Towards participatory ecosystem-based planning in Indonesia: a case

study in the Moluccas

Yves LaumonierRobin BourgeoisRobert Nasi Aloysius Tao Bayuni Shantiko

25th International Congress for Conservation Biology (ICCB), Auckland, New Zealand, Dec 4 – 9 2011

Tanimbar Archipelago, southeastern Indonesia

Lesser Sunda Islands

Java

Biologically very rich seas

Last significant Monsoon Forest

Poorest population of Indonesia

5.900 km2, 9 Districts, 71 villages

MOLUCCAS

Communities retain strong traditional resource management systems

History of local action against outsiders (riots against logging companies in 1992 and 1995)

Aspiration for development, decentralization in 1999

Fragile environment

• Limestone and raised coral geology• Thin soil easily eroded once forest cover

removed• Water shortage, seasonal climate• Confined to coast, population depends

on forested water catchments inland

Promote a participatory ecosystem-based approach in land-use planning (LUP), facilitating the integration of local concerns and national priorities

Objectives

Co-develop land zoning and land use plan

Co-prepare community-based development project proposals

By working on four main components

1. Identifying stakeholders and collaboratively designing programme framework

2. Facilitating common vision, goals and objectives

3. Collecting and synthesizing social-ecological data on issues linked to ecosystem-based planning and community-based development projects

4. Developing a process of advocacy, consultation and agreement about ecosystem-based land allocation and Land Use Plan, including legal aspects

Methods

1. Identify stakeholders and program framework

Preliminary assessment of issues:

Focus groups, key informant interviews, public meetings

Socialization of concepts (LUP, ecosystem, participatory)

Identify program scale and boundaries

• Identify and agree about the needs of a revision of the land allocation and LUP

Constitutionof facilitation

team

Training methodology

ReviewDusun / Soa

level

Workshop village level

Review Dusun/ Kampung/Soa

Review Dusun/

Kampung/Soa

Workshop Regency

Meetingbetwee

n villages

Village agreement on Land Use Plan

(desa, Kecamatan, Yamdena,

kabupaten)

Implementatio

n

Monitoring/Evaluation

Participation

Result of review on:Ecological, biophysical and social data: collective recommendations

Socialization of concept, process and methodology

Socialization of concepts and community development in ecosystem-based approach to Land Use Planning

• Forum and workshops, focus group techniques to build collaboration

• Participatory Prospective Analysis to build vision and scenario

Methods 2. Common vision and goals

The main steps of Participatory Prospective Analysis

S1 – Identification of the key factors that will shape the future

S2 – Identification and description of

the possible futures

S3 – Definition of a strategy

1. Define the limits of the system

2. Identify the variables

3. Define the variables

4. Analyse their mutual influences / dependence

5. Identify and select the key variables

6. Define the states of the key variables

(what will happen in the future)

7. Build up scenarios (a combination of hypotheses

about what will happen to the key variables)

S0 – Definition of the system

Methods 3: Social-ecological data collection for ecosystem-based planning

Community-based survey, participatory mapping

Socioeconomics, biophysical, ecological, ethno-biological surveys

Analysis of data to identify critical patterns, processes and linkage

Main Results

HSAW

HPT

HP

HPK

APL

HPT

HP

• Spatial data used insufficiently detailed (1:250,000) for practical LUP, ‘blown up’ at larger scale

• Very poor agreement between zoning and topography or vegetation, serious spatial inaccuracies

• Unclear zoning criteria and legal status

• Use of ‘Forest Score’ to define Forest Land Status not adapted to island like Yamdena (seasonal climate, fragile soil type)

1. Agreement on the weakness of existing land zoning

Agriculture and plantations

Forbidden use,

protected forest

Shared forest use permitted, timber and non-timber forest products

Restricted use

riverine forest

Mangrove, regulated use

Coastal area, regulated use

2. Traditional spatial allocation of land use rights

RiverRegulated

use

Mixed Deciduous

Dry Deciduous

Evergreen Rain Forest

3. Bunch of ecological data for the main ecosystems: trees, small mammals, birds, soil; ecological mapping

4. Decision rules for government using ecosystem and watershed based planning

Forest cover used as first re-adjustment of ‘Forest Land’

• All sub-watersheds where more than 70% of the land cover is food crop, shrub, grass, mixed garden should be classified as non Forest Estate.

• The forest that remains within these watersheds is assigned as community forest (Hutan Masyarakat).

• Negotiations with Ministry of Forestry by local government.

• Under current MoF regulations, all areas under Mangrove

• Under current MoF regulations, all areas within 100 m of main rivers

• Soil type very prone to erosion with slope ³15% (Decree 44, 2004)

• The forest cover is more than 30% Dry Deciduous Forest (new specific decision rules for Monsoon forest)

Delineation of Protection and Conservation Forest area (unit watershed and ecosystem)

• Soil survey data showing very high rates for potential soil erosion.

• Economic studies showing at the same time that logging operation in Yamdena is not economically viable

Delineation of Production Forest

Normal logging intensities under Production Forest are not permissible in Yamdena.

Commercial forest activity, if any, should be managed as Limited Production Forest.

HM

CA

HPT

HL

HL

HPT

HSAW

HPT

HP

HPK

APL

HPT

HP

Before After

Final agreement between

People representatives (customary and village leaders, religion leaders, youth and women groups) from the 40 villages of Yamdena Island, local technical agencies and local government

Official request for endorsement to central government

Advocacy and agreements, civil society and government

Legally supported

Satisfactory achievements• Consensus on new Land Allocation/zoning and Land Use

Planning• Collectively designed project proposals between communities

and local government on future actions in agriculture, forestry and fisheries sectors (community-based micro-projects)

• Better mutual understanding on social-ecological systems in a Monsoon Forest environment

• Better mutual understanding that the customary law should be integrated into the national law as a better conflict resolution solution

… but

Although results endorsed at district and provincial level, no follow up nor official agreement at national level

Conclusions

• Ecosystem-based approach is appropriate as an expanded land-use planning process.

• In the present study it facilitated the integration of broad scale natural and social system in community development and collaborative LUP.

• Similar approach should be promoted for other areas in the Moluccas and in the rest of Indonesia, considering carefully governance links between regional and national decision levels.

Thank you !Kalwedo

Kidabela!