toward the modern era: 1840-1914 the growing unrest belle époque: beautiful age but also a growing...
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Toward the Modern Era: 1840-1914
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The Growing Unrest
• Belle époque: beautiful age• But also a growing frustration,
restlessness– Economic disparity, resentment– Population growth, urban alienation– Capitalism vs. Socialism– Suffrage Movement– Loss of religious security
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Ludwig Meidner
“Ich und die Stadt” (1913)
(I and the city)
What emotion is being expressed here? How do you know?
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Kathy Kollwitz’s realist etching, “March of the Weavers” (1897).What is being represented here?
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Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche’s Philosophy
• Nihilism; argued that the idea of “God is dead”
• Critic of judeo-Christian culture, nationalism, and all other “surrogate gods”
• Asserts will to Power• Poses concept of the
Übermensch (Superman—a Caesar with Christ’s soul)
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New Movements in the Visual Arts
The new realism of impressionismand the turn toward abstraction
• Édouard Manet (1832-1883)– Break from classical tradition– Assumes view of the artist; shows us how
he sees his subjects
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Look at the representation of depth here. Do you notice anything interesting or odd?
–Le Déjeuner sur l’Herbe (Luncheon on the Grass) (1863)
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Compare and contrast the figure and bottles in the foreground with the reflection in the mirror. How are they different? A Bar at the Folies-Bergére (1882)
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New Movements in the Visual Arts
Impressionism• Realism of light, color
– Fidelity to visual perception, “innocent eye”– Devotion to naturalism; how things ‘really’ look in
nature– Realism of light and color– Records all colors without trying to blend them
together
• Claude Monet (1840-1926): created the style of impression with the following revolutionary, controversial painting….
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Impression: Sunrise (1872)
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–Red Boats at Argenteuil (1875)
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New Movements in the Visual Arts
Impressionism
• Pierre Auguste Renoir (1841-1919)– Beauty of the world, happy activity– Women as symbols of life– Le Moulin de la Galette (1876)
• Edgar Degas (1834-1917)– Intimate moments as universal experience– Psychological penetration– “Keyhole visions”
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How does Renoir’s painting combine realism and impressionism? Le Moulin de la Galette (1876)
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Degas’s “The Rehearsal” (1874). Again, how does this differ from classical and romantic art? What does it make ballet look like?
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How do Degas’s
nudes differ from the classical
nudes of the Renaissance?
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Degas looked to represent the ordinary
in his nudes.
The artist assumes odd
angles to give the sense of his subjects
being spied-on
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New Movements in the Visual Arts
Post-Impressionism
• Rejection of Impressionism• Personal artistic styles that break with
both tradition of classical idealism and with impressionism; every artist is working in his own unique style with his own unique techniques– Georges Pierre Seurat (1859-1891)– Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)
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Seurat’s pointillist technique
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Seurat’s pointillism up close
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Georges Seurat, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte (1884-1886); Seurat’s unique, mathematical pointillist technique produces a rather unique looking image.
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Gauguin’s new study’s of everyday life
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And his interest in the exotic
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New Movements in the Visual Arts
Post-Impressionism• Paul Cézanne (1839-1906)
– Impose order on nature; does not represent things either as they really look or as they ideally should be
– Priority of abstract considerations; nature as fundamentally geometrical
– Mont Sainte-Victoire (1904-1906)
• van Gogh’s Starry Night (1889)– Autobiographical, pessimistic art– Social, spiritual alienation
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A Cezanne still life; geometry and perspective are subtly modified to suit artist’s personal sense of order.
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One of Cezanne’s many paintings of Mont Sainte-Victoire. What is the influence of impressionism here?
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What kinds of shapes does Cezanne use here to impose order on nature?
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Van Gogh’s self portrait.
What is the first thing you notice?What is its effect?
What do you think the artist is trying to communicate about himself?
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Starry Night. What is Van Gogh communicating about the stars and the night?
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New Movements in the Visual Arts
Fauvism
• “Les Fauves”: the wild beasts of france
• Loss of traditional values of color, form
• Distortion of natural relationships
• Henri Matisse, The Red Studio (1911)
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How is Matisse’s The Red Studio an example of Fauvism?
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Matisse’s “The Joy of Life” (1906). What makes things look so joyful here? How is this different from classical realism and impressionsim?
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New Movements in the Visual Arts
Expressionism
• Alarm and hysteria
• Edvard Munch, The Scream (1893)– Autobiographical, social, psychological
• Die Brücke (The Bridge), Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider)– Emotional impact, alienation and loneliness– Heckel (1883-1970), Nolde (1867-1956)
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What is being expressed here in Edvard Munch’sThe Scream (1893)?
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An Erich Heckel expressionist woodcut
What emotion is being produced here?
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Emil Nolde’s “Die Sünderin (Christus und die Sünderin)” (1926)
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Nolde’s “Pentecost.” How is this different from the many images of the pentecost found on medieval churches?
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New Subjects for LiteraturePsychological Insights in the Novel
• Anton Chekhov (1860-1904)– Irony and satire, passivity and emptiness
• Marcel Proust (1871-1922)– Remembrance of Things Past– Evocation of memory– Stream of consciousness style
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New Subjects for LiteraturePsychological Insights in the Novel
• Nature of individual existences– The subconscious and human behavior
• Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881)– Concern for psychological truth– Human suffering, salvation– Crime and Punishment
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Responses to A Changing Society:The Role of Women
• Family life, society at large– Right to vote, marriage ties
• Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House (1879)– Criticism of anti-feminist social conventions
• Kate Chopin’s The Awakening (1899)– Sexuality as liberation from oppression