towards routine monitoring of tectonic and...
TRANSCRIPT
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Towards Routine Monitoring of Tectonic and Volcanic Deformation with Sentinel-1
Wright, Tim J (1); Biggs, Juliet (2); Crippa, Paula (3); Ebmeier, Susanna K. (2); Elliott, John (4); Gonzalez, Pablo (1); Hooper, Andy (1); Larsen, Ynvar (5); Li, Zhenhong (3); Marinkovic, Petar (6); Parsons, Barry (4);
Spaans, Karsten (1); Walters, Richard (1); Ziebart, Marek (7).1: COMET, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; 2: COMET, University of Bristol, United Kingdom; 3:
COMET, University of Newcastle, United Kingdom; 4: COMET, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; 5: Norut, Norway; 6: PPO.Labs, The Netherlands; 7: COMET, University College London, United Kingdom
INSARAP
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Outline1. Why do we care about deformation observations
for tectonics and volcanoes?
2. Why is Sentinel-1 a game changer?
3. COMET plans for routine processing
INSARAP
![Page 3: Towards Routine Monitoring of Tectonic and …seom.esa.int/fringe2015/files/presentation295.pdfOutline 1. Why do we care about deformation observations for tectonics and volcanoes?](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040806/5e4821421638914b5a5176d7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Outline1. Why do we care about deformation observations
for tectonics and volcanoes?
2. Why is Sentinel-1 a game changer?
3. COMET plans for routine processing
INSARAP
![Page 4: Towards Routine Monitoring of Tectonic and …seom.esa.int/fringe2015/files/presentation295.pdfOutline 1. Why do we care about deformation observations for tectonics and volcanoes?](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040806/5e4821421638914b5a5176d7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Earthquakes with 10,000+ deaths since 1900
Figure courtesy John Elliott
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Strain rate correlates with rate of earthquake occurrence
Figure reproduced with permission from Corné Kreemer, University of Reno and the Global Earthquake Model
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Deformation at volcanoes is diagnostic of impending eruption/unrest
Photo: USGS
Biggs, Ebmeier et al., Nature Comms 2014
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Outline1. Why do we care about deformation observations
for tectonics and volcanoes?
2. Why is Sentinel-1 a game changer?
3. COMET plans for routine processing
INSARAP
![Page 8: Towards Routine Monitoring of Tectonic and …seom.esa.int/fringe2015/files/presentation295.pdfOutline 1. Why do we care about deformation observations for tectonics and volcanoes?](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040806/5e4821421638914b5a5176d7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Why is Sentinel-1 a game changer?
Sentinel-1 Other SAR mission archives
1. Systematic acquisitions for
tectonics and volcanoes: “InSAR
everywhere all the time”
Haphazard acquisitions (multiple
modes, limited capacity)
2. TOPS: 250 km x 1000+ km:
Continental scale InSAR
Small areas imaged, usually less
than 100 km swaths.
3. Small perpendicular baselines,
acquisitions every 6/12/24 days,
ascending and descending -> high
coherence
Typically large perpendicular
baselines and long gaps between
acquisitions -> poor coherence
4. 20 year operational program,
designed for InSAR
Stand-alone missions not designed
for InSAR
5. Free, full and open data policy,
enables mass processing.
Restricted data access, often
commercial pricing
![Page 9: Towards Routine Monitoring of Tectonic and …seom.esa.int/fringe2015/files/presentation295.pdfOutline 1. Why do we care about deformation observations for tectonics and volcanoes?](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040806/5e4821421638914b5a5176d7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Why is Sentinel-1 a game changer?
Sentinel-1 Other SAR mission archives
1. Systematic acquisitions for
tectonics and volcanoes: “InSAR
everywhere all the time”
Haphazard acquisitions (multiple
modes, limited capacity)
2. TOPS: 250 km x 1000+ km:
Continental scale InSAR
Small areas imaged, usually less
than 100 km swaths.
3. Small perpendicular baselines,
acquisitions every 6/12/24 days,
ascending and descending -> high
coherence
Typically large perpendicular
baselines and long gaps between
acquisitions -> poor coherence
4. 20 year operational program,
designed for InSAR
Stand-alone missions not designed
for InSAR
5. Free, full and open data policy,
enables mass processing.
Restricted data access, often
commercial pricing
![Page 10: Towards Routine Monitoring of Tectonic and …seom.esa.int/fringe2015/files/presentation295.pdfOutline 1. Why do we care about deformation observations for tectonics and volcanoes?](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040806/5e4821421638914b5a5176d7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
1. “InSAR everywhere, all the time” (NASA Solid Earth Science Working Group Report, 2002, NASA InSAR Workshop Report, 2004)
We can’t predict in advance the locations of future earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
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1. “InSAR everywhere, all the time” (NASA Solid Earth Science Working Group Report, 2002, NASA InSAR Workshop Report, 2004)
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24 August 2014 South Napa Earthquake
• Largest earthquake in California in 20 years.
• 1 death, ~160 injuries• $1 Billion costs to wine industry• Pre-earthquake Stripmap image
acquired by Sentinel-1A on 7 August (the day it reached nominal orbit)
• Post-earthquake image on 31 August, scheduled by special request.
Austin Elliott (UCDavis)
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Elliott et al., EOS 2015
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Source model from InSAR and GPSdata model residual
Slip UncertaintyNS NS
More in Elliott et al., Tuesday 15.30, Magellan
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23 Nov 2014 Pico do Fogo Eruption
• 1st eruption in 20 yrs (1995)
• Flights to S. America diverted
• ~1500 evacuated people
• Two towns completely destroyed
Samara Donis (InVOLCAN)
David Calvo (InVOLCAN)
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Observations
Ascending (20141103-20141127)
Descending (20141108-20141202)
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Preferred Model
10-5 km ?Gonzalez et al., in review 2015
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Thanks to ESA for expanding tectonic coverage
Original ESA mask
Current tectonic mask Ideal (?) tectonic mask
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https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-1/observation-scenario
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Why is Sentinel-1 a game changer?
Sentinel-1 Other SAR mission archives
1. Systematic acquisitions for
tectonics and volcanoes: “InSAR
everywhere all the time”
Haphazard acquisitions (multiple
modes, limited capacity)
2. TOPS: 250 km x 1000+ km:
Continental scale InSAR
Small areas imaged, usually less
than 100 km swaths.
3. Small perpendicular baselines,
acquisitions every 6/12/24 days,
ascending and descending -> high
coherence
Typically large perpendicular
baselines and long gaps between
acquisitions -> poor coherence
4. 20 year operational program,
designed for InSAR
Stand-alone missions not designed
for InSAR
5. Free, full and open data policy,
enables mass processing.
Restricted data access, often
commercial pricing
![Page 22: Towards Routine Monitoring of Tectonic and …seom.esa.int/fringe2015/files/presentation295.pdfOutline 1. Why do we care about deformation observations for tectonics and volcanoes?](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040806/5e4821421638914b5a5176d7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
2. Continental Scale InSAR
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Why is Sentinel-1 a game changer?
Sentinel-1 Other SAR mission archives
1. Systematic acquisitions for
tectonics and volcanoes: “InSAR
everywhere all the time”
Haphazard acquisitions (multiple
modes, limited capacity)
2. TOPS: 250 km x 1000+ km:
Continental scale InSAR
Small areas imaged, usually less
than 100 km swaths.
3. Small perpendicular baselines,
acquisitions every 6/12/24 days,
ascending and descending -> high
coherence
Typically large perpendicular
baselines and long gaps between
acquisitions -> poor coherence
4. 20 year operational program,
designed for InSAR
Stand-alone missions not designed
for InSAR
5. Free, full and open data policy,
enables mass processing.
Restricted data access, often
commercial pricing
![Page 24: Towards Routine Monitoring of Tectonic and …seom.esa.int/fringe2015/files/presentation295.pdfOutline 1. Why do we care about deformation observations for tectonics and volcanoes?](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040806/5e4821421638914b5a5176d7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
3. Short revisit and Small perpendicular baselines -> Excellent Coherence
Creeping section of the North Anatolian Fault, 12-days
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3. Short revisit and Small perpendicular baselines -> Excellent Coherence
Creeping section of the North Anatolian Fault, 24-days
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3. Short revisit and Small perpendicular baselines -> Excellent Coherence
Creeping section of the North Anatolian Fault, 24-days
Typical ERS coherence (Cakir et al., 2005)
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3. Short revisit -> rapid phenomena
Napa Postseismic deformation: 31 August – 12 September 2014
Afterslip model
NS
More in Elliott et al., Tuesday 15.30, Magellan
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3. Short revisit -> rapid phenomena
Napa Postseismic deformation: 31 August – 24 September 2014
Afterslip model
NS
More in Elliott et al., Tuesday 15.30, Magellan
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3. Short revisit -> rapid phenomena
Napa Postseismic deformation: 31 August – 6 October 2014
Afterslip model
NS
More in Elliott et al., Tuesday 15.30, Magellan
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3. Short revisit -> rapid phenomena
Napa Postseismic deformation: 31 August – 18 October 2014
Afterslip model
NS
More in Elliott et al., Tuesday 15.30, Magellan
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3. Short revisit -> rapid phenomena
Napa Postseismic deformation: 31 August – 30 October 2014
Afterslip model
NS
More in Elliott et al., Tuesday 15.30, Magellan
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Why is Sentinel-1 a game changer?
Sentinel-1 Other SAR mission archives
1. Systematic acquisitions for
tectonics and volcanoes: “InSAR
everywhere all the time”
Haphazard acquisitions (multiple
modes, limited capacity)
2. TOPS: 250 km x 1000+ km:
Continental scale InSAR
Small areas imaged, usually less
than 100 km swaths.
3. Small perpendicular baselines,
acquisitions every 6/12/24 days,
ascending and descending -> high
coherence
Typically large perpendicular
baselines and long gaps between
acquisitions -> poor coherence
4. 20 year operational program,
designed for InSAR
Stand-alone missions, usually not
designed for InSAR
5. Free, full and open data policy,
enables mass processing.
Restricted data access, often
commercial pricing
![Page 33: Towards Routine Monitoring of Tectonic and …seom.esa.int/fringe2015/files/presentation295.pdfOutline 1. Why do we care about deformation observations for tectonics and volcanoes?](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040806/5e4821421638914b5a5176d7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Duration of time series (years)
0.11 2 3 4 5Le
ngt
h s
cale
of
ob
serv
atio
n (
km)
4. 20-year operational program
1 mm/yr rates over 100 km can be achieved with 5 years of acquisitions (12 day revisit)
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Ability of Sentinel-1 to map tectonic strain above target threshold (1 mm/yr over 100 km)
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Why is Sentinel-1 a game changer?
Sentinel-1 Other SAR mission archives
1. Systematic acquisitions for
tectonics and volcanoes: “InSAR
everywhere all the time”
Haphazard acquisitions (multiple
modes, limited capacity)
2. TOPS: 250 km x 1000+ km:
Continental scale InSAR
Small areas imaged, usually less
than 100 km swaths.
3. Small perpendicular baselines,
acquisitions every 6/12/24 days,
ascending and descending -> high
coherence
Typically large perpendicular
baselines and long gaps between
acquisitions -> poor coherence
4. 20 year operational program,
designed for InSAR
Stand-alone missions, usually not
designed for InSAR
5. Free, full and open data policy,
enables mass processing.
Restricted data access, often
commercial pricing
![Page 36: Towards Routine Monitoring of Tectonic and …seom.esa.int/fringe2015/files/presentation295.pdfOutline 1. Why do we care about deformation observations for tectonics and volcanoes?](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040806/5e4821421638914b5a5176d7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
UK-PAF
Sentinel-1 archivemainly for
Copernicus core services
1-monthSentinel-1
rolling archive
SLCs
LiCS processing facility
processing facility
storage facility (and future public
services)
HarwellFarnborough
Sentinel-1 SAR processor
CEDA
5. “Free, full and open” data policy Mass Processing
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Outline1. Why do we care about deformation observations
for tectonics and volcanoes?
2. Why is Sentinel-1 a game changer?
3. COMET plans for routine processing
INSARAP
![Page 38: Towards Routine Monitoring of Tectonic and …seom.esa.int/fringe2015/files/presentation295.pdfOutline 1. Why do we care about deformation observations for tectonics and volcanoes?](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040806/5e4821421638914b5a5176d7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Global Tectonics: 55 Mkm2 Ice: 5 Mkm2
Europe: 10 Mkm2
Total: 70 Mkm2
Data throughput = 0.5 TB/day [~1PetaByte over 5 years]
Geographical coverage
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Processing strategy
T=0 ~1 yr (?) +12 days +24 days +36 days
Orbit Models (real time + precise)
Atmospheric Models (real time + reanalysis)
Initial time seriesInitial linear rates
Updated time seriesUpdated linear rates
Continuous, near-global processing
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Interferogram(displacement)
Interferogram(displacement)
SAR images
Interferogram(displacement)
Time-series for each pixel
Strain-rate map
InSARprocessor
Time-series processor
Average velocity
map
Strain inversion
Precise orbits
Atmos. correction
Ifgmfilter
Earthquakemodels
GP
Svelo
cities
Geophysicalinversion
Volcanomodels
Work flowData
Processed data
Derivedproducts
Models
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Work flow
Interferogram(displacement)
Interferogram(displacement)
SAR images
Interferogram(displacement)
Time-series for each pixel
Strain-rate map
InSARprocessor
Time-series processor
Average velocity
map
Strain inversion
Precise orbits
Atmos. correction
Ifgmfilter
Earthquakemodels
GP
Svelo
cities
Geophysicalinversion
Data
Processed data
Derivedproducts
Models Volcanomodels
INSARAP presentations today
Gonzalez poster (6), Tuesday
Bekaert, Tues 10.00, Big HallWalters, Tues 12.30, Big Hall+ Tues poster: Crippa (20)
Spaans, Thurs 16.00, Magellan
Wang, Weds 15.50, Big Hall
Elliott, Tues 15.30, MagellanHussain, Weds 11.50, Big Hall+ Tues posters: Ingleby (61), Amey (68), Lloyd (82)
Hooper, Thurs 15.20, MagellanHamlyn, Thurs 11.50, MagellanArnold, Thurs 9.00, Magellan+ Thurs posters: Biggs (76), Ebmeier (79), Gaddes (77), Gineaux (80), Bagnardi (85)
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Global validation of ERA-Interim wet delay
• Major global variation in quality of ERA-I wet delay retrieval
• We can now consider the uncertainties associated with applying atmospheric corrections
Walters et al. Tuesday 12:30, Big HallSession: InSAR Theory and Techniques (2)
BAD
GOOD
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Recursive Adaptive Spectral Phase filtering
RSF Filtered phase
Gonzalez et al. Tuesday Poster Session #6
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5x5 boxcar Cousin based coherence
Improved pixel selection via identification of cousins
• Identify pixels with on average similar behaviour (Similar to SqueeSAR methods of Ferretti et al, 2011)
• We use mean amplitude and mean amplitude difference between master and slave
Spaans et al. Thursday 16:00, MagellanSession: Applications – Volcanoes (3)
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Improved pixel selection via identification of cousins
Full interferogram Our method Small baselines
• Identify pixels with on average similar behaviour (Similar to SqueeSAR methods of Ferretti et al, 2011)
• We use mean amplitude and mean amplitude difference between master and slave
Spaans et al. Thursday 16:00, MagellanSession: Applications – Volcanoes (3)
![Page 46: Towards Routine Monitoring of Tectonic and …seom.esa.int/fringe2015/files/presentation295.pdfOutline 1. Why do we care about deformation observations for tectonics and volcanoes?](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040806/5e4821421638914b5a5176d7/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Turkey
Iran
Using InSAR to Map Strain in Eastern Turkey
Method in Wang and Wright, GRL 2012; Turkey case study in Walters et al., JGR 2014
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Using InSAR to Map Strain in Eastern Turkey
Solution from GPS Solution from InSAR
Method in Wang and Wright, GRL 2012; Turkey case study in Walters et al., JGR 2014
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What will we be seeing at Fringe 2020?
• High-resolution, time-varying, global 3D maps of crustal velocities and strains.
• Automatic alert systems for volcanoes
• Complete catalogue of deformation models for continental earthquakes with M>6
• Integration with GNSS for near-real-time monitoring.
• Many scientific surprises!
INSARAP
More information on INSARAP, and download processed data at http://insarap.orgCOMET: http://comet.nerc.ac.uk
@NERC_COMET@timwright_leeds@EwFProject