towards scalability in tuple spaces

TOWARDS SCALABILITYIN TUPLE SPACES

Philipp Obreiter, Guntram Gräf

Telecooperation Office (TecO)University of Karlsruhe

Obreiter/Gräf: Towards Scalability in Tuple Spaces

GoalsScalable tuple space

– without schematic restrictions

Procedure:

• formalize and classify tuples

• analyze former indexing strategies

• deduce a new indexing strategy

• conceive the architecture and implementation of a scalable tuple space


Hierarchy of fields (F,matchF)

“Hello“ “World“1234 5678

int string

F


Hierarchy of tuples (,match)

(int,F)

(int,(int,int))

(F, string)

(int,string) (F,“Hello“)

(int,“Hello“)

(1234,string)

(1234,(56,78))

(5678,“Hello“)


Taxonomy of schemes

• Degrees of freedom:(A) class hierarchy

(B) instance hierarchy

(C) semantic tuples

(D) nested tuples

(E) tuple hierarchy

• Scheme ABCDE imposes restrictions on degrees of freedom


Linda scheme: 23111 A

EB

C D

0

0

0

0 0

1

11

1

2

2 31


TSpaces/JavaSpaces scheme: 00110 A

EB

C D

0

0

0

0 0

1

11

1

2

2 31


Distribution model• Set of p servers {1,...,p}

• Distribution (W,R) for tuple t– writes to W(t) {1,...,p}

– reads from R(t) {1,...,p}

condition for correctness

match(t1,t2) W(t2) R(t1)

1 2 3 4 5 6

R W


abstractrepresentation

Conceiving a distribution

Abstract representation

– uncouples abstraction of tuples and adjustment to p

– is an efficient data structure

t W(t) t

directly indirectly

R(t)

W(t)

R(t)


Indexing based on hashing (I)

(printer,F,F)

P1

(F)

(scanner,F,F)(F,1200dpi,F)

(printer,1200dpi,F) (scanner,1200dpi,F)

P2P3

P4

(F,1200dpi,x.x.x.x)

P5

S4

S5S3

S2S1


Indexing based on hashing (II)

(printer,F,F)

P1

(F)



P2P3

P4

(F,1200dpi,x.x.x.x)

P5

S4

S5S3

S2S1

{1}

{5}

{6}

{8} {3} {8}{5}{12}

{2}{7}


Indexing based on hashing (III)

(printer,F,F)

P1

(F)



P2P3

P4

(F,1200dpi,x.x.x.x)

P5

S4

S5S3

S2S1

{3} {7}


Indexing based on hypercubes• Fields:

– hierarchical structure intervals instead of points

– correctness: matchF(f1,f2) F(f2) F(f1)

• Tuples:– tuple complex multi-dimensional index

– induces transformation to hypercubes

• Distribution:– Partition hyperspace into tuple domains 1,... p

– (,) permissible with (t) := {q | q(t) }


disjoint/complete tuple domains

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

1

2

3

4

5

x1

x2

T3T2

T4

T5

T6

T1


disjoint/complete tuple domains

1

3

2

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

1

2

3

4

5

x1

x2

T3T2

T4

T5

T6

T14 5


Overlapping/incomplete tuple domains

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

1

2

3

4

5

x1

x2

T3T2

T4

T5

T6

T1

3

1 2


ClientClient

AgentAgent

Components of the architecture

F

TupleSpaceServer

TupleSpaceServer

TupleSpaceServer

Tuplespaceserver

-server -serverAgentserver

Agent

Client (t)t (t)


Cache validation of the agents

F-server:

– read-only cache, hence valid

-server:– subtrees own sequence numbers– cache entry invalidated, if contacting TS Server

with deprecated sequence number Extended k-d tree guarantees correctness


SATUS

• Implementation of a Scalable Tuple Spaces

• Management interface

• Extension to four tiers

• Built-in standard fields

• Validated with respect to:– Efficiency of the distribution– Efficiency of adaptive tuple domains


Adaptive tuple domains

0 50 100

.5

Response time

n150 200 250 300 350 400

1

1.5

2.5

2


Questions?


Nested tuples

• Field complex on itself, hence proposed indexing mechanism not directly applicable

• If depth limited, unnest

• Split into several tuples (atomicity?)

• Include complex classes into the field hierarchy


Scalability

Five dimensions:

• size of tuples

• number of tuples in the tuple space

• number of considered tuple spaces

• throughput of the tuple space

• number of clients


Hierarchy of fields

x modulo y fraction

F

1/2 2/4

6/9 4/6

x modulo 5x modulo 3

0 12

0 1

23

4


Tree of tuple domains

x2 = 0

2x1 = 2

x2 = 3 x1 = 4

4 5 3 2


Efficiency of the distribution

0 50 100

.2

Rate

n150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

.4

.6

1

.8pruning

rate

overhead

towards scalability in tuple spaces

Documents

tuple spacesthroughput

tuple twrites

indexing mechanism

tuples atomicity

new indexing strategyconceive

contacting ts server

nested tuplesfield complex

complex classes