1

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fufia .sh úgoS jev wjikaj we;s ,sms f.dkqj mrs.Kl .; lsrSug we;s nj;aosk lSmhlska udfj; ,efnk nj;a okajk ,oS' fufia .sh iEu wjia:djloSu l=ulafyda fya;= oelaùula ñi ldrKh bgqfkdùh' tla oskla ,smsf.dkqj wia:dk .;j we;snj lshQ w;r Bg miq oskl fu;rï m%udo jqfka wehs o lshd;a udf.ka úuikq ,eîh'kuq;a m%udoh isÿù ;snqfka Tjqka w;sks' fufia .sh tla wjia:djloS fujeks jevlr.ekSug l%u iy úê we;s nj okafka keoaoehs uf.ka wikq ,eîh' Tjqka thskawoyia l<foa udyg jegyqk kuq;a ta l%uhg fuh lr.ekSug ug Wjukd fkdùh'bkamiq oskloS .sh wjia:djloS oek.kakg ,enqfka ,smsf.dkqj wia:dk .;j we;snjls'

bkamiq oskl;a 2003-11-04 osk fuu jdykhg wod< YdLdjg .sfhñ' ta jk úgtys l,ska isá úIh Ndr ,smsldrsksh fjkqjg wˆ;a wfhla m;aj isáhdh' Bg l,skaisá whg jvd wdpdrYS,Sj ud meñKs ldrKh úuik ,oS' udf.a oS¾> úia;rh b;didjOdkj wid isá tu uy;añh ud yg f,dl= widOdrKhla isÿj we;s nj mjidjdykfha fkdïurh wid ,smsf.dkqj ke;s j. okajk ,oS' túg tu uy;añh udygálla isák f,i okajd ;udu ,smsf.dkqj fiùug .shdh' ñks;a;= úiailska muK,smsf.dkqjo /f.k tu uy;añh meñK mrs.Kl ud._fhka tys f;dr;=re fidhdn,oaoS tu jdyk wxlh mrs.Klfhka bj;alr we;s nj udfj; oekaùh' bkamiq ud;aiu. by< ks<OdrsKshla fj; .sh ta uy;añh ishˆ úia;r mjid kej; mrs.Klhgwe;=,a lsrSu i|yd wkque;sh ,nd.;a;dh' tmuKla fkdj wjqreÿ mylg jeäld,hla ;siafia lr.ekSug fkdyels jQ tu ldrKh tlaosklska wjika lr ,shdmosxÑiy;slh lsisu m%udohlska f;drj ,ndoSug ksy;udkS jQjdh'

;u rdcldrs j.lSï ksisf,i jgydf.k iEu fohlau uqo,a u; ;SrKh jkfujeks ld,hl lsisÿ ,dN m%fhdackhla wfmalaId fkdlr fuu ldhH_h lrÿkald¾hlaIu nj;a wdpdrYS,S nj;a" ud b;d w.h fldg i,lk nj;a fï ish¨ f.!rjhf,drs YdLdfõ ^4& fiajh lrk kkaokS úchisxy uy;añhg ysñúh hq;= w;r fudag¾r: m%jdyk flduidrsia ldhH_,hg fujeks úYsIag .Kfha fiajl uy;aóka úYd,f.!rjhla nj;a i|yka lrñ'

tka'mS'ciaákamkaksmsáh

^osjhsk brsod ix.%yh 2003 fkdjeïn¾16&

3

iqms<smkak foaYhla lrd

TOWARDS A NATION OF INTEGRITY

ieliqu

kS;s{" ta'fla' pkaøldka;

ysgmq ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a

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OkqIal úfcafldaka

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m%:u uqøKh - 2006 fkdjeïn¾*

fojk uqøKh ^ixfYdaê;& 2008 wfm%a,a

Transparency International Sri Lanka28/1, Bullers Lane,Colombo 07, Sri Lanka

Tel : (094) 011 2501474Fax : (094) 0112592287E-mail : tisl@sltnet.lkWeb :www.tisrilanka.org

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isú,a iudchg ÿieß ^¥IK& úfrdaë ±kqu ,nd§fï wOHdmksl jevuq¿

j,§ fkdñf,a fnod§u i`oyd iïmdÈ;hs'

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wmf.a oelau (

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7

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w,a,i yd ÿießh ^¥IKh& rg u .s,.;a jHikhla nj yeu fokdu okakd lreKla jQj;a

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8

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9

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10

1Corruption hk jpkhg mdrsNdIsl jpkh f,i ¥IKh hkak fhfoa' bx.%Sis jpkh Ndú;d

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rka" ]§" uq;=" ueKsla msrjQ flKaähla w; ordf.k wkqrdOmqr

rdcOdksfha isg ud.ï mqrjrh olajd lsis} Wmøjhlska f;drj

;ksj .uka lss]ug yelshdj ;snqKs'

uydjxYh

11

iqms<smkak foaYhla f.dvke.Su

rgla l=¿Kq u; /§ we;s mshiaila iys; f.dvke.s,a,lg Wmud lsÍfuka

iqms<smkak foaYhl ks¾udKh ms<sn|j lreKq bÈßm;a l< yel'

l=¿Kq rod mj;skafka iudc idrO¾u yd ck;djf.a wjÈùu ±kqj;aùu& hk w;a;sjdru

u;h' w;a;sjdru iún, fkdjkafka kï l=¿Kq isriaj iu;=,s;j msysgkafka ke;'

cd;sl iqms<smkak jHQyh

National Integrity System

;sridr

ixj¾Okh

hy md,kh

ck;dj wjÈùu

iudc idrO¾u

kS;sfha

wdêm;Hh

Wiia

Ôjk

uÜgu

jHj

ia:dÿ

hl

h

úOdh

lh

wêl

rK

h

ú.

Kl

dêm;

s

TïnQâiauk

a

wëCIK

lK

avdh

ï

rdc

H fiajh

ck

udO

H

isú,a i

udc

h

fm!o

a.,sl

wxY

h

cd;

Hka;

r l

%shdl

d¯k

a

12

tla tla l=¿Kq ksfhdackh lrk wdh;k yd tajdfha ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx. j,ska

ì|la fufiah'

jHjia:dodhlh - idOdrK yd ksoyia ue;sjrK

úOdhlh - wdo¾Yu;aNdjh" n,h whq;= f,i Ndú;d fkdlsÍu

wêlrKh - iajdëk yd w§kNdjh" wmlaImd;S ùu

ú.Kdldêm;s - iajdëk ùu" n,mEï j,ska úhqla; ùu" újD;j

jd¾;d jd¾;d lsÍu

Tïnqâiauka - iajdëk;djh" jd¾;d l<ukdlrKh

iqmÍlaIlhska - iajdëk yd w§k nj" n,d;aul l< yels iy

n,d;aul l, kS;s

rdcH fiajh - p¾hd moaO;sh

ckudOH - ksoyia yd iajdëk udOH wdh;k" f;dr;=re

±k.ekSfï whs;sh

isú,a iudch - woyia m%ldY lsÍfï whs;sh

fm!oa.,sl wxYh - wdh;ksl j.ùï;djh" idOdrK ;rÕldÍ;ajh'

wka;¾cd;sl l%shdldrSka - wk a;¾cd; sl iyfhd a. S;djh ^ffk;sl yd

wëlrKuh& ,nd§u

by; olajd we;s .=Kdx.u ;sìh hq;= njg kshuhla ke;' tA tA rfÜ foaYmd,ksl"

iudc yd wd¾Ól jd;djrKh u; tA tA .=Kdx. fjkiaúh yel'

fuu l=¿Kq u; ;sria w;g hy md,kh keue;s mshiai /§ mj;S' tu ;sria

mshiai u; ;sridr ixj¾Okh" kS;sfha wdêm;Hh yd ck;djf.a Wiia Ôjk uÜgu hk

f.da, ;=k iu;=,s;j mj;S'

hï fyhlska l=¿Kq Yla;su;aj ;snqKo w;a;sjdru ^iudc idrO¾u yd ck;dj

wjÈfhka isàu& ÿ¾j, jkafka kï l=¿Kq weo ù mshiai we, jkq we;'

tfukau w;a;sjdru iúu;a jQj;a l=¿Kq ÿ¾j, jQjfyd;a mshiai weo ù we, jkq

we;' tfiau mshiai ;sriaj msysàug kï l=¿Kq ish,a,u tl yd iudk Wilska ;sìh

hq;=h' tlla mrhd wfklla keÕS isàug ;e;al<fyd;a mshiai we, jkq we;'

13

l=¿Kq Yla;su;a ke;skï isÿjkafka l=ulao@

l=¿Kq Yla;su;a ke;skï mshiai u; we;s f.da, fmr,S ìug jeà iqkqúiqKq ù

hduhs' m%;sM,h foaYh úkdY ùuhs'

f,dalfha ÈhqKq hehs iïu; lsisu rgl iEu ld,hl§u fuu l=¿Kq iïmQ¾K

jYfhka Yla;su;aj msysgkafka ke;' l,ska l,g úúO mqoa.,hkaf.a whq;= l%shdldrlï

ta ta l=ˆKq ksfhdackh lrk wdh;khkays olakg ,efí' tkuq;a jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka

iEuúgu iudc idrO¾u yd ck;dj wjÈfhka isàu keue;s w;a;sjdru b;d Yla;su;aj

mej;Suhs' tneúka l=¿Kq lsysmhla ÿ¾j, jQj;a mshiai iudka;rj ;nd .ekSug

yelshdj ,eî we;s w;r whq;= mqoa.,hka bj;a lrùu u.ska l=ˆKq h:d ;;ajhg m;a

lsrSug uyck u;h m%n,h'

tfia fyhska idrO¾u imsß iudchl wjÈfhka hq;= ck;djla we;s lr .ekSfuka

iqms,smkak foaYhla f.dvke.Sug iúu;a w;a;sjdrula fjuq'

´kEu rgl ´kEu ld,hl ck;djf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=j Wiia Ôjk uÜgulska

hq;=j iu.sfhka yd iudodkfhka Ôj;a ùuhs' ksùiekis,af,a Ôj;a jkjd f,i wm

iudcfha mjikafka fuh h' rgl ck;djf.a Ôjk uÜgu ukskq ,nkafka udkj

ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh u.sks' udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylhg mdol lr.kq ,nkafka Wmf;a§

wdhq wfmalaIdj" jeäysá idlaIr;djh" tAl mqoa., o< foaYSh ksIamdokh" wdhq wfmalaIdj"

wOHdmksl uÜgu hkd§ lreKqh'

hy md,kh

iqmÍ

laIl

hska

jHj

ia:dÿ

hl

h

úOdh

lh

wêl

rK

h

ú.

Kl

dêm;

s

TïnQâiauk

a

wëCIK

l

Kavdh

ï

rcH

fiajh

ck

udO

H

isú,a i

udc

h

14

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ixj¾Ok jevigyk u.ska rgj,a 170 la i|yd 2002

j¾Ih mdol fldg ms<sfh, lrk ,o 2004 udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh wdY%fhka f;dard

.;a rgj,a lsysmhl udkj ixj¾Okh my; mßÈ fõ'

iqms<smkak foaYhla lrd hk .ukg ndOd fudkjdo@

iqms<smkak foaYhla ìyslr.ekSug we;s ndOl w;ßka m%Odk;u ndOlh jkafka

ÿießhhs ^¥IKhhs&'

rg ia:dkh

Wmf;a§

wdhq

wfmalaIdj

wjq(

jeäysá

idlaIr;dj

^]&

tAl mqoa.,

o< foaYsh

ksIamdokh

^PPP USS)

wdhq

wfmalaIdfõ

o¾Ylh

wOHdmksl

o¾Ylh

udkj

ixj¾Ok

o¾Ylh

by, udkj ixj¾ê;

rgj,a

fkd¾fõ

iaùvkh

´iafÜ%,shdj

we't'c'

cmdkh

fydxfldx

isx.mamQrej

ol=Kq fldßhdj

uOHu udkj ixj¾ê;

rgj,a

fulaisfldaj

uef,aishdj

refïkshdj

;dhs,ka;h

ms,smSkh

Y%S ,xldj

bkaÿkSishdj

my, udkj ixj¾ê;

rgj,a

nx.,dfoaYh

khsÔßhdj

wekaf.da,dj

b;sfhdamshdj

1

2

3

8

9

23

25

28

53

59

69

76

83

96

111

138

151

166

170

78'9

80'6

79'1

77'0

81'5

79'9

78'0

75'4

73'3

73'0

70'5

69'1

69'8

72'5

66'6

61'1

51'6

40'1

45'5

99'0

99'0

99'0

99'0

99'0

93'5

92'5

97'9

90'5

88'7

97'3

92'6

92'6

92'1

87'9

41'1

66'8

42'0

41'5

36"600

26"050

28"260

35"750

26"940

26"910

24"040

16"950

8"970

9"120

6"560

7"010

4"170

3"570

3"230

1"700

860

2"730

780

0'90

0'92

0'90

0'87

0'94

0'91

0'88

0'84

0'81

0'80

0'76

0'74

0'75

0'79

0'69

0'60

0'44

0'25

0'34

0'99

0'99

0'99

0'97

0'94

0'86

0'91

0'97

0'85

0'83

0'88

0'86

0'89

0'83

0'80

0'45

0'59

0'38

0'39

0'956

0'946

0'946

0'939

0'938

0'903

0'902

0'888

0'802

0'793

0'778

0'768

0'753

0'740

0'692

0'509

0'466

0'381

0'359

15

ÿießh ^¥IKh& ixj¾Okh i|yd jQ uqo,a

fjk;a Èidjkag fhduq lsÍu u.ska ck;djf.a

uQ, sl wjYH;djhka iemhSug rch

wfmdfydi;a ùu" widOdrKhg bv ,eîu

yd úfoaY wdfhdack iy wdOdr ,eîug ndOd

meñKùu u.ska ÿmam;a ck;dj ±ä f,i

widOdrKhg ,la lrh s ’'

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uy f,alï fld*S wkka

úiska tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd uKav,fha§ tlai;a

cd;Skaf.a ÿieß ¥IK& u¾Ok m%{ma;sh bÈßm;a

lrñka lrk ,o m%ldYh'

by< uÜgfï foaYmd,lfhda;a Tjqkaf.a i.fhda;a

,efnk iEu wjia:djlskau jdis w;alr .ekSu

fkdlvjd lrf.k h;s' ÿieß ^¥Is;& jHdmdßlhka

yd tlaj Tjqyq ish¨u cd;Ska ÿ.S nfjys ysrlr ;nñka

tu rgj, mj;ajd .; yels ixj¾Okhg wjysr lr;s'

ÿießh ^¥IKh& f,dalfha ÿ.S rgj, muKla fkdj

ÈhqKqjk rgj, wdfhdackh lrk iud.ï ysñ rgj,o

b;d wk;=reodhl f,i wêlj mj;S'

mSg¾ whs.ka g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kfha

wdrïNl iNdm;s' 2002 ÿieß ¥IK& ixcdkk o¾Ylh

t<s±laùfï Wf<f,a§'

¥IKh rgg foaj fldamh ,nd foa' Wmam;a;s 6 (5-6

“Corruption brings God’s Wrath”. Genesis 6:5-6

16

ÿießh ^¥IKh& hkq mejÍ we;s n,;, wksis f,i ;u fm!oa.,sl ,dN

m%fhdack i|yd fhdod .ekSuhs'

tu.ska"

� uyck iqN isoaêh fkdj fm!oa.,sl ,dN m%fhdack .ek is;d n,d ;SrK .ekSu

isÿ lrhs'

� m%cd;dka;%sl wdh;k ÿ¾j, lrñka wksis n, jHdma;sh we;s lrhs' tu.ska tu

wdh;k flfrys ck;d úYajdih iy iyfhda.h ì| jefÜ'

� ñ," .=Kd;aul Ndjh jeks idOl u; mokï jk idOdrK ;rÕldÍ;ajh

mfil oud" f.jkq ,nk fldñia uqo, u; ;SrKh jk fj<| ;rÕldÍ;ajhg

u. mdoñka idOdrK jHdmdßlhd mfilg weo ouhs'

� iajNdúl mßirhg ;¾ck we;s lrhs' mßirh iq/lSfï ixúOdk ÿieß ¥Is;&

jQ úg udkj ixj¾Okfha uQ,sl moku lvd jefÜ'

� udkj whs;sjdislï W,a,x.khùï nyq, fõ' ÿieß ^¥IK& l%shd jeäùu;a iu.

rdcHhl ryia l%shdldrlï jeä fõ' tu.ska uQ,sl iudc yd wd¾Ól whs;Ska

;¾ckhg ,la lrhs'

� úfYaIfhkau ÈhqKq fjñka mj;sk rgj,ays ,laI ixLHd; ck;djf.a wdydr"

wOHdmkh" fi!LH yd hqla;sh mis|,Su wdoS uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï j,g ndOd

lrñka hym;a Èú meje;aulg we;s whs;sh ke;slr ouhs'

uQ,dY%h-g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kfha m;%sldj 2003

ÿießh ^¥IKh& msgqoelSfuka f;drj iqms<smkak foaYhla Wodlr.; fkdyel'

jxpdj hkq /jàfuka" fndre lSfuka iy lreKq jrojd

fmkaùfuka wkqkaf.a fohla ;u jdishg .ekSuhs' fndreldrh

jekfikq we;' - ysf;damfoaYh 19 ( 9 Y=oaO nhsn,h

"Fraud is decepption, lying and misrepresenting facts in

order to take from others gain for self and he who tells

lies will perish" - Proverbs 19:9

17

ÿießh ¥IKh& yd ixj¾Okh

rgj,a lsysmhl rdcH kdhlhska úiska isÿlr we;s uyck uqo,a jxpdjkays

weia;fïka;= .; lrk ,o uqo,a jákdlu tu rfgys tal mqoa., wdodhu iu.

ixikaokh lsÍfuka ÿießh ^¥IKh& ksid rgl ixj¾Okhg isÿjk ydksh ms,sn|

wjfndaO lr.; yels fõ'

* fudnqgq úiska fidrlï lrk ,o uqo, ihf¾ rdcHfha iïmQ¾K úfoaY Khm%udKhg jvd jeäh'

* yhsÜ rdcHfha vqje,sh¾ úiska fidrlï lrk ,o uqo, rfÜjd¾Isl whjefhka 87] ls'

uQ,dY%h (- úYaj ÿießh ^¥IK& jd¾;dj 2004' g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a

fudfyduâ iqy¾f;da-ckdêm;s- 1967-98

1' m¾äkkaä ud¾fld ai a -ckdêm;s -1972-862' fcdaYma tiag%dvd-ckdêm;s1998-2001

fudnqgq fiiS fiflda-ckdêm;s 1965-97

iekS wndpd-ckdêm;s1993-98

iaf,dfndvdka ñf,dafiúla-ckdêm;s 1989-2000

Ôk a l af,d aâ v q ~je, sh¾-ckdêm;s 1971-86

we, an¾fgd a m sh qc s fu dß-ckdêm;s 1990-2000

meúfhda ,ei/kaflda-w.ue;s 1996-97

wd¾fkda,aâ w,sudka-ckdêm;s 1997-2002

ì,shk 15-35

ì,shk 5-10

ñ,shk 78-80

ì,shk 5

ì,shk 2-5

ì,shk 1

ñ,shk 300-800

ñ,shk 600

ñ,shk 114-200

ñ,shk 100

695

912

99

319

okS$fkdokS

460

2051

766

490

rg rdcH kdhlhd jxpdlr we;s uqo,

we't'c' fvd,¾

bkaÿkSishdj

ms,smSkh

ihf¾

khsÔßhdj

i ¾ ì h d $hqf.diaf,daúhd

yhsÜ

fmare

hqlaf¾kh

ksl.=rejd

tAl mqoa.,wdodhu ^2001&we't'c' fvd,¾

18

• ,xldj o uE; b;sydih ;=, § rg ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd úúO jHdmD;s l%shd;aul

lrk ,o w;r fndfyda úg tajd foaYmd,k igka mdG f,i o Ndú;d lrk ,§'

tfy;a "wm rgg ;sridr ixj¾Okhla ,nd.; fkdyels jQfha wehs@

mia wjqreÿ ie,eiau ^1972-1977& wid¾:l jqfka wehs@

ksjy,a O¾ñIag iudchla ^1977-1989& ìys fkdjqfka wehs@

ke;sneß wh" we;s yels wh ^1989-1993& lsrSug fkdyels jqfka wehs@

1994 ka miq rg fmrg fkd.sfha wehs@

2002 § rg msìoùug fkdyels jQfha wehs@

2005 ka miq w¿;a • ,xldjla ìys jqkdo@

fï ish,a,gu mss<s;=re wmf.a m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaI fofla kdhlhskaf.a u;=

oelafjk m%ldY j,ska wmg fkd,efnkafka o@

¥IKh jQ l,S ixj¾Okh iy wd¾Ól ÈhqKQj wvd,

lrjk m%Odk idOlhls' th M,odhs;ajh fjkqfjka

lrkq ,nk wdfhdack ÿ¾j, lrhs' tu.ska fmdÿ

m%;sm;a;s W,a,x>Kh lrkq ,nhs' ¥IKh iudc yd

foaYmd,k Ôú;fha we;s ish¨ idOdrK foa ksYaM,

ld¾hhka njg m;a lrhs'

tu ksid wms ¥IKhg tfrysj cd;sl jHdmdrhla Èh;a

lruq' wmf.a foaYmd,ksl yd wd¾Ól l%shdldÍ;ajh

jeäfofkl=f.a hym;g fya;=jk wdldrhg mq¿,a

lsÍfï m%;sm;a;shg wj;S¾K fjuq' ish¨fokdu úiska

ms<s.;a Í;Ska wkqj lghq;= lsÍfï jd;djrKhla we;s

lsÍfuka Yla;su;a m%cd;ka;%jdohla iys; hym;a

iudchla f.dvk.uq'

ckdêm;s uyskao rdcmlaI

19

w,a,i iy ¥IKh hkq iuia; rdcH foayfhau

we;s ms<s,hls' rdcH fukau fm!oa.,sl wdh;khkays

jeo.;au .=Kdx. tu.ska úkdY lrñka tu wdh;kj,

j¾Okh yd rfÜ ixj¾Okh wvd, lr m%cd;ka;%jd§

rdcH md,kh ÿ¾j, lrhs'

rdcH md,k ;ka;%fha fyda foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha

ljr kï fyda uÜgul isákakka jQjo w,a,ia fokakka

fukau .kakka o iyuq,skau ;=rka l< hq;=hs'

kS;sh yd iduh rlsk hym;a mqrjeishkaf.ka hq;a

iudchl wd¾Ól j¾Okfha hym;a m%;sM, ±lsh yelafla

túghs'

rks,a úl%uisxy - úmlaI kdhl

2005'08'26 Èk nKavdrkdhl cd;Hka;r iïuka;%K Yd,dfõ§ mej;s tlai;a

cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Ok jevigyk hgf;a w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIkaiNdj n, .ekaùfï jHdmD;sh t<s±laùfï Wf<f,a§ tjlg .re w.%dud;H;=udf.a

l:dfjka iy .re úmlaI kdhl;=udf.a mKsúvfhka Wmqgd .kakd ,§'

ÿießh ^¥IKh& i|yd mdrsNdIsl jpk

iudcfha jvd;au m%p,s; f,i olakg ,efnk ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& m%fNaoh

w,a,ihs' w,a,i hkak ’w;a,i¶ hk jpkfhka ìoS wd jpkhls'

f,dalh mqrd w,a,i i|yd Ndú;d jk kï úúOdldrh

� ,xldj - m.dj, ……………

� ol=Kq bkaoshdj - ikaf;daiï

� ngysr wm%sldj - Dash - vEIa

� b;d,sh - ‘La bustarella’ (a little envelope) - mqxÑ ,shqï

ljrhla

� kjiS,ka;h - Graft - §ukdjla

� hqfrdamh$weursldj - “Oil the palm” - w;a,g f;,a ±óu'

“Grease Money” - .%Sia uqo,a

20

w,a,i bx.%Sis NdIdfjka Bribe f,i fhfoa' Bribe hk jpkh merKs m%xY

NdIdfjka bx.%Sis NdIdjg tlajQ jpkhls' merKs m%xY NdIdjg wkqj ’Bribe¶ hkjpkfha w¾:h ysÕkakdg fok mdka lene,a,ls'

m.dj hk jpkh mD;=.Sis NdIdfjka ,oaols' mD;=.Sis NdIdfjka mef.dajd^pagova& hkqfjka yÿkajkafka ,enqfõ kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk fohla lr .ekSug i|ydfokq ,enk uqo,ls'

m.dj Y%S ,dxlsl ck iudch ms<sl=,a iy.; fohla f,i i,lk nj idudkH

jHjydrfha§ ’crdj¶ f,i yeÈkaùfukau fmfka'

w,a,i jYfhka fok foa yrï neúka wms th Ndr fkd.kafkuq'

- u,sla 458 Y=oaO nhsn,h

"What you have offered as bribe is haram and we do

not accept it" - Malik 458

"ñksfil=f.ka w;a,ila .ekSu .jfhl= lKqjl neo

Wf.a msg fldkaog ;shqKq ie;lska weg ñÿ¨ ydrd

.kakjd jeksh'" Oïumo wgqjdj

21

w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj úiska 2002 j¾Ifha§ m%pdrh lrk ,o ±kaùuls'

22

fojk mßÉfþoh

wms ÿießh ^¥IKh& yÿkd .ksuq

ÿießh ^¥IKh& hkq l=ulao@

ÿießh ^¥IKh& hkq mejÍ we;s n,;, fm!oa.,sl ,dN m%fhdackh i|yd

wh:d f,i mßyrKh lsÍuhs' (Corruption means abuse of entrusted power for personal

gain.)

ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& úúO wdldr -

w,a,i ^Bribery&

hï ld¾hhla lsÍu ms<sn|j fyda hï ;SrKhla .ekSu ms<Sn|j whq;= f,i

n,mEï lsÍu i|yd hï jdishla ,nd§u" ,nd §ug fmdfrdkaÿ ùu fyda ,nd§ug

leue;a; m%ldY lsÍu w,a,ihs'

w,a,i u.ska jdish ,nkafka rcfha fiajlfhl=" fjk;a hï ;eke;af;l= fyda

hï wdh;khla úh yelsh'

foam< jxpd lsÍu ^Embezzlement&

ñka woyia jkafka iïm;a iy foam< ndrj isák ;eke;a;ka tu foam< ;u

fm!oa.,sl jdis i|yd fidrlï lsÍuhs'

WodyrKh (- .nvd Ndrlrefjl= ;ud Ndrfha we;s foam< úl=Kd uqo,a ,nd

.ekSu'

jxpdj ^Fraud&

jxpksl l%u Ndú;d lrñka ;udg ysñ fkdjk fohla ysñ f,i wkHhkag

fmkajd th jerÈ iy.; f,i ,nd .ekSu ke;fyd;a lreKq iÕjd ,nd.ekSu'

WodyrKh (- wdOdr fnod §fï§ fndre kï bÈßm;a fldg tu wdOdr ;ud i;=

lr.ekSu'

23

n,y;aldrfhka w;am;alr .ekSu ^Extrotion&

;u ks,n,h kS;s úfrdaë f,i Ndú;d lrñka n,y;aldrh mEfuka ;ud fj;

jdishla ,nd .ekSu'

WodyrKh(- ;udg hï jdishla i,iajkafka ke;skï" uyck fi!LHhg wys;lr

h hk moku u;" fydag,hla mj;ajdf.k hdu ;ykï lsÍug lghq;= lrk nj"

uyck fi!Lh mÍlaIljrfhl= úiska fydag,fha whs;slreg mejiSu u.ska udia m;d

hï uqo,la ,nd §ug fm<Uùu'

n,;, whq;= f,i Ndú;d lsÍu ^Abuse of Power&

hï ;eke;af;l=g whq;= iy.; jdishla fyda whq;= iy.; mdvqjla& isÿ lsÍfï

woyiska ;udg ysñ n,;, wh:d mßÈ Ndú;d lsÍu'

WodyrKh(- fgkav¾ m%odk l%shdj,sfha§" fgkavrh m%odkh lsÍug fmr" hï

ksYaÑ; fgkav¾lrefjl= yg fgkavrh ,nd §ug yelshdj we;a±hs fidhdn,k f,i

wud;Hjrfhl= úiska fgkav¾ uKav,hg fl,skau lSu fyda weÕùu'

wNsu;d¾: ms<s.egqu ^Conflict of Interest&

;udg fm!oa.,slj iïnkaO;djhla we;s ;eke;a;ka fyda wdh;k fj; jdisodhl

jk mßÈ ks, ;SrK .ekSu'

WodyrKh(- ;udf.a Nd¾hdj wOHlaIjßhla jk iud.ul fgkavrh ms,s.ekSu'

we;=,; fj,odu$ryis.; f;dr;=re wh:d mßyrKh ^Insider

trading/abuse of privileged information&

;udf.a rdcldrS iajNdjh wkqj oek .ekSug ,efnkakdjQ hï ryis.; f;dr;=rla

;udg fyda fjka wfhl=g ,dN m%fhdack ,nd.ekSu i|yd jxpd iy.; f,i fhdod

.ekSu'

WodyrKh (- hï NdKavhla i|yd bosrs oskl wdkhk noaola mekùug rch

;SrKh lr we;s nj tu NdKav wdkhkh lrk iud.ï lsysmhla w;=frka tla

iud.ulg l,a;nd oekqï §u'

24

wksis mlaImd;S;ajh ^Favouritism&

hï lreKla u; hï ;eke;af;l=g fyda lKavdhulg whq;= iy.; f,i

wkq.%yh oelaùu' fufia mlaI.%dyS ùfï§ i,ld n,kafka wd.u" cd;sh" Wmka m%foaYh"

foaYmd,k mlaImd;S;ajh wd§ ldrKd úh yel'

{d;s ix.%yh ^Nepotism&

;k;=re ,nd §fï§ fyda ;SrK .ekSfï§ ;udf.a {d;s ñ;%d§kag whq;= iy.;

jdis ie,fi mßÈ lghq;= lsÍu'

25

ÿießfha ¥IKfha& j¾.SlrKh

ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& j¾.SlrKÿießfha ^¥IKfha& j¾.SlrKÿießfha ^¥IKfha& j¾.SlrKÿießfha ^¥IKfha& j¾.SlrKÿießfha ^¥IKfha& j¾.SlrK

ÿießh ¥IKh& uev,Sfï§ iqúfYaIS jYfhka jeo.;ajk ÿießfha ¥IKfha& úúO

j¾.SlrKhka mßmd,k úoaj;=ka úiska y÷kdf.k we;' tu j¾.SlrKhkaf.ka lsysmhla

my;ska olajd we;'

uyd mßudK iy iq¿ mßudK ÿießh ^¥IKh& (

uyd mßudK ÿießh ¥IKh& fkdfyd;a foaYmd,kuh ¥IKh Grand corruption/Political

corruption& hkakg rcfha by< uÜgfï isÿjk ÿießh ¥IKh& we;=<;a jk w;r ck;djf.a

kdufhka kS;s iïmdokhg iy ilia lsÍug n,h mjrk ,o foaYmd,kuh ;SrK

.kakka Tjqkaf.a foaYmd,k n,h" Tjqkf.a m%;s,dN fjkqfjka kS;s ilialr .ekSug

fhdÞ hkakd wjia:djka fuhska woyia fõ'

fuu.ska hy md,kh, kS;sfha wdêm;Hh iy wd¾Ól ia:djr;ajh iïnkaOfhka jQ

úYajdikSh;ajh úYd, jYfhka ì| jeàulg ,la lrhs'

kso¾Ykh

remsh,a ì,shk 1000 l úhoñka wêfõ.S uyd ud¾.hla bÈlsÍug rch ;SrKh lrhs'

cd;Hka;r ñ< .Kka leojk ,o w;r m%ùKhkaf.a lKavdhula úiska ;dlaI‚l we.ehqu

isÿlrk ,§' jeäu ñ< .Kka bÈßm;a l< X keue;s iud.ug wud;Hjrhdf.a ±kqu

we;sj w;rueÈhl= m%fõY jQ w;r w;rueoshd yryd wud;Hjrhdg fldka;%d;a jákdlfuka

10] la ,nd fokafka kï fldka;%d;a;=j Tjqkg ,ndfok njg iy;sl úh' by<u ñ<

.Kka bÈßm;a lrk ,o wh tlS uqo,a Y%S ,xldfjka msg;§ f.ùug tlÕ úh' bka miq

±kqï§ulska f;drj ;dlaI‚l we.ehqï lñgqj úiqrejd yer kj lñgqjla m;a lrk ,§'

fuu lñgqj ish¿u wvq ñ< .Kka m%;slafIam lrk ,o w;r X keue;s iud.u úiska

bÈßm;a lrk ,o w¾mKh ^offer& ms<s.kakd ,§' m%Þkh lrk ,o fldka;%d;alrejka

jákdlfuka 10] l uqo, w;rueÈhd yryd fjk;a rgl§ wud;Hjrhd fj; ,nd fok

,§'

26

iq¿ mßudKfha ÿießh ^¥IK& fkdfyd;a ks<OdÍkaf.a ÿießh

^¥IKh& (Petty corruption/Bureucratric corruption) (

m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lrk wjêfha§ mßmd,k l%shdÞuh ;=< mj;sk ÿießhhs ^¥IKhhs&'

mqrjeishka rdcH mßmd,kh iy fiajdjkaf.ka ^wdfrda.H Yd,d" mdi,a" m%dfoaYSh ì,am;a

ld¾hd," fmd,Sish" nÿf.ùï wêldßka& Tjqkf.a ffoksl jev rdcldÍ bgq lr .ekSfï§

fuu j¾.fha ¥IK w;a ú£ug isÿjk w;r idudkHfhka iq¿ mßudKfha uqo,a m%udKhka

yqjudre ùfï§ ;uka leue;s ie<ls,a, olajk njg fmdfrdkaÿjkakkag iq¿ jdis ie<iSu

fï hgf;a isÿ fõ'

kso¾Ykh

frda.Sfhl=f.a ×;sfhl=g frda.Ska n,k fõ,djka msg fõ,djl§ frda.shd ne,Sug

frday,g we;=<;a ùug wjYH fõ' fÞrgqj Ndrlre iy wdrlaIl ks,Odßhd Tyqg

we;=¿ ùug bv fkdfoa' túg Tyq fÞrgqNdrlreg iy wdrlaIl ks<Odßhdg re' 20

ne.ska ,ndfok w;r tAjd ,ndf.k Tjqka Tyqg frday,g we;=¿ ùug bv i,ihs'

iafjÉPdfjka isÿlrk iy n,y;aldrfhka isÿjk ÿießh

^¥IKh&' (Voluntary/Extortion)

mlaImd;S;ajhla wfmalaIdfjka iy jdishla ,nd .ekSfï wruqfKka mqoa.,hka

ks<OdÍka fj; m%fõY jk w;r Tjqkf.a lsisÿ n,mEulska f;drj iafõÉpdfjka ;E.s

m%Þkh lsÍu isÿfõ' iuyr wjia:djkays§ w,a,ia ,ndfokakka f.a mSvkhg ks<Odßhd

k;= jk w;r tjeks wjia:djka iafõÉpdfjka isÿ flfrk w,a,ila jYfhka ie<fla'

iuyr wjia:djkays§ kS;Hdkql+, fyda rdcldÍuh lghq;a; bgq lsÍug ,nd Èh hq;=

NdKav fyda fjk;a oE ks<Odßhd úiska b,a,d isà' tjeks b,a,Sula mokï jQ ÿießh

^¥IKh& n,y;aldrfhka isÿjk ÿießhls ^¥IKhls&' úfYaIfhkau ÿieß ^¥IK& úfrdaê

wdh;khka f;dr;=re tla/ia lr .ekaug fndfyda úg wfmdfydi;a ùu ksid iafjÉPdfjka

isÿ lrkq ,nk ÿießh ^¥IKh& uev,Sug ÿIalr nj fndfyda úg fmkS f.dia we;'

kso¾Ykh

<ufhl= mdi,g we;=<;a lsÍfï§ wÞ< kS;Sj,g msáka lsisÿ ;Hd.hla fyda uqo,la

ms<s.ekSug cd;sl mdi,l úÿy,am;sjrfhla m%;slafIam lrhs' fuf,i uqo,a ,nd.ekSu

m%;slafIam lrk úÿy,am;sjrhd wÞ, fouõmshka úiska fmd<Ujd.kakd w;r

wjidkfha§ fouõmshkaf.a n,lsÍu fya;=fjka iy úÿy,am;sjrhdg iïnkaO Tyqf.a

×;sfhla fyda hy¿fjla ud¾.fhka Tyqf.a ksji ioyd f.dvke.s,s øjH ms<s.kS'

<uhd mdi,g we;=<;a lr .ekSu ioyd úÿy,am;sjrhd f.dvke.s,s øjH b,a,d isáfha

kï fuu ;;a;ajh fjkia fõ'

ÿießh ^¥IKh& iïnkaOj ks;r kef.k m%YaK j,g ms<s;=re i|yd Wm

.%ka:h 2 n,kak

27

ol=Kq wdishd;sl rgj,ays ¥IKfha fmdÿ .=Kdx.

01' my< ;,fha muKla fkdj by< ;,fha o l%shd;aul fõ'

tneúka ixj¾Ok m%uqL;d m%;sm;a;s iy jHdmD;s j,g wod< uQ,sl ;SrK u;

úkdYldrS n,mEula we;s lrhs'

02' ¥IK uqo,a frdao fkdj ;gq ,nd we;'

oshqKQ rgl ¥IKfhkA Wmhk uqo,a fndfyda wjia:d j,oS wdfhdackh jkafka tu

rg ;=,uh' tkuq;a ol=Kq wdishdfõ ¥IKfhka Wmhk uqo,a fndfyda úg wdfhdackh

jkafka oshqKq rgj,a j,h'

03' isrf.h fkdj Wiiaùï ,nhs'

fndfyda úg ¥IK oe,g yiqjkafka f;dareka fudareka fkdj yd,aueiaikah' boysg

f;dare fudare yiq jQj;a l=uk fyda l%uhlska ovqjulska f;drj wjidkfhaoS

ksoyi ,nhs'

04' ñ,shk 515 lska iukaú; ÿmam;a ck.ykhla ;=< l%shd;aul fõ'

• ,xldfõ ÿmam;alfï f¾Ldfjka my," tkï osklg weurslka fvd,¾ follg

jvd wdodhula fkd,nk mjq,a 25] la we;'

ol=Kq wdishdfõ ¥IK uev,Su hkq fmdÿ ckd;jf.a cSú; fírd.ekSuhs'

¥IKh ukqIH;ajhg tfrys idmrdë jrols'

28

;=kajk mßÉfþoh

ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& m%;súmdl

ÿießh ^¥IKh&

� iudc" wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,ksl w¾nqo we;s lrhs'

� ,laI ixLHd; ck;dj ÿlaÅ; ;;ajhg m;a lr id.skaorfhka ;nhs'

� kS;sh yd iudc ixysÈhdj ì| ouhs'

� udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh lrhs'

� iudc widOdrKh we;s lrhs'

� rfÜ ixj¾Okh i|yd fhdojk uqo,a mqoa., ixj¾Okhg fhoùu u.ska rfÜ

ixj¾Okh mud lrhs'

� ck;djf.a uQ,sl wjYH;djka jk wdydrmdk" bÿï ysgqï yd /lS rlaId iemhSug

rch wfmdfydi;a lrjhs'

� rcfha wdodhu wysñ lsÍu iy rdcH úhou jeä lsÍu u.ska NdKav ñ, by,

hdug i,iajhs'

� rfÜ Woaoukh jeä lrjhs'

� wmrdOlrejkag .e,ùug bvlv ie,eiaùu u.ska wmrdO jeä lrhs'

� úfoaY wdfhdack yd úfoaY wdOdr ,eîu j<lajhs'

� kS;shg .re lsÍu ìojeà rg wrdðl ;;ajhg m;alrhs'

29

rch flfrys uyck úYajdih ì|jeàu

ÿießfha ¥IKfha& M,úmdlhla f,i rch flf¾ uyck úYajdih ìojeàfuka

iuia: iudchu wk;=rg m;aùfï wjodku lS¾;sOr jHdmdßlfhl= jk yegka keIk,a

nexl=fõ iNdm;s ßhkais úfÊ;s,l uy;d olsk whqre (-

’ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& yd n,h whq;= f,i fhoùfï úmdl wmf.a foaYmd,k

kdhl;ajh fkdmudj f;areï .ekSu rfÜ hym;g fya;=fõ' tfia fkdjkafka kï jerÈ

ud¾.hg fhduq l,d jQo" wkaOdkqldrfhka lghq;= l<djQ o ;reKhska úiska fkdj"

hym;a mqrjeishka jYfhka iemj;a Ôú;hla .; lsÍfï whs;sh meyer .kakd ,o"

W.;a" nqoaêu;a iy ksjerÈ ±laula iys; ;reK le,la úiska Èh;a lrkq ,nk le/

,a,lg kqÿre wkd.;fha§u uqyqK §ug wmg isÿjkq we;¶

ßhkais úfÊ;s,l- ,xld uka;a,s vhsfÊiaÜ - 2003 cQks l,dmh

" The sooner our political leadership realizes the

consequences of corruption and abuse of power,

the better it is for our country. If not, Sri Lanka,

in the near future, is likely to find itself on the

brink of another insurgency - led not by some

misguided group blindly following and

ideology, but by right - thinking educated young

people who have been deprived of the

opportunity of leading decent lives as law-

abiding citizen."

-Reinzie Wijethileke- LMD June 2003

30

ÿießh ^¥IKh& ñksia Ôú; ì,s.kakd whqre

;=¾ls fÄojdplh

1. The costs of corruption

by; oelafjkafka 1999 j¾Ifha ;=¾lsfha isÿ jq N+ñlïmdj ksid úkdY jQ uy,a ksjdi ixlS¾Khls' ta

wi,skau we;s uy,a f.dvke.s,a,g ydks ù ke;af;a N+ñlïmdj,g Tfrd;a;= fok ksis m%ñ;sfhka th

;kd we;s ksidh' kuq;a ydkshg m;a jQ uy,a ksjdi ixlS¾Kh ÿieß ¥IK& l%shdjkaf.a m%;sM,hla f,i

ksis m%ñ;sfhka bÈlrk ,oaola fkdjk nj ;yjqre ù we;'

^uQ,dY%h - g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a úYaj ¥IK jd¾;dj- 2005&

ñksiaiq N+ñlïmd ksid fkduefrk kuq;alvdjefgk f.dvke.s,s ksid ñh h;s'

31

ck wjOdkhg t;rï ,la fkdjqKQ › ,xldfõ

fÄojdplhla'

Èjhsk 2005'08'09

Èjhsk 2005'10'01

Èjhsk

32

ÿießh ^¥IKh& yd ixj¾Okh

ÿießh ^¥IKh& rgl ixj¾Okh wvd, lrkjd muKla fkdj iuyr úgl§ixj¾Ok wdmiq yrjd mßydksh lrd .uka lrùug fya;= ldrl fõ'

f,dalfha rgj,a ixj¾ê;" ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk yd W!k ixj¾ê; rgj,af,i j¾. ;=klg fnod we;s w;r fuu rgj,a j, ÿießh ¥IKh& mej;Sfï uÜgu"rfÜ ixj¾Ok uÜgu iu. ixikaokh lsÍfuka ÿießh ^¥IKh& u¾okh lr we;sm%udKhg rg ixj¾Okh ù we;snj fydodldrju ±lsh yel'

uQ,dY%h (- • ,xldfõ iudc yd wd¾Ól o;a; 2004- • ,xld uy nexl=j'

ÿieß ¥IK& ixcdkk o¾Yl-g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a

¥IK ixcdkk o¾Ylhudkj

ixj¾Oko¾Ylh2002

tal mqoa.,ksIamdokhwe't'c'

fvd,¾ 2002 2002 2003 2004 2005rg

ixj¾ê; rgj,a

fkda¾fõ

iaùvkh

TiafÜ%,shdj

cmdkh

mska,ka;h

fydxfldx

isx.mamQrej

ol=Kq fldrshdj

ixj¾Okh

fjñka mj;sk

rgj,a

fulaisfldaj

uef,aishdj

refïkshdj

;dhs,ka;h

ms,smSkh

• ,xldj

bkaÿkSishdj

W!k ixj¾ê; rgj,a

nx.a,dfoaYh

khsÔßhdj

wekaf.da,dj

rgj,a ixLHdj

1

2

3

9

13

23

25

28

53

59

69

76

83

96

111

138

151

166

170

24,806

36,600

26,050

28,260

26,940

26,190

26,910

24,040

16,950

8,970

9,120

6,560

7,010

4,170

3,570

3,230

1,700

860

2,730

8.9(8)

9.2(6)

8.8(9)

6.9(24)

9.7(1)

8.0(16)

9.3(5)

4.5(47)

3.6(64)

5.0(39)

2.9(87)

3.6(64)

2.6(102)

3.5(67)

2.0(133)

1.5(145)

1.5(144)

2.0(133)

145

8.5(12)

9.3(5)

8.6(11)

7.1(20)

9.7(1)

8.2(14)

9.3(5)

4.5(40)

3.6(57)

4.9(33)

2.6(74)

3.2(64)

2.6(77)

3.7(52)

1.9(96)

1.2(102)

1.6(101)

1.7(98)

102

8.8(8)

9.3(6)

8.8(8)

7.0(21)

9.7(1)

8.0(14)

9.4(5)

4.3(50)

3.6(64)

5.2(37)

2.8(83)

3.3(70)

2.5(92)

3.4(66)

1.9(122)

1.3(133)

1.4(132)

1.8(124)

133

8.9(8)

9.2(6)

8.8(9)

7.3(21)

9.6(2)

8.3(15)

9.4(5)

5.0(40)

3.5(65)

5.1(39)

3.0(85)

3.8(59)

2.5(117)

3.2(78)

2.2(137)

1.7(158)

1.9(152)

2.0(151)

158

2006 2007

8.8(8)

9.2(6)

8.7(9)

7.6(17)

9.6(1)

8.3(15)

9.4(5)

5.1(42)

3.3(70)

5.0(44)

3.1(84)

3.6(63)

2.5(121)

3.1(84)

2.4(130)

2.0(156)

2.2(142)

2.2(142)

163

8.7(9)

9.3(4)

8.6(11)

7.5(17)

9.4(1)

8.3(14)

9.3(4)

5.1(43)

3.5(72)

5.1(43)

3.7(69)

3.3(84)

2.5(131)

3.2(94)

2.3(143)

2.0(162)

2.2(147)

2.2(147)

179^¥IK ixLHd;

o¾Ylhg wod,&

33

rgl }ie]h ^¥IK& uÜgu ukskafka flfiao@

hï rgl mj;sk ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& uÜgu uek ne,Su i|yd we;s o¾Ylh

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a ys ÿieß ¥IK& ixcdkk o¾Ylhhs' Corruption Perception

Index&' iólaIK l%u 10 la weiqfrka tla tla rfÜ ÿießh ^¥IKh& mej;Su ms<Sn|

o;a; /ialr tla tla rg ysñ ,l=Kq m%udKh ;SrKh lrkq ,efí' ,l=KQ mrdih

ìkaÿfõ ^0& isg oyh ^10& olajd jk w;r wka; ¥Is; kï ,l=Kq 0 la ,efnk w;r

ÿießfhka ^¥IKfhka& iïmQ¾Kfhkau f;dr kï ,l=Kq 10 la ,efí' jryka ;=, olajd

we;af;a tla tla j¾Ifha§ ,enQ ,l=Kq m%udKh wkqj tA tA rg ,nd.;a ia:dkhhs'

ÿießh ^¥IKh& ms<sn| i,ld ne,Sfï§ jeo.;a jkafka ,l=Kq m%udKh jk w;r

ia:dkh fkdfõ' ukao tla tla j¾Ihg mdol jk rgj,a ixLHdj wkqj ia:dkh fjkia

jk neúks'

wdishd;sl rgj,ays wd¾Ól o¾Ylhka yd ÿieß ¥IK& ixcdkk o¾Ylh w;r ixikaokh

^we't'c' fvd,¾& 2001

¥IK ixcdkk o¾Ylho< foaYShtalmqoa.,

^wdodhu we't'c'fvd,¾& 2002

tal mqoa.,l%hYla;sh^we't'c'

fvd,¾& 20012002 2003 2004 2005

rg

isx.mamQrej

fydxfldx

cmdkh

uef,aishdj

o'fldßhdj

• ,xldj

Ökh

;dhs,ka;h

bkaÈhdj

ms,smSkh

mdlsia:dkh

bkaÿkSishdj

nx.,dfoaYh

21,500

25,330

25,610

9,120

16,950

880

890

1,940

480

1,030

420

690

360

22,850

25,550

25,560

9,068

17,380

3,260

3,976

6,230

2,820

4,070

1,860

2,830

1,600

9.3

8.0

6.9

5.0

4.5

3.5

3.4

3.6

2.8

2.6

2.1

2.0

1.5

9.3

8.2

7.1

4.9

4.5

3.7

3.5

3.2

2.7

2.6

2.1

1.9

1.2

9.4

8.0

7.0

5.2

4.3

3.4

3.4

3.3

2.8

2.5

2.5

1.9

1.3

9.4

8.3

7.3

5.1

5.0

3.2

3.2

3.8

2.9

2.5

2.1

2.2

1.7

2006 2007

9.4

8.3

7.6

5.0

5.1

3.1

3.3

3.6

3.3

2.5

2.2

2.4

2.0

9.4

8.3

7.5

5.1

5.1

3.2

3.5

3.3

3.5

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.0

34

ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& Y%S ,xld uqyqKqjr

^2002$2003 ú.Kldêm;s jd¾;dj&

ud¾. ixj¾Okh wêldßh

weia;fïka;= .; lrk ,o m%udKh blaujd jeh lrk ,o remsh,a 143"914"306

la Khlrejka hg;g we;=,;a lr ;snqKo wdmiq ,nd .ekSug yelsfõo hkak iel

iys;h'

uQ,H m%ldYk j, yd wod, Wmf,aLk w;r remsh,a 14"674"037 l fjki

meyeÈ,s lr fkdue;'

Khlrejka 444 fofkl=f.ka remsh,a 15"777"354 la jir mylg jeä ld,hla

;siafia whlrf.k fkdue;'

f¾.= fomd¾;fïka;=j

2000 jir i|yd jk remsh,a 15"079"115 msßjegqï noao iy remsh,a 22"903"444

jk cd;sl wdrlaIl noao l¿;r yd .d,a, m%dfoaYSh ld¾hd, u.ska tl;= lr ke;'

cd;sl rlaIK ixia:dj

2002 jir ;=,§ cd;sl rlaIK ixia:dfõ fldgia m%d.aOkfha 39] úlsKsfï§

remsh,a ñ,shk 56'6 l mdvqjla lr we;'

kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh

1996 isg 2000 olajd ld,h ;=, remsh,a 429"450"000 uqo,la iud.ï 4 l

wdfhdackh lr ;snqKo 2003-02-31 olajd ta i|yd ,dNdxY lsisjla ,eî fkd;snqKs'

35

› ,xld uyje,s wêldßh

� iel lghq;= yd y÷kdfkd.;a yr yd ner fYaIhkaf.a uq¿ tl;=j ms<sfj,ska

remsh,a ñ,shk 3'424"889 la yd remsh,a ñ,shk 3'75 ls'

� .sKqï 8 l ;snQ meyeÈ,s lsÍula fkdlrk ,o fjki remsh,a ñ,shk 276'880

úh'

� remsh,a ñ,shk 11"079'883 la jQ lreKq 13 la iïnkaOfhka ú.Kkh lsÍu

i|yd idlaIs fkdùh'

� lsisÿ m%;s,dNhla fkdue;sj lr ;snQ wdfhdackhkaf. m%udKh remsh,a ñ,shk

21"133 la úh'

� wdodhï tl;=j wi;=gqodhl jQ w;r tl;= lrk ,o remsh,a ñ,shk 39'397 l

uqo,la wêldßh fj; hjd fkd;snqKs'

� .KqfoKq 6 la iïnkaOj y÷kd.;a mdvqj re' ñ,shk 172'56 ls'

Wmqgd .ekSu -

• ,xldfõ w,a,i yd ¥IKh - kS;sh yd kS;sfha l%shdldÍ;ajh - udkj ysñlï iy ixj¾Okh

ms<sn| kS;sfõ§ ixúOdkfha wOHhk jd¾;dj - 2005 fkdjeïn¾' 75-79 msgq

36

y;rjk mßÉfþoh

ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& fya;=

ÿießh ^¥IKh& isÿjkafka wehs@

ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& md¾Yj folls' b,a¨u yd iemhqu kHdh u; md¾Yjhka

l%shd;aul fõ'

fuu tla tla ;eke;a;ka ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& fldgialrejka ùu úúOdldr úh

yelsh'

� Ôj;a ùug iß,k jegqmla fkd,nk rdcH fiajlfhl= ;u wd¾Ól ÿIalr;dj

ksidu fok fohla ndr .ekSug fm<ôh yel'

� fldmuK ,enqK;a uÈ ksid ;udg ,efnk ´kEu wjia:djlska ;udf.a u,a,

mqrjd .kakd wkaofï rdcH fiajlhska ´kE ;rï we;'

� foaYmd,ksl lghq;= ^ue;sjrK jHdmdrh& i|yd w;s úYd, uqo,a iïNdrhla

wjYH jk fyhska tu úhoï mshjd .ekSug" leue;af;ka úhoï lrk ;eke;a;kaf.ka

uqo,a ,nd .ekSug" foaYmd,k n,OdrSka fm<ôh yel'

� ch.%yKh lsÍug bv we;s foaYmd,k mlaI ish,a,gu ue;sjrK wruqo,a

imhd tu.ska ljqre n,hg m;a jQj;a ;u lghq;= lrjd .kakd jHdmdßlhska

isáh yel'

fmdÿ ck;djfldka;%d;alrejka$

jHdmdrslhkaish¨u wdldrfhaksfhdacs;fhda

iemhqu Supply

rdcH ks,OdrSkafoaYmd,k n,OdrSka

cd;Hka;r ydfoaYSh ks, ;ka;%hka

b,a u Demand

37

� kS;s úfrdaë lghq;= lsÍfï§ we;s jk ndOd wju lsÍu i|yd ks¾f,daNSj

úhoï lsÍug leu;s iy ta ksidu ìh iel fkdue;sj wiSñ; ,dN ,eîug

lghq;= i,iajd .kakjqka isáh yel'

� n,Odßhd b,a,k foa fkdÿkafkd;a ;udg lsisjla fkd,efnk ksidfjka iy

l¿.,a j, T¿ ymamd .ekSug wlue;s fyhska w,a,ig wlue;af;ka fyda hg;a

jk wysxil ÿmam;=ka isáh yel'

� úúOdldr nÿ f.ùï j,oS" ks,Odßhdg ikaf;daiula §" wdKavqjg iq¿ .dKla

f.jd" ;udg f,dl= ,dNhla ;nd .ekSug ie§ meye§ isák jHdmdßlhka isáh

yel'

� yefudau .kakd ksid .kakd wh fukau yefudau §fuka jevlr .kakd ksid fok

who isáh yel'

38

ÿießh ^¥IKh& yd f,dal b;sydih

ÿießh ^¥IKh& f,dal b;sydih mqrdu mej; tkakls'ÿießh ^¥IKh& f,dal b;sydih mqrdu mej; tkakls'ÿießh ^¥IKh& f,dal b;sydih mqrdu mej; tkakls'ÿießh ^¥IKh& f,dal b;sydih mqrdu mej; tkakls'ÿießh ^¥IKh& f,dal b;sydih mqrdu mej; tkakls'

udkj YsIaGdpdrfha wdrïNh iu.u" ÿießh ¥IKh& mej;s nj fukau ÿießhg

^¥IKhg& úreoaOj igka l, njg idOl" udkj b;sydih mqrdu yuqfõ'

Ökfha .d´ ;d´ úiska idok ,o ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾Ok kS;s l%s'mQ' 46 isg 21 olajd

ld,h ;=, Ökfha Ishd rdcjxYh úiska l%shd;aul lrk ,§ ÿießhg ^¥IKhg&

ovqju jQfha k,f,a yxjvq .eySuhs'

miq ld,Skj Ök rdcjxY OQrdj,sh ;=< ÿießhg ^¥IKhg&" jrfoa nrm;,lu wkqj

urKSh oKavkh mekjqKq w;r j;auka Ökho ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& urKSh

oKavKh l%shd;aul lrhs'

neìf,dakshdfõ yuqrdì rc l%s'mQ'1792-1750& úiska ÿieß; ¥Is;& rdcH ks,OdÍkag

ovqjï ,nd§u ms<sn| igyka ;enQ ueá M,l yuq ù we;'

l%s'mQ' 14 jk ishjfia§ Bðma;= mdrdfjda fydfrï yela ÿieß; ^¥Is;& rdcH

ks,OdÍkag urKsh okavkh mekùh'

l%s'mQ' 70 § isfifrda frdaufha w.% úksYaphldr fyd.a yg tfrysj ÿieß ¥IK&

fpdaokd ms<sn|j kvq mjrd we;'

;u w¾: Ydia;%hh .%ka:fha§ fl!Ü,H pdKlH& ÿieß; ¥Is;& rdcH ks,OdÍka

ms<sn|j wk;=re wÕjkafka fufiah'

’uyck foam< ndrj isák rdcH ks,OdÍka tlS foam< ;u ,dN m%fhdack

i|yd fhdod .kafka o hkak fiùu c,fha msyskk ud¿fjl= tu c,h îug .kafka

±hs fiùu fuka ¥Ialrh¶

39

fuu ft;sydisl idOl wkqj fmr~mr foÈ.u f,dal ck;dj ;u YsIaGdpdrh

wdrïNfha isgu ÿießh ^¥IKh& msgq ±lsh hq;= nrm;, jrola f,i i,lk ,o nj

fmkS hhs'

tfy;a ;ju;a wm w;ßka ÿießh ^¥IKh& ;=rka ù ke;af;a wehs@

ÿießh ^¥IKh& iudc ixisoaêhls' ÿießh ^¥IKh& mej;Sug fya;= my;

i|yka mßÈ j¾. lr ±laúh yel'

wd¾Ól fya;= -

Ôjk úhoug iß,k jegqmla fkd,eîu

lrkq ,nk fiajdjg iß,k jegqmla fkd,eîu

wdodhï fn§hdfï úIu;djh

oßø;dj ^ÿmam;alu&

foaYmd,k fya;= (-

foaYmd,k taldêldrh

rdcH wdh;k foaYmd,kSlrKh

foaYmd,k wia:djrNdjh

n,hg we;s lEorlu

hqoaOh yd tys .kqfokq j, ryiHNdjh

mgq foaYmd,k u;su;dka;r

mj;akd ue;sjrK l%uh ;=, úhoï by,hdu

úOdhlh" jHjia:dodhlh yd wêlrKh w;r wiunr in|;djh

mßmd,k fya;= (-

rdcH fiajfha wld¾hlaIu nj

Wkkaÿ lsÍï yd fm<Uùï j,ska f;dr rdcH mßmd,k rgdj

rdcH fiajlhd ;u fiajh ms<sn|j ;Dma;shla fkdue;s ùu

mßmd,kfha ixlS¾K l%shdoduh

kqiqÿiaika by, ;k;=re j,g m;a lsÍu

ks,OdÍka i;= n,;, wiuñ;sl ùu

ks,OdÍka w;r n,h ksis mßÈ fn§ fkdhEu

wiSñ; n,;, N+la;s ú§u

ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& úreoaO ùug Yla;shla fkdue;s ùu

wd;au .re;ajh fkdue;s ùu

;u ks,fha .re;ajh ms<sn| fkdis;Su

40

kS;suh fya;= (-

mj;sk kS;sfha wvqmdvq ;sîu

kS;sfha l%shdldÍ;ajh wld¾hlaIu ùu

kS;sh ms<sn| .re;ajhla fkdue;s ùu

kS;sh flfrys úYajdih fkdue;s ùu

kS;sh l%shd;aul lrk wdh;k ÿ¾j, ùu

kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkakka ¥Is; ùu

iudÔh fya;= (-

iudc wdl,am

iudc idrO¾u msrsySu

ck;dj wjÈfhka fkdisàu

ck;dj fj; f;dr;=re .,d tafï ksis l%ufõohla fkd;sîu

ÿießh ^¥IKh& ms<sn| ;elSula fkdue;s ùu

iudc yd wd.ñl kdhlhskaf.a ksis u.fmkaùula fkdue;s ùu

ksis l%ufõofhkaa neyer ùug ck;d leue;a;

isú,a iudch fNao ù ;sîu

isú,a iudch Yla;su;a fkdùu

isú,a iudch wjos ùu yd ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾Okh

fydxfld foaYfha úch.%yKfha l:dj

² 1970 oYlfha f,dAlfha ÿieß;u ^¥Is;u& fmd,Sish úh'

² fmd,Sishg w,a,ia fkdoS lsisu wdldrhl jHdmdrhla l< fkdyels ;;ajhla

mej;=Ks'

² .Ksld ksjdi, iQÿ fmd<j,a ish,a,lau jl%dldrfhka fufyhjkq ,enqfõ fmd,Sish

úiskauh'

² Okj;au mqoa.,hska jQfha fmd,sia ks<OdrSkah'

² kS;sh l%Shd;aul úu wl%Shj mej;=Ks'

² Okj;a iellrejka lsisúfgl w;awvx.=jg .ekSu fyda Tjqkag tfrysj kvq

mejrSula fkdúh'

² mSg¾ f.dn¾ kï fmd,sia m%Odkshdf.a j;alï ms<sno 1974 § mqj;a m;la u.ska

fy<sorõ lrk ,§' uyck;dj úêu;a mßÈ ixúOdk .; ùulska f;drj ùÈ

nei tA ms<sn|j mÍlaIK mj;ajk f,i n, lrk ,§'

² wdKavqldrjrhd Bg m%;spdr olajñka fï iïnkaOj lghq;= l< hq;= wdldrh

ms,sn| ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍug we,iag¾ íf,hd¾ l¾ Alesteir Blair – Kerr

lñgqj msysgqjk ,oS'

41

² lñgqj b;d blaukska mÍlaIKh iïmQ¾K l< w;r ks¾foaYh jQfha ÿieß

^¥IK& lghq;= fiùu i|yd fmd,Sisfhka mßndysrj iajdëk wdh;khla msysgqùug

lghq;= l< hq;= njh'

² ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrys iajdëk fldñiu ^ICAC&1 ia:dms; lrk ,oS' tf;la

fmd,Sish i;=j ;snQ ÿieß ^¥IK& úu¾Yk n,;, fldñiug ,enqKs'

² fydxfldx fg,sfldï iud.fï by, ;k;=r w;ay< cela ldg¾ ^Jack Carter&

iajdëk fldñiug flduidßiajrhd f,i iïnkaO úh'

² fmd,sia m%Odkshdg tfrysj lghq;= lsrSug fldñiug n,h ,enqKs'

² fmd,sia m%Odkshd tx.,ka;hg m<dhk ,os'

² Tyqj kej; f.kajd kS;s u.ska lghq;= lrk f,i uyck Woaf>daIK we;súh'

² Tyqj tx.,ka;fhka fydxfldx fj; ndrfok ,oS

² idOdrK mrSlaIKhla meje;ajqKs. bka fmd,sia m%Odkshd jeroslre jQ w;r

ovqjï kshu úh' Tyqf.a Okh rdcika;l úh'

² wka fmd,sia ks<OdrSkaf.a j;alï msrslaiSugo lghq;= lrk ,oS. Bg tfrys jQ

fmd,Sish jev j¾ckh l<y'

² wdKavqldrjrhd" fmd,Sish yd ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrysj iajdëk fldñiu

(ICAC& w;r" fmd,Sishg tfrysj ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾Ok kS;sh wkd.;hg n,mdk

mrsos muKla l%shd;aul lrk njg tl.;djhla we;s lr.kakd ,oS' fmd,Sisho

w,a,iska yd ÿießfhka ^¥IKfhka& f;drj kS;s.relj ;u rdcldÍ bgq lrk

njg m%;s{d ÿkay'

² fmd,Sish ish m%;s{dj u; lghq;= lrk ,o w;r tu.ska úYsIag fmd,sia

fiajhla we;s úh'

¥IKh ke;s lsrSfuka fydxfldx foaYh oskd.;a foa

² rdcH fiajfhA wjxlNdjh

² kS;sh yd iduh ia:dms; ùu

² jHdmdrsl f,dalfha wjxl;ajh

² wdfhdack j¾Okh ùu

² ish¨u wdh;k m%;sixúOdkh ùu

² uyck uqo,a kdia;sh ke;sùu

² wdpdrYS,S iudchla ìysùu

1970 oYlfhaoS f,dalfha ÿieß;u ^¥Is;u& iy ÿmam;au rgj,a j,ska tlla jQ

fydxfldx foaYh wo f,dalfha ÿießh ¥IKh& wvqu iy fmdfydi;a rgj,a w;rg tlaù

isà' fydxfldx foaYh f,dalfha wdfhdackhla lsrSug fyd|u rg njg kï lr we;'

1

ICAC - Independent Commission Againts Corruption.

42

miajk mrsÉfPaoh

ÿießh ^¥IKh& ke;s lsrSu

w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdfõ m%ldYkhlska Wmqgd .kakd ,È'

}ie]h ^¥IKh& je<elaùfï l%ufõoh

• ,xldj ;=, ÿießh ^¥IKh& je<elaùu i|yd l%ufõohla we;' tkï ÿieß

^¥IK& je<elaùu i|yd kS;s iy tu kS;s l%shd;aul lsÍug úúO wdh;k we;'

ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾ok kS;s

1883 oKav kS;s ix.%yh -

w,a,ia" foam< jxl f,i idjoH mßyrKh" idmrdë úYajdih lv lsÍu"

jxpdj wd§ ÿieß ^¥IK& l%shd isr ovqjï ,eìh yels jroj,a f,i olajd we;'

43

1982 fmdÿ foam< ms<sn| jerÈ mk;

fmdÿ foam< tkï wdKavqfõ" jHjia:dms; uKav,hl" rdcH ixia:djl" nexl=jl"

iuQmldr ix.uhl fyda iñ;shl foam< ms<sn| jxpksl l%shd isroËqjï ,eìh yels

jrola njg m;alr we;'

1954 w,a,ia mk; - 1994 w,a,ia yd ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk

fldñIka iNd mk;

ish¨ wdldrfha w,a,ia §ï yd .ekSï" meyeÈ,s lsÍug fkdyels f,i j;alï

whs;slr .ekSï yd úhoï lsÍï yd ¥IKh isroËqjï ,eìh yels jrola njg olajd

we;'

Wmßu isr oËqju-w,a,i-wjq 07 - ¥IKh wjq 10 hs' ^¥IKh jro 1994 §

w,a,ia mk;g f.ktk ,o ixfYdaOkhlska yÿkajd § we;'&

^w,a,ia mkf;a úêúOdk ir,j Wm.%ka: 1 ys i fldgfia olajd we;'&

1975 j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYhg m;a lsÍfï mk;

mkf;a olajd we;s mqoa.,hka úiska jd¾Islj j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYhg m;a

lr hq;= hehs kS;sh kshu lr we;s w;r ksYaÑ; uqo,la f.ùfuka tu jd¾;d mÍlaId

lsÍug;a" iy;sl msgm;a ,nd .ekSug;a mqrjeishkag whs;sjdislu ,nd § we;' ^jeä

úia;r i|yd Wm .%ka:h 1 ys ii fldgi n,kak&

2006 uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh je,elaùï mk; yd 2006 uqo,a .kqfokq jd¾;d

lsÍï mk;

kS;s úfrdaë l%shdldrlulska ^¥IKho we;=,;aj& Wmhd.;a uqo,a kS;Hdkql+,

uqo,a njg m;a lsÍu je<elaùu fukau" widudkH uqo,a .kqfokq jd¾;d lsÍug fï

u.ska kS;s mkjd we;s w;r tu mk;a j, úê úOdk lv lsÍu isrovqjï ,eìh yels

jrola njg m;a lrhs' ^jeä úia;r i|yd Wm.ka: 1 ys iii fldgi n,kak&

wdh;k ix.%yh

� rcfha udkj iïm; ksis mrsos yeisrùu uQ,sl wruqKfõ'

� ÿießh ^¥IK& i|yd bv fkd,efnk mrsos rdcH fiajd m;a lsrSï" Wiiaùï"

udrelsrSï yd úkh mrSlaIK iïnkaOfhka wjYH kS;s we;=<;a lr we;'

� rcfha ks<OdrSka n,h whq;= f,i fhoùu md,kh isÿfõ'

� ÿieß; ^¥Is;& ks<OdrSka ms<sn| mrSlaIK meje;aùug bvlv ie,fia'

44

uQ,H fr.=,dis

� rcfha uqo,a yd wfkl=;a foam< ksismrsos fhoùug wod, kS;s we;=<;ah'

� rcfha ñ,oS .ekSï" rdcH ks<OdrSkaf.a úhoï" rcfha uqo,a fjka lsrSï ms<Sn|

kS;s we;=<;ah'

� rcfha uqo,a ÿieß; ^¥Is;& f,i fhoùu je<elaùug oeä m%;smdok we;'

ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾ok wdh;k

ú.Kldêm;s fomd¾;fïka;=j

� wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska msysgqjd we;s wdh;khls'

� cd;sl uÜgfï" m<d;a uÜgfï yd m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï we;s rcfha wdh;k

ú.Kkh lrhs'

� ú.Kkfhka miq jd¾;d md¾,sfïka;=jg bosrsm;a lrhs'

� m<d;a md,k wdh;khkays yd úYaj úoHd,hkays ÿieß ^¥IK& iïnkaOfhka

wêNdr mekùfï n,h we;'

� ú.Kldêm;s m;a lsrSu jHjia:dodhl uKAv,fha wkque;sh u; isÿ lrhs'

� m%dfoaYSh ld¾hd, we;'

� uyck meñKs,s o ú.KkfhaoS i,ld n,hs'

w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj

� 1954 w,a,ia mk; u.ska ia:dms; lr ;snQ w,a,ia flduidrsia fomd¾;fïka;=j

yd w,a,ia flduidrsia ;k;=r wj,x.= lr" 1994 wxl 19 orK w,a,ia fyda

¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNd mk; u.ska w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd

úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj msysgqùh'

� w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd Ndr .ekSu" ta .ek úu¾Yk lghq;= lsrSu yd kvq mejrSu

yd kvq fufyhùu fldñifï ld¾hNdrh fõ'

fldñiu i;= iqúfYaI n,;, lSmhla

� ´kEu mqoa.,fhl= fldñiu bosrshg leoùug"

� Tyqg tfrys fpdaokd mrslaId lsrSug"

45

� mrSlaIK wjika jk;=re úfoaY .uka n,m;% w;a ysgqùug"

� foam, ysñlï udrelr ,shdmosxÉh je<elaùug"

� fpdaokd ;yjqre fõ kï kvq mejrSug iy fufyh ùug

fldñiug n,h we;'

� m%n,;u ÿ¾j,;djh jkafka fldñiug meñKs,a,la ,eîfuka f;drj w,a,ia

fyda ¥IK fpdaokdjla úu¾Ykh lsrSug we;s fkdyelshdjhs'

cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu

� 17 jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh u.ska ia:dms; wdh;khls'

� foaYmd,k n,mEï j,ska f;drj fmd,Sish mj;ajdf.k hdu uQ,sl wruqKhs'

� fmd,sia ks,OdrSka udrelsrSu" Wiia lsrSu yd úkh mrSlaIK" foaYmd,k n,mEïj,ska

f;drj isÿ lsrSug bv ie,fia'

� fmd,Sishg tfrysj t,a, jk fpdaokd i,ld ne,Sug n,h we;'

� fmd,sia ks,OdrSkag wjxlj iy iajdëkj lghq;= lsrSug bvlv ie,fia'

� ta ;=<sska fmd,Sish i;= n,;," fmdÿ foam<j,g tfrys wmrdO" fmdÿ wruqo,a

wh:d mrsyrKh wdoS ÿieß ^¥IK& ÿr,Sfï ,d l%shd;aul lsrSug yelsjkq we;'

iajdëk ue;sjrK fldñiu

� 17 jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh u.ska ia:dms;h'

� ksoyia yd idOdrK ue;sjrKhla ;yjqre lsrSu uQ,sl wruqKhs'

� ue;sjrK wh:d l%shd yd ¥IK u¾okh lsrSfï n,;, fldñiu i;=fõ'

� foaYmd,k lghq;= j,g fmdÿ foaam< fhdod .ekSu je<elaùu'

� ksoyia yd idOdrK ue;sjrKhla Wfoid udOH wdh;k j,g ud¾f.damfoaY

,ndoSu'

� ue;sjrK j,oS idOdrK f,i rdcH udOH fhoùu'

� idOdrK ue;sjrKhla i|yd fmd,Sish yd wdrlaIl wxY fiajfha fhoùu iy

rdcH ks,OdrSka fufyh ùu'

hk n,;, fldñiu i;=h'

46

iajdëk rdcH fiajd fldñiu

� 17 jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh u.ska ia:dms; wdh;khls'

� rdcH fiajfha iajdëk;ajh ;yjqre lsrSu uQ,sl wruqKh'

� rdcH fiajfha m;a lsrSï" Wiia lsrSï iy úkh md,kh iïnkaO n,;, fuh

i;=h'

� rdcH fiajlhkaf.a úkh úfrdaë l%shd iïnkaOfhka l%shd lsrSug n,h we;'

� ÿießh ^¥IKh& jro u; /lshdj wysñ lsrSfï n,h mjd ysñh'

� m<d;a rdcH fiajd fldñiu ta ta m<d;a uÜgñka rcfha ks,OdrSkaf.a úkh

úfrdaë l%shd ms<Sn| l%shdlrkq we;'

Tïnqäiauka jrhd

^mrsmd,kh i|yd jk md¾,sfïka;= flduidrsia&

� rdcH fomd¾;fïka;=" jHjia:dms; uKav," ixia:d" rcfha wêldÍka yd m<d;a

md,k wdh;k j,g úreoaOj flfrk meñKs,s úu¾Ykh lrhs'

� mqoa.,fhl=g ;u b,a,Su Rcqju Tïnqâiauka jrhdg fhduq l< yels w;r

úu¾Yk jd¾;dj, msgm;a wod, wdh;k m%Odkshd u.ska fm!oa.,sl ,sms f.dkqj,g

we;=,;a lrhs'

� tla cd;sl Tïnqâiauka jrfhl= yd ld¾hd,hla we;'

� fmd,Sish iy wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j,g muKla fomd¾;fïka;= Tïnqâiauka

jrfhl= yd ld¾hd,hla we;'

� ckdêm;s jrhd úiska m;a lrhs'

wêlrKh

� wêlrKhg wdldr follska ÿießh ^¥IKh& md,kh lsrSug yelshdj we;'

� wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ III jk mrsÉfPaofha i|yka uQ,sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn|

m%;smdok u.ska rdcH fiajh ;=< m;aùï yd Wiiaùï ,ndoSu" fiajfhka bj;a

lsrSu iy nojd .ekSu wdoS wjia:dj,o widOdrKhla isÿ jqjfyd;a fyda ÿieß

l%shd lrk ¥Is;& rdcH ks<Odrsfhl=f.a l%shdfjka uyck;djf.a uQ,sl whs;sjdislï

lv ùula isÿ jqjfyd;a wêlrKh u.ska iykhla ,nd .ekSu ;=,ska ÿießh

^¥IKh& wvq lsrSu isÿ fõ'

47

� w,a,i" ÿießh ^¥IKh& yd fmdÿ foam< wh:d mrsyrKh ms<sn| wêlrK

l%shdud¾.h ^fpdaokd úNd. lsrSu iy ovqjï meñKùu& ÿießh ^¥IKh& wvq

lsrSug bjy,a fõ'

md¾,sfïka;=j ^jHjia:dÞhlh&

� ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrys kS;s iïmdokh'

� ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾ok wdh;k msysgqùu yd tAjdg n,;, ,nd§u'

� iNd .¾Nfha§ m%Yak ke.Su iy újdo meje;aùu u.ska úOdhl lghq;=

wëlaIKh lsÍu'

� rdcH .sKqï ldrl iNdj yryd rdcH wdh;k j, .sKQï mßlaId lsÍu'

� rdcH jHjidh lñgqj yryd rdcH jHjidh j, .sKqï mÍlaId lsÍu'

� rdcH wxYfha by, ;k;=re j,g m;ajkakka iïnkaOfhka by< ;k;=re

ms<sn| md¾,sfïka;= ldrl iNd u.ska mÍlaId lsÍu'

ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrys kS;s moaO;shla ;sfí kï iy tu kS;s

n,d;aul lsÍug wdh;k o we;s kï ÿießh ^¥IKh& ;jÿrg;a

mj;skafka wehs@

� ck;dj wjÈfhka fkdisàu'

� ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& úreoaO uyck u;hla fkd;sîu'

� ckudOH ÿieß ^¥IK& jd¾;dlrKfhka Tíng f.dia ÿieß ^¥IK& úfrdaë

wdl,amhla we;s lrùug W;aidy fkd.ekSu'

� ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& foaYmd,k wkqn,h yd wkq.%yh ,eîu - foaYmd,lhska

úiska ÿießh ^¥IKh& lsÍu'

� ÿießh ^¥IKh& je,elaúh fkdyels fohla hehs iïu;hla we;s lr.ekSu'

� ÿieß ¥Is;& ud¾.hlska fyda ;u lghq;a; blaukska iy myiqfjka lr .ekSug

ck;dj fm<Uùu'

� ÿießh ^¥IKh& idudkH fohela hehs is;Su'

� ÿießh ^¥IKh& ms<sn| ñ;Hdjka ;=< we,S .e,S isàu'

� ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾okhg uyck iyfhda.h m%udKj;a mßÈ fkd,eîu'

48

ÿießh ^¥IKh& u¾okhg ck;d iyfhda.h ,eìh hq;= whqre

’fuu mk; j,x.= jQ úg ¥IK

l%shd .ek jerosldrhska jk

ish,a,kau w,a,d .ekSug wmg

n,h ,efnkq we;' fï rfÜ

iEu mqrjeisfhl=u iyfhda.h

fkdolajf;d;a fuu mk; kS;s

ix.%yhg we;=<;a lsr Sfuka

jevl a i sÿ fkdfõ 'furg

uyckhd" hq;=lu ms<sn| fmdÿ

yeÕSfuka hqla;j bosrshg ú;a

w,a,ia ¥IK l%shd keje;aùu

i|yd wmg wdOdr osh hq;=h'¶

^tjlg .re wud;H •u;a fcdaka fld;,dj, 1954 wxl 11 ork mk; f,i

iïu; jQ w,a,ia mk;a flgqïm; md¾,sfïka;=jg bosrsm;a lsrSfïoS&

rgl ¥IKh k;r lsÍug uyck;djg fyda

md¾,sfïka;=jg fyda tfia;a ke;skï fjk;a

wdh;khlg muKla ;ksju l< yels l%shdjla

fkdj iEu wfhl=f.au iduQysl m%h;akhlska bgqúh

hq;a;ls' tfukau rdcH wxYfha mj;sk wdh;khkays

ld¾hlaIu;dj yd ukd l%shdldÍ;ajh ;SrKh jkafka

wdh;k msysgqjd we;s kS;s Í;s fyda fr.=,dis u;u

muKla fkdj th fufyhjkq ,nk yd ks,;,

ork ks,OdÍkaf.a yd ksfhdað;hkaf.a l=i,;djh

yd lemùu u;h'

ckdêm;s kS;S{ úchodi rdcmlaI

md¾,sfïka;= uka;%S yd rdcH jHjidh ldrl iNdfõ iNdm;s

49

ÿießh ^¥IKh& uevmeje;aùu iy kS;sfha l%shdldÍ;ajh

kS;sfha l%shdldÍ;ajh ul=¿ ±,la jeks hehs merKs .%Sl lshukla we;' fuh

ul=¿ ±,a iy,laIKh Cob Web Syndrome& f,i yeÈkafõ' ul=¿ ±,la l=vd ueiaika

w,a,d.kakd kuq;a úYd, nUre" foUre jeks lDókag th myiqfjka lvdf.k hdug

bv i,id fohs' f,dalh mqrd ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrysj kS;sh l%shd;aul jkafkao

fuf,ih hkqfjka fmdÿ ueisú,a,la mj;S' Y%S ,xldfõo w,a,ia yd ÿieß ^¥IK& ±,g

yd,a ueiaika yiqjk kuqÿ f;dare fudare yiqjkafka ke;s nj m%p,s; u;hls'

fuys§ nUreka yd foUreka fyda f;dareka yd fudareka f,i ck;dj olskafka

n,.;= mqoa.,hskah' tkï n,j;a foaYmd,k{hska iy Tjqkaf.a i.fhdah'

n,.;= mqoa.,hskag úreoaOj kS;sh l%shd;aul jQ wjia:d Y%s ,xldfõ o ±lsh

yel' bka iuyrla kS;sh yd foaYmd,ksl fyda wh;ksl iodpdrhg tfrysj lghq;=

lsÍu ksid kS;sfha yia;h ÈlajQ wjia:d jk w;r ;j;a iuyrla yqÿ foaYmd,ksl

fya;+ka u; u muKla fõ' foaYmd,ksl wjYH;d i|yd kS;sh ovóud lr .ekSu kS;sh

ms<Sn| .re;ajh ì| jeàug fya;= jk w;r fndfyda úg bka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka

fpdaokdj iïnkaO ksis mÍlaIKhla lsÍu fkdj úreoaOjdÈhd ksyv lsÍuhs' flfia

kuqÿ fujeks foaYmd,ksl wjYH;d u; fukau mqoa.,hd fld;rï n,.;= jQjla jrola

l,d kï kS;shg wkqj ovqjï ,eìh hq;=h hk iodpdrd;aul kHdh u; ÿieß ^¥IK&

fpdaokd i|yd jerÈlre jQ rdcH kdhlhska yd by, ks,OdÍka ms<sn| WodyrK yuqfõ'

j¾.SlrKhlska f;drj tjka isÿùï lsysmhla muKla fuys olajk w;r j¾.SlrKh

lr .ekSu Tng ndr lrñ' tkuq;a n,h" n,mEï lsÍu yd ;;ajh u.ska kS;sh ;ukag

´kE wdldrhg l%shd;aul lrùu fujeks wjia:d kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkakka úiska kS;sh

lvkafka ke;s jQj o kukq ,nk f,i ^not breaking but bending) ±lafjk w;r

th m%cd;ka;%jd§ mrudo¾Yh ksfIaOkh lsÍula jkq we;' jdKsc n,h" ;dlaIKsl

n,h yd hqouh n,h ;ks ;ksj fyda iyiïnkaê;j l%shd;aul jkq ±lsh yels jk

w;r fndfyda úg n,.;= rdcHhkays fuh ks;r isÿjkakls'

1941 jHjia:dodhl uKav,fha idudðlhkag tfrys w,a,ia fpdaokd úNd. l,

t,a'tï'ã' o is,ajd fldñIka iNdj ysgmq m<d;a md,k weu;sjrhd o we;=¿j iajfoaY

lghq;= ms<sn| lñgqfõ idudðlhska 4 fofkl=" fi!LH lñgqfõ idudðlfhl= yd

50

hqfrdamSh uka;%Sjre 03 fofkl= jerÈlrejka njg ;SrKh lsÍu yd tA u; iuyrla

b,a,d wiaùu yd b,a,d wia fkdjQ wh fkrmd yeÍu'

1949 tï'ví'tÉ' o is,ajd fldñIka iNdj u.ska 1947fld<U uy k.r iNdfõ

Pkaoh ms<Sn| w,a,ia fpdaokdjg mqrm;s jrhd jerÈlre lsÍu'

1959 ;,f.dvmsáh fldñIka iNdj u.ska md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjre 06 fofkla yd

weu;sjrfhla w,a,ia fpdaokd i|yd jerÈlre lsÍu'

1971-1975 olajd l%shd;aul jQ wmrdO hqla;s úksYaph fldñIka iNdj u.ska úfoaY

úksuh jxpd i|yd n,.;= mqoa.,hska jerÈlrejka njg kï lsÍu'

1978 ckdêm;s mÍlaIK fldñIka iNdj u.ska ysgmq w.%ud;Hjßh yd ysgmq

weu;sjrfhla n,h whq;= f,i fhoùu ms<Sn| jerÈlre lsÍu yd tys m%;sM,h f,i

m%cd whs;sh ke;s lsÍu'

w,a,i yd ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrys kS;sh úúêldrfhka f,dj mqrd l%shd;aul

fõ' Ökh w,a,i yd ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& m%;súmdlhka f,i iudchg jk ydksh i,ld

n,d urKSh oKavkh kshu lrk wjia:d we;' ^Wod(- 2007 iema;eïn¾ udifha§

wdydrmdk yd fT!IO md,k wëldßfha ysgmq iNdm;sjrhd w,a,ia fpdaokd ksid urKSh

oKavkhg ,la lsÍu&' cmdkfha wju jYfhka ysgmq w.ue;sjre 4 fofkl=j;a ÿieß

^¥IK& fpdaokd u; isr.; lr we;' fmare rdcHfha ysgmq ckdêm;s we,an¾fgda

mshqðfudß ±kg 6 jirl nkaOkd.dr .; lsÍug ,la ù we;' ms,smSkfha udfldaia

tfrysj kvq mejÍug fmr Tyq ñh .sh w;r tiag%dvd fï jk úg jerÈlre njg

wêlrKh úiska m%ldYhg m;a lr we;' bkaÿkSishdfõ iqy¾f;dag úreoaOj kvq

úNd.h wdrïN l< w;r kvq úNd.hg uqyqK §u i|yd Tyqf.a uy¿ nj ndOdjla

nj úksYaphldrjrekaf.a u;h jQ neúka kvq úNd.h fkdmeje;ajqKs'

Y%S ,xldfõ§ j;alï wh:d f,i Wmhd.;a njg ysgmq weu;sjre fofofkl=g

úreoaOj kvq úNd. lrk ,o w;r wêlrKh úiska tla weu;sjrfhla ksfodia fldg

ksoyia lrk ,o w;r wfkla weu;sjrhd kS;s m%Yakhla u; ksoyia lrk ,§' ysgmq

hqo yuqodm;sjrfhl=g tfrysj mjrd ;snQ j;alï ms<sn| kvqjlao fuf,i kS;s m%Yakhla

u; wjika lr we;'

51

ÿießh ^¥IKh& je<elaùu i|yd M,ÞhS m%fõYhhka

ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& fhfokakjqkag ovqjï §fï kS;suh l%shdud¾.h u.ska isoao

jkafka jro lrkakg bv yer jro wkdjrKh jqjfyd;a ovqjï §fï idïm%odhsl

l%uhhs' fuu.ska je<elaùula ñi je<lSula isÿjkafka ke;' m%;sldrhg jvd je<elaùu

jvd hym;ah hk merKs wdma;h ÿießh ^¥IKh& je<lSu i|yd id¾:lj f,djmqrd

l%shd;aul lrñka mj;S'

f,djmqrd m<d;a md,k l%uhka wOHhkh lsrSfuka wk;=rej ÿießh ^¥IKh&

rdcH wxYh ;=< mj;skafka iy ta flf¾ n,mdkafka flfiao hkak ms<snoj .Ks;uh

iólrKhl wdldrhg wdpd¾h frdn¾Ü la,sÜ.dâ (Dr.Robbert Klitgaard) úiska

b;du;a ir, meyeos,s lsrSula lr we;'

C = M + D - A

¥IKh } tAldêldrh ¬ wNsu;dkqidrS n,h - j.ùu

Corruption = Monopoly + Discretion - Accountabillity

fuu iólrKfhka woyia flfrkafka tAldêldÍ ;;ajhla mj;sk úfgl rcfha

ks,Odßfhl=g ish n,;, l%shd;aul lsÍug wNsu;dkqidÍ n,hla mj;skafka kï iy

tu wjia:dfõ§ tu ks,OdÍhd lsisÿ j.ùulg ,la fkdjkafkakï túg ÿießh ¥IKh&

mj;sk njhs' ld¾hlaIu iy M,odhS rdcH wxYhl md,kh lrk ,o wNsu;dkqidrS

n,h iy j.ùu w;r b;d fyd| iunr;djhla wjYHfõ' rdcH fiajh ;=<

úksúoNdjhlska hq;= úIh uQ,sl iy j.ùu ixia:dmkh lrk Í;s moaO;shla yÿkajd

§ tAjd w¾: ksrEmKh fldg l%shd;aul lr .ekSug wjYH meyeÈ,s ia:djr iy

Ñria:dhS l%ufõohla yÿkajd §u u.ska rdcH wxYh ÿießfhka ¥IKfhka& j<lajd .;

yelsh' tjeks lreKq rdcH ks,OdrSka f.a md¾Yjfhka is¥jk wh:d lghq;= ioyd we;s

wjia:djka wju lr we;' ÿieß ^¥IK& l%shdjkays kshef,k ´kEu ks,Odrsfhl=

ffk;slj fyda foaYmd,kslj j.ùfï iïNdú;dj fuu.ska by< ouhs' fndfyda wjia:djka

ysoS kS;s iy fr.=,dis ´kE;rï ;sfnk nj oelsh yelsh' jeo.;a jkafka ÿießh

^¥IKh& os.ska os.gu meje;aùug je<elafjk mßÈ tlS rS;Ska yd fr.=,dis w¾:l:kh

lsrSu iy n,d;aul lsrSuhs'

52

1' f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï whs;sh kS;s.; lsÍu'

uyck uqo,a yd foam< n,OdÍka úiska mßyrKh lrk wdldrh

±k.ekSug uyck;djg we;s whs;sh kS;sh u.ska ms<s.ekSug ,la lsÍu yd tA whs;sh

m%fhdackj;a f,i Ndú;d lsÍu i|yd fndfyda rgj,a f;dr;=re ±k .ekSfï whs;sh

kS;sfhka ,nd § we;' ixj¾ê; rgj,a ish,a,lau mdfya fuu whs;sh kS;s.; lr we;s

w;r wLKav uyck Woaf>daIKhl m%;sM,h jYfhka bkaÈhdj f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï

whs;sh kS;s .; lr we;' bkaÈhdfõ ÿießh ¥IKh& wvq ùug f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï

whs;sh buy;a msgqjy,la ù we;'

2' mßmd,k ld¾hdj,sh i|yd ck;d iyNd.S;ajh ,nd.ekSu'

;SrK .ekSu" ;SrK l%shd;aul lsÍu yd miqúmru hk mßmd,kfha

;%súO wjia:d j,§ ck;d iyNd.S;ajh ,nd .ekSu u.ska uyck uqo,a ksis mßÈ

fhoùu fuu.ska iy;sl flf¾' fuu iyNd.S;aj l%shdj,sh b;d wE; w;S;fha isgu

mej; tkakla jk w;r ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a j, uE; ld,Skj foaYmd,kfha

isÿ jQ jHQjyd;aul fjkiaùï ksid wu;l fldg fyda mfilg ;,a¨ lrk ,oaols'

;ju;a l%shd;aul jk bkaÈhdfõ mxpdh;a l%uh yd ,xldfõ ;snQ .ïiNd óg fyd|

ksoiqkah' uE;§ wdrïN lr we;s ckiNd l%ufha fujekakl Pdhdud;%hla we;' ±kg

Ndú;d fkdlrk kuqÿ m%dfoaYSh iNdjkays lñgq j, idudðlhkaf.ka yß wvla m%foaYfha

uyck;djf.ka iukaú; úh hq;= njg kS;sfhka kshu lr we;'

mßmd,khg ck;d iyNd.S;ajh ,nd .ekSfï wdldr lsysmhla we;'

I. iyNd.s;ajh whjeh (Participatory Budgeting)

n%iS,fha fmda¾fgda we,af.%a k.rfhka wdrïN jQ fuu l%ufõoh

±ka f,dalh mqrd k.r úYd, m%udKhl l%shd;aul fõ'

II' iyNd.S;aj ú.Kkh (Participatory Auditing)

W;=re ms,smSkfha wen%d m%foaYfha ck;dj úiska rdcH uqo,a úhoï

lr we;s wdldrh ms<sn| fidhd ne,Su u.ska hymd,khg odhl jQ wjia:djls' fuys

úfYaI;ajh jkafka fuu ld¾hdj,sfha m%Odk l%shdldÍka jkafka .Dykshka" YsIH YsHdjka

iy ;reK fldgia j,ska iukaú; idudkH uyck;dj ùuhs'

53

III' iyNd.S;aj mßmd,kh (Participatory Administration)

jdßhfmd, m%dfoaYSh iNdj u.ska id¾:l f,i w;ayod neÆ

l%uhls fuh' fuu jev ms<sn|j l%shd;aul ùfuka m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ nÿ wdodhu 300]

lska by, .sh w;r m%dfoaYSh iNdj úiska bgq l, hq;=j ;snQ uyck ld¾hhka 80] la

m%dfoaYSh iNdfõu uqo,a u.ska wod, j¾Ih ;=,§ ksu lsÍug yels úh'

by; olajd we;s m%fõYhhkaf.a isoaê wOHhk i|yd Wm .%ka:h 3 n,kak'

4' iqms<smkak;d iïuq;shla (Integrity Pact)we;s lr.ekSu

ñka woyia jkafka foaYmd,{hska" rdcH fiajlhska jHdmdrlhska iy

isú,a iudch rfÜ iqms<smkak;djh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd iduQysl .súiqulg tlÕ ùuhs'

ol=Kq fldßhdfõ§ w;ayod neÆ fuh wo jk úg b;d id¾:l m%;sM, ,ndfoñka mj;S'

ol=Kq fldßhdfõ iqms<smkaNdjfha iïuq;sh

f,dalfha úYd,;u wd¾Ólh ysñ fldßhdj" b;du;a lK.dgqodhl f,i g%dkaiafmarkais

bkagkeIk,a ÿieß ¥IK& ixcdkk o¾Ylfha by, ia:dkhla ,nd .ekSfï ÿIalr;djfhka

fmf<a' Wiia rgj, uÜgu lrd <.d ùfï fldßhdfõ wNs,dYhg ¥IKh úYd,

ndOlhla ù we;'

w;S; mrsmd,lhka ksrka;rfhkau Tjqkaf.a ks,fha rS;Ska ¥IK úfrdaë ,xPkh hgf;a

m%isoaêhg m;a lr ;snqk kuq;a ksrka;rfhka ks,OdÍ me,eka;sh iy jHdmdßlhka w;r

ino;dj iy {d;S ix.%y jeks ÿieß ^¥Is;& wmpdrhka ksid tu Í;s l%shd;aul ùula

fkdùh' 1997 § úfoaY úksuh w¾nqohg mdol jQ yeka fnda wmpdrhg ^Han Bo

Scandal& m%Odk jYfhka ÿießh ^¥IKh& fya;= úh'

by, uÜgfï ÿießhka ^¥IKhka& ch.ekSug rdcH" foaYmd,ksl iy fm!oa.,sl

wxYhka iy isú,a iudch w;r iduQysl iyfhda.hla wjYH fõ'

tuksid" w;S;fha§ isÿjQ wid¾:l;ajhkaf.ka ñ§ug .;a jHdhduhla f,i rdcH"

foaYmd,k iy fm!oa.,sl wxYhkays ksfhdað;hkaf.a fmruqKla yryd ¥IK úfrdaë

l%uhla f.dvke.Sug isú,a iudc ixúOdkhka fhdackdjla f.k tk ,§'

fldßhd iïuq;sh ^K. Pact& f,i yÿkajk fuu ÿieß ^¥IK& úfrdaë iy úksúoNdjh

ms<sno fldßhdkq iïuq;sh ¥IKh ch.ekSug by; i|yka wxYhka y;r w;r

iyNd.S;ajh iy tl.;djh yryd ixj¾ê; iudchla ,.d lr.ekSug úksúoNdjfhka

hq;= ;sridr jHdmdrhla fõ'

54

5' mqrjeis m%{ma;s (Citizens' Charters)

;ukaf.a whs;sjdislï ms<sn|j ±kqj;a iy úYajdiS wdldrhg tAjd

;yjqre lr.kakd nqoaêu;a mqrjeis m%cdjla" rdcH wdh;khka ;=< iqms<smkakNdjh

iy;sl lsÍug iy mj;ajdf.k hdug w;HjYH fõ' rcfha j.lsjhq;=Ndjh j¾Okh

lsÍug n,iïmkak kjHlrKhla jkafka mqrjeis m%{ma;s j¾Okh lsÍuhs' fïjd ks,OdÍka

iy fiajd ,dNSka hk fowxYh iu. lrk ,o idlÉcdjla yryd t<eô mßudksl fiajd

;;ajhka y÷kajd §ug b,lal lr we;' ksfhdað;dh;khkag m%isoaO fiajd m%ñ;Skag fmdÿ

jYfhka wkq.;j uyck;djg úfYaIs; fiajdjka fhdod .kakd w;r;=r Tjqkaf.a whs;sjdislï

iy ysñlï ms<sn|j meyeÈ,s iy ixCIsma; f;ddr;=re ,nd fohs'

rdcH wxYfha ksfhdað; wdh;khkaf.a ieleiau" ld¾hNdrh iy fufyhqï ms<sn|j

f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsÍug o m%{ma;s Wmfhda.S lr.; yelsh' ck udOH" fmdÿ

mqia;ld, yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh wd§ ish¿ ud¾.hka Tiafia" f;dr;=re mq¿,A jYfhka

,nd .ekSug bv ie<ish hq;=h' WodyrKhla jYfhka bkaÈhdfõ mqrjeishkag fndfyda

wjia:djka ys§ w,a,ia whlr .kq ,nk fiajdjka ms<sn|j f;dr;=re j,g m%fõYh

,nd §u u.ska mqrjeis m%{ma;Ska my< uÜgfï ÿießhkaf.a ¥IKhkaf.a& uÕ weysßug

lghq;= lrhs' fuu m%{ma;s rch u.ska imhkq ,eìh yels fiajdjka" tAu fiajdj i|yd

ld, iSudjka" iïnkaO úh hq;= rcfha ks<Odßhd iy fiajdjka iemhSu isÿ fkdjk

úfgl tA fjkqfjka .; yels ms<shï ms<sn|j úia;r lrhs'

idudkHfhka m%{ma;Ska fiajh i<ik uyck;djg rcfha odhl;ajh ilia lrhs'

rcfha tA tA ksfhdað;dh;k u.ska imhkq ,nk fiajdjka f.a úia;r fuu m%{ma;Ska

u.ska idrdxY.; lrhs' tfiau tu fiajdjka ,nd .kafka flfia o iy fiajdjka u.ska

wfmalaIs; m%;sM,hka fkd,efí kï l=ula l< hq;= o hkak o fuu.ska úia;r lrhs'

fuu m%;smdokhka m%dfhda.sl jYfhka tAjd myiq f,i fhdod .ekSug iu;a jk

wdldrhg ilia lr ;sîu jeo.;a fõ' w¾: ksrEmKhka jHdl+, iy.; iy mq¿,a tAjd

kï uyck;dj tu.ska wmyiq;djhg m;a ù YS>% f,i wkjfndaOh j¾Okh úh yels

w;r isú,a fiajlhkago Tjqka <Õd ùug wfmalaId lrkq ,nk b,lalhka ms<sn|j

wmeyeÈ,s;djhla we;s jkq we;' uyck;dj iu. .kqfokq lrk fomd¾;fïka;=jla

fyda ksfhdað;dh;khla hk l=ul jqjo m%uqL;ajh ,nd foñka m%{ma;sfha msgm;a

m%o¾Ykh l< hq;=h'

Y%S ,xldfõo rdcH mßmd,k yd iajfoaY lghq;= wud;HdxYh 2007 jif¾§

yÿkajd ÿka mqrjeis m%{ma;sh id¾:l m%;sM, fmkakqï lrhs'

55

6' uyck wOHdmk yd f;dr;=re jevigyka

WÞyrK ( fydxfldxys iajdëk ¥IK úfrdaë fldñiu ^ICAC&

fydxfldx rdcHh ì%;dkHhka úiska md,kh lrk ,o ld,h ;=<

1974 fmnrjdß ui 15 Èk md,l uhqß uelaf,dfydia ^Murry Machehos& úiska

fydxfldx iajdëk ¥IK úfrdaë fldñiu ^ICAC& msysgqjk ,§' fydxfldxys wdKavqj

iy úfYaIfhkau tys rdclSh fmd,sia n,ldfha uq,aneif.k ;snQ ¥IKh uq,skqmqgd ±óu

tys wruqK úh' iajdëk ¥IK úfrdaë fldñifuys flduidßiajrhd úiska m%Odk;ajh

ork ,o uyck wOHdmk jevigyk uyck;djf.a wdl,amhka laIKhlska fjkia

l< fkdyels nj;a" ±kqj;aNdjh kexùfï§ tA ioyd ld,h iy bjiSu wjYH nj;a

;sridr m%;sM, ,Õd lr .ekSu ioyd wëIaGdkYs,S;ajh tlu u. nj;a fmkajd ÿks'

ICAC uyck wOHdmkh iy ±kqj;aNdjh kexùu flfrys jir 32 lg jvd jeä

ld,hla .;lr ;snqKs' ¥IK úfrdaë wdh;k iy fm!oa.,sl iy rdcH wxYhka w;r

iïnkaO;djh Yla;su;a lsÍug ICAC jd¾Islj ieis 2700 la mj;ajd ;snqKs' idudkHfhka

jirlg m%cd iïnkaO;d ks,OdÍka idlÉPd l%shdldrlï iy úfYaI jHdmD;s 800 la

yryd 200"000 la 300"000 la w;r ck;djla fj; hhs' uyck ieis" jevuq¿ mdi,a

yuq iy jHdmdßlhka iy jD;a;slhka ioyd iïuka;%K yryd ICAC ld¾h uKAv,h

jd¾Islj uyck;djf.ka 4] la 5] la w;r m%udKhla yuq jQy' óg wu;rj ICAC

ishqï f,i ck udOH fhdodf.k wjxl;ajfha ixialD;sh uyck;dj ;=<g ldjeoa§ug

lghq;= lrhs' ICAC ys úiska isÿ lrk fufyjrys ;j;a jeo.;a wxYhla jkafka

rEmjdyskS jevigyka wxYhhs' fuu Y%jH oDIH kd<sldj iqms<smkakNdjfha mKsúvh

m%j¾Okhg yd úksúoNdjh by< ±óug jQ flduidßiajrhdf.a wka;¾cd, fõÈldjhs'

fuu kd,sldj rEmjdyskS fiajd uOHia:dkh iy jevigyka uOHia:dkh f,i uOHia:dk

follska iukaú; fõ' uQ,ald,fha§ uQ,sl jYfhka kj ICAC jevigyka úoyd olajñka

o miqj jir mqrd ksIamdokh lrk ,o ICAC fg,skdgH ud,djlska o iu;aú; úh'

fuu fg,s kdgH ud,dj fydxfldx Èjhsk ;=, ckm%sh;u fg,s kdgH 10 ;=, úldY ld,

mßÉfþoh ;=,§ mej;sK'

óg wu;rj fydxfldx ICAC wdh;kh mdi,a uÜgfuka §m jHdma; wOHhk

jevigyka ud,djla l%shd;aul lrhs' iqms<smkak iudchla f.dvkexùfï mKsúvh mqyqKq

ieis jdr ;=,§ .=rejrekag ,nd§u u.ska th iuia: YsIH m%cdj mqrdu ikaksfõokh

lsÍug yelshdj ,eî we;' fydxfldx foaYh fï u.ska foaYfha wkd.;h iqrlaIs; lr .kS'

56

ñ;Hdj

ksoyia wd¾Ól rgdjla ;=, ÿießh ¥IKh&

;sîu je<elaúh fkdyel'

ikaf;daiï u.ska rdcH fiajh ld¾hlaIu

fõ' tneúka th rfÜ ÈhqKqjg fya;= fõ'

.,k .Õlska Èhfoda;la .;a;dg mdvqjla

isÿ fkdfõ'

w,a,ila u.ska kS;s úfrdaë fkdjk fohla

tkï orefjl= ckm%sh mdi,lg we;=,;a lrjd

.ekSu jekakla lr .ekSu ie,lsh hq;= jrola

fkdfõ'

ÿießh ¥IKh& iEfyk ld,hla ;=, l%ñlj

j¾Okh jQjls' tneúka th u¾Okh lsÍug;a

tjeksu ld,hla .;fõ '

foaYmd,k wkq.%yhla fkd,efí kï ÿieß

^¥IK& u¾Ok l%ufõoh id¾:l fkdfõ'

ÿießh ^¥IKh& .ek ñ;Hdj yd i;Hh

i;Hh

iïmQ¾K ksoyia wd¾Ólhla l%shd;aul lrk

isx.mamQrej yd fydxfldx rdcHhka ÿießh

^¥IKh& wju lrk ,o rdcHhka folls'

w,a,ia .kakd rdcH fiajlhd jev blauka

fkdlrhs' Tyq lrkafka w,a,ia fok whf.a

jev muKs' w,a,ia fkdÿkafkd;a jev fkdlrhs'

tneúka w,a,i rdcH fiajh lvskï lrkjd

fkdj thg ;srsx.hla f,i l%shd lrhs'

osh ìxÿj ìxÿj tla ù uyd id.rhla iEfokjd

fukau ìxÿj ìxÿj ysia ùu ksid uyd id.rhla

úh,S hEugo yelshdj we;'

w,a,ia u.ska jdishla i,id .ekSu iudc

iïu;h jQ l, n,mj;ajk idOlh jkafka

w,a,iska bgq lrjd .kakd lghq;af;a hqla;s

hqla; Ndjh fkdj w,a,ihs'

i;H úh yelsh' fndfyda hqfrdamSh rgj,a fï

i|yd Y;j¾I folla ;=kla .; l<y'

cmdkhg wjqreÿ 50la .;úh' tfy;a isx.mamQrej

wjqreÿ 10 la ;=,§ m%;sM, fmkajQ w;r fydxfldx

foaYhg .;jQfha wjqreÿ 4 la muKs'

foaYmd,k wkq.%yh ,efíkï th blauka

id¾:l;ajh ,eîug fya;= fõ' tfy;a fndfyda

hqfrdamSh rgj, ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾okhg

fya;=jQfha uyck l%shdldrlïh' tfukau

fydxfldx foaYfha§ wúêu;a uyck Woafhda.h

yd b,a u blauka m%;sM, f.k wdfõh'

57

is;d n,kakg '''''''''''''''''''''''''''

úÿyf,a lS¾;skduh wkqj .e,fmk w,a,ila oS ckm%sh mdi,lg ;u orejd

we;=,;a lr .kakd fouõmshka ta .ek Woï wkk w;r mdif,a úÿy,am;s;=ud w,a,ia

.;af;a jQjo ;udg Wmldrhla l< wfhl= f,i i,lhs' tneúka ta ms<Sn| meñKs,s

lsÍu fyda Tyqg úreoaOj idlaIs §ug foudmshka is;kafka ke;'

wo rfÜ idudkH ;;ajh'

fyfrdhska lsf,da 3 1$2 iu. w;awvx.=jg .;a ldka;djlg tfrysj kS;sh

l%shd;aul fkdlr isàug remsh,a ,laI 5 l w,a,ila b,a,d" flaj,a lsÍfuka miq

remsh,a ,laI 3 la ,ndf.k wod, ldka;dj ksoyia l< iqrdnÿ ks,OdÍka fofofkl=

úiska tu u;al=vq f;d.h úl=Kd .kakd ,§'

w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk

fldñIka iNdj úiska lrk ,o

úu¾YkhloS wkdjrKh jQ lreKq

fyfrdhska .%Eï 2 lg jvd jeä m%udKhla ,. ;nd .ekSu" fyda cdjdrï lsrSu

urKSh okavkfhka ovqjï ,eìh yels jrols'

igyk - fuu meñKs,a, fldñiug tl t,af,au ,enqKq meñKs,a,la fkdj" u;al=vq

úlsKSu ms<sn|j ,enqKQ ks¾kdñl meñKs,a,la úu¾Ykfha§ fmd,sia u;aøjH ksjdrK

ld¾hdxYh fj; ,enqKq f;dr;=re u; tu ld¾hxYh úiska w,a,ia fldñiu fj; fhduq

lrk ,oaols'

u;aøjH ksjdrKh i|yd ks, jYfhka lghq;= lrk iqrdnÿ

ks,OdrSyq w,a,ia .kakjd muKla fkdj u;aøjH fj<oduo lrkjd

fkdfõo @

58

b;sydi .; lreKq wkqj Y%S ,xldjdiS wmyg

ÿieß ^¥IKhg& bv ke;'

wkqrdOmqr hq.h

—i;r jdy,alv rka ߧ uq;= ue‚la msrjQ n÷ka i;rla

;nd jev lrkq ,enQ m%udKhg iß,k fia f.k hkakg

okka yg bv ie,iQ

rejka je,s uyd iE l¾udka;h

uyd jxYh

ksYaYxlu,,rc

—w,a,i .kakjqka iy ¥IKfha fhfokakjqka B,Õ

wd;aufha§ n,a,ka iy lmqgka ù bmfokq we;˜

wU.uqj fi,a,smsh

isxy,fha rdc kS;sh

—wh:d wkaoñka ji a; =j /i afldg.;a rcfh a

ks,ulaldrjrekaf.a foam< rdc ika;l lsÍu˜

frdnÜ fkdlaia

—fidrlu isxy,fha fy<d ols;s' ÿisß;a w;=ßka Tjqka b;du

wvq jYfhka fhfokafka fidrlfuys nj lsj yelsh' iqpß;

O¾u" hym;a .;s.=K yd i;Hjd§ nj hk .=KO¾u j,g

jpkfhka muKla fkdj l%shdfjkao m%Yxid lr;s' .=K

j¾Kkd lr;s' fkdfyd| foa fkdfyd| nj ±k ±k;a

ñksidg wd.u O¾uh wkqj fyd¢ka Ôj;a úh fkdyelafla

;ukaf.a u ÿ¾j,lu ksid nj ms<s.ks;s—

17 jk Y;j¾Yh - tÞ fy, Èj

59

wfma rcacqrejkaj frdnÜ fkdlaia ÿgq yeá

fï rfÜ rgjeishka uyrcq fj; isrs;a mrsos mvqre mdlal=vï fkdfyd;a whnÿ

f.k tkafka w¨;a wjqreÿ ld,fhysh' uq,a wjosfhaoS rc;=ud fufia whnÿ ndr.ekSu

ks;H ksrka;rfhkau lrkak mqreÿj isáho" wmrNd.fhys rdc NdKavd.drh msrS b;srS

.sh fyhska" miq ld,fhys Tyq wh nÿ Ndr .;af;a b;d l,d;=rlsks' iaj,am jYfhks'

fï rcf;fï rgjeis ck;djf.a wh .ekSu ms<sl=,a fldg ie,l=fõh' rfÜ ck;djo

whnÿ f.ùu t;rï wjYH ke;s lreKla yeáhg is;+y' tfia jQjo we;eï jeisfhda

whnÿ f.ùu wjYH f,i i,ld rcq fj; mqo mvqre f.k .shy' wˆ;a wjqreÿ iufha

fndfyda fihska fufia lrkqq ,enqfõ wêm;s ckhdh' tfy;a wjqreÿ lSmhlau uy rcq

tnÿ mvqrej;a ms<Sfkd.;af;ah' ljr fyhskaoh;a @ f,dalfha lsisu fohla t;rï

w.h fldg fkdi,lkakg ;rï rcqf.a is; Wiia jQ neúks'

^tod fy< osj - frdanÜ fkdlaia - mrsj¾;kh - fâúâ lreKdr;ak&

wo wfma › ,xldj

60

@

yhjk mrsÉfPaoh

wms l=ula lruqo

wms l=ula lruqo @

� wmf.a yelshdjka wkqj" hym;a mqrjeishka f,i iemj;a cSú;hla .; lsrSfï

whs;sh • ,xldjdiS iEu fokdgu we;af;ah' w,a,i yd ÿießfhka ^¥IKfhka&

f;dr rdcH ;ka;%hla mj;ajd .ekSu wmf.a whs;shls'

� whs;sjdislï bfí my, jkafka ke;' whs;sjdislï b,a,d isáh hq;=hs' túg

,efnkq we;'

� w,a,i yd ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& úreoaOj Tnf.a yv wjÈ lrkak' ÿießfhka

^¥IKfhka& f;dr rdcH ;ka;%hla b,a,d isákak' th wfma whs;shhs'

� uyck uqo,ska jegqma ,nk rcfha fiajlhdg;a" uyck uqo,ska hefmk

foaYmd,lhdg;a uyck uqo,a jxpd lsÍug;a kdia;s lsÍug;a bv fkd;nkak' ukao ta

wfma iy wfma orejkaf.a uqo,a neúks'

61

ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrysj ke.S isàu - ldf.a j.lSuo@

n¨ l=K* - wfcdald ;shg¾

l:dj

tla;rd k.rhl k.rjdiSka Wfoa kskafoka msìfokjd;a iu.u tys m%Odk ùosfha mdr ueo uereKqn,af,l=f.a u< l=Kla olakg ;sìKS' fuu o¾Ykfhka Tjqka yeufofkla u uú;hg fukau wm%ikak;;a;ajhg m;aù fï lrorldrS ’n¨ l=K¶ .ek ish woyia m, l<y' tfia jQjo fuu m%Yakh .ek lsisÿl%shd ud¾.hla .ekSug ;rï Tjqka Wkkaÿ fkdjQ w;r ish iqmqreÿ rdcldrS j, ksr;jQy' Tyq tlsfkldiu. l,y lr.ksñka iy ;j;a iuyre ´md¥m m;=rjñka ish ffoksl ld¾hhkays ksr; fj;s'

tu k.rjdiS wh w;r ish Wvq /jq, .ek ksrreju Wkkaÿjk fm,jka kï ri leú,s fjf<kaod oish f¾irh .ek mqridrï fodvjk fukau .DyKshla jk wmd iu. md ¥m l:djg reisfhla jQ iq,aacakeue;s lrKjEñhd o ish nr wvqlr .ekSug ks;ru jHdhdufha ksr;jk kuq;a iqmqreÿ ¥IK lghq;=j, fhfok rdcH ks,Odrsfhla jQ u,slao" cqïuka keue;s lïue,s li, fYdaOlhdo" ’n¨ m%Yakh¶bosrsm;a lr ;j ;j;a oSukd iy ,eîï tl;=lr .ekSug hqyqiq jk wd.ñl kdhlfhlao" ish¨uidOdrK iy widOdrK ud¾. j,ska ;u foaYmd,k wruqKq bgqlr .ekSfï ksr; jk iNdm;s o Tjqkaw;r jQy' ta w;r fuu ’n¨ l=K¶ ksid tla Wu;= mqoa.,fhl= muKla buy;a É;a; mSvdjg ,lajkkuq;a Tyq ldf.a;a úfõpkhg ,lafõ'

fï ish¨fokdu rd;%S kskaog .shuq;a bjish fkdyels ÿ.| ksid kskafoka msìfoa' ÿ¾.kaoh uev,Su i|yd’yÿkal+re¶ fnodfoñka ’fuys t;rï ÿÕ|la keye - lreKdlr Tfí kdih .ek ie,ls,su;a jkak"fuu yÿkal+re mdúÉÑ lrkak¶ hkqfjka mjihs' fuu ÿr.kaOhg fm%alaIlhska o md¾Yjlrejka f,iye.S hkfia Tjqka w;r o yÿkal+re fnokq ,nhs' fuu lghq;= isÿùfïoS ’n¨ l=K¶ os.ska os.gu t;k;sfnk w;r th bj;a lsrSug fuf;la lsisu wfhla Wkkaÿ fkdjQfha ukaoehs Wu;= ñksid fm%laIlhskaf.kam%Yak lrhs'

iudcfha olakg we;s m%Yak iy ¥IK ;=rka lsrSug wmg M,odhS hula lsrSug fkdyelsùu ms<sn|jiuia; iudchu Wmydihg ,lalrk ydiHfhda;amdol fuu kdgH wjika jkqfha iudc ÿisrs;a ;=rkalsrSu i|yd ;u iSud udhsï bj;,d bosrsm;a jk f,i fm%alaIl ck;dj u.ska iuia; iudchguwdrdOkd lrñks'

f;audj

fuu kdgHfha n¨ l=K jQ l,S iudcfha olakg we;s ¥IK iy widOdrK l%shd ixfla;d;aulj fmkajdoSuhs' iudc ÿisrs;a ms<sn| uyckhd olajk WodiSk;ajho tajd ;=rka lsrSfï ld¾hNdrh wfkfll= u;mjrñka fndfydafokd ;u j.lSu meyer yrsñka m%Yakfhka uÕ yerSug .kakd W;aidyo ksrEmKh fõ'ÿ.| bjid.; fkdyels jQ úg tu ÿ.|g fya;=j ;ud wNshi ;sìhoS;a Tjqyq tlsfkldg fodia mjrd.ks;s'

fuu fodia mejrSfï l%shdj W.% jQ úg Tjqkaf.a iodpdrh /lSfï j.lSu mejrS we;s uq,a,d kï wd.ñlkdhlhd meñK Bg ms<s;=re f,i iqj| yuk yÿkal+re ,ndfoa tfy;a ÿ.| yeóug fya;= jQ jia;=j;jÿrg;a tu ia:dkfhau we;' fuu kdgH u.ska iudchg fokq ,nk mKsjqvh ilaiqola fia meyeos,sh'iudc ms<s, uq,skqmqgd oeóug wm is,a,kau lghq;= l< hq;=fõ'

* mkacdí ys w.kqjr jk iajdNdúl fi!kao¾hfhka msrsmqka Wiia ixialD;shlska wdNdIh ,enQ w.%.Kfhal,d ksmqK;ajhla we;s hym;a ñksiqka isák ’,dfyda¾¶ k.rfhaoS mlsia:dkfha cd;sl j.ùfï ld¾hxYh^National Accountability Bureau& u.ska ixúOdkh lrk ,o ’ol=KQ wishdfõ ¥IKhg tfrysj igkalsrSu¶ ^Combating Corruption in South Asia& uefhka 2004 fkdjeïn¾ ui 25-27 olajd mj;ajk ,oiïuka;%Kh wdrïNl oskfhaoS iudc idOdrK;ajh ms<sn| yvla k.k úYaj f.!rjhg md;%jQldka;djla jk ’wfcdald¶ úiska wOHlaIKh lrkq ,enQ ’n¨ l=K The Dead Dog&¶ kï by; ùos kdgHhfõosld .; lrk ,oS' fuu kdgHfha f;audj ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj, cSj;ajk iudcfha iEu ;rd;srluck;dj úiska wjfndaO lr .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'

w,a,i yd ¥IKhg úreoaOj jkak th Tfí mru hq;=luhs'

62

±kqj;a jkak "

wjÈjkak ""

l%shd;aul jkak """

wka whj;a ±kqj;a lr wjÈ lrkak """"

ch.%yKh ksh;h """""

´kEu ÿr .ukl wdrïNh tla mqxÑ mshjrls'

Wlg,S fkdjkak æ

63

wms f,dalh fjkia lruq æ

"To put the world in order, we must first putthe nation in order; to put the nation in order,we must first put the family in order; to put thefamily in order, we must first cultivate our per-sonal life; and to cultivate our personal life, wemust first set our hearts right"

Confucius

’f,dalh ms<sfj<la lsrSug kï m<uqj foaYh ms<sfj<la l<

hq;=h; foaYh ms<sfj<la lsrSug kï m<uqj mjq, ms<sfj<la

l< hq;=h; mjq, ms<sfj<la lsrSug kï wms m<uqfjkau wmf.a

mqoa.,sl cSú; yod .; hq;=h; wfma mqoa.,sl cSú; yod .ekSug

kï m<uqfjkau wfma yoj;a fl,ska ;nd .; hq;=h'¶

fldka*shqishia

f,d alh fjkia l sÍug m%:u ud fjkia úh h q; =h'f,d alh fjkia l sÍug m%:u ud fjkia úh h q; =h'f,d alh fjkia l sÍug m%:u ud fjkia úh h q; =h'f,d alh fjkia l sÍug m%:u ud fjkia úh h q; =h'f,d alh fjkia l sÍug m%:u ud fjkia úh h q; =h'uy;aud .dkaê

w÷rg wf,dalh hgm;a l< fkdyels jQjo wdf,dalhgw÷rg wf,dalh hgm;a l< fkdyels jQjo wdf,dalhgw÷rg wf,dalh hgm;a l< fkdyels jQjo wdf,dalhgw÷rg wf,dalh hgm;a l< fkdyels jQjo wdf,dalhgw÷rg wf,dalh hgm;a l< fkdyels jQjo wdf,dalhg

w÷r m,jd yeßh yelsh'w÷r m,jd yeßh yelsh'w÷r m,jd yeßh yelsh'w÷r m,jd yeßh yelsh'w÷r m,jd yeßh yelsh'

mer‚ Ök lshuklamer‚ Ök lshuklamer‚ Ök lshuklamer‚ Ök lshuklamer‚ Ök lshukla

wjqreÿ oyila mqrd ldurhl msÍ we;s w÷r tl bá myklawjqreÿ oyila mqrd ldurhl msÍ we;s w÷r tl bá myklawjqreÿ oyila mqrd ldurhl msÍ we;s w÷r tl bá myklawjqreÿ oyila mqrd ldurhl msÍ we;s w÷r tl bá myklawjqreÿ oyila mqrd ldurhl msÍ we;s w÷r tl bá mykla

±,aùu u.ska ÿre l< yelsh'±,aùu u.ska ÿre l< yelsh'±,aùu u.ska ÿre l< yelsh'±,aùu u.ska ÿre l< yelsh'±,aùu u.ska ÿre l< yelsh'

mer‚ Ök lshuklamer‚ Ök lshuklamer‚ Ök lshuklamer‚ Ök lshuklamer‚ Ök lshukla

64

zzfï .fia fndfyda meKs fodvï ;sfímeys,d bos,d ìug keñ,d nrfj,d w;=kx.sghs ughs f.ä folla we;sjeäh lvk krl <fuda fyu fkdfõ wmsZZ

".Z hk we;a l=K bo uia ri gdis} ueo jeo jekiqk fuka lmq gd,o biqfrys f,dn l<fyd;a f;dm gdnj ihqfrka .ufkla ke; f.dv gd"

f,dajev iÕrdj

65

ÿießfhka ^¥IKfhka& msreKq wúpdrj;aiudch Wvq hál=re lruq'

iqms<smkak foaYhla

66

iqms<smkak m%;s{dj

iqms<smka foaYhla

u;= mrmqrg Þhdo lsÍfï

W;=ï mrud¾:fhka

m%cd;dka;%sl jákdlï o

ñksia whs;sjdislï yd hq;=lï o

iq/lSu fjkqfjka

mqfrda.dój lemfjñka

ukqIH;ajhg yd rfÜ m%.ukhg

wys;lr ljr n,fõ.hla wNsuqj jqj

wlïms;j

fm!oa.,sl yd jD;a;Sh Ôú;fha§

ukd úksúo Ndjhlska o

j.ùug yd j.lSug lem jQ oDIaáhlska o hq;a

ÿießfhka f;dr yrieß

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wNsudkj;a f,i

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'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' jk uu

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m%;s× foñ'

^g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;kh úiska 2007 § §mjHdma;j mj;ajkq ,enQ ;rÕhlska

fuu m%;s{dj ks¾udKh lrk ,§' fuu m%;s{dj fou< yd bx.%Sis hk NdIdjkago mßj¾;kh lr

we;'&

67

68

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i fldgi

w,a,i yd ¥IKh iïnkaOj w,a,ia mkf;a

úêúOdk ir,j '''''''''

^1& m%( w,a,i hkq l=ulao@

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fkdjk ;=gq mvqrla b,a,Su fyda ,nd .ekSu iy rcfha fiajlfhl=

fj; fyda Tyq fjkqfjka kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk ;=gq mvqrla msrskeóu fyda

msrskeóug ;e;a lsrSu w,a,ils'

^2& m%( w,a,i jrola jkafka flfiao@

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ii& rcfha fiajlfhl=j isáhoS ;u ks, ld¾hhlg wod< jQj;a ke;;a

;=gq mvqrla whoSkafka fyda ,nd.kafka kï(

iii& wdKavqfõ hï ld¾hd,hhla iu. .kqfokq lrk ;eke;af;l= tf,i

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úiska tjeks ;eke;af;l=f.ka ;=gq mvqrla ,nd .kafka kï (

th w,a,ia mk; hgf;a jrols'

tfia jQjo by; (ii) wjia:dfõoS tlS ;=gq mvqr ,nd.ekSug kS;sh fyda rlaIdfõ

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fyda .ekSu wod< .kqfokqjg lsisfia;au iïnkaO ke;s nj Tmamq lsrSug yelskï

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^3& m%( ks, ld¾h bgq lsrSu hkakg we;=<;a jkafka fudkjdo@

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ndOd lsrSu" bgq lsrSu je<elaùu" bgq lsrSfïoS mlaI.%dySùu fukau ks,

ld¾hhka bgq fkdlr isàula o we;=<;a fõ'

69

^4& m%( kS;sh fyda ;u rlaIdfõ fldkafoais wkqj rcfha fiajlfhl=g

,nd .ekSug n,h ,eî we;s mvqre ljrla úh yels o@

WodyrKhla fokak'

W( rcfha ffjoH ks,Odrsfhl=g hï hï fldkafoais j,g hg;aj fm!oa.,slj

;u jD;a;sfha fhoSug wjir ;sîu'

^5& m%( w,a,ila yd ;E.a.la w;r fjkila ;sfí o@ tfia kï ta

l=ulao@

W( ^w& w,a,i yd ;E.a. w;r meyeos,s fjkila we;'

^wd& ;E.a.la msrskeófïoS fyda Ndr.ekSfïoS t;ek lsisu whqrl jroldrS

woyila ke;' w,a,ila § iEuúgu jroldrS woyila we;' fuu

jroldrS woyi meyeos,sj fmfkkakg ;sfnk wjia:d fukau

ie.jqkq wjia:do we;'

^6& m%( jroldrS woyi ie.jqkq wjia:d fudkjdo@

W( WodyrKhla f,i rcfha fiajlfhl=g lsishï nexl=jla úiska tu

nexl=fõ .kqfokqlrejkag idudkHfhka n,mdk fldkafoais j,g jvd

,sys,a fldkafoais hgf;a Khla ,ndoSu'

^7& m%( rcfha fiajlhkag ;E.s ,nd.ekSug kS;suh ndOd we;so@

W( wdh;k ix.%yhg wkqj rcfha fiajlfhl=g kEoE ys;ñ;=rkaf.ka yqfolau

fm!oa.,sl ld¾hhka j,g wod<j" ;ukag ,efnk idudkH ;E.s fNda.

Ndr .ekSug wjirh ;sîu'

^8& m%( ¥IKh hkq l=ulao@

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;eke;af;l= fyda whq;= iy.; f,i fyda kS;s úfrdaë f,i fyda jdishla

,nd .kafka kï túg o ¥IKh jro isÿfõ'

^10& m%( w,a,i mk; hgf;a jeros l< yelafla ldgo@

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ks, ld¾hhka iïnkaOj w,a,ila b,a,SfïoS fyda Ndr.ekSfïoS

fyda tu rcfha fiajlhd úiska (

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w;rueosfhl= úiska w,a,ila b,a,SfïoS fyda Ndr .ekSfïoS fyda

tu w;rueoshd úiska (

70

iii& rcfha fiajlfhl=f.a ks, ld¾hhla bgq lrjd .ekSu i|yd tu

rcfha fiajlhdg fyda fjk;a rcfha fiajlfhl=g ke;fyd;a

w;rueosfhl=g w,a,ila msrskeófïoS tf,i msrskuk ;eke;a;d

úsiska (

iv& by; jeros lsrSug ;e;a lrk" wkqn, fok iy l=uka;%Kh lrk

;eke;af;l= úiska (

^11& m%( w,a,ia mk;g wkqj rcfha fiajlhd hkafkka woyia lrkafka

ljqrekao@

W( w,a,ia mk;g wkqj my; i|yka wh rcfha fiajlhka fõ'

wud;H uKav,fha wud;Hjrfhl="

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l:dkdhl$ksfhdacH l:dkdhl$ldrl iNd ksfhdacH iNdm;s"

ksfhdacH wud;Hjrfhl="

m<d;a wdKavqldrjrfhl="

m<d;a wud;H uKav,fha wud;Hjrfhl="

md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjrfhl="

rcfha iEu ks,Orfhl="

rcfha iEu fiajlfhl= fyda fiajd kshqla;slfhl="

mdrsY%ñlhla ,enqjo" fkd,enqjo¦

w' m<d;a iNdjl"

wd' m<d;a md,k wdh;khl"

wx' Wmf,aLk.; wdh;khl"

wE' fldgia j,ska 50] lg jeä m%udKhla wdKavqj ork iud.ul"

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cQrs iNslfhl= "

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^12& m%( Wmf,aLk.; wdh;k hkafkka woyia jkafka l=ulao@

W( w,a,ia mkf;a Wmf,aLkfha i|yka hï uKav,hla" wdh;khla" ixia:djla

fyda fjk;a uKav,hla iy hï kS;shla hgf;a hï wdh;khla msysgqùfïoS

w,a,ia mk;g we;=<;a úh hq;=hehs úêúOdk i,iajd we;s wdh;khla

woyia jk w;r tjeks hï wdh;khla 51] lg fkdwvq fldgia

m%udKhla ork fjk;a uKav,hla fyda iud.ula o we;=<;a fõ'

71

^13& m%( w;rueoshl= u.ska w,a,ia f.k fuu jroska .e,úh yelso@

W( fkdyel'

hï ;eke;af;l=f.a oekqu fyda tlÕ;ajh fyda we;sj tlS ;eke;a;d fyda

fjkhï ;eke;af;l= fjkqfjka fyda wka whqrlska fyda ´kEu flfkla

w,a,ia jrola l<fyd;a tlS jro uq,a ;eke;a;d lrk ,o jrola f,i

kS;sh i,lhs'

^14& m%( w,a,i fyda ¥IKh ms<sn| meyeos,s idlaIs fkdue;s jQ wjia:dj,oS

tlS jro l<jqkag tfrysj kS;sh l%shd;aul lsrSug yelshdj

we;so@

W( yelshdj we;'

^15& m%( ta flfiao@

W( j;alï kS;sh hgf;ah'

^16& m%( j;alï kS;sh l%shd;aul jkafka flfiao@

W( hï ;eke;af;l= 1954 ud¾;= 01 osk fyda bka miqj wh;a lrf.k ;sfnk

uqo,a fyda uqo,a fkdjk fyda foam< tu ;eke;a;df.a oek.;a wdodhï fyda

,eîï j, fldgilaj fkdúh yels fyda fkdúh yelsj ;snQ fyda úfgl tu

uqo,a fyda uqo,a fkdjk fyda foam< w,a,ia u.ska w;alr.;a njg th tfia

fkdjk njg tu ;eke;a;d úiska Tmamq lrkq ,nk f;la& kS;sh i,lkq

,nhs'

^17& m%( foam< w;am;a lr .ekSu Nd¾hdjf.a kñka fyda orefjl=f.a

kñka fyda lsrSu u.ska ñka .e,úh yelso@

W( fkdyel' hful=f.a Nd¾hdj fyda jhi wjqreÿ 18g wvq wújdyl

orefjl=f.a fyda kug we;s uqo,a fyda uqo,a fkdjk fyda foam, mgyeksj

lreKq Tmamq lrkf;la& tu ;eke;a;d úiska w;am;a lr .kakd f,i

kS;sh i,lkq ,nhs'

^18& m%( j;alï kS;sh n,mdkq ,nkafka rcfha fiajlhskag muKlao@

W( ke;' ´kEu ;eke;af;l= 1954 ud¾;= ui 01 jeks osfkka miq w;am;a

lrf.k we;s foam, iïnkaOj fuu kS;sh n,mdkq ,nhs' tu ;eke;a;d

rcfha fiajlfhla o ke;a o hkak jeo.;a fkdfõ'

^19& m%( w,a,ia .ekSu fukau w,a,ia oSuo jrola kï fkdoekqj;alñka

fyda fkdoS isàug fkdyelsùu fya;=fjka w,a,ila oSfuka miq

meñKs,s lsrSfuka meñKs,s lrkakdg ovqjï ,efío@

W( w,a,ia mk;g wkqj w,a,ia oSu o" w,a,ia .ekSu fukau tl yd iudkj

ovqjï ,eìh hq;= jrols' kuq;a w,a,i ÿka ;eke;a;d meñKs,slre jk

wjia:djloS kS;sh tu ;eke;a;d jrolrefjl== f,i fkdj w,a,i

b,a,kakdf.a f.dÿrg ,la jQ wysxil mqoa.,fhl= f,i i,lkq ,nhs'

flfia jQjo hful= w,a,ila b,a,d isákafka kï w,a,i oSug fmr ta

ms<sn| meñKs,s lsrSu jvd;a iqÿiq l%shdud¾.hhs'

72

^20& m%( w,a,ila i|yd yqjudre úh hq;af;a uqo,a fyda uqo,ska w.h

uekshyels fjk;a foam,la fyda muKlao@

W( ke;' w,a,ila i|yd uqo,a" uqo,ska w.h ueksh yelsfohla fukau uqo,ska

w.h ueksh fkdyels fohla o yqjudre úh yel'

^21& m%( th meyeos,s lrkak'

W( w,a,ila i|yd yqjudre úhyels foa .ek b;d mq¿,aj w¾:l:kh lr we;'

mk;g wkqj w,a,ila"

^w& Khla" .dia;=jla fyda mdrsf;daIslhla fyda ,eîul wdldrfhka

úh yelsh'

^wd& hï OQrhla fyda rlaIdjla fyda ,ndoSul wdldrfhka úh yelsh'

^we& hï Khla fyda ne|Sula fyda ksoyia lsrSul wdldrfhka úh yelsh'

^wE& kvq mejrSulska fyda úkhuh l%shdud¾.hlska fyda wdrlaIdj

,eîul wdldrfhka úh yelsh'

^b& hï whs;sjdislula fyda ks,n,hla fyda l%shd;aul lsrSu fyda bka

je<lSulska úh yelsh'

^B& ljr fyda j¾.hlg wh;a fjkhï fiajhla Wmldrhla fyda

jdishla ,ndoSul wdldrfhka úh yelsh'

^22& m%( ljr j¾.hlg fyda wh;a fiajhla Wmldrhla fyda jdishla

hkakg we;=<;a jkafka fudkjdo@

W( ^w& ,sx.sl ;Dma;shla ,nd.ekSu ;=,ska ldhslj ,nkakd jQ fiajhla

w,a,ila úh yelsh'

^wd& orefjl= ckm%sh mdie,lg we;=<;a lrjdoSu u.ska ,nkakd jQ

Wmldrhla w,a,ila úh yelsh'

^we& úfoaY YsIH;ajhla ,nd.ekSu ;=,ska udkislj ,ndkakd jQ jdishla

w,a,ila úh yelsh'

^23& m%( w,a,ia yd ¥IK msgqoelSug Tnf.a iyfhda.h fldñIka iNdj

fj; ,ndosh yelafla flfiao@

W( ^1& Tnf.ka hï ;eke;af;l= w,a,ila b,a,d isáhfyd;a jydu

fldñIka iNdj fj; oekqï §fuka'

^2& Tn fï jk úg;a w,a,ila oS we;skï ta ms<sn| úia;rhla fldñIka

iNdj fj; bosrsm;a lsrSfuka

^3& hï ;eke;af;l= uE;oS ;u wdodhug jvd jeä foam, w;am;a

lr.ekSula fyda úhoï lsrSula fyda .ek f;dr;=re Tn okafka

kï tu ;eke;a;d yd Tyq úiska w;am;a lrf.k we;s foam, fyda

lr we;s úhoï ms<sn| ukd úia;rhla fldñIka iNdj fj;

bosrsm;a lsrSfuka'

73

^24& m%( fldñIka iNdj fj; f;dr;=re ,ndosh yelafla flfiao@

W( ^1& ÿrl:k wxl 011-2586258 iy 011-2584872 weu;Sfuka ke;fydla

laI‚l weu;=ï wxlh jk 1954 weu;Su

^2& wxl 36" u,,fialr udj;" fld<U 07 msysá w,a,ia fyda ¥IK

fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj fj; meñK fyda ;eme,a u.ska

f;dr;=re bosrsm;a lsrSfuka'

^3& sccy@sltnet.lk hk úoHq;a ,smskhg oekqï oSfuka'

^25& m%( fldñIka iNdj fj; f;dr;=re oekqï fokakdg ysrsyerhla

fõo@

W( fldñIka iNdj fj; ,efnk yeu f;dr;=rlu ryiHNdjh wdrlaId

lrk w;r kS;suh l%shdud¾.hla i|yd yer ,efnk f;dr;=re fy<sorõ

lsrSug wjldYhla fkdue;' tneúka f;dr;=re bosrsm;a lrkakd ms<sn|

fy<sorõ lsrSula lsisfia;au isÿjkafka ke;'

^26& m%( w,a,ia mk; hgf;a jrolg jrolre ùfuka ,eìh yels ovqjï

ljf¾o@

W( 1' w,a,ila oSula" ,nd.ekSula" wheoSula fyda by; ljrla fyda lsrSug

;e;a lsrSfïoS" l=uka;%Kh lsrSfïoS fyda wkqn, oSfïoS fyda"

w' wjqreÿ 7 la fkdblaujk ld,hlg nrm;, jev we;sj nkaOkd.dr

.;lsrSu fyda re' 5000$- fkdblaujk ovhla kshu lsrSu fyda by;

ovqjï folu

wd' by; ovqjï j,g wu;rj w,a,ig yqjudre jQ ;=gq mvqf¾ jákdlug

iudk uqo,la oKavkhla jYfhka wh lsrSu'

2' hï j;alula w,a,iska ,nd.;a njg Tmamq jQjfyd;a by; 1 ^w&

ovqjug wu;rj foam< j, jákdlug wvq fkdjk iy ;=ka .=Kh

fkdblaujk oKavkhla kshu lsrSu fyda ta fjkqjg foam< rdcika;ll

lsrSu'

3' ¥IKh jrog jrolre jqjfyd;a wjqreÿ 10 fkdblaujk ld,hlg

nkaOkd.dr .; lsrSula fyda remsh,a ,laIh fkdblaujk ovhla

fyda by; ovqjï folu fyda ,eìh yel'

^27& m%( by; ovqjïj,g wu;rj fjk;a wYlakq;djka j,g hg;aùug

isÿfõ kï ta fudkjdo@

W( ^1& ;udf.a /lshdj fyda OQrh wysñ ùu(

^2& md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKhlg kï wjq( 7lg iy m<d;a md,k

ue;sjrKhlg kï wjq' 5lg Pkaoh oSug fyda f;arSm;aùug kqiqÿiq ùu

^3& rcfha fyda Wmf,aLk.; wdh;khl /lshdjla fyda OQrhla ,eîfï

wjia:dj ioygu wysñ ùu'

74

ii fldgi

1975 wxl 1 ork j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYhg m;a

lsÍfï mk; idrdxY.;j'

1' j;alï yd nerlï m%ldY bÈßm;a l< hq;= ;eke;a;ka

^w& md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjre iy m,d;a md,k wdh;k j, iNslhska"

^wd& ckdêm;s úiska m;a lrkq ,nk úksYaphldrjre ^tkï fY%aIaGdêlrK

wNshdpkdêlrK yd uydêlrK úksYaphldrjre& iy rdcH ks,OdÍka"

^we& wud;H uKav,h u.ska m;alrkq ,enQ rdcH ks,OdÍka"

^wE& wêlrK fiajd fldñIka iNdj úiska m;alrkq ,enQ wêlrK ks,OdÍka

^Èia;%sla úksYaphldrjre" ufyaia;%d;ajre iy lïlre úksYaph iNd

iNdm;sjre& iy wêlrKhkays Wmf,aLk.; ks,OdÍka"

^b& wud;HdxY yd fomd¾;fïka;=j, udKav,sl ks,OdÍka"

^B& m<d;a md,k wdh;k j, iNslhka iy udKav,sl ks,OdÍka"

^t& ms<s.;a foaYmd,k mlaI j, ks,OdÍ uKav,h"

^tA& ,shdmÈxÑ jD;a;Sh iñ;sj, úOdhl ks,OdÍka fyda ckdêm;sjrKhla

md¾,sfïka;=" m,d;a iNd" m,d;amd,k ue;sjrK i|yd bÈßm;ajk Pkao

wfmalaIlhska"

^T& mqj;am;a wd× mk; hgf;a ,shdmÈxÑ mqj;am;a wdh;khkays ysñlrejka"

mqj;am;a l;Djreka iy l;D uKav, idudðlhska"

^W& rdcH ixia:d iy jeä fldgia m%udKhla rch orK iud.ïys iNdm;sjre"

wOHlaI uKav,h iy udKav,sl ks,OdÍka'

2' hï ;eke;af;la by; i|yka Oqrhlg m;aù udi 3 la bl=;a ùug fmr j;alï

nerlï m%ldYh ,ndÈh hq;= w;r wk;=rej jd¾Isl m%ldY ,ndÈh hq;=h'

3' j;alï nerlï m%ldYfha§ ;udf.a" ;u l,;%hdf.a iy wjqreÿ 18 g wvq wújdyl

orejkaf.a j;alï yd nerlï ±laúh hq;=h' orejl= wjqreÿ 18g jeä jQj;a ;udf.ka

hefmkafka kï tu orejd iïnkaOj o úia;r j;alï nerlï m%ldYhg tla l<

hq;=h'

4' ´kEu mqoa.,fhl=g" ksYaph lrkq ,nk uqo,la f.ùu u; kEu j;alï nerlï

m%ldYhla mÍlaId lr ne,Sug wjia:dj we;s w;r ;jÿrg;a ksYaÑ; .dia;=jla

f.ùula u; tu m%ldYfha iy;sl msgm;la ,nd.ekSu whs;sh we;' 1991'02'19 Èk

orK wxl 650$7 .eiÜ m;%h wkqj fuu .dia;=j wkqms<sfj,ska re' 500$- la yd

250$- f,i kshu lr we;'

5' idOdrK fya;=jla fkdue;sj j;alï nerlï m%ldYh bÈßm;a fkdlrk fyda

j;alï nerlï m%ldYfha§ jerÈ f;dr;=rla imhk fyda hï j;alula m%ldY

fkdlr isák fyda ;eke;af;la jrolg jrolre jk w;r" tu jro kElñkau

j;alula m%ldY fkdlr isàu kï" jrolre ùu;a iu. tu jrog mdol jQ j;alu

ish¿ ne§ï j,ska f;drj rchg wh;a fõ'

75

iii fldgi

2006 wxl 5 orK uqo,a úY+oaêlrKh je,elaùfï mk;

idrdxY.;j

hï foam<la Rcqj fyda jl%j hï kS;s úfrdaê l%shdldrlulska ,enqKq nj oksñkau

fyda oek.ekSug fya;= we;sj tjeks foam<la

� .KqfoKq lsrSu"

� Ndr .ekSu"

� ika;lfha ;ne.ekSu"

� i.jd .ekSu"

� neyer lsrSu"

� wdfhdackh lsrSu"

� Y%s ,xldjg f.k tau fyda Y%S ,xldfjka f.k hdu fyda'

jrola njg m;a lr we;'

mQ¾j ks.ukh

m%lg wdodhï fyda Ok m%Nj j,ska ,eî fkdue;af;a kï tu foam, kS;s úfrdaë

l%shdldrlulska ,enQ njg kS;sh úiska mQ¾j ks.ukh lrhs' bka woyia jkafka tu foam,

kS;Hdkql+, ud¾.hlska ,enqK njg foam, ysñlre yg Tmamq lsÍug fkdyels kï tu foam,

kS;s úfrdaë l%shdldrlulska ,enqkq njg i,lk njhs'

iv fldgi

2006 wxl 06 orK uqo,a .kqfokq jd¾;d lsrSfï

mk; idrdxY.;j

• wkqu; m%udKh blaujd uqo,a$.kqfokq l, yels idOk m;% YS% ,xldfjka f.khdu

fyda YS% ,xldjg f.k tau"

• mk;ska kshñ; jd¾;d bosrsm;a lsrSfïoS jeros fyda fkdu. hk iq¿ jd¾;d bosrsm;a

lsrSu"

• f;dr;=re fy,sorõ fkdlsrSu yd ksis fú,djg fy,s orõ fkdlsrSu"

• jHdc f,aLk ieoSu$f,aLkhl i;H;djh jika lsrsu"

• f,aLK úkdY lsrSu"

• jHdc fyda fndre kulska .sKqula újD; lsrSu fyda ls%hd;aul lsrSu$ tf,i lsrSug

n,h oSu"

jrola njg mk; u.ska m%ldYhg m;alr we;'

uQ,H .KqfoKq isÿ lrk iEu wdh;khla úiskau wëlaIK wêldßhla fyda

ú.Kljrfhl= m;al< hq;= w;r tu wdh;kfha hï .kqfokqjla kS;s úfrdaë ls%hdjla yd

iïnkaO njg iel lsrSug idOdrK fya;= we;súg ta ms<snoj uq,H nqoaê tallh fj;

okqï§ug tu wëlaIljrhd fyda ú.Kljrhd fyda kS;sfhka ne§ we;'

uq,H nqoaê tallh (-uq,H nqoaê tallh (-uq,H nqoaê tallh (-uq,H nqoaê tallh (-uq,H nqoaê tallh (-

fuu mkf;a úêúOdk ms<sno mrsmd,kh Ndr lsrSu ioyd wud;Hjrhd úiska .eiÜ m;%fha

m< lrk ,enq kshuhka u.ska kï lrkq ,nk wdKavqfõ fomd¾;fïka;=jla" rdcH ixia:djla"

jHjia:dms; uKav,hla" wdh;khla fyda wêldrshla woyia jk w;r" ta wdh;khlays hï

tallhla o we;=<;a fõ¡

76

Wm .%ka:h 2

ks;r kef.k m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re''''

fuu m%Yak yd W;a;r ilid we;af;a g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh" Y%S

,xld ixj¾Ok mßmd,k wdh;kh yd m%;sYaGdmk Odß;d m%j¾Ok jevigyk u.ska

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Ok jevigyfka odhl;ajh u; rdcH fiajfha ¥IK uev,Su

i|yd w;afmd;la ieliSfï l%shdÞufha fldgila f,iska" Èjhsfka úúO m%foaYj, rdcH

fiajlhskaf.a iyNd.S;ajfhka mej;s jevuq¿j,§ bÈßm;a jQ m%Yak weiqfrks' fï i|yd

wÞ, ms<s;=re" ms<s.;a f,aLk.; uQ,dY% wdY%fhka ilid we;s w;r by; jHdmD;sh hgf;a

ms<sfh, lrk ,o w;afmdf;a fldgila jk ¥IK úfrdaë fuj,fuka Wmqgd .kakd ,§'

01& —¥IKh˜ hkak ks¾jpkh lrkafka flfiao@

fï iïnkaOfhka f,dju ms<s.;a ks¾jpkhla fkdue;s jQj;a b;du;a nyq,j fhdÞ.kakd

m%dfhda.sl ks¾jpkh jkafka —mqoa.,sl ,dN m%fhdack Wfoid" n,h fyda wêldÍ;ajh

wh:d f,i Ndú;d lsÍu ¥IKh fõ˜ hkakhs'

02&02&02&02&02& ¥IKh hkq w,a,i muKlauo@¥IKh hkq w,a,i muKlauo@¥IKh hkq w,a,i muKlauo@¥IKh hkq w,a,i muKlauo@¥IKh hkq w,a,i muKlauo@

th tfia fkdfõ' idudkH jHjydrfha§ mqoa.,hska w,a,i hkak ¥IKhg iudk f,iska

i,lkq ,nk kuqÿ w,a,i hkq ¥IKfha wx. w;ßka tlla mu‚'

03&03&03&03&03& tfiakï ¥IKfha wfkl=;a m%fNao fudkjdo@tfiakï ¥IKfha wfkl=;a m%fNao fudkjdo@tfiakï ¥IKfha wfkl=;a m%fNao fudkjdo@tfiakï ¥IKfha wfkl=;a m%fNao fudkjdo@tfiakï ¥IKfha wfkl=;a m%fNao fudkjdo@

¥IKfha úúO uqyqKjrhkag uqyqK mEug ck;djg isÿ ù ;sfí' w,a,i" whq;= f,i

w;am;a lr .ekSu" n,y;aldrfhka ,nd .ekSu" rdcH uqo,a jxpdj" ×;s ix.%yh" wHNka;r

.KqfoKq j, kshe,Su iy wNsu;d¾:hka ms<s.efgk mßÈ lghq;= lsÍu wdÈh nyq,j ±lsh

yels ¥IKfha m%Odk wx.hka fõ'

04&04&04&04&04& rdcldÍ lghq;= lrk w;r;=f¾ ;u ñ;=rkag ie<lSu fukau mlaI.%dyS iyhlhskagrdcldÍ lghq;= lrk w;r;=f¾ ;u ñ;=rkag ie<lSu fukau mlaI.%dyS iyhlhskagrdcldÍ lghq;= lrk w;r;=f¾ ;u ñ;=rkag ie<lSu fukau mlaI.%dyS iyhlhskagrdcldÍ lghq;= lrk w;r;=f¾ ;u ñ;=rkag ie<lSu fukau mlaI.%dyS iyhlhskagrdcldÍ lghq;= lrk w;r;=f¾ ;u ñ;=rkag ie<lSu fukau mlaI.%dyS iyhlhskag

úfYaI ie,lSï ±laùu ¥IKhlao @úfYaI ie,lSï ±laùu ¥IKhlao @úfYaI ie,lSï ±laùu ¥IKhlao @úfYaI ie,lSï ±laùu ¥IKhlao @úfYaI ie,lSï ±laùu ¥IKhlao @

×;s ix.%yh yd ñ;% ix.%yh uyck;dj ksr;=reju w;aolsk ;;ajhkah' fï ;;ajh ;=<

jdis ,nkafka ÿIs; mqoa.,hska yd tA yryd Tjqkaf.a ×;Ska" ñ;%hska fyda iydhlhskah'

fmdÿ lghq;= j,§ tla;rd fldgilg wksis mlaImd;S;ajh ±laùu meyeÈ,sju ¥IKhls'

05&05&05&05&05& yeu úgu ¥IKh uQ,H .KqfoKqjla yd neÈ mj;So@yeu úgu ¥IKh uQ,H .KqfoKqjla yd neÈ mj;So@yeu úgu ¥IKh uQ,H .KqfoKqjla yd neÈ mj;So@yeu úgu ¥IKh uQ,H .KqfoKqjla yd neÈ mj;So@yeu úgu ¥IKh uQ,H .KqfoKqjla yd neÈ mj;So@

th iEu úgu tfia fkdfõ' iuyr ¥Is; l%shdldrlï uqo,a iïnkaO fkdù jQjo isÿjk

wjia:d we;' WÞyrKhla f,i" w,a,i mjd uqo,ska f;drj isÿjh yelsh' hï lsis f.ùula

77

isÿfkdjk wjia:do we;' ×;s ix.yh hkq" tfia lsisÿ uQ,H .KQfoKqjlska f;drj wksis

ie,lSula fyda wkq.%yhla ±laùuhs'

06&06&06&06&06& rdcldßh bgq lsÍu fjkqfjka ;Hd.hla ,nd.ekSu ¥IKhlao@rdcldßh bgq lsÍu fjkqfjka ;Hd.hla ,nd.ekSu ¥IKhlao@rdcldßh bgq lsÍu fjkqfjka ;Hd.hla ,nd.ekSu ¥IKhlao@rdcldßh bgq lsÍu fjkqfjka ;Hd.hla ,nd.ekSu ¥IKhlao@rdcldßh bgq lsÍu fjkqfjka ;Hd.hla ,nd.ekSu ¥IKhlao@

;Hd. §u yd ,nd .ekSu fndfyduhla iudc l%uhkays ms<s.;a iïm%Þhls' tA flfia fj;;a

rdcH ks,Odßfhl= úiska rdcldßuh lghq;a;la bgq lsÍu fjkqjka ;Hd.hla Ndr.ekSu

wmlaImd;S;ajh" jD;a;suh f.!rjh iy lS¾;skduhg wys;lr f,i n,mdk lreKls'

wfkla w;g wm rfÜ kS;sh wkqj tjekakla Ndr.ekSu w,a,ila jk w;r kS;s u.ska

lghq;= lr ovqjï meñKùugo yelsh'

07&07&07&07&07& Y%S ,xldfõ uyck;dj fj; fyda rdcH ks,OdÍka fj; fyda ¥IKhg tfrysjY%S ,xldfõ uyck;dj fj; fyda rdcH ks,OdÍka fj; fyda ¥IKhg tfrysjY%S ,xldfõ uyck;dj fj; fyda rdcH ks,OdÍka fj; fyda ¥IKhg tfrysjY%S ,xldfõ uyck;dj fj; fyda rdcH ks,OdÍka fj; fyda ¥IKhg tfrysjY%S ,xldfõ uyck;dj fj; fyda rdcH ks,OdÍka fj; fyda ¥IKhg tfrysj

igka lsÍfï hq;=lula ;sfío@igka lsÍfï hq;=lula ;sfío@igka lsÍfï hq;=lula ;sfío@igka lsÍfï hq;=lula ;sfío@igka lsÍfï hq;=lula ;sfío@

th tfiah' iudch /l.ekSu iudch úiskau l<hq;= nj ms<s.;a m%cd hq;=luls' Y%s ,xld

wdKAvq l%u jHjia:dfõ 28 wE& jHjia:dj —fmdÿ foafmd, iqrlaIs; fldg wdrlaId lsÍuo

fmdÿ foafmd, wh:d mßÈ m%fhdackhg .ekSu iy kdia;s lsÍug tfrysj l%shdlsÍuo Y%s

,xldjdiS iEu ;eke;af;l=f.au hq;=lu jkafkah˜ hkqfjka olajd we;' iEu rcfha

ks,Odßfhlau wdKavql%u jHjia:dj iy kS;sh wdrlaId lsÍug mshjr .; hq;=h' fï ksid"

¥IKh hkak jrola f,i i,ld iEu rdcH ks,Odßfhl= úiskau Bg tfrysj lghq;=

lsÍfï hq;=lula mj;S'

08&08&08&08&08& úksúoNdjh ^úksúoNdjh ^úksúoNdjh ^úksúoNdjh ^úksúoNdjh ^Transparency& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao@& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao@& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao@& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao@& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao@

úksúoNdjh hkq ksrjoH;djh" wjxl;ajh iy újD;Ndjhhs' hï mßmd,kuh ;Skaÿjlska

w;Dma;shg m;a md¾Yjhlg tA ms<snoj fya;= ldrKd ±kqï Èh hq;=h' rdcH fiajlhska"

l<ukdlrejka iy Ndrlrejka úiska újD; f,i;a" wfmalaId l< yels f,i;a" wjfndaO

lr.; yels f,i;a lghq;= l< hq;= ùu úksúoNdjh yd ineÈ uQ,O¾uhka h' fï wkqj

úksúoNdjh hkak iu. m%fõYùfï yelshdj" wÞ,;ajh" .=Kd;aulNdjh iy

úYajikSh;ajh hk ,laIK ne`È mj;sk w;r" ld,Sk iy úYajdi lghq;= wd¾Ól iudÔh

iy foaYmd,ksl f;dr;=re j, b;du;a mq¿,a m%jdyhla mej;Su hkdÈ ,laIK mj;S'

úksúoNdjh mej;Su ;=<ska uyck;djg iy fjk;a wdh;k j,g foaYmd,k ;SrK

.ekSï ms<sno f;dr;=re ,eîug;a wdKAvqjl j.ùfï uÜgu by< kexùug;a bv i,ik

w;r" ¥IKhkag we;s bv m%ia:djka wju lrhs' iïm;a fn§hdu" ld¾hlaIu;djh m%j¾Okh

iy ,dN wfmalaIdjka m%j¾Okh jeks oE flfrys Okd;aul whqßka n,mdk ksid wd¾Óluh

jYfhkao úksúoNdjh jeo.;a ixl,amhls'

78

09&09&09&09&09& j.ùu ^j.ùu ^j.ùu ^j.ùu ^j.ùu ^Accountabilty& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao @& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao @& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao @& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao @& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao @

PkaoÞhlhska fj; rdcH ks<OdÍkaf.a fyda foaYmd,k{hskaf.a fyda l%shdldrlï iïnkaOj

iïndOl meKùu ms‚i ysñ n,h u; mkjkq ,nk" Tjqkaf.a ksoyi iSud lrkq ,nk

m%;sfrdaOlhls' j.ùu hkafkys m%Odk;u wx. ;=kls' tkï úksúoNdjh" ms<s;=re §ug

ne§ isàu iy md,kh l< yels ùu hkakhs' ;ukag mejÍ we;s j.lSï bgq lsÍug;a

mj;sk kS;s Í;s fr.=,disj,g wkql+,j ;uka úiska .kakd ,o ;Skaÿ yd l%shdldrlï

idOdrŒlrKh lsÍug;a rdcH wdh;k" rdcH ks,OdÍka iy foaYmd,k{hska fj; mj;sk

ne§u —j.ùu˜ f,i yÿkd.; yelsh' ck;d n,fhka m;alrkq ,enQ ksfhdað;hska ue;sjrK

;=<ska Rcqju yd wêldßuh wdh;ksl rduq u.ska mkjkq ,nk ixjrK yd ;=,k l%u

u.ska jHx.fhkao ck;dj fj; j.ùfuka ne§ isàu —m%cd;dka;%sl j.ùu˜ f,i yeÈkafõ'

10& foaYmd,k mlaIj,g uQ,H wdOdr ,nd§u m%cd;ka;%jdoh wdY%fhka i,lk l,ays

whym;a l%ufõohlao@ th tfia fkdfõkï" foaYmd,k mlaI úiska iajlSh

wruqo,a ms<snoj uyck;djg fy<sorõ l< hq;af;a ukao@

uyck;djg ;ud leu;s foaYmd,k mlaIhlg uQ,H wdOdr §ug ysñlula mj;Sh hkak

ms<s.;a u;hls' tkhskau th m%cd;ka;%jd§ rduqjla ;=<§ neyerl< hq;= l%uhla fkdjk

nj m%lg lrhs' flfia fj;;a foaYmd,k mlaI úiska iajlSh wruqo,a ms<sno f;dr;=re

fy<sorõ lsÍu msßisÿ m%cd;ka;%jd§ mßphla mj;ajdf.k hEug jeo.;a jk nj o u;l

;nd .; hq;=h' tfia ,ndfok uQ,H Þhl;ajhkaa kS;Hdkql+, lsÍug;a iy ±kg n,fha

isák fyda n,h ,nd .ekSug wfmalaIs; foaYmd,k{hskag w,a,ia §u fyda n,mEï lsÍug

;e;a lsÍula fkdjk nj m%lg lsÍug kï foaYmd,k mlaI j,g ,efnk wruqo,a ms<sno

f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

11& rdcH ks,OdÍka fiajh lsÍug ne§ isákafka ld fj;o @

Y%S ,xldfõ wêlrK ;Skaÿ u.ska ksis mßÈ ms<sf.k we;s mßÈ" rdcH ks,OdÍka fukau

rcho ^wdKavqj& uyck;dj fjkqfjka uyck n,h Ndrhla f,iska orkq ,nhs' tfia

fyhska rdcH ks,OdÍkaf.a mru j.lSu jkafka uyck;djg fiajh ie,iSuhs'

12& by< ks,Orfhl= ,ndfok ¥Is; ksfhda.hkag lSlre fkdùug rdcH fiajfhl=g

yelso@

kS;s úfrdaë ksfhda.hkag lSlre fkdùug;a" ish¨u kS;Hdkql+, ksfhda. l%shd;aul lsÍug;a

iEu rdcH fiajlfhl=u ne§ isà' hï ks,Odßfhl= yg" ;ud ,o wK ¥Is; yd kS;s úfrdaë

tlla nj ye.Shkafka kï tjeks wK jpkhlg lSlre fkdùu ks,Odßhdf.a hq;=lu

jkafkah' tfia tjeks wK jpkhkag tfrys ùu ;=,ska Tjqkag hï hï ÿIalr;djhkag

uqyqK§ug isÿùu m%dfhda.sl ;;ajh jQj;a" fndfyduhla úYsIag .Kfha rdcH ks,OdÍka

úiska ;uka ,o kS;s úfrdaë ksfhda.hkag wjk; fkdù rdcH fiajfha iqms<smka;djh

iqrlaIs; lsÍug mshjr .;a wjia:djka /ila mj;sk njo u;l ;nd .; hq;=h'

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13& ¥IKhg tfrysj igkajeÈh yels tlu l%uh tjeks jerÈ j,g tfrysj kvq

mejÍu muKlauo@

¥IKhg tfrysj M,ÞhS whqßka kvq mejÍu w;HdjYH jk kuq;a ¥IKhg tfrysj lghq;=

lsÍfï tlu l%ufõoh th muKla fkdfõ' kvq mejÍula id¾:l ùug kï ld¾hlaIu

úu¾Yk mámdáhla mej;sh hq;=uh' ksrka;r w;aolsk ;;ajhka ;=<ska fmkS hkafka hï

rgl iajdëk yd ksis n,;, j,ska msßmqka ld¾hlaIu ¥IK úfrdaë wêldÍ n,h ork

wdh;khla fkdue;sj kvq mejÍfuka muKla ¥Khg tfrys igk id¾:l fkdjk njhs'

14& fmd,Sish jeks wfkl=;a kS;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfï wdh;k ;sìh§ ¥IK úfrdaë

wdh;khla wu;rj mej;sh hq;af;a ukao@

by< fmf<a ks,OdÍka mjd ¥IKhg k;=ù ;sfnk ;;ajhl ¥IKh fya;=fjka uq¿ rggu

wys;lr ;;ajhla WÞfjk neúka" ¥IKhg tfrysj úu¾Yk meje;aùug yd kvq mejÍug

miqng fkdjkafka;a Bg yelshdj we;af;a;a ¥IK úfrdaë wdh;khlg mu‚' tfukau

¥IK lghq;= úu¾Ykh Wfoid muKlau fjkajQ wdh;khla mj;sk úg thg" wka

wdh;khkag jvd ld¾hlaIu yd iQlaIu f,iska kQ;k ;dlaI‚l l%ufõohka Wmfhda.S

lr.kakd jQ ¥IKhka mjd úu¾Ykh lsÍug ;rï iqúfYaI YlH;djhka ysñlr.; yelsh'

ulaksidoh;a j¾;udkfha§ ¥IKfha fhfok wdldrhka muKla fkdj wÞ, .KQfoKq

l%shd;aul lsÍï mjd b;du;a kQ;k ;dlaI‚l l%u Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka lrkq ,nhs'

fndfyduhla wjia:dj,§ fujeks lghq;=j, kshef<kafka" ,sÅ;j kS;s u.ska n,hla

,nd § fkd;snqko" n,y;aldrfhka f.dvk.d.;a n,;, orñka kS;sh wNsnjdhk by<

fmf<a ks,OdÍka iy foaYmd,lhskah' tfia fyhska ¥IK lghq;= iïnkaOfhka úu¾Yk

meje;aùug;a" tjeks lghq;= j, kshef<kakkag tfrysj kvq mejÍu;a ms‚i iqúfYaIS

n,;, iys; iajdëk wdh;khla mej;Su w;HdjYH lreKls' tmuKla fkdj" kS;sh

l%shd;aul lrk wfkl=;a wdh;kj,g fuka fkdj fujeks ÿIK úfrdaë wdh;khla

fj; b;du;a mq¿,a f,i uyck oekqj;aNdjh m%j¾Okh lsÍfï jevigyka meje;aùfï

j.lSulao mejf¾' kuq;a kS;sh ls%hd;aul lrk wfkl=;a wdh;khkag fujeks lghq;=

ioyd wjYH ;dlaI‚l ±kqu tjeks ¥IK úfrdaë wdh;khlg ;rï ysñ fkdfõ'

15& tjeks ¥IK úfrdaë wdh;khl iajdëk;ajh ;yjqre lrkafka flfiao @

fujeks wdh;khl iajdëk meje;au ;yjqre jkafka" Bg uQ,H iajdëk;ajh yd m%udKj;a

mßÈ iïm;a ysñ kï mu‚' tfia iajdëk;ajh idlaId;a lr.ekSu ms‚i úúO rgj,

fkdfhla l%ufõo Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs' wÞ, wêldßfha ks, idudðlhskaf.a ks,ld,h

ia:djr lsÍu" whjeh iïnkaO iajdëk;djh" úOdhlh u; hemSfuka f;drj m%udKj;a

iïm;a m%udKhla iïmdokh lsÍu" lsisÿ ndOdjlska f;drj kEu ks,Odßfhl=g tfrysj

úu¾Ykh lsÍug;a kvq mejÍug;a yelsjk mßÈ mßmQ¾K n,;, ,nd§u" jHjia:dms;

fyda wdKavql%u jHjia:dkql+, ffk;sl rduqj m%;smdokh lsÍu wdÈh tjeks l%ufõohka

w;ßka lsysmhls'

80

flfia jQjo kS;sh u.skau muKla tjeks wdh;khla iajdëk l< fkdyel' iajdëk;ajh

rÞ mj;skafka tjeks wdh;khla fufyh jk mqoa.,hka u;h'

16& ¥IKh wju lsÍu ms‚i ú.Kldêm;sjrhdg l< yels ld¾hh l=ulao @

ú.Kldêm;s OQrh hkq" wdKAvql%u jHjia:dkql+j msysgqjkq ,en we;s" ish¨u rdcH wdh;k

ú.Kkh lsÍu ms‚i mj;ajkakd jQ rfÜ W;a;Í;r ú.Kk wdh;khhs' flfia fj;;a

ú.Kldêm;s úiska jd¾;d l< hq;= jkafka md¾,sfïka;=j fj;hs' iqúfYaIS wjia:djka

iSñ; m%udKhl§ yereKq fldg wêNdrhla whlsÍfï n,;, ú.Kldêm;sjrhdg ysñ

fkdfõ' ú.Kldêm;sf.a rdcldÍ lghq;= l%shd;aul lsÍfï§ rdcH wdh;k ;=< hï hï

isoaêuh fodaIhka fya;=fjka ¥IKhlg u.mdok nj fmkS hk úg fndfyduhla rgj,

tA ms<snoj md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< fukau ck;dj w;r wjOdkh ,la lsrSu ms‚i th m%isoaêhg

m;a lrkq ,nkafka ú.Kldêm;sjrhd úiskauh' ¥IKhkag tfrysj md¾,sfïka;=j i;=

iqmÍlaIK ld¾hNdrh m%Odk jYfhkau mejÍ we;af;a" iEu rdcH wdh;khlu jd¾;d

msßlaiSfï n,;, ysñ ú.Kldêm;sjrhd fj;hs' tfia fyhska ¥IKh uev,Sfï§

ú.Kldêm;s OQrh iqúfYaIS fufyjrla bgq lrkq ,nk nj meyeÈ,sh'

17& md¾,sfïka;=j ¥IKh uev,Sug lghq;= lrkafka flfiao@

¥IKhg tfrys igkl§ foaYmd,k kdhl;ajfha lemùu yd Wkkaÿj b;du;a jeo.;a

jk nj wújdofhka ms<s.; hq;= w;r" md¾,sfïka;=j o ¥IKh uev,Su ms‚i l%shdl<

hq;=h' cd;Hka;r ;,h i,ld n,k l,ays rg rgj, md¾,sfïka;= úiska ¥IKh uev,Su

Wfoid úúO l%ufõo Ndú;d lrk w;r iajlSh iqmÍlaIK n,;, tys,d uq,a;ekla

.kS' rdcH wdh;kj, .sKqï yd ld¾hNdrhka msßlaikq ,nk rdcH .sKqï ldrl iNdj

^COPA- Committee On Public Accounts& iy rdcH jHjidh lñgqj COPE - Committee

on Public Enterprises& jeks ia:djr uQ,H lñgq mq¿,a ld¾hNdrka bgq lrhs' wfkla w;g

¥IKh yd iïnkaO iEu me;slvhkau wmrdOhla f,i olajd jHjia:d iïmdokh yd

¥IK u¾ok wdh;k fj; m%udKj;a ffk;sl n,;, m%;smdokh ms‚i lghq;= lsÍug;a

md¾,sfïka;=jg n,h ;sfí' tfukau m%Yak ke.Su u.ska úOdhlfha lghq;= wëlaIKh

lsÍu;a" .eg¨ldÍ ;;ajhka ms<sno újdo lsÍu;a" ¥IKh wju lsÍu ms‚i md¾,sfïka;=jg

.; yels mshjrhka fõ'

18& rcfha wdh;kj,g iajlSh wdh;k rduqj ;=< mj;akd ¥IK uÜgu iy iajNdjh

ms<sno we.hqula l<yelso @

tfia lsÍug yelsjk w;r tA ioyd Ndú;d l<yels l%ufõo rdYshla mj;S' tA w;ßka

iuyrla l%ufõohka l%shd;aul lsÍug uQ,H iïm;a wjYH jk kuqÿ fndfyduhla

l%ufõohka l%shd;aul lsÍug wu;r úhoulska f;drj l<yelsh' fujeks lghq;a;lg

leue;a;la olajk rcfha wdh;khlg ;u wdh;kh iu. .KqfoKq lrk uyck;dj yd

81

wfkl=;a wdh;k iu. idlÉPdjla meje;aúh yelsh' ^tjeks /iaùï wNsjDoaêÞhl

/iaùï f,i yeÈkafõ& tjeks /iaùula ;u wdh;kfha mj;sk ¥IK uÜgu ms<Sno

ksjerÈ we.hqula ,nd.ekSug WmldÍ fõ' tfukau wÞ, wd;kh úiska fuu o;a; /ialr

.ekSu ms‚i iólaIKhla lsÍug o yelsh' tfukau mQ¾j ±kqï§ulska f;drj isÿflfrk

kSÍlaIKhka u.ska wdh;khg;a" úfYaIfhkau l<ukdlrK uÜgfï ks,OdÍkag;a" iajlSh

wdh;kfha ¥IK ;;ajfha i;H iajNdjh jgyd.ekSu;a rdcldÍ bgqlsÍfï m%udKh

w;aú§ug;a yelshdj ,efí' ;u wdh;kh ms<Sno m%;spdr ±laùug uyck;dj Wkkaÿ lsÍu

u.skao wdh;kfha ¥IK uÜgu yd iajNdjh ms<sno we.hSula l< yels fõ'

19& wdh;kj, mj;sk ixlS¾K l%shdmámdàka iu. ineÈ ¥IK ;;ajhka j<lajd

.ekSfï ir, l%u fudkjdo@

wdh;khl mj;sk ixlS¾K l%shdmámdàka wju lsÍu tjeks wdh;khl .=Kd;aul nj

Wiia uÜgug m;alr.ekSug we;s m%Odk;u l%uhls' hï lghq;a;la bgqlr.ekSu ms‚i

wkq.ukh l<hq;= l%shdmámdáh ir, kï iy tA ioyd ks,OdÍka rdYshla iu. .kqfokq

lsÍug wjYH fkdfjkafka kï ¥IKhg u.mdok bvlv b;du;a wju fõ' tfia fyhska

ks,OdÍka úiska fyda wdh;ksl uÜgfuka fyda" wÞ, wdh;kj," wkjYH mßÈ ixlS¾K

mßmd,kuh mámdàka mj;S o hkak jßkajr úuid ne,sh hq;=h'

20& —la,sÜ.d¾â iólrKh˜ (Klitgaard Formula) hkq l=ulao@

rdcH fiajh ;=< ¥IKh mj;skafka flfia o hkak;a" tAldêldrh yd wNsu;h ;=,kh

l<yels fydou wdldrh l=ula o hkak;a fuu iólrKfhka fmkajd fohs' f,djmqrd

m<d;a md,k l%u .ek lrk ,o wOHhkhka mokï lr.ksñka uydpd¾ frdn¾Ü la,sÜ.d¾â

^Prof. Robert Klitgaard& úiska u;= ±lafjk iólrKh bÈßm;a lrk ,§'

¥IKh = tAldêldrh + wNsu;h - j.ùu

Corruption= Monoply + Discretion - Accountability

21& rcfha fiajlhskaf.a j;alï yd j.lSï fy<sorõ lsÍu jeo.;a jkafkao@

fuh m%d:ñl wjia:dfõ§u ¥IKh md,kh ms‚i mj;akd úksúoNdjh yd ineÈ b;du;a

M,ÞhS l%uhls' fï u.ska uyck Pkaofhka f;aÍ m;ajQjka fyda rdcH ks,OdÍka úiska

iajlSh j;alï ms<sno m%isoaêfha fyda wNHka;ßl jYfhka rcfha ¥IK u¾ok wêldßh

fj; fyda m%ldYhg m;al< hq;=h' ;u jD;a;suh Èúfha úúO ;rd;srï j,§ ;u j;alï

ms<sno mQ¾K fy<sorõ lsÍula Wfoid lghq;= fh§u u.ska ¥IKh u.ska lrkq ,enQ bmhSï

yÿkd.ekSug uQ,sl moku ilihs' fï wkqj hï iqúfYaIS foafmd<la ;u /lshdj lrk

ld,h ;=<§ w;am;alr.kq ,fÞ;a tu bmhqï ud¾.h l=ula o lshd fy<sorõ lrk f,i

±laúh yels w;r th kS;sHdkql+, uQ,hlska Wmhd.;a nj fmkaùu wÞ, ks,OdÍf.a j.lSu

82

fõ' j;alï yd j.lSï fy<sorõ lsÍfï wfmalaIs; m%;sM,hka ksis mßÈ idlaId;a lr.ekSug

kï" j;alï yd j.lSï fy<sorõ lsÍfï kS;sh ukdj ieliS ;sìh hq;=h' WÞyrKhla f,i

¥IK u¾Ok wêldßh u.ska wÞ, fy<sorõ lsÍï iïnkaO wjYH úNd.hka mj;ajkafka

ke;skï j;alï yd j.lSï m%ldYhg m;alsÍfuka M,la ke;'

22& —wlghq;= kdokh˜ Whistle blowing& hkq l=ulao @

wlghq;= kdokh hkq hï ks,Odßfhl= fyda fiajlfhl= úiska" rdcH wdh;khl mj;sk

kS;súfrdaë mßphla fyda ¥IKhla fy<sorõ lsÍu ms‚i mshjr .ekSuhs' hful= úiska

tfia lsÍu u.ska" fujeks ;;ajhka ms<sno uyck ±kqj;aNdjh m%j¾Okhg o Tyq Þhl

fõ' ¥IKhka b;du;a ryis.;j isÿjk neúka" tjeks ;;ajhka fy<sorõ lsÍug mj;sk

fyd`ou yd M,Þhl l%uh jkafka wlghq;= kdokhhs'

23& wlghq;= kdolhskag /ljrKh ie,ish hq;= ukao @

fufia wlghq;=lï fy<sorõ lsÍug bÈßm;a fjk mqoa.,hska wÞ, wlghq;=lï j, kshe,s

whf.a ysßyerhkag ,la ùug bv we;s fyhska Tjqka fj; wdrlaIdj ie,ish hq;=hs'

fndfyda úg ¥IK md,k ;ka;%hla yd l,ukdldÍ;ajhla úiska wlghq;= kdolhska

lrorldÍ whj¨ka f,i i,lkjd ñi Tjqka we.hSulg ,lafkdlrk njo u;l ;nd.;

hq;=h' ¥Is; l<ukdlrK jHQyhka ;=<" jxpksl ks,OdÍ lKAvdhï úiska wlghq;= kdolhska

mSvdjg m;a lsÍu ms‚i úkh l%shdud¾. wksis f,iska Ndú;d lrhs' tfia fyhska tjeks

mSvdjkag f.dÿreùfuka wlghq;= kdolhska /l.ekSu ms‚i l%ufõohka mej;Su w;HdjYH

fõ' fndfyduhla rgj, fuu wruqK bgqlr.ekSu ms‚i úfYaIs; kS;s mkjd b;du;a

id¾:l wkaoñka l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk wdldrho oelsh yels fõ'

24& wm rfÜ f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyi ;sfío @

Y%S ,xldfõ kS;sh u.ska uQ<sl whs;sjdislula f,i f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï whs;sh ;yjqre

fldg ke;' tfukau iuyr jHjia:djka yd mßphka u.ska fuu ksoyi l%shdjg kexùuo

j<lajd ;sfí' tA flfia fj;;a Y%S ,xldjg o f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyi m%;smdokh

flfrk kS;shla iïmdokh m%n, wjYH;djh uE; w;S;fha§ jßka jr mekke.=Kq w;r"

tjeks kS;shla flgqïm;a flrek o fï jk f;la th md¾,sfïka;=j u.ska iïu; ù

fkdue;' Y%S ,xld wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ uQ,sl whs;sjdislï mßÉfþoh u.ska NdIKfha

whs;sh ^woyia m%ldY lsÍfï whs;sh& ;yjqre lrkq ,en ;snqK o" f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï

ksoyi ms<sno m%;smdokhka ioyka fldg ke;' tkuq;a fY%aIaGdêlrK kvq ;Skaÿ rdYshla

u.skau wdKavq l%u jHjia:dfõ m%ldYs; yDo idlaIsfha ksoyfiys fldgila f,i i,lñka

f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyi ms<s.kq ,en we;' tjeks ;Skaÿ ,nd§ ;snqK o" tA .ek

;elSulska f;drj" mßmd,k mßphka yd wdh;k ix.%yh u.ska ;ju;a jeo.;a f;dr;=re

,nd.ekSfï ksoyi iSud lr we;'

25& f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyi ia:dms; flfrk kS;shla ;sîfuka" ¥IKhg tfrysj

83

igka je§ug ,efnk msgqjy, l=ulao @

tjeks kS;shla mej;Su u.ska" f;dr;=re ±k.ekSug we;s yelshdj m%j¾Okh jk uÜgulg

ffk;sl" wdh;ksl yd ld¾hmámdál moku o Yla;su;a ùug u.mdohs' tfukau kshñ;

wjia:dfõ§ ksjerÈ f;dr;=re m%isoaO lsÍu u.ska" fmdÿ ck;djg ukdj f;dr;=re ,nd

foñka wdKavqj j.ùfuka l%shdlrk ;;ajhla iy;sl lsÍug o bjy,a fõ' f;dr;=re

myiqfjka yd ksoyfia ,nd.ekSug yels úg" ¥IKhg we;s m%jK;djhka miq.dó fõ'

uyck;dj f;dr;=rej,ska ikakoaO ùu fya;=fjka rdcH ks,OdÍka úiska .kq ,nk"

jerÈ yd ¥Is; ;SrK ms<sno m%Yak lsÍug ck;djg n,h ,efnk w;r" uyck;dj o

ú.Klhska njg m;afõ'

26& ¥IKh fya;=fjka udkj ysñlï W,a,x.kh fõo @

¥IKfha l=uk m%fNaohlska mSvdjg m;a jQjo tu.ska tlS mqo,.hskaf.a udkj ysñlï

W,a,x>khla isÿjkafkah' WÞyrKhla f,i olajkafka kï" ;u ys; ñ;%d§kag wksis

ie,ls,s olajñka n,;, Ndú;d lsÍu hkq kS;sh bÈßfha iudk /ljrKh ,eîug wka

mqoa.,hska i;= ysñlu W,a,x>khls'

tfia fyhska" ¥IK lghq;= ioyd wdKavqjla yjq,a ùu u.ska" udkj ysñlï iqrlaIs; lsÍug

yd m%j¾Okhg rch fj; mj;sk j.lSu lv fõ' rdcH ks,OdÍka ¥Is; jk ;;ajhla ;=<

iuyr udkj ysñlï ;yjqre lsÍug bvla ,efnkafka ke;' ¥Is; fmd,sia ks,OdÍka

úiska" wi;H idlaIs ks¾udKh fldg lrk" w;awvx.=jg .ekSï yd r`ojd ;nd.ekSï

fya;=fjka" w;a;fkdau;sl f,i w;awvx.=jg .ekSfuka yd r`ojd .ekSï j,ska ñ§fï

ksoyi W,a,x>kh ùu tA iïnkaOfhka lÈu WÞyrKhls' i;H jYfhkau ÿIKhg

tfrys wr.,h yd udkj ysñlï /l.ekSu ioyd jQ wr.,h;a hk folu" b;du;a iómj

.uka lrk" ch.%yKh lsÍu wNsfhda.hlaj we;s wr., fõ'

27& udkj ysñlï flfrys ¥IKfha n,mEu flfiao@

¥IKh ksid ksr;=reju isÿjkakd jQ whqla;siy.; ;;ajhka fya;=fjka f,djmqrd fldaá

ixLHd; ck;djg udkj ysñlï wysñ fõ'

² udkj ysñlï w;am;a lr.ekSug ¥IKh u.ska ndOd t,a, fõ'

WÞ (- úÿy,am;sjrhdg w,a,ia fkd§fuka mdie,g we;=,;a ùug

fkdyelsjk orejdf.a whs;sjdislï W,a,x>k h fõ'

² ¥IKh ksid j.ùu ksis f,i bgq fkdfõ' uyck;djg ysñ foaYmd,ksl ysñlï

Ndú;fha bv m%ia:dj wysñ fõ'

WÞ (- foaYmd,k{hskag" wd¾Ól jdis ,nd§ Tjqkaf.a u;jdo fjkia

l< yels ùu'

fï u.ska m%cd;ka;%jdofha uQ,sl moku ìojefÜ'

² udkj ixy;sfha iudkd;au;djh yd rdcHh fj;ska iudk ie,l=ï ,eîfï

uQ,O¾uhka jkafka udkj ysñlïh'

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¥IKh hkq fjkiafldg ie,lSfï w;sYh wk¾:ldÍ ;;ajhls' tA ;=<ska foaYmd,k{hska

fj;ska iy rdcH ks,OdÍka fj;ska" wh:d ie,lSï jrm%ido wdÈh ,nd.ekSug ;e;a lrhs'

iEu mqoa.,fhlau tl yd iudk fiajhla wfmalaId lrkafka kï w,a,ia §fï wjYH;djhka

Woa.; fkdfõ' ¥IKh ksid ÿmam;=kag rdcH fiajd ,nd.ekSug we;s bv m%ia:d wysñ fjk

ksid Tjqkag ysñ foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï idlaId;a lr.ekSug fkdyels ùu ksid;a

¥IKh ;=<ska udkj ysñlï W,a,x.kh jk nj meyeÈ,s lreKls'

29& ¥IKh ksid yg.kakd wd¾Óluh mdvq fudkjdo @

¥Is; .KqfoKqj, jákdlu yd isÿfjk jdr .Kk wkqj;a" tA u.ska l=uk wd¾Ól

lafIa;%hka iy lskï ck fldÜGdYhla bka mSvdjg m;ajkafka o hk lreKq u; ¥IKh

ksid yg.kakd wd¾Ól mdvqj wjia:dkql+,j fjkia fõ' f.ùfï yelshdfjka b;du;a

wju uÜgfï isák ÿmam;a ck;dj fj; m%;s.dó wdldrfhka mSvdjka we;slrk fyhska

¥IKh mdßfNda.slhska u; fukau l%shdmámdàka u; mekfjk ks, fkdjk noaola

f,iskao yeÈkaúh yel' ¥IKh yd wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï w;r Yla;su;a wkshï ino;djhla

l%shd;aul fkdjk neúka" ¥IKfha i;H mßudKh ueŒu wmyiq fõ' tys m%;sM,hla

f,i id¾j wd¾Òluh úhoï we.hqug ,lalsÍu wmyiq fõ'

uyd mßudK ¥IKh yd w.;s.dó wd¾Òl m%;súmdlhka w;r iqúfYaIS iyiïnkaOhla

mj;sk nj fndfyduhla wd¾Ól úoHd{hska úiska ms<sf.k we;s lreKls'

tkï ¦

� fj<ofmd< l%uh l%shd;aul ùfï wdld¾hlaIu;d we;slsÍu'

� uyd mßudK bÈlsÍï" wdrlaIl .súiqï jeks w,a,ia úYd, m%udKfhka ,eîug

bvlv we;s l%shdlrlï j,g uq,a;ek foñka rdcH úhofï ixhq;sh jrojd ksrEmkh

lsÍu'

� wkjYH jehNdrhka tl;= lsÍu;a" wia:djr;ajhka ks¾udKh ùu;a ;=<ska" Rcq

úfoaY wdfhdack uÜgu wju ùu'

iq¿ mßudK ¥IK ksid wd¾Òlh flfrys úYd, n,mEula we;sùfï yelshdj iSñ; jQjo

tu.ska ÿmam;a ck;dj fj; widOdrK f,i jehNdrhka we;s lrhs' tmuKla fkdj uyd

mßudK ¥IKhka iuia; wd¾Òlhu mßydkshg ,lalsÍug fukau iuia; ck.ykhu

È<skaoka njg m;alsÍug ;rï m%n, fõ'

30& rgl ixj¾Okh flfrys ¥IKfha n,mEu flfiao @

¥IKh fya;=fjka ixj¾Okh m%udo ùug;a" wjysr ùug;a" fkdu.heùug;a wjia:djg WÞ

lrhs' ¥IKh l%shd;aul jk wdh;ksl jHQyhka ;=<" ¥IKh fukau fjk;a ÿ¾j,;djhka

85

iy wld¾hlaIu;djhkao mj;sk neúka ixj¾Okh flfrys ¥IKfha n,mEu Rcqj

;SrKh lsÍu myiq fkdfõ' wdh;kj, mj;sk wld¾hlaIu;djhka iy j.ùfuka f;drj

lghq;= lsÍfï iajNdjhkag ¥IKh fya;=jla jkjd fukau tlS ;;ajhkaf.a m%;sM,hka

f,io ¥IKh yg.kakd ksid ¥IKh hkak úp,Hhla f,iska ixj¾Okhg lrk n,mEu

uekSu wmyiq fõ'

meyeÈ,sj ±l.; yels ldrKhla jkafka ÿ¾j, wd¾Ól j¾Okh ms‚i n,mdk wfkl=;a

wdh;ksl ÿn,;d w;f¾" ¥IKho tla fya;= ldrKdjla njhs' úfoaYSh fukau foaYSh

wdfhdack uÜgu my< ±óug ¥IKh b;du;a nrm;, f,iska n,mdk njg úYajdi

flf¾'

hï rgl Ñria:dhs ixj¾Ok jevms<sfj,la l%shd;aul lsÍug kï" rchlg wdrlaIl"

úYajdiÞhS yd l%udkql+,j m%j¾Okh jk wdÞhï uQ,dY%hla mej;sh hq;=h' kuq;a ¥IKldÍ

nÿ u.yeÍï fya;=fjka" M,ÞhS wdfhdackhla Wfoid wruqo,a fjka lsÍug ys.hla we;sfõ'

¥IKh mj;sk úg§ wd¾Òl j¾Okh flfrys m%n, f,i iqNÞhl jk wOHdmkh jeks

M,ÞhS jevigyka j,g fjka lrk uqo,a fjk;a ud¾. j,g .uka lsÍu" uyd mßudK

w,a,ia j,g u.mdok hqO WmlrK ñ,§.ekSï jeks lghq;= Wfoid rdcH m%d.aOk wdfhdack

ioyd fjkalr we;s uqo,a fhoùu jeks ;;ajhka Woa.; úh yel' tfia fyhska ¥IKh"

wdfhdackhka ÿ¾j, lrk nj;a" rdcH wdÞhï ud¾. ì|ouk nj;a" rdcH úhoïj, ukd

ixhq;sh wjq,a lrk nj;a meyeÈ,s fõ'

flfia jQjo ¥IKh md,kh lsÍu yd rgl wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh wkqf,dauj iudkqmd; jk

njg idOl we; ^23 jk msgqj n,kak&'

31& ¥IK ixcdkk o¾Ylh hkq l=ulao@

cd;Hka;r ¥IK uÜgfï m%udKh ksrEmKh lrk tlu cd;Hka;r o¾Ylh jk ¥IK

ixcdkk o¾Ylfha ¥Is;u rgj,a o¾Ylfha my<skau msysgk w;r ¥IKh wju rgj,a

o¾Ylfha by<ska msysghs' fuu o¾Ylh g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh úiska 1995

j¾Ifha isg jd¾Islj ilikq ,nhs'

rdcH ks,OdÍka w;r fukau foaYmd,k{hka w;r mj;akd ¥IK uÜgu" ixcdkkh jk

m%udKh ^±fkk m%udKh& u‚kq ,efí' wju ¥Is; uÜgu ,l=Kq 10 f,i;a Wmßu ¥IK

uÜgu —0˜ f,i;a ,l=Kq mrdihl msysgqjñka" tA tA rgj,a wdY%fhka mj;ajk u; úuiqï

yd iólaIK u; mokïj tla tla rgj,g ,l=Kq §u lrhs' fï wkqj ¥IK ixcdkk

o¾Ylh hkq u; Pkaohla meje;aùug iudkh'

86

32& tAldêm;sjd§ md,k l%uhla ;=<ska ¥IKh wju l< yelso@

wd×Þhl md,k ;ka;%hla ;=< ¥IKh wju fjkjd fkdj by< hk njg fmkakqï lrk

idlaIs nyq,j ±lsh yelsh' m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,k l%uhl kï uyck;djg m%ldYkfha

wjia:dj mj;sk fyhska ¥IKhg tfrysj igkaje§ug bv m%ia:dj mj;S'

33& ¥IKh mj;skafka hï úfYaIs; wd¾Ól l%uhl muKlao@

ke;' ¥IKh yeu wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k moaO;shla ;=<u ±lsh yels fõ' iudcjd§ rdcH"

Okjd§ rdcH fukau wd.ñl kdhl;ajhlska md,kh fjk rdcH j, o ¥IKh mj;S'

tfukau m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,khla" tAldêm;sjd§ md,khla muKla fkdj yuqÞ md,khla

fukau wka ´kEu wdldrhl md,k ;ka;%hlaa mj;sk rgl mjd ¥IKh mj;sk nj

fkdryils' tla tla moaO;sfhka moaO;shg úoHdudk fjk ¥IKfha m%udKh yd uqyqKqjr

fjkia úh yelsh'

34& mj;akd ¥IK m%jdyh wdmiq yerùug yelso@

fmdÿfõ .;a l, lsisÿ rgla ¥IKh uq,skqmqgd oud ke;s kuqÿ fndfyduhla rgj, ¥IKh

ie,lsh hq;= uÜgulg md,kh lrkq ,en we;s njg idOl we;' tjeks ;;ajhka ms<sno

kso¾Yk f,djmqrd úúO rgj,a j,ska ±lsh yelsh' hï rgl ¥IK m%jdyh wdmiq yerùu

ms‚i fhdÞ.; yels l%ufõohka fuh hhs fmkajd§ug iqúfYaIS l%ufõohla olakg ke;'

l%ufõoh rfgka rgg fjkiah'

35& M,ÞhS f,iska ¥IK úfrdaë wr.,hla f.khdu ms‚i foaYmd,k jHQyfha Wkkaÿj

yd lemùu wjYHh jkafka ukao @

ia:djr ¥IK úfrdaë l%ufõohla iïnkaOfhka rgl kdhl;ajh fmkakqïlrk lemùu

;=<ska fï ioyd foaYmd,k rduqfõ Wkkaÿj m%lg lrhs' cd;sl kdhl;ajfha iyfhda.h

fkd,efnkafka kï ¥IK úfrdaë igklg w;alr.; yelafla iq¿ mßudK ch.%yKhka

mu‚' ukao rgl kdhl;ajfha yeisÍu jHdmdßl lafIa;%hg" foaYmd,k{hskag" wdrlaIl

wxYhkag" rdcH fiajhg" iudchg fukau iEu mqrjeisfhl=gu wdo¾Yhla i,ihs' rgl

kdhl;ajh ¥IK l%shdldrlï j,ska jdis ,nd.ksñka ¥Is; md,khla f.k hk úg ¥IK

l%shdjkaf.ka neyerj lghq;= lsÍug wfkl=;a iudc jHQyhka Èß.ekaùula isÿ fkdfõ'

by< ;k;=re j,g kqiqÿiq mqoa.,hska m;alsÍu" ¥Is; úksiqrejreka m;a lsÍu" fukau ¥IK

lghq;= ms<sno fy<sorõ lrk ckudOHfõ§kag tfrysj kvq mejÍug lghq;= fh§u wd§

87

l%shdjka ;=<ska ¥IKhg tfrys l%shdldrlï wvmK lsÍfï yelshdj rdcH kdhl;ajhg

mj;S' m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,k rduqjla ;=< fukau md,k ;ka;%hla ;=< jQjo fujeks ;;ajhka

we;sùug mj;sk m%jK;djhg ksudjla fkdue;' ¥IK úfrdaë lghq;= Wfoid" foaYmd,k

rduqfõ Wkkaÿj wdrïNl wjia:dfõ§u mej;sh jQj;a ke;;a tjeks ;;ajhka WÞlr.ekSu

fyda th ia:djrj mj;ajdf.k hEu ioyd ksrka;r uyck n,lsÍula mej;sh hq;=h'

36& tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IK úfrdaë iïuq;sh (UNCAC) hkq l=ulao@

¥IK úfrdaë wr.,h fjkqfjkau lemjQ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a f,aLkh jkafka fuhhs' fuu

iïuq;sh 2006 j¾Ifha§ mkjd l%shd;aul lrk ,o w;r Y%S ,xldj úiskao tu iïuq;shg

mlaImd;Sj th wm rfÜ l%shd;aul lsÍug nefoñka w;aika fldg ^wmrdkqu; fldg&

;sfí' ¥IKh uev,Su Wfoid rdcHhka w;r iyfhda.h ,nd.ekSfï l%ufõohka fuu

iïuq;sh u.ska ;yjqre fldg ;sfí' tlS ldrKdjka fukau wdKavq md,kh úksúoNdjh"

¥IKh ;=rka lsÍu ms‚i isú,a iudcfha l%shdldÍ Þhl;ajh ,nd.ekSu wd§ wruqKq

l%shdjg kexùugo fuu iïuq;sh u.ska wjOdkh fhduqlr we;'

37& cd;Hka;r ¥IK úfrdaë Èkh ljÞo@

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IK úfrdaë iïuq;sh l%shdjg kxjk ,o Èkh jk foieïn¾ 09 Èk

cd;Hka;r ¥IK úfrdaë Èkh f,i i,lkq ,efí'

uyd mdml¾u y;

jev lsÍfuka f;drj Okh bmhSu

yDo idCIshg mgyeksj i;=gqùu

udkqIsl;ajfhka f;dr úµdj

.=Kj;a núka f;dr ±kqu

m%;sm;a;s .rel fkdjk foaYmd,kh

iodpdrfhka f;dr jHdmdr

mß;Hd.fhka f;dr mQcdjka

uy;aud .dkaê

88

Wm .%ka:h 3Wm .%ka:h 3Wm .%ka:h 3Wm .%ka:h 3Wm .%ka:h 3

ÿießh ^¥IKh& je<elaùfï M,ÞhS m%fõYhhka - isoaê wOHhkÿießh ^¥IKh& je<elaùfï M,ÞhS m%fõYhhka - isoaê wOHhkÿießh ^¥IKh& je<elaùfï M,ÞhS m%fõYhhka - isoaê wOHhkÿießh ^¥IKh& je<elaùfï M,ÞhS m%fõYhhka - isoaê wOHhkÿießh ^¥IKh& je<elaùfï M,ÞhS m%fõYhhka - isoaê wOHhk

isoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkh I

fmd¾fgda we,sf.%a"

n%iS,h(

rdcH uqo,a úúO ldhH_ i|yd fjka lsÍu yd tys mßmd,khg iyNd.sùfï m%fõYh

n%iS,h ( fmd¾fgda we,sf.%a - iyNd.s;aj whjeh uyck iyNd.s;ajh we;sj whjeh ilia

lsÍu'

miqìu

j¾I úiailg wêl ld,hla ^1964-1985& taldêm;s md,khla ;snQ n%iS,h j¾I 1998 oS

m%cd;dka;%sl wdKavql%u jHjia:djla iïu; lsÍfuka wk;=rej idudkHfhka l%shdldÍjQ

uyck;djg ;jÿrg;a ksoyfia lghq;= lsÍug wjia:dj Wodúh' n%iS,fha ck.ykh fldaá

15'6 ls' uOHu m%udKfha wdodhï ,dNS rgj,a w;=ßka b;du;a wdÞhï wiudk;ajhla mj;akd

fuu rfÜ jik ÿmam;a ck;djf.a ixLHdj wka rgj,a wìNjd isà' j¾I 1998 oS taldêm;s

md,kh fmr,d ±uQ ck;dj lïlre mCIhla msysgqjdf.k ckm%sh mßmd,khla u.ska w;sYfhka

m%cd;dka;%sljQ rchla ìyslsÍfï lghq;a; ;u wNsm%dh lr .;ay' j¾I 1989 oS fldaáhlg wêl

ck .yKhla jdih lrkq ,nk ie´ fmdaf,da we;=¿ k.riNd lsysmhl Pkaofhka ch.%yKh

l< fuu lïlre mCIh k.r i|yd whjeh fhdackd ieliSfï kj w;ayod ne,Sula wdrïN

lf<ah'

fuu kj;u kd.ßl ie,iqï l%uh u.ska m%cd;dka;%sl f,i b;d oCI wkaoñka

wdodhï ud¾. mßmd,kh lsÍula y÷kajdoSu tlai;a cd;Skaf.a j¾I 1996 oS bia;dïnq,ays

wj;ekajQ ck;dj mosxÑ lrùu wrNhd meje;ajQ iuq¿fõoS m%Yxidjg Ndckh úh' fldaá tlhs

oYu ;=kl ck.yKh jdihlrk úYd,;u l¾udka; k.rh jk ßfhda .%ekaä foda iq,ays

msysgd we;s fmda¾fgda we,sf.%ays m%dfoaYSh wdrA:slfha jákdlu wefußldkq fvd,¾ ì,shk

y;ls' fuu m%foaYh úoaj;=kaf.ka yd idudkH ck;dj tla /iaù wêldÍ n,hg úreoaO ùug

iy fmdÿ Ôú;fha m%Yakj,g úreoaOj ke.S isàu i|yd fm<Uùug iu;a fndfyda ld,hl

isg m%isoaêhla orK lïlre iñ;s j,ska mßmQ¾Kh'

89

wkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾.h

kd.ßl n,h f.dvk.d we;af;a k.rdêm;s m%Odk ks,Odßhd f,i;a Tyqf.a ksfhdacH

k.rdêm;sjre jHjia:dodhl uKav,h f,i;a ie,lSfuks' k.riNd i|yd ;u n,m%foaY

j,ska ,efnk wdodhu úhoï lsÍu i|yd iïmQ¾K n,h yd ksoyi Tjqkg we;' fuu wdodhï

,nd.kafka foaYSh nÿ whlsÍu" ;Srenÿ iy uOHu rcfha uqo,a ,eîï j,sks' úOdhlh u.ska

fuu k.r iNdj, whjeh ms<sfh, lrkq ,efí' fuu whjeh Bg miq uKav,fhka wkqu;

úh hq;=h’ k.rdêm;s hgf;a ixúOdk folla we;' tajd kï ixj¾Ok fhdckd ms<sfh, lrkq

,nk ld¾hd,h iy uyckhdf.a iïnkaëlrKh we;sj k.rfha Ôj;a jk msßia yd tl;=ù

whjeh ms<sfh, lsÍfï ld¾hd,h fõ' fuys fojekak m,d;a iïnkaëlrkh lrk wh iy

ta ta ck fldgiaj, kdhlhska iu. idlÉPdlr ta ta fldgiaj, l< hq;= jev igyka iy

uyck;djf.a b,a,Sï fudkjd oehs fidhdne,Su ms,sn|j lghq;= lrk w;r m<uqjekak

;dCIKsl iy wdrA:sluh wjYH;d .ek fidhd n,hs'

fuu k.rh fldÜGdY 16 lg fnod we;s w;r idlÉPd l,hq;= ud;Dld miajeoEreï

fõ' tajd kï (I) .ukd.ukh yd m%jdyk (II) wOHdmkh" l%Svd iy ixialD;sh (III) fi!LH

yd iudc Y=N idOkh (IV) wdrA:sl ixjrAOkh iy nÿ whlsÍu' (V) k.r ks¾udK ixúOdkh

iy kd.ßl ixj¾Okh'

iEu j¾Ihla mdidu iEu fldÜGdYhlu tl ud;Dldjla hgf;a /iaùï jdr folla

mj;ajkq ,efí' ck;dj udrA;= udifhaoS tla/iaù m%:u /iaùug fmr ta ta mqrjeishdf.a b,a,Sï

fudkjd oehs fidhd n,d oekf.k m%Odk /iaùï jdrfhaoS tajd bosßm;a lsÍu i|yd ksfhdað;hka

f;dard .kq ,efí' uyck;djf.a fuu /iaùï j,g k.riNdj iyNd.S fkdfõ' úOdhlh

iy ck;dj w;r /iaùï wm%sfh,a udifhaoS k.rdêm;sjrhdf.a m%OdkFjfhka meje;afõ'

fuysoS miq.sh j¾Ifha wdrïN lrk ,o wdfhdack jev igyka .ek iy fï j¾Ifha fhdað;

jevigyka .ek idlÉPd lrkq ,efí' fuysoS ;jÿrg;a tu jevlghq;= ksÍCIKh lsÍfu

i|yd ksfhdað;hka Pkao l%uh wkqj m;a lrkq ,efí' m%:u iy fojeks idlÉPdjdr w;r;=r

tkï ud¾;= iy cQks udi we;=<; oS fkdfhl=;a ck;d iNd j,ska lïlre iñ;s" iuQldr

iñ;s" uõjrekaf.a ix.ï wdosh bosßm;a lrkq ,nk wdfhdack yd l%shd .ek idlÉPd

mj;ajkq ,efí' ;jo fuu b,a,Sï tajdg iyNd.S jkakkaf.a m%uqL;d wkqj igyka lr.kq

,efí' fïjdg úOdhlfhkaa tys wjYH;d wkqj ,l=Kq fokq ,efí' ta i|yd l%u folla

wkq.ukh flf¾' (1) lsishï fiajdjla i|yd we;s wjYH;dj ukskq ,nkafka fufia

n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk fiajdj u.ska fldf;la ÿrg tys ck;djg tys m%fhdack .; yelso hkak

yd ck.yk m%udKh wkqjh'

90

fï i|yd ,nd .; yels jeäu ,l=Kq m%udKh 15 ls' fï ,l=Kq 15 ;=ka wdldrhlg

fnod tllg 5 ne.ska oSu lrkq ,nkafka my; oelafjk lreKq wkqj hñkah' ishhg úiailg

jvd jeäfhkaa tu fiajdfjka m%fhdack .kafka kï ,l=Kq 5 hs' tys ck.ykh 120"000 jvd

jeä kï ,l=Kq 5 hs" th ;ukaf.a b,a,Sï ,ehsia;=fõ m%uqL;djh f.k we;akï ,l=Kq 5 hs'

fojeks jgfha idlÉPdj cQ,s udifhaoS mj;ajkq ,nk w;r m%foaY 16 ka tllska

fofokd ne.ska f;dardm;a lr .kq ,efí' fï i|yd uq,ska i|ykal< miajeoEreï ud;Dld

Ndrj isák wh fjkqfjka oifofklao" isú,a fiajlhkaf.a iñ;s j,ska tla ksfhdað;hl=

ne.skao" wi,ajdiS ck;dj fjkqfjka ksfhdað;hka fofofkl= ne.skao mßÈ wh jeh ;SrKh

lsrSu i|yd tlaù /iafjk ljqkais,h" 44 la jQ ksfhdacs;hka f.ka iukaú;fõ' fuu ljqkais,h

ish¿ fokdu ksfhdackh fjk m%Odk ixúOdkh fõ' fuysoS fï ksfhdacs;fhda k.r iNdfõ

uqo,a mrsyrkh ms<sn|j oekqula ,nd.kakd w;r" uqo,a fjka lr .ekSu i|yd jdo újdo l,

hq;= wdldrh" ;uka úiska ksfhdackh lrkq ,nk uyck fldÜGdYfha b,a,Sï iy wjYH;d

.ek i<ld n,d k.rdêm;s jrhd úiska iy m%Odk lñgqj úiska ms<sfh, fldg bosrs m;a

lrkq ,nk whjeh kej; ixfYdaOkhg Ndckh flf¾' fï i|yd foieïn¾ ui 30 jeks od

f;la i;sfhlg jrla meh fofla /iaùï jdr 4 la ne.ska mj;ajkq ,efí' Bg miq fï

wdldrfhka ms<sfh, lrkq ,nk whjeh jd¾;dj jHjia:d odhlh fj; bosrsm;a lrkq ,efí'

iema;eïn¾ iy foieïn¾ udi w;r;=roS whjeh fhdackd i|yd iyNd.Sjk ljqkais,h rdcH

uka;%K iNdfõoS ;ukaf.a whjeh wkqu; lrjd .ekSu i|yd m%n, f,i lghq;= lrhs'

fuysoS ;ukaf.a wdfhdackh i|yd bosrsm;alr we;s fhdackd iy ta ta m%foaYhg fjkalr we;s

uqo,a ms<sn| úia;rd;aul jdrA;d ms<sfh, lrkq ,efí' fuysoS md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdacs;hkag

oek.ekSug wjYH ish¿ f;dr;=re iïmdokh lrkq ,efí' wjidkfhaoS foaYmd,kuh ;SrK

.ekSï u; iy ta ta fhdackdj, we;s wjYH;djh i,ld uqo,a fnod fokq ,efí'

m%;sM,

1989 mgka fmda¾fgda we,sf.%a k.r iNd Pkaofhka fkdlvjd ;=ka jrlau lïlre

mCIh n,h ,ndf.k we;' fuh ,;ska wefußldfõ úreoaO mdlaIslhka fj; ,enqKq wka;

mrdchla f,i ye|skafõ' lïlre mlaIhg ,eî we;s uyck Pkao m%;sY;h j¾I 1988 oS ishhg

24 lajQ w;r th 1996 oS ishhg 56 olajd jeä ù we;' ;jo b;d m%isoaO jHdmdrsl m%ldYkhl

i|yka jkafka fmdarAfgda we,sf.%a k.rh úiska tys ck;djg w;s Wiia Ôú; ;;ajhla imhd

we;s njhs' fï nj ta m%ldYkfha i;rjeks jrg;a tfiau m%ldYfldg m%isoaêh ,ndoS we;'

91

j¾I 1986 g m%:u fuu k.rh uqo,a ;;ajh w;ska b;d WodiSk ;;ajhl miqjQ w;r

thg fya;=jqfha l¾udka; oshqKqjla fkdùu" msgia;r ckhd mosxÑh i|yd fuys meñKSu"

wêl Kh.e;s Ndjh iy wdodhï ud¾. ySk ùuh' tfy;a uQ,Huh m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul

ùfuka miq j¾I 1989-1991 ld,h ;=,oS b;d Wiia wdldrfha oshqKqjla fmkakqï lr we;'

fuhg fya;=ù we;af;a uyck;djf.a iyNd.sFjfhka we;slrk ,o whjeh ieliSfï l%shdj,sh

fõ' j¾I 1989 isg 1996 olajd ld,h ;=<oS k, c,h mdúÉÑ lrk ck ixLHdj 80] isg 98]

olajd by, f.dia we;' tfiau k.r iNdj u.ska md,kh lrkq ,nk le,s li, bj;a lsÍfï

ld¾h moaO;sh u.ska ck;djg fiajh iemhSu 46] isg 85] olajd jO_kh ù we;' ÿmam;a

m%foaYj, wOHdmkh i|yd mdie,aj,g YsIHhkaf.a we;=,aùfï ixLHdj fo.=Kù we;' j¾I

1989 isg fï olajd j¾Ihlg lsf,dóg¾ 30 lajQ uydud¾. ;dr oud m%;sixialrKh lr we;'

.kqfokqj, úksúo Ndjh ksid jHdmdßlhka úiska ish leue;af;ka whnÿ f.jk ,o w;r

wdodhu ishhg mkylska jO_kh ù we;' ;jo w¨f;ka wdfhdackh i|yd fjka lrkq ,nk

uqo,a m%udKh 1992 oS fvd,¾ ñ,shk 54 lajq w;r 1996 oS th fvd,¾ ñ,shk 70 olajd jeäù

we;' oeka n%iS,fha k.r 80 lg jvd m%udKhla fï fmda¾fgda we,sf.%a wdo¾Yh wkqj hñka

;u whjeh ilia lr we;s w;r" ,Õu msysgd we;s úhdï k.rh tys iajdëkFjh w;yer

fmda¾fgda we,sf.%a k.rhg wEÿk k.rhla f,i lghq;= lsÍug leue;a; m%ldYlr we;' fuu

fmda¾fgda we,sf.%a w;ayodne,Su m%cd;dka;%sl .sKqï .; lsÍu ms<sn| b;d m%n, WodyrKhla

jk w;r ish¿ ck fldgiaj,g tl yd iudkj ie,lSu" kS;sh ieug tlfia l%shd;aul lSÍu"

;SrK .ekSfïoS ish,a,kaf.a woyia j,g weyqïlka oS tfia lsÍu" foaYmd,kuh ;SrK iEu

fokdgu fmdÿ f,i l%shd;aul lsÍu wdosh .ek wdo¾Yhla fõ' mkaoyila muK w;sYh ÿ.S

ck;dj Ôj;a jk b,aydia m%foaYh b;du Okj;a ;=ka ,CIhla jdih lrk fiakafg%d m%foaYh

w;r ixjrAOkh i|yd ;SrK .ekSfïoS lsisÿ fjkila fkdmj;S' fuu ;SrK .ekSfï wjia:djka

i|yd iyNd.S jk whf.a wdodhu wju fõ;khg jvd ;=ka .=Khla muK fõ' ;SrK

.ekSfïoS ia;%S mqreI ixLHdj w;r iudk ;djla mj;S' tfia jQjo by, uÜgfï lghq;= j,oS

tu m%udKh jeäfhka mqreIhka fj; mejÍ we;' uq,ska lïlre mCIh flfrys jmr weiska

ne¨ uOHu mx;shg wh;a ckfldgia oeka fuu k.rh m;aj we;s lS¾;su;a ia:dkh fya;=fjka

fuu mCIh foi n,kafka b;d by,sks ;jo whjeh ms<sfh, lsÍfï lghq;= j, ksr;ù isá

;dCIKsl oekqu we;s Wiia ks,OdÍ me,eka;sh mjd idudkH ckd;dj iu. lghq;= lsÍfuka

;uka úiska mj;ajd .kq ,enQ wyxldr ;;aFjh w;ayer oud wjYH mßos osk pßhdj

fjkialrf.k we;' fï iu.u fuu lghq;= j, ksr;ù isá ;dCIKsl oekqfuka hq;= ld¾h

uKav,h ir, niska ;ukaf.a rdcldß lghq;= idudkH ck;dj fj; bosßm;a lsÍug fm<ö

we;'

92

;jo fu ks,OdÍka úiska bosßm;a lrkq ,enQ ;dCIKSl iy ta yd iudk fhdackd

ck;d lñgqj,ska m%;slafIam fldg tajd ck;djg .e,fmk wkaoñka ilialrjd .ekSï lrkq

,efí' fuu lghq;= fï wdldrfhka ilialr ;snqko ;ju;a fuu me,eka;sh ;uka f.a

woyia yqjd olajñka tajdu uyck;djg n,fhka ms,s.ekaùug lrk ,o W;aidyhkao ke;af;u

fkdfõ' fuu l%shdj,sh ms<n| i¾j iïmQ¾K f,i i,ld ne,SfïoS j¾I 1980 oS mej;s

úfrdaO;d u.ska lghq;= lrjd .ekSfï mqreoao iy ixialD;sh ke;sùf.dia ish¿ fokdf.au

woyia ùuid whjeh ilia lsÍu iïmQ¾Kfhkau uyck;djf.a idlÉPdjg Ndckhlr ta

ud¾.fhka bosßm;a lsÍfïoS úfrdaO;d fkdue;sj m%;sM, fk,d .ekSug iu;a ù we;s nj

m%ldY l< yelsh'

"lsuo in| kqU w,a,ia .kafkaljoo fï Kh f.jd oukafka"

2007 ¥IK úfrdaë mdG ;rÕfha ch.%dyS mdGhls'

93

isoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkh II

iyNd.s;aj ú.Kkh ( hymd,kh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a jkiyNd.s;aj ú.Kkh ( hymd,kh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a jkiyNd.s;aj ú.Kkh ( hymd,kh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a jkiyNd.s;aj ú.Kkh ( hymd,kh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a jkiyNd.s;aj ú.Kkh ( hymd,kh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a jk

wen%d mqrjeisfhdawen%d mqrjeisfhdawen%d mqrjeisfhdawen%d mqrjeisfhdawen%d mqrjeisfhda ^CCAGG& ms,smSkhms,smSkhms,smSkhms,smSkhms,smSkh

W;=re ms,smSkfha wen%d l,dmfha l%shd;aul rcfha jHdmD;s ksÍCIKh lrk rdcH fkdjk

ixúOdkhla jk —hy md,kh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a jk wen%d mqrjeisfhda˜" fyj;a CCAGG

(Concerned Citizens of Abra for Good Governance) msysgqjk ,oafoa ckdêm;sks fldrfidafkda

wlsfkda úiska fufyh jQ ixj¾Ok jev igyka j,g odhlùu i|yd isú,a iudc ixúOdk

fj; kj wjia:d Wodlr ÿka 1986 j¾Ifha§h' m%cd iyNd.s;aj kj m%;sm;a;sh hgf;a CCAGG

idudðlfhda" cd;sl wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok wêldßh iu. wjfndaO;d .súiqula w;aika lrk

,ÿj" jHdmD;s ksÍCIKh ms<sn| mqyqKqjla tu wêldßh fj;ska ,nd .;af;dah' fmdÿ há;,

jHqyd;aul jHdmD;s .ek mqrjeishka ±kqj;a lsÍu i|yd CCAGG idudðlfhda m%dfoaYSh ckudOH

^.=jka úÿ,sh" mqj;am;a& fhdod.;a w;r m%cd /iaùï o ixúOdkh l<y'

wen%d m<df;a jHdmD;s 27 la id¾:l f,i ksu lsÍug ;uka iu;a jQ nj ±lafjk fmdÿ lghq;=

iy uyd ud¾. wud;HdxYfha ^MPWH& mqj;am;a ±kaùula ÿgq" m%cd /lshd iy ixj¾Ok

jHdmD;s ksÍCIKh lrñka isá CCAGG idudðlfhda úYauhg m;ajQy' fuu m%ldYkh wi;Hhla

nj ±k isá CCAGG idudðlfhda rch úiska wi;H f;dr;=re iemhSug tfrysj l%shdud¾.

.ekSug ;SrKh l<y' rdcH wdh;khg tfrysj ke.sh yels fpdaokdj Yla;su;a lrkq jia"

rch úiska lghq;= iïmQ¾K l< nj m%ldYhg m;a l< jHdmD;Skaf.a ienE ;;a;ajh ±lafjk

úia;rd;aul f,aLk CCAGG idudðlfhda ilia l<y' we;a; jYfhkau fuu jHdmD;s mej;sfha

;ju;a wdrïNl wjêfhah' ke;fyd;a bÈlsÍïj, uOHu wjêfhah' CCAGG idudðlhka

úiska tfia ilia l< f,aLk w;r jHdmD;s m%foaYj, mÈxÑ ckhdf.ka ,nd.;a Èjqreï

fm;aiï iy jHdmD;s jevìï ms<sn| PhdrEm o we;=<;a úh' CCAGG wdh;kh ;uka fidhd.;a

fuu lreKq ksjerÈ nj ;yjqre lr .ekSfuka wk;=rej rdcH ks,OdÍka lSm fofkl=g

tfrysj ¥IK fpdaokd hgf;a kvq mjrk ,§' ks,OdÍka lSm fofkl= jerÈlrejka ùu;a iu.

meñKs,a, fufyh jQ kS;s{fhda rdcH ks,OdÍka ms<sn|j idkqlïmslj i,ld ovqjï jYfhka

Tjqkag ks, jYfhka wjjdo lsÍula muKla isÿ lrk f,i wêlrKfhka b,a,d isáhy' fuu

fjkiaùu ksid fldamhg m;a CCAGG idudðlfhda uyck u;h f.dvke.Su i|yd l%shd

lf<dah' ta wkqj l%shd;aul jQ ie,ls,su;a mqrjeisfhda jerÈlrejka njg m;a jQ ks,OdÍkag ±ä

ovqjï muqKqjk f,i n, lrñka fmdÿ lghq;= iy uyd ud¾. wud;HdxY f,alïf.a

ld¾hd,hg úÿ,s mqj;a w;s úYd, m%udKhla hejQy'

94

wjidkfha§ f,alïjrhd ;u ±ä ia:djrh ,sys,a l< w;r" jxl Ndjh iy wh:d yeisÍu .ek

jerÈlrejka njg m;a jQ rdcH ks,OdÍka 11 fofkl=f.a fiajh ;ykï lrk ,§ 1'

thg

w;sf¾lj" fmdÿ lghq;= iy uydud¾. wud;HxYfha wen%dys m%Odk iy ksfhdacH m%Odk

bxðfkarejka fofokd jegqma rys;j fiajd w;aysgqùulg ,la fldg wkd.;fha lsisÿ Èkl

m<d; ;=< fiajfha fh§u o ;ykï lrk ,§' isú,a iudc ixúOdkhl iqmÍCIdldÍ;ajh

fya;=fjka" ¥IK fpdaokd ,o ms,smSkfha rdcH ks,OdÍka jerÈlrejka njg m;afldg Tjqkag

ovqjï ,nd ÿka m%:u wjia:dj fuh úh yel' tmuKla fkdj fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka" wen%d

m<df;a jHdmD;s i|yd wruqo,a ,nd§ug m%:u ta i|yd CCAGG wdh;kfha tlÕ;ajh ,nd.;

hq;= nj ±lafjk Wmfoia ksl=;a lsÍugo fmdÿ lghq;= iy uyd ud¾. wud;HdxYfha l,dmSh

wOHCIjrhdg isÿ úh'

wk;=rej" CCAGG ish lghq;= taldnoaO fldg tys idudðlfhda rdcH m%;sm;a;s ksÍCIKh

lsÍug iu;a úYsIaG l%ufõohla f.dv kÕd .;ay' CCAGG idudðlfhda' tkï m%Odk jYfhkau

.DyKshka" YsIHhka iy ;reK idudðlfhda uyd ud¾. bÈlsÍï jHdmD;s ksÍCIKh fldg

;uka wkdjrKh lr.;a lreKq bxðfkarejka iy .Kldêldßjre jeks úfYaI{ Ndjhla

we;s i.hka fj;g bÈßm;a l<y' wk;=rej tu úfYaI{ ±kqu iys; ld¾h uKav, idudðlfhda

jHdmD;s jev ìï ms<sn| iúia;rd;aul mÍCIK isÿ l<y'

CCAGG mÍCIK u.ska úúO wkaofï rdcH jHdmD;s ms<sn|j ksÍCIKh lr;s' úfYaIfhkau"

wvq m%ñ;shla iys; øjH ^isfuka;s ñY%Khka& iy $fyda ÿ¾j, bÈlsÍï l%u Ndú;d lsÍu

we;=¿j ud¾. bÈlsÍï yd iïnkaO jHdmD;s" iy fldka;%d;a l%ufha ^fldka;%d;a;= ,nd§fï

wl%ñl;d& jxpd .ek wjOdkh fhduq lr;s' tla ud¾. bÈlsÍï jHdmD;shl fldka;%d;alrejl=

jHdmD;s wruqo,a .id lE wjia:djla CCAGG idudðlhka úiska wkdjrKh lr .ekSu tn÷

tla ksoiqkls' fuu lreKq fidhd .ekSfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka wdKavqj tlS fldka;%d;alreg

udj;la mq¿,a lsÍu i|yd ;u mqoa.,sl uqo,a fhdojk f,i n, lf<ah'

¥IK je<elaùfï l%shdj,sfha§ ixúOdkh úiska bgq lrk ,o ;SrKd;aul ld¾h Ndrh iy

fmdÿ lghq;= jHdmD;Ska ksÍCIKh lsÍug Tjqka w;am;a lrf.k we;s úfYaI{;djh .ek

i,ld neÆ —ú.Kkh ms<sn| cd;sl fldñiu˜ - ms,smSk SAI wdh;kh - wen%d l,dmh ;=<

iyNd.S;aj ú.Kk lghq;= isÿ lsÍu i|yd CCAGG iu. yjq,a tlÕ;djlg t<UQfkah'

ksYaÑ; jHdmD;shla $ jev igykla u.ska tys wfmaCIs; m%;sM, ,nd .; yelsùo hkak

ks.ukh lsÍu msKsi tlS jHdmD;sh $ jev igyk ú.Kkhg ,la lsÍu fuu ld¾hfha

wruqK úh' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Ok jev igyk ^UNDP& u.ska wkq.%yh ,o fuu

lghq;a; id¾:l jQ nj Bg iyNd.S jQ ish¿ md¾Yajhkaf.a ms<s.ekSu úh' fuu

95

ld¾hfha m%;sM,h .ek úia;r l< ú.Kkh ms<sn| cd;sl fldñiu ^COA& th —b;d fyd¢ka

b,lal.; l< iy ld¾hCIu˜ tlla jYfhka ye¢kaúh’ miqj" ú.Kk l%shdj,sfha w;a±lSï

we;=<;a lrñka" —iyNd.S;aj ú.Kkh l%shdjg ke.Su˜ ms<sn| w;a fmd;la ú.Kkh ms<sn|

cd;sl fldñiu úiska uqøKh fldg ksl=;a lrk ,§'

fndfyda lreKq w;ska id¾:l jqjo isú,a iudc ixúOdk iy rdcH ú.Klhska w;r wkd.;

iyfhda.s;djh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= wNsfhda. lSmhla .eko" COA-CCAGG iyNd.S;aj

ú.Kk w;a±lSï ;=<ska fy<sorõ úh'

ú.Kk l%ufõoh ( ú.Kkfhka wkdjrKh jQ m%Odk fidhd .ekSï .ek m%cdfõ idudðlhka

iu. idlÉPd l< hq;= nj CCAGG ld¾h uKav,h úiska lrk ,o b,a,Sug ú.Kkh ms<sn|

cd;sl fldñifï ld¾h uKav,h úreoaO;ajh m< l<y' mYapd;a jHdmD;s ld,h ms<sn|

ú.Kkhla isÿ lsÍu je<elaùfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka wkdjrKh lr .; yelsj ;snQ jákd

f;dr;=re wysñùfï wjodkula mej;sh yels nj CCAGG ld¾h uKav,h iel lf<ah'

;sridr;ajh ( iyNd.s;aj ú.Kk ld¾hh id¾:l tlla nj Bg odhl;ajh iemhQ ish¿

ixúOdk úiska m%ldY lrk ,o kuqÿ ú.Kkh ms<sn| cd;sl fldñifï l<uKdldÍ;ajh

fjkia ùu;a iu. th kj;ajd ±uk ,§' ú.Kkh ms<sn| cd;sl fldñifï kj

flduidßiajrhdg fjk;a m%uqL;d ;snQ w;r Tyq iyNd.S;aj ú.Kk ld¾hhka mfilg ±óh'

fuh iyNd.S;aj ú.Kk ld¾hh ;sridr f,i mj;ajd f.k hdu ms<sn| nrm;, m%Yak u;=

lrhs'

11 g%dkaiafmarkais bkag¾keIk,a ’ms,smSkfha m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï ¥IK msgq±lSu ( 2000 jif¾§ hdj;ald,Sklrk ,§’http://www.transparency.org /pressreleases_archive/2000/2000.09.28 i_awardportraits.html#37.

—w,a,iska ,o uqo,ska n;a tmd

ug ;d;af;a ˜

2007 ¥IK úfrdaë mdG ;rÕfha ch.%dyS mdGhls'

96

isoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkh III

jdßhfmd, m%dfoaYSh iNdfjka wdo¾Yhla ''''

nÿ whlr.ekSfï kjH l<uKdlrK m%fõYhla

iyNd.s;ajh mrsmd,kh

m%dfoaYSh iNdj iy fmdÿ ck;dj w;r iyNd.S;aj iïnkaO;djhla fkdue;sùu;a"

mrsmd,k lghq;=j, úksúoNdjh;a fkdue;s ùu;a fya;=fjka jhU m,df;a" l=reKE.,

osia;%slalh ;=< msysá jdrshfmd< m%dfoaYSh iNdj W!k wdfhdack" ÿ¾j, fiajdjka" nÿ

f.ùug we;s fkdleue;a; iy m%udKj;a wdodhï mokula fkdue;slu hk úIu pl%hg

yiqù ;snq‚' m%foaYfha ck;dj;a m%dfoaYSh iNdj;a w;r ukd iïnkaO;djla f.dvke.Su;a"

m%dfoaYSh iNdj flfrys iqNodhS wdl,am Tjqka ;=< ckkh lsrSu;a Wfoid kd.rsl

l<ukdlrK ixúOdk fndfyduhl iydh we;sj kj l%ufõohka l%shdjg kexùug

lghq;= ixúOdkh lrk ,oS' m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ lghq;=j, úksúoNdjh j¾Okh ùu

fya;=fjka uyck;djf.a nÿ f.ùug we;s keUqre;djh m%j¾Okh jQ w;r j¾Ihla ;=<

80] l muK iajdëk hemqï uÜgulg <.dùug jdßhfmd< m%dfoaYSh iNdj iu;aúh'

ye|skaùuye|skaùuye|skaùuye|skaùuye|skaùu

Y%S ,xldfõ" jhU m<df;a" lreKE., osia;%slalfha msysgd we;s jdrshfmd, m%dfoaYSh

iNdfõ n,iSudj j¾. ls'ó' 195 la mqrd úysoS we;s w;r m%Odk k.rh jkafka jdrshfmd,

fõ' ta yefrkakg lgqfmd;" rUdjej" nuqKdfldgqj" uyfl<sh" yxyuqkj" mdfoksh"

wjqf,a.u iy ñkqjka.efÜ hk l=vd k.r 08 o tlS n,iSudj ;=< msysgd we;'

m%Odk k.rh jk jdrshfmd," j._ lsf,daógrhlg 5000 la muK ck .K;ajhlska

hq;=j ckdlS¾Kj mj;sk w;r l=vd k.r j, ck .K;ajh j._ lsf,daógrhlg 3000 la

muK fõ' uqyqÿ uÜgug jvd óg¾ 94'4 by<ska ;eks;,d N+ñhl k.rh msysgd we;' hym;a

uÜgul jd¾Isl j¾Idm;khla ^ó'ó" 1346 jd¾Isl& iy fi,aishia wxYl 32'05 l muK

uOHia: WIaK;ajhla jir mqrdu oelsh yels jdrshfmd, m%foaYh ;=, ù f.dú;ek fukau

fmd,a j.dj o nyq,j jHdma;h'

ck.ykh iu m%udKfhka jHdma;j mj;sk w;r miq.sh j¾I lSmh uq,q,af,au"

ld¾ólrKh" ú/lshdj iy orejkag fyd| wOHdmkhla ,nd.ekSfï wfmalaIdj hk

ldrKd u; mokïj k.rdikak m%Odk ud¾.hka wi,g iq¿ m%udKhl ck ixl%uKhla

oelsh yelsh'

97

.eg¨j.eg¨j.eg¨j.eg¨j.eg¨j

jdrshfmd, m%dfoaYSh iNdj

wvq wdfhdack" ÿ¾j, fiajd ;;ajh

iy nÿ f.ùug we;s W!k

m%jK;djh ÿ¾j, wdodhï moku

hk úIu pl%hg yiqùh' fuys

oelafjk rEm igyk u.ska fuh

olajd we;' kd.r sl

mosxÑlrejkaf.a fukau oskm;d

k.rhg neyerska meñfKk

ck;djf.a wjYH;d m%udKj;a

mrsos imqrd,Sug m%dfoaYsh iNdjg

mej;s fkdyelshdj fya;=fjka nÿ

uqo,a f.ùug ck;dj ;=< fkdleue;a;la mj;sk neúka nÿ uqo,a tl;= lr.ekSfï

ÿIalr;djhlg m%dfoaYSh iNdj uqyqK oS we;s w;r m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ lghq;= i|yd uyck

iyNd.S;ajh ,nd.ekSuo .eg¨ iy.; ù ;snqKs'

tlS lreKq fya;=fjka" uyck;dj úiska m%dfoaYSh iNdjg jeros lreKq jd¾;d

fldg nÿ uqo,a f.ùu meyer yerSu;a m%dfoaYSh iNdj iu. fyd| in|;djhla mj;ajd.ekSug

Wkkaÿ fkdùu;a olakg ,enqks' fuu lreKq ish,a,f.au fya;=fjka m%dfoaYSh iNdj

uOHu wdKAvqfõ wruqo,a u; hemSfï m%udKh by< .sfhah'

l%ufõohl%ufõohl%ufõohl%ufõohl%ufõoh

jdrshfmd, m<d;a md,k wdh;kh jk m%dfoaYSh iNdj tlS iNdm;s iy Pkaofhka

m;ajQ uka;%Sjre 21 la u.ska md,kh fõ' m%Odk úOdhl ks,Odrshd jkafka iNdm;s jrhd

jk w;r m%Odk mrsmd,k ks,Odrshd jkafka f,alïh' wdh;k wxYh" wdodhï iy

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jdrshfmd, m%dfoaYSh iNdj" úiska wjfndaO lrf.k isá fyhska" hym;a uq, msÍulg ux

fidhñka isáh§' cd;Hka;r ixj¾Okh ms<sn| weußldkq ksfhdað;dh;kh ^USAID&

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98

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fuu kj l%shd ms<Sfj; ms<sn| uyck ±kqj;aNdjh jeä lsÍu Wfoid;a" m%dfoaYSh iNdj;a

uyck;dj;a w;r wjfndaOh m%j¾Okh lsÍu ;=<ska kd.ßl ck;djla ;=< m%dfoaYSh

iNdj flfrys hym;a wdl,am ckkh lrkq msKSi;a kj l%shdldÍ ie,iqula ilik ,§'

tlS ±kqj;a lsÍfï jevigyka yryd .kakd ,o jeo.;au mshjr jQfha" nÿ uqo,a fkdf.ùu

ksid Woa.;jk wksis m%;súmdl ms<sn|j uyck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍuhs'

ysÕ nÿ uqo,a f.ùug" nÿ uqo,a f.jkakka Èßu;a lrkq jia m%dfoaYSh iNdj úiska

—nÿ tla/ia lsÍfï i;shla ˜ m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,§' fuu ld, iSudj ;=< m%dfoaYSh

iNdfõ idudðlhka nÿ f.jkakka yuqù Tjqka iu. ukd in|;djla f.dvk.d.ekSug

lghq;= lrk ,§' tfukau nÿ f.ùu meyer we;s yer we;s whf.a kï wod, n,iSudj ;=<

msysá ±kaùï mqjrej, m%isoaêhg m;a lrk ,§'

nÿ whlr.ekSu;a" ys. nÿ whlr.ekSu;a Wfoid .;hq;= mßmd,kuh mshjrhka

wka;¾.; lrñka" whnÿ m%;sm;a;shla ieliSugo m%dfoaYSh iNdj úiska mshjr .kakd ,§'

tlS m%;sm;a;suh mshjrhka ksis mßÈ wdh;ksl jYfhka l%shd;aul lrkq msKsi f,alï

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jQ nÿ uqo,a m%udKh fuka ;=kaa .=Khlg;a wêl m%udKhla fuu l%shdldÍ ie,eiau

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99

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ms<s.ekSug ,la jQ w;r nÿ uqo,a whlr.ekSfï bÈß lghq;= Wfoid Èß §ukdjlao

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yd uyck iyfhda.S;djh by< hdu ;=<ska nÿ f.ùfï m%jK;djh by,kxjd .;yels nj

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nÿ tl;= lsÍu Wfoid iyNd.S;aj m%fõYhka wkq.ukh lsÍu" kS;suh l%shdud._

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nÿ whlr.ekSfï m%;sm;a;shla iïmdokh lsÍu ;=<ska nÿ whlr.ekSfï ld¾hdj,sh

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lsÍuo nÿ uqo,a f.ùu blauka lsÍug fya;= úh'

f,alï" m%dfoaYSh iNdj"

jdßhfmd,'

ÿ'l' - 0372267275

Bfï,a - wariyapolaps@sltnet.lk

T.A.L.G.,3/1A, Rajakeeya Mawatha,Colombo 07.

ICMA South Asia Office.Website : www.icma-southasia.org.Email : icmasouthasia@icma.org.

100

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l=i,;d moku u; n|jd .ekSï isÿ lsÍu" wdpdr O¾u moaO;shla y÷kajd §u" j;alï

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fm!oa.,sl wxYfha /lshd j, kshq;= ùu iïnkaOfhka iSud mekùu uÕska —neÈhdjka

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tfrysj lghq;= lsÍu i|yd isú,a iudcfha odhl;ajh by, kexùu;a fuu jHikh

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fõohkag we;=,;a h' f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSfï whs;sh fukau iïuq;sfha olajkakdjQ jerÈ

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101

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lghq;= j, kshef,k mqoa.,hskaf.a wkkH;djhka fy<sorjq lsÍu" jdKsc lghq;= i|yd

rdcH wdh;k fj;ska ,nd§ we;s n,m;% yd ksfhdað; n,;, whq;= Ndú;fha fhoùu

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j<lajd .ekSu;a l<yels jk mßÈ mßmQ¾K kshduk yd iqmÍlaIK l%fudamdhka rdcHh

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wmrdO jrola f,i kï lsÍu

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uQ,sl wmrdOhkag wu;rj ¥Is; lghq;= j,ska Wmhd.;a kS;s úfrdaë j;alï iÕjd .ekSu

yd tajdhska lrkq ,nk cdjdrïo" jdkscuh lghq;=j,§ whq;= n,mEï lsÍu wdÈho" hqla;sh

mis|,Sug ndOd lsÍuo we;=¿j ¥IK lghq;= j,g iyfhda.h ,nd§uo fuhg we;=<;ah'

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lsÍïo wmrdOhla f,i ye¢kaùug wjYH l%shdud¾. .kakd f,i tu iïuq;sh rdcH

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wkql+,j ilid .; yelsh'

cd;Hka;r ¥IK lghq;=

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tfrys iEu fCIa;%hl§u rdcHhka w;r wka;¾ iyfhda.S;djhla mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd

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ia lsÍu yd tu idlaIs ,nd§u fukau pQÈ;fhl= fyda jerÈlrefjl= jro l< rgg Ndr§u

^Wo¾mKh lsÍu& o Extradition& idudcsl rgj,a wfkHdkH ffk;sl iyfhda.fhka hq;=j

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fyda mqoa.,hska y÷kd .ekSu" /l .ekSu Ndrfha ;nd .ekSu yd rdcika;l lsÍu u.ska o

idudðl rdcHhka úiska iajlSh iyfhda.h ,ndÈh hq;=h'

j;alï uqojd.ekSu Assets Recovery&

iïuq;sfha 5 j.ka;sfha ±lafjk j;alï uqojd .ekSu m%Odk uQ, O¾uhla f,i uq,a

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lsÍfï l%u fõohka ìys lr.kakd ,§' ÈhqKq fjñka mj;sk rgj, iajlSh wd¾Ól

102

j¾Okh Wfoid w;HdjYHu jkakd jQ iïm;a" by< fmf,a we;eï ¥Is; ks<OdÍka úiska

m%isoaêfhau lrkq ,nk wh:d ysñlr .ekSï iïnkaOfhka .;a l,ays fuh b;du;a jeo.;a

m%;smdokhls' ta ta rgj, mj;sk wdrlaIK ld¾h mámdàka flfryso wkq.; fjñka fuu

m%;smdokhka olajd we;' j;alï uqojd .ekSu iïnkaOfhka olajk fuu M,odhS m%;smdokh

u.ska f,djmqrd isák ´kEu ¥Is; ks,Odßfhl=g" Tjqka úiska wh:d f,i Wmhd.;a

foafmd, ñka u;=jg iÕjd ;eîug ;ekla fkdue;sh hk mKsúvh ,ndfohs' tuÕska ta

ta rg j,g ;u ;ukaf.a ¥IK úu¾Yk yd ksjdrK lghq;= l%shd;aul lsÍug ukd

msájy,la ,ndfoa'

fyg Èkhg ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

fuu ¥IK úfrdaë iïuq;sh ^UNCAC& h:d¾:j;a f,i l%shd;aul lr .ekSu

i|yd f,dj mqrd úisÍ isák rdcH md¾Yjhkaf.a iyfhda.h wjYH jk w;r iïuq;sh

l%shd;aul lsÍug rgj,a 30 l wmrdkqu; lsÍu ^Ratify& wjYH fõ' tmuKla fkdj ;u

rgj,ays Bg wod, ffk;sl rduqj i,id .ekSuo jeo.;a fõ' bka wk;=rej tys l%shdldÍ;ajh

mss<sn|j l%shd;aul fjkq ,nk ukd ksÍlaIK l%shdj,shla u.ska fuys M,odhS l%shdldÍ;ajh

úksYaph l< yelsh' tlS l%shdoduhka iïuq;sfha rdcH md¾Yjhkaf.a iuq¿jl§ ;SrKh

lrkq ,efí' f,dj mqrd úisÍ isák ¥IK úfrdaë l%shdldÍka fj;ska g%dkaiafmarkais

bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;kh b,a,d isákafka fuu mshjrhka id¾:l lr .ekSug

w;aje,a ne|.kakd f,ih' foieïn¾ 09 jeksodg fhfok cd;Hka;r ¥IK úfrdaë Èkh

Bg lÈu wjia:djls'

103

¥IK úfrdaë lghq;= iïnkaO f;dr;=re

,nd.; yels jeo.;a fjí wvú'

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104

we,sia ÿgq úiau,ka;h

• ,xldj b;d mqÿu iy.; f,i fjkia fjñka mj;S'

rg fld;rï fjkia ù weoao hkak ;jÿrg;a úia;r flfrk

mqj;la Bfha ^3 od& osjhsfka uq,a msgqfõ m< ù ;sfí' fld,a, l,a,shla

ux myrd" ux meyerSug ,la jQ msrsig lK.dgqj m< lsrSfï mqj;ls ta'

h<s u;la lroSu msKsi tlS l;dj b;d fláfhka lshuq' is;=,amõj je|

mqod.ekSug .sh jkaokd kvhla ikakoaO l,a,shla úiska jg,kq ,en

le,hlg f.k hk ,oy' tysoS jkaokd kvh i;= remsh,a yegoyil

muK foam< fld,a, lE fidre jkaokd kvhg fufia lSy' ’iudfjkak

wmg riaidj,a keye' talhs wms Thd,dj fld,a, lkafka ¶

fu;rï iqkaor fidrlula f,dal b;sydifha fld;klj;a wid

we;s njla Tng u;lo@ fu;rï úkS; fidrlula mxp ;ka;%fha fyda

wrdì ksfid,a,difha fyda lsisÿ ;ekl ;sfío@ funÿ fi!kao¾hd;aul

fidrlula wm ÿgq lsisÿ iajmakhl ;sìKso@ wjxlju ke;" fï jQ l,S

wo fï rfÜ mj;sk ;;a;ajhhs' rg ;=< mj;sk orsø;dj;a" wd¾:sl

mrsydksh;a" /lshd úrys;Ndjh;a ksid b;d úkS; jQ fp!r mka;shla

ìysj isá;s' fï fidre" fmr fidreka fuka ia;%S ¥IK fkdlr;s' ñksiqka

fkdur;s' myr fkdfo;s' b;d úkS;j fld,a, ld iudj b,a,d th

,enqK o fkd,enqK o mek h;s'

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;uka úiska fidrlula l< nj mss<s.ekSug mjd wleue;s" cd;sfha foam<

uxfld,a, lk fp!r mka;shla fï rfÜ isá;s' n,iïmkak

foaYmd,k{hkaf.ka iy rcfha by< ks,OdrSkaf.ka o iuyr

jHdmdrslhkaf.ka o ks¾ñ; tlS fp!r mka;shg w; ;eîu mjd ÿIalrh'

fï rg mj;sk ;;a;ajhg fy<sfï idmrdë j.lSu m%Ndlrka fukau

fuu jeo.;a fp!r mka;sh úiskao fnod yod .; hq;=j we;'

wo fï rg .uka lrkafka ljqre;a lsis lf,l;a fkdis;+ me;a;lghs'

fï hk .ufka .uka ud¾.fhaoS isÿúh yels foa fndfydah' iuyr úg

Tfí fyda uf.a lsÜgqu ñ;=rd Tng fyda ug msysfhka wek urd u<

ñkshg fufia lSug bv ;sfí' iudfjkak` ud fï msysh uqj;a ;enqfõ fï

oeka' thska wek n,kakg flfi,a .ila ,Õ fkd;snQ ksihs Tng wek

ne¨fõ `

2003 ud¾;= 04 jk wÕyrejdod ’osjhsk¶ l;= jelsh

105