( 4his8rogram is targeted at a select grou8 of -* general managers of full&ser2ice three& to fi2e&starhotels> and focuses on strategic hos8itality management and financial management( Other8rograms aimed at training the industrys 6orkers & hotels and restaurant staff> dri2ers of tourist%uses> etc( & are also in the 8lans( 4o meet the increase in num%ers of tourists> $gy8t mustin2est in u8grading its infrastructure( An e5tra +,>*** hotel rooms 6ill %e needed annually> 6ithin2estments of a%out L$# %illion( 4his e58ansion 6ill no dou%t necessitate the acti2e8artici8ation of the 8ri2ate sector(

4he e58ansion is indeed taking 8lace> through 8ri2ate sector com8anies that ha2e esta%lishedfull&fledged resorts in 8laces likes urghada> Sahl asheesh and Ain Sokhna> $l&!ayat said(Although esta%lishing hotels inside Cairo could %e more difficult due to the congestion and lackof s8ace> the initiati2e has still %een taken %y se2eral foreign in2estors( Catering to more 2isitors

6ill entail more than %uilding hotels( 0m8ro2ing the Euality of e5isting air8orts and increasingtheir ca8acity to recei2e more flights is another challenge(

Analysts ha2e long called for the li%eraliation of the a2iation industry and its 8olicies to realieits true 8otential( As a result of the intense com8etition %et6een tourism destinations 6orld6ide>easy access & and> therefore> efficient air trans8ort & has %ecome increasingly im8ortant totourists deciding 6hich destination to choose( 4he re8ort suggested that li%erating the a2iationindustry and ending the mono8oly of $gy8t Air> $gy8t s only national carrier could hel8 increase

international arri2als %y 3 million annually( 4he I44C called for immediate changes> such asallo6ing flag carriers to o8erate more flights to Cairo and the region> allo6 more internationalcharter flights and ending restrictions on 8ri2ately o6ned $gy8tian airlines(

Ihile it might not ha2e conformed to all the I44Cs recommendations> $gy8t has taken ste8sto im8ro2e a2iation ser2ices( 4he %uilding of a third terminal at the Cairo 0nternational Air8ort iscurrently in 8rocess and follo6ing its com8letion at the end of 3**/> it should increase theair8orts ca8acity %y ++ million 8assengers annually( 4he Sharm $l&Sheikh> urghada> Lu5or>

" P a g e


12/18

As6an and A%u Sim%el air8orts ha2e also %een u8graded( Still> there;s more 6ork to %e donefor the nation;s tourism sector to really take off( F4he Daily )e6s $gy8t> 3*+*G

+#0 The -ar1eting Dimension

$gy8t 8romotes itself as a tourism destination e5tensi2ely and on an international scale through

se2eral means such as 2iral 2ideos> 8rint media> social net6ork etc( 0t %rands itself as a

destination effecti2ely(

F$gy8t 4ourism AuthorityG

$gy8t is already kno6n 6orld6ide for its 8yramids and ancient ruins( o6e2er> in an effort toe58and its tourism %usiness %eyond these> $gy8t has introduced a ne6 identity for its tra2el

marketing in 3*+*( 4he ne6 logo hints at another side of $gy8t including its little kno6n %eachculture( Nes> $gy8t has %eautiful 6hite sand %eaches( )ot on the Mediterranean as you mighte58ect> %ut along the shores of the ed Sea> the Sinai Peninsula and the 7ulf of AEa%a( 4he%rilliant %lue 6aters of $gy8t;s east coast are a far cry from the muddy )ile i2er> and seeingthe moon rise o2er the mountains of Saudi Ara%ia across the ed Sea from )u6ei%a is onee58erience to cherish(

4his ne6 identity is not a%out the core e58erience 6e associate 6ith $gy8t they already o6nthat market share( 0t;s a%out getting 8eo8le to come %ack to $gy8t> to do something else there>or to di2ide a t6o&6eek 2acation %et6een touring cultural sites and rela5ing on the %each( 0t;sa%out attracting 8eo8le 6ho are more interested in 6arm> sunny 6eather and %eautiful %eachesthan history( 0t could %e a 2ia%le alternati2e to the Cari%%ean> and this identity is designed to

make the tourists think t6ice a%out it(

$gy8t tourism authorities ha2e not %een slo6 to gra% the marketing o88ortunity in international

e5hi%itions and trade sho6s( Along 6ith cam8aigns that 6ill run on 4H> in 8rint> and online(

$gy8t has launched glo%al ad2ertising cam8aigns 6ith a series of slogans(

/ P a g e


13/18

$gy8t had suffered a short&term fall in tourism num%ers due to its recent 8olitical unrest(

o6e2er the tourism ministry has %een 6orking sincerely to reco2er from it> 6ith tour o8erators

and airlines offering full 8rograms(

Besides %eing a historical and natural tourism destination> $gy8t also tries to 8romote itself for

its cultural tourism %y 8romoting its religious and societal outlook(

+#2 The -anagement Dimension

Many organiations in $gy8t ha2e %een 6orking 6ith the management of tourism in the country

alongside the Ministry of 4ourism( 4he $gy8t 4ourism =ederation> $gy8t 4ourist Authority>

4ourism De2elo8ment Authority are namely a fe6( Organiations as such deal 6ith the country;s

tourism from a 8rofessional 8ers8ecti2e and 6ork dedicatedly to manage the 8ro%lems and %uild

on the 8ros8ects of tourism in $gy8t(

+#3 The Economic Dimension

4ourism is an e5tremely im8ortant sector for $gy8t from the economic 8ers8ecti2e( 0t has

su%stantial contri%ution to the economy from 2arious 8ers8ecti2es(

O2er the last t6o decades> tourism has 8ro2en to %e a fast gro6ing economic sector>

6ith an a2erage gro6th of 3,@ 8er year in arri2als o2er the 8ast - years and a 93(,@ increase

in recei8ts(

4ourism in $gy8t has long %een a dri2ing engine of gro6th and one of the largest sources offoreign currencies( 0ts share re8resents +.(9@ of total income of foreign currencies( 4he

follo6ing ta%le sho6s the foreign currency earned %y the tourism sector o2er the 8ast years(

F$uromonitor> 3*+3G

4he tourism sector is considered as one of the 8rinci8al generators of em8loyment> accounting

for +3(#@ of the em8loyed 8o8ulation( 4ourism as a la%or intensi2e industry creates o%s inalmost "* related sectors(

4ourism industry effecti2ely contri%uted to generating 2alue added> o% o88ortunities and

enhancing $gy8ts %alance of 8ayments as 6ell as %oosting tourism industry&related

industries and acti2ities through 6hat is kno6n as tourism multi8lier(

. P a g e


14/18

4ourism sector contri%ution to 7DP & at factor cost in constant 8rices Q increased in 3**.3*+*

to .@ from -@ in 3**/3**.> and it gre6 %y +3@ in 3**.3*+* from +(9@ only in 3**/3**.(

4he sector is gro6ing %etter than the economy as a 6hole in all years a%o2e e5ce8t in =N

3**/3**. as it recorded a rate of +(9@ 2s( -("@ as for the economy(

0n s8ite of the serious conseEuences of the financial crisis> the tourism sector succeeded in

achie2ing remarka%le tourism re2enues in =N 3**/3**. to reach 1S?+*(,%n do6n from

1S?+*(/%n in =N 3**"3**/ and the sector continued its gro6th to reach 1S?++(#%n in =N

3**.3*+*( FAle5Bank> 3*+*G

+#4 The !upport %ndustry Dimension

4he tourism industry of $gy8t is su88orted %y 2arious other industries ust like any other

successful tourism destinations( 0ndustries such as hotels> trans8ortations> tra2el agencies>

telecommunications etc( are 2ital su88ort for the tourism industry in any country as 6ell as

$gy8t(

4he esta%lishment and a2aila%ility of such industries in $gy8t has %een essential for the gro6th

of its tourist sector(

+#5 The Environment Dimension

4ourism 8ro2ides an im8ortant source of re2enue for economic gro6th( o6e2er> 8oorlycontrolled construction and 6aste dis8osal in ne6 tourist centers along the eastern coast ha2e

seriously degraded the 6ater Euality of the ed Sea( 0n addition> large concentrations of touriststhreaten the fragile desert areas and the marine corals along the coast( 4o add to that there hasalso %een deteriorations of the ancient monuments such as 8yramids and other artifacts(

4ourism has %ecome one of $gy8t


15/18

4he coastal tourist industry in $gy8t is %ooming> and large e58anses ha2e %een de2elo8ed into%each resorts( 4he most intensi2ely de2elo8ed areas on the ed Sea are urghada and Sharmel Sheikh( Significant tourist de2elo8ment has also taken 8lace at Daha%> )u6ei%a and 4a%a onthe 7ulf of AEa%a coast as 6ell as at Safag and useir on the ed Sea coast> and the northernsector of the 7ulf of Sue( 0t has %een re8orted that areas such as urghada and Sharm elSheikh ha2e %een de2elo8ed and e58loited %eyond their ecological and social carrying

ca8acities and are already sho6ing signs of en2ironmental degradation( $2idence of reefdegradation due to tourism and other acti2ities is clear e2en in areas such as the asMohammad )ational Park in $gy8t(

0t is estimated that the ed Sea coast and the 7ulf of AEa%a 6ill attract o2er one million tourists8er year during the ne5t fe6 years( Such ra8id tourism de2elo8ment may lead to a seriousthreat to %oth the marine en2ironment and the tourism industry itself> if not 8lanned andde2elo8ed on a sound en2ironmental %asis 6ith the effecti2e enforcement of en2ironmentalregulations(

Pre2ious studies ha2e found that the $gy8tian 8ri2ate sector is more successful than the 8u%licsector at 8lanning and managing en2ironmental initiati2es> and that $gy8t $gy8t has a sufficient num%er of en2ironmental regulations and institutions %ut thechallenge lies in their functioning and efficiency> and that the go2ernment 3**.G

+#6 The Policy and )egulatory 7rame'or1 Dimension

4he go2ernment has a se8arate Ministry of 4ourism in $gy8t as the egulatory =rame6ork( 4he

8olicies undertaken %y the ministry are %acked u8 %y the 8ur8ose of increasing the inflo6 oftourists on an international scale in $gy8t( 4here ha2e %een re2isions to the 8olicy in recent

years kee8ing the aforementioned o%ecti2e in mind( Some of the im8ortant 8olicies regarding

tourism in $gy8t ha2e %een noted do6n %elo6(

Iith the aim of 8rotecting the market from the negati2e im8acts of the glo%al economic crisis>

the Ministry of 4ourism agreed to e5em8t tourism trans8ortation com8anies from 8romotion fees

8aid to the go2ernment> as the industry runs around +3>*** %uses and 2ehicles> 6hich 8ay

$7P,* seat in large %uses and $7P+** seat in smaller 2ans(

Also> hotels 6ould %e e5em8ted from 8aying contri%utions to the countrys tourism 8romotion

authority> %esides a ne6 fund 6as set u8 to su88ort the tourism industry during this crisis(=urthermore> ne6 start&u8 charter flight 8ro2iders 6ould %e su88orted through cutting fees

for landing and takeoff at the $gy8tian air8orts %y ,*@(

4he Ministry of 4ourism decided to 8ost8one raising the fees im8osed on floating hotels 6hich

use the Ministrys docking stations in Lu5or> as the Ministry 6as su88osed to increase these

fees starting 3**.> 6ith the current fees ranging %et6een $7P9,*&,,*8er night(

++ P a g e


16/18

4ourism incenti2es include the sale of land at ?+ 8er sEuare meter in designated tourism

ones(

4he go2ernment doesnt follo6 a 8rice reduction strategy that already ado8ted %y other

countries since 8rices in $gy8t 6ere already 2ery afforda%le and any e5tra reduction 6ould

affect the Euality of ser2ices offered(

4he go2ernment altered ad2ertising cam8aign to focus more on $gy8t as afforda%le holiday

destination(

FAle5Bank> 3*+*G

,#$ onclusion

,#" Problems 'ith the Tourism !ector

+& After effects of last year;s re2olution: At 8resent> the greatest 8ro%lem faced %y the tourism is

%ouncing %ack from the im8acton $gy8ts tourism sector due to un8recedented 8olitical

circumstances( 4ourism in $gy8t e58erienced a huge crisis> 6hich resulted from

regional and glo%al de2elo8ments( 4he aftermath of the January 3, re2olution in 3*++

constituted the %iggest challenge> 6hich faced $gy8ts tourism( $2en though the

re2olution and 8olitical unrest due to 8o6er interchange has calmed do6n in the

country> the im8act on 8eo8le;s 8erce8tion has not totally %een o2ercome( 4he mass demonstrations and acts of

2iolence and attacks on 8u%lic and 8ri2ate 8ro8erties(

3& Lack of 9- star hotels & most of the hotels are , stars> lea2ing a %ig segment of tourists from

the socioeconomic 8ers8ecti2e neglected(

9& Beggars hagglers & many tourists com8lain a%out ha2ing to deal 6ith %eggars in the tourist

areas such as the 8yramids( 4his has caused some negati2e 8erce8tions and did cut on those

6illing to 2isit again in the future as 6ell as s8read negati2e 6ord of mouth(

-& Lack of 8lanning from the go2ernment side & led for e5am8le to an o2ersu88ly of )ile cruises

%et6een Lu5or and As6an causing most to o8erate at %elo6 %reake2en 8oint(

+3 P a g e


17/18

#& 4he streets & cro6ded> disorganied and no 8lace for crossing( Due to the lack of 8ro8er

8lanning> the congestion has %een on the increasing side> much to the dissatisfaction of the

tourists(

Se2eral others minor 8ro%lems also e5ist( o6e2er at 8resent> these are the issues that should

%e gi2en the most 8riority( Fgaette> 3*+3G

,#+ )ecommendations

+( 4he negati2e 8erce8tion created on the minds of the international tourists due to recent

e2ents such as the re2olution needs to %e eradicated( 4his reEuires e5tensi2e

8romotions on an international scale %y the 4ourism Authority to make these tourists

a6are that $gy8t> at 8resent is a safe destination for tourism(

3( 4he Ministry of 4ourism should take measures to ensure the utmost safety of the tourists

in their country( 4his reEuires more in2estment on la6 and enforcement on %ehalf of the

go2ernment( 0ncreasing the safety measures for tourists 6ill lead to 8ositi2e 6ord of

mouth from the tourists to the future ones(

9( As mentioned in the 8ro%lems %efore> $gy8t does not ha2e an a%undance of midrange

hotels( ence more in2estments should %e made in that sector( 4his 6ill increase the

o2erall customer %ase for tourism in $gy8t(

-( O2er the 8ast decade> tourism in $gy8t has already e58anded as an im8ortant sector for

the economy( 4he future 8lans for the %oom of this sector should %e %acked u8 %y

sufficient infrastructural de2elo8ments( 4he rate of infrastructural in2estments has %een

slo6 in the 8ast( 4o ensure sustaina%le tourism in the country> this has to %e taken care

of(

,( Monuments such as 8yramids reEuire utmost sur2eillance and 8ro8er 8reser2ation( 4his

is %ecause these monuments 6ith utmost historical im8ortance are one of the maor

attractions for tourism in $gy8t( o6e2er> o2ere58osure has had detrimental effect on

them( hence> the Ministry of 4ourism should 8ut more em8hasis on 8reser2ing them

+9 P a g e


18/18

#( 0nitiati2es ha2e already %een taken to di2ersify tourism in $gy8t> as 8re2iously mentioned

in the re8ort> e(g( as a %each destination( 4hese initiati2es should %e continued and

carried out on a large scale( 4his is %ecause $gy8t has the resources reEuired for

2arious ty8es of tourism and 8ro8er utiliation of such resources 6ill ensure further

gro6th of this sector for the country(

Bibliograpy

Ale5Bank( F3*+*G( Egypt!s Tourism Industry: Sectoral Survey"

Authority> $( 4( Fn(d(G(

C0A( Fn(d(G( etrie2ed from htt8s:666(cia(go2li%rary8u%licationsthe&6orld&

fact%ookgeoseg(html

$uromonitor( F3*+3G( etrie2ed from htt8:666(euromonitor(comegy8tcountry&factfile

gaette> 4( $( F3*+3> January *,G( Challenges to $gy8t 4ourism(

0%rahim> !( F3**.G( Tourism Development and the Environment on the Egyptian Red Sea "

Ontario: 1ni2ersity of Iaterloo(

)e6s> 4( D( F3*+*G( Meeting 0nfrastructural Challenges to Maintaing $gy8ts 4ourism Status(

1)$P( F3**,G( Making Tourism More Sustaina#le: $ %uide for Policy Makers"1nited )ations

$n2ironment Program(

Iiki8edia( Fn(d(G( Egypt( etrie2ed from htt8:en(6iki8edia(org6iki$gy8t

!ohery> A( Fn(d(G( Tourism in Egypt and Its impact on &ational Economy"

+- P a g e

tourism industry: egypt

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