towards sustainable buildings in thailand · towards sustainable buildings in . thailand ....

Building Energy Efficiency

1

Towards Sustainable Buildings in

Thailand

Professor Surapong Chirarattananon


2

Three Major Points to be covered

• Status and forecast of energy consumption and carbon emission by Thai buildings

• Policies and plans for energy conservation and expected results

• Researches being undertaken that are believed to contribute to making Thai buildings sustainable energy wise.


3

The Climate of Thailand

• Located in a tropical region, the climate is hot and humid

Thailand

Thailand

• Solar radiation is strong.


4

The Climate of Thailand • Endowed with generous rain fall, natural vegetation is thick.

• Abundant water in the river and klongs

• Without proper management, Thai cities can face heavy flooding.


5

Vernacular Architecture and the Prevailing Climate

• Thais used to live along klongs.

• With walls constructed from light natural materials, the floor of a traditional house is raised.

• Extensive shading of solar radiation from windows and doors, all houses were naturally ventilated.

• The old life style was not convenient, but was close to nature and comfortable.


6

• Use natural lighting

• Relatively narrow building to allow natural air to flow through all interior spaces.

Vernacular Architecture and the Prevailing Climate

• People had light clothing and acclimatized to local climate.

• No air-conditioning and uses little electricity or energy of any type or form.


7

• These are modern dwellings of low to moderate income people.

• The floor is still raised for some.

• For most others, the floor is no longer raised.

• Without air-conditioning, energy consumption is low to moderate.

Modern Life Style and Energy Use


8


• With these air-conditioners

• Many now live in modern houses with closed windows.

• Or these large buildings

• Note the electric lights being turned on during daytime

http://www.google.co.th/imgres?imgurl=http://images04.olx.com.ph/ui/3/49/64/45144564_1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://mandaluyong.olx.com.ph/glor-refrigeration-and-airconditioning-services-iid-45144564&usg=__jI_pO9_uM5GMtdi72hu1hQd8gI0=&h=500&w=375&sz=37&hl=th&start=67&tbnid=hELC6ugo0HF_8M:&tbnh=130&tbnw=98&prev=/images?q=air-conditioning+pictures&ndsp=20&hl=th&sa=N&start=60


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• Convenient and comfortable


• We control our environment and choose how to live.

• Air-conditioning is used in all enclosed spaces.


10

Status of Household Electricity Use

In M = within municipality, Out M = Outside municipality

• For convenience and amenity 50% A/C 20% hot shower 3% • Lighting, cooking and entertainment each 15%

Status and Forecast of Energy Use


11

Item 2,010 2030

HH SMC Total HH SMC Total

Cooking

Elec, GWh 4,001 1,122 5,123 8,978 2,705 11,683 LPG, M kg 1,895 465 2,360 4,253 1,382 5,635 Wood, M kg 4,745 242 4,986 10,647 720 11,367

Charcoal, M kg 5,453 539 5,991 12,236 1,602 13,838 Electricity GWh 30,311 12,645 42,956 68,020 38,051 106,071

Elec /HH or SMC, kWh 2,247 4,985 2,680 4,202 10,425 5,347

• 4 Types of fuels are used for cooking

• LPG 90 kg/HH/Y

• Electricity 2,680 kWh/HH/Y or 220 kWh/m

Status and Forecast of Energy Use Status of Household Cooking Energy

SMC= small commercial enterprises


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Electric load forecast

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Year

Elec

tric

load

, GW

hRES GWh

SMC GWh

Total GWh

Status and Forecast of Energy Use Forecast of Household Electricity Use to 2030

Poulation Trend

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Year

Popu

latio

n an

d %

Urb

an

0

5

10

15

20

25Population,M

Urban, %

HH, Urban

HH, Rural

Total HH

• Population will increase to 70 M with 20 M HH

• Urbanization from 43% to 64%

• HH electricity from 30,000 to 68,000 GWh

• SMC electricity from 15,600 to 46,900 GWH


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• In the long past, we did not have large buildings except those of the palaces.

Status of Electricity Use in Commercial Buildings Status and Forecast of Energy Use

• Now we work in large fully air-conditioned buildings, the designs and the materials for construction of which are not different from those from any where else.

http://www.google.co.th/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ciltmalta.org/UserFiles/Image/rush hour traffic conjestion.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ciltmalta.org/subs.php?p=news&usg=__MYw8OzIDqdMYLtZFxM9WOeJnpec=&h=300&w=540&sz=50&hl=th&start=2&tbnid=wrCLyUwgKikucM:&tbnh=73&tbnw=132&prev=/images?q=people+conjestion+pictures&hl=th&sa=G


14

Item

unit

Office Hotel Hospital Dept store

School Condominiun

Hypermart

Other

A/C elec/A/C area kWh/

m2Y 115.2 143.2 162.1 184.9 76.2 168.1 165.4 216.5

Lighting elec/area

kWh/

m2Y 12.9 27.0 24.1 56.2 11.1 12.2 84.8 26.0

Total elec/area kWh/

m2Y 147.5 209.3 158.8 270.9 65.2 146.6 391.0 117.6

A/C area/total % 28 65 41 68 27 26 72 32

A/C elec/total % 41 64 56 52 53 58 39 43

Lighting elec/total

% 22 19 22 22 32 22 24 20

Lighting w/area w/m2 9.3 7.8 7.7 14.6 9.5 8.9 16.9 10.9

OTTV w/m2 61.4 33.0 35.5 43.6 61.1 33.0 43.6 57.4

RTTV w/m2 29.1 18.2 15.9 20.9 29.1 17.4 22.9 24.5

A/C efficiency COP 2.21 2.13 2.44 2.77 1.99 2.07 2.43 2.17


• Electricity use per area in fully air-conditioned buildings are similar to those in Singapore or Malaysia.


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• Air-conditioning takes up 50% of electricity use in a building.

• 50% of cooling load is due to heat gain through building envelope.

• Electric lighting takes up another 20%

http://www.google.co.th/imgres?imgurl=http://images01.olx.com/ui/2/60/82/19225882_2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ridgewood-newyork.olx.com/695-ductless-mini-split-air-conditioning-iid-19225882&usg=__RuPERuvbAeB9wxIgnmwye4UnxPE=&h=352&w=450&sz=23&hl=th&start=100&tbnid=cJlmpzr9ohCP0M:&tbnh=99&tbnw=127&prev=/images?q=air-conditioning+pictures&ndsp=20&hl=th&sa=N&start=80

http://www.google.co.th/imgres?imgurl=http://www.oknation.net/blog/home/blog_data/374/2374/images/centrifchiller.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.oknation.net/blog/HVAC/2007/03/21/entry-1&usg=__0c1LkXZQ8_eQJKH3JRPvuXgCWo8=&h=300&w=400&sz=11&hl=th&start=1&tbnid=fwihhR1MylUIlM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=124&prev=/images?q=chiller+plant+pictures&hl=th&sa=G

http://www.google.co.th/imgres?imgurl=http://wb4.itrademarket.com/pdimage/22/304922_p1050023.jpg&imgrefurl=http://tunggaljayateknik.itrademarket.com/304922/cooling-tower.htm&usg=__arxYDsgg47_BgjHZmxGoo8AEJ2o=&h=480&w=640&sz=69&hl=th&start=29&tbnid=Re3ePhsFVRDUxM:&tbnh=103&tbnw=137&prev=/images?q=coling+tower+pictures&ndsp=20&hl=th&sa=N&start=20

http://www.google.co.th/imgres?imgurl=http://genesisnow.com.au/images/LightingCSLights.jpg&imgrefurl=http://genesisnow.com.au/Lighting-Case-Study&usg=__uBt9lAIYtsaUcy7KILvycS-ApKc=&h=333&w=444&sz=117&hl=th&start=83&tbnid=GoShzsNZbY4UnM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=127&prev=/images?q=lighting+pictures&ndsp=20&hl=th&sa=N&start=80

http://www.google.co.th/imgres?imgurl=http://4wheelonline.com/images/categoryimages/Lighting-Choose.jpg&imgrefurl=http://4wheelonline.com/jeep/Categories.aspx?Categoryid=29065&usg=__V3IK1rH7BJqNCLq76F77L6965CI=&h=400&w=530&sz=57&hl=th&start=117&tbnid=t8JtrS2OBl3wvM:&tbnh=100&tbnw=132&prev=/images?q=lighting+pictures&ndsp=20&hl=th&sa=N&start=100

http://www.google.co.th/imgres?imgurl=http://chinahousing.mit.edu/english/findings/shenzhen/shading_study/image012.png&imgrefurl=http://chinahousing.mit.edu/english/findings/shenzhen/shading_study/index.html&usg=__E0xdfluEUTj60Pw8kCUGJdsx89M=&h=542&w=877&sz=850&hl=th&start=136&tbnid=_etT47__oNawIM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=146&prev=/images?q=building+with+shading+pictures&ndsp=20&hl=th&sa=N&start=120


16

Percentage Share of Electricity Demand, %

Office, 35

Hotel, 11

Hospital, 6

Deptment Store, 15

Education, 6

Condominium, 8

Hypermarket, 13

Miscellaneous, 7

Forecast of Electricity Use in Commercial Buildings Status and Forecast of Energy Use

Forecast of Electricity Demand

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Year

Elec

trici

ty, G

Wh Total

MEA

PEA

• Office has the highest share of 35%.

• Condominium growth is high

• Total growth to 2030 is 250%.

• Commercial buildings in PEA area will out grow those in MEA area.


17

Fuels Used

Types and quantities of gases emitted per GWh CO2 CH4 N2O NOX CO NMVOC

ton, C kg kg kg kg kg

2010

Natural gas 73.96 4.83 0.48 725.11 96.68 24.17

Fuel oil 1.2454 0.1771 0.0354 11.8046 0.8853 0.2951

Diesel 0.1238 0.0184 0.0037 1.2258 0.0919 0.0306

Lignite 30.12 1.09 1.53 327.34 21.82 5.46

Coal 16.63 0.62 0.87 186.13 12.41 3.10

Total 122.07 6.74 2.92 1251.61 131.89 33.05

2030

Natural gas 26.80 1.75 0.18 262.74 35.03 8.76

Fuel oil 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Diesel 0.0118 0.0018 0.0004 0.1172 0.0088 0.0029

Lignite 7.25 0.47 0.05 71.05 9.47 2.37

Coal 53.27 1.99 2.78 596.30 39.75 9.94

Total 87.33 4.21 3.01 930.20 84.27 21.07

Emission of Carbon and Other Gases from Power Generation


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Year Type CO2, CH4, N2O, NOX, CO, NMVOCs

kton, C ton ton ton ton ton

Commercial 2,802 35 59 1,226 149 42

2010 Residential

&SMC 7,133 395.8 597.4 61524.1 6720.5 1704.6

Total 9,935 431 656 62,750 6,870 1,747

Commercial 6,810 90.68 169 3,497 426 119

2030 Residential

&SMC 11,103 162 178 196 29 8

Total 17,913 253 347 3,693 455 127

Emission of Carbon and Other Gases • Even though when nuclear generation is counted, future emission from buildings in 2030 is 1.8 times the present emission.

http://www.vastukarta.com/images/vastukarta_industry_vastu_shastra.jpg


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Global Carbon Emission


20

• The long and hot summer of this year leads us to feel that global warming is already here.


21

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

40

42

2007 2015 2020 2025 2030

Gt

2010

Efficiency 65 57

End-use 59 52

Power plants 6 5

Renewables 18 20

Biofuels 1 3

Nuclear 13 10

CCS 3 10

Share of abatement %

2020 2030

3.8 Gt 13.8 Gt

Reference Scenario

450 Scenario

Emission of Carbon and Other Gases • How can we contribute to achieving the 2oC or 450 PPM vision from action in the building sector ?

• Buildings cannot generate energy from renewable sources, the only option is to use less electricity.


22

Policies and Plans for Building Energy Conservation

Europe uses laws to • Set minimum performance standards - for buildings and some appliances (Building Energy Code) • Require energy labeling (mandatory energy labeling - for all existing buildings - for some appliances (HEPS) USA and other countries uses • Set minimum performance standards - for buildings and some appliances (Building Energy Code) • Use energy labeling on a voluntary basis


23

On 19 May 2010, the EU adopted the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2010/31/EU (EPBD) which is the main legislative instrument to reduce the energy consumption of buildings.

Directive 2010/31/EU of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings Member States must establish and apply minimum energy performance requirements for new and existing buildings, to ensure that by 2021 all new buildings are so-called 'nearly zero-energy buildings'.

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/buildings/buildings_en.htm

• Europe and USA have policies and plans to drive all types of buildings to Net Zero Energy Building (ZEB) within 10 years

California Energy Commission Two energy policy goals are driving the design of the current standards: "Zero Net Energy" (ZNE) are goals for new homes by 2020 and commercial buildings by 2030. The ZNE goal means that new buildings must use a combination of improved efficiency and distributed renewable generation to meet 100 percent of their annual energy need.

Policies and Plans for Building Energy Conservation

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32010L0031:EN:NOT

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/buildings/buildings_en.htm


24

The Energy Conservation Promotion Act B.E. 2535

BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ REX. Given on the 2nd day of April B.E. 2535 (1992)

The Royal Decree on Designated Building B.E. 2538

Given on the 17th day of July B.E. 2538

A set of Ministerial Regulations B.E. 2538 (1995)

• Thailand already has a building energy code


25

• The Thai BEC set requirements on performance of building envelope, lighting and air-conditioning systems

• The Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) of wall of a building represents the size of the average heat gain through the envelope as sensed by the air-conditioning system of the building, eg. for Office, OTTV<50 W/m2.

Lighting Index Buildingtype Value

Lighting Power density (W/sqm.)

⇒ LPD

Office and School Hotel Hospital Condominium Dept Store Hypermart

14 12 18

COP > 3.14 or kW/RFT < 1.12 or EER > 11 for large systems.

Air-conditioning System


26

62,400 71,200

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

2005

2010

2030

การใ

ชพลง

งานส

ดทาย

(kto

e)

26

ktoe 152,100

4,500 ktoe

*GDP2030 at constant price 1988 = 9,890 billion baht

EI2005 = 16 ktoe/billion baht

EI2030 = 12 BAU

With reduced consumption 2005-10

Reduce Energy Intensity by 25% in 2030 cf 2005 (APEC Leaders’ Declaration in 2007)

With EE Plan

33,400

118,700

28,900

Actual consumption

Fina

l ene

rgy

cons

umpt

ion

Thailand contribution to achieve APEC’s goal


27

•The plan envisage the use of BEC and Energy Labeling to drive buildings to NZEB levels in 20 years.

REF = Reference, BEC = building energy code, HEPS = higher performance standards, LEB = low energy building, ZEB = zero energy building OTTV = overall thermal transfer, LPD = lighting power density, A/C = air-conditioning

Year 2012 2015 2018 2021 2024 2027 2030 2033

Level REF BEC BEC+ HEPS HEPS+ LEB LEB+ ZEB

OTTV 60 50 45 40 35 30 25 20

A/C – kW/RFT 1.4 1.12 0.95 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4

LPD 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Building 100 80 70 60 50 40 30 20

Building Sector in Thailand 20-Y Energy Conservation Plan (20-Y ECP)


28

Scientific research

Implementation Policy

โครงการศกษาเพอจดทาแผนแมบทการวจยดานการอนรกษพลงงานสาหรบประเทศไทย (ภาคอาคารธรกจและทพกอาศย)

ปท 2012 2015 2018 2021 2024 2027 2030 Research LEB+ ZEB ZEB+

Demonstration Deployment

Enter into Curricula

Graduates practise

Proliferation

Situation in the given year REF BEC BEC+ HEPS HEPS+ LEB LEB+

Building industry development


• BEC and Energy Labeling will drive building industry to move, but Building Energy Science must be taught to graduates.


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- 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

GWh

Year BAU I EEP

32,528

53,710

68,020

Electricity Consumption of Large Buildings, GWh

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030Time (years)

Ann

ual E

lect

ricity

, GW

h

NewBuildings,Ref

ExistingBuildings,PlanAllBuildings,Ref

AllBuildings,PlanNewBuildings,Plan

• Reduce electricity use by HH 25,000 GWh from 68,000 to 32,500 GWh in 2030.

• Reduce electricity use by large buildings by 27,000 GWh from 50,000 to 23,000 GWh 2030.



30

Year Building Type

CO2, CH4, N2O, NOX, CO, NMVOCs, 2030 Kton, C ton ton ton ton ton

Base Large commercial 6810 90.68 169 3497 426 119 Residential & SMC 11103 162 178 196 29 8 Total 17913 253 347 3693 455 127

Plan Large commercial 3348 60 142 2952 360 101 Residential & SMC 7886 95 101 112 16 5 Total 11234 155 243 3064 376 106

Emission of Carbon & Other Gases

• A reduction of more than 30%.


31

Research towards sustainable buildings

Roof Surface Reflection and Insulation: 1) Reflective coating and reflective insulation are effective 2) Reflective insulation is cost-effective for all functions under roofs.

The following research results contradict popular believes


32

Cooling coil load per wall area: variation in wall thickness

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

Wall thickness, m

Cool

ing

load

per

wal

l ar

ea, W

.m-2

Hotel 24H

Office

Dept Store

Living Rm

Bedroom

Studio

LCC of Walls of Varying Thickness

75

125

175

225

275

325

375

0 50 100 150 200

Wall Thickness, mm

LCC

Cost

( ฿.m

-2. .Y

-1)

24-hours

Day Time

Dept Store

Living Room

Bedroom

Studio Room

Annualized MaterialCosts (B/m2)

Research towards sustainable buildings Wall mass: 1) massive wall is not thermally performing and isbad for residential buildings

2) Not cost effective for all residential buildings

Light wall is cheaper and causes less emission


33

Research towards sustainable buildings Insulation for Walls 1) Insulation on interior surface very cost-effective

2) Uncertain for insulation on exterior surface Life Cycle Cost of Insulation

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

0 25 50 75

Insulation thickness, mm

LCC

, Bah

ts

0

1

2

3

4

5

Payb

ack

Perio

d

Hotel

Dept Store

Office

Hotel, pb

Dept Store, pb

Office, pb


34


• Walls with higher energy performanceare more cost-effective

• Costs of walls increase with sizes of window

• Lighting with higher energy performance are more cost-effective

• A/C system with good energy performance are cost-effective

มลคาตลอดอายใชงานของชดหลอดไฟฟาและอปกรณ

50.00

70.00

90.00

110.00

130.00

150.00

170.00

4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.00

กาลงไฟฟาตอตรม.

มลคารวม


35


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5

Distance from the window (m)

Illum

inan

ce o

n th

e w

orkp

lane

(klu

x)

EXP_08:00

BESim_08:00

EXP_12:00

BESim_12:00

• Daylighting through external sun-shaded windows is very cost-effective

• Proper shading reduces glare and allow viewing from the interior.

• Energy savings accrue from both saving of electric lighting and lower cooling load

NPV Wall and Energy costs minus ELE saving

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

WWR

Net

co

st,

B/s

qm

of

wal

l ar

ea

GRN-CLR-UnIns

GRN-CLR-Ins

GRN-LE-UnIns

GRN-LE-Ins

GRN-IGU-UnIns

GRN-IGU-Ins

HR-GRN-UnIns

HR-GRN-Ins

• Optimum WWR is 35%


Light Pipes • Light pipes, circular or of any shape, can be used to bring both daylight from the sun and daylight from the sky into deep interior spaces of a building.



37

• Applying anidolic concentration to Light Pipes can reduce costs and increases the range and varieties of applications


Three Dimensional Plots of Ray Trajectories, acceptance angle 40°

a) Rays enter at 20o b) Rays enter at 40 c) Rays enter at 45o

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

illum

inan

ce,k

lx

Time

Transmitted Diffuse Illuminance

Diffuse illuminances

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

10.0

0 10

.25

10.5

0 11

.15

11.4

0 12

.05

12.3

0 12

.55

13.2

0 13

.45

14.1

0 14

.35

15.0

0 15

.25

15.5

0

illum

inan

ce,k

lx

Time

Transmitted Beam Illuminance

Beam illuminan…

of daylight in buildings.


38

Research towards sustainable buildings Dedicated Outside Air System (DOAS)

• Air-conditioning systems used inThailand do not control humidity and ventilation is low or none.

• Lack of humidity control results in humid interior that cannot inhibits growth of dust mites, fungi, and microbials.

• Inadequate or under ventilation leads to accumulation of CO2

• Building up of CO2 in a meeting room after 10 mins to 2,000 ppm.

Space DOAS(Vent only)

Sensible Cooling Equipment

(Circulatinon only)

• A DOAS takes care of humidity in the ventilation air

• A separate cooling system takes care of sensible load only.


39

CC

Alternative 4: enthalpy wheel (EW), CC, & HW

2 3

6 RA

OA 1

7 EA

EW HW

5

4

SOA

2

1

3

7

5 6

4

Dedicated Outside Air System (DOAS) • A heat exchange wheel is used to adjust the DBT with the speed of the wheel.

• The speed of the passive enthalpy wheel can be adjusted to control humidity, so this option has best control of temperature and humidity.



40

Summary

•Technologies for low energy buildings for the tropical region differ from those for cool climate.

• We need to continually conduct our research in order to advance technology for low energy buildings to reach all kinds of buildings.

• We need to convince educators that the low energy building technology is important and the university curricula should be upgraded to encompass it.

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