towards the development of the nigerian tourism and hospitality industry

7/30/2019 Towards The Development Of The Nigerian Tourism And Hospitality Industry

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Yfikz `fys fh jbxnsyf}s ~bin}sykbijbd lft `~c}kyjxn yln xk}jf~s sncyf}s fh yln

lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z k}n fpy yf jbxnsy kbi ak|jajsn p}fhjy jb yln lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z

djxjbd }jsn yf k `k}dn xf`~an fh jbxnsyf}s p}fxjijbd sjaj`k} sn}xjcns sfanyjans

h~bcyjfbjbd bfy yff hk} h}fa nkcl fyln}" Tjyl snxn}k` lfyn` cfapnyjbd yf kcljnxn k

dffi cfapnyjyjxn kixkbykdn snxn}k` }nsyk~}kbys kbi snxn}k` y}kbspf}y `jbns sy}~dd`jbd

yf mn gbftb ks yln mnsy sn}xjcn p}fxjin} lnbcn yln bnni hf} yln cfapkbz yf

f}dkbjsn p}fpn}`z jys tf}ghf}cn syja~`kyjbd ylna jbyf p~yyjbd jb ylnj} mnsy tjyl yln

kja fh kcljnxjbd k dffi cfapnyjyjxn kixkbykdn" Ky yljs pfjby yln {~nsyjfb fh

nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb yf mffsy p}fi~cyjxjyz kbi pn}hf}akbcn fh yln tf}ghf}cn

mncfans k xjyk` cfbcn}b fh yln cfapkbzs akbkdnanby" Kccf}ijbd yf , K`m}ncly kbi

unagn* cjyni jb E"A Lkzs kbi K"X lj`` ,=???* Akbz hj}as lkxn mnnb km`n yf

kcljnxn sjdbjhjckby cfapnyjyjxn kixkbykdn mz fhhn}jbd s~pn}jf} sn}xjcn {~k`jyz" Yln

{~k`jyz sn}xjcn jb {~nsyjfb js fhhn}ni mz l~akb mnjbds tlf k}n gbftb ks nap`fznns"

Yln cffpn}kyjfb kbi cff}ijbkyni jbyn}kcyjfb fh yln nap`fznns nbs~}n yln p}fi~cyjfb

fh {~k`jyz sn}xjcns yf yln c~syfan}s" Yln }f`n fh nap`fznns ks l~akbs tlf a~sy mn

syja~`kyni f} nbcf~}kdni jbyf dffi f} n|cn``nby pn}hf}akbcn tjylf~y tljcl yln}n

ckbbfy mn yln p}fi~cyjfb fh {~k`jyz sn}xjcn js {~jyn ijhhn}nby h}fa tlnb yln p}fi~cy js

mnnb p}fi~cni mz akcljbns f} n{~jpanbys" Yln lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z ifajbkyni

p}nifajbkby`z tjyl yln in`jxn}z fh sn}xjcns yf c~syfan}s tlf k}n inyn}ajbn jh yln

sn}xjcn tljcl js yln p}fi~cy js dffi f} bfy dffi nbf~dl tljcl jb y~}b inyn}ajbns jh

ylnsn c~syfan}s sykz f} afxn ktkz yf sjaj`k} sn}xjcn p}fxjin}s jh ~bskyjshjni"

Yln}nhf}n yln bnni hf} yln akbkdnanby fh yln cfapkbz yf nbs~}n yln}n js k c`nk}

~bin}sykbijbd mz yln sn}xjcn p}fxjin}s tljcl k}n yln nap`fznns fh yln cfapkbzs

xjsjfb kbi insj}n yf kcljnxn kbi akjbykjb k dffi cfapnyjyjxn kixkbykdn" Yln

cf~}ynsz napkylz kbi }nspfbsjxnbnss fh sn}xjcn nap`fznns k`` cfamjbn yf jbh`~nbcn

{~k`jyz pn}cnpyjfbs fh c~syfan}s ,_k}ks~}kakb ny k`" ;:


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hfc~s yln xjsjfb fh yln cfapkbz js c`nk} kbi }nakjbs yfpafsy fb ylnj} ajbis ky k``

yjans jb yln cf~}sn fh ck}}zjbd f~y ylnj} i~yjns fh in`jxn}z fh {~k`jyz s~pn}jf} sn}xjcn

ylnj} ajbis k}n sf`n`z clk}dni tjyl kyykjbjbd yln mnsy pn}hf}akbcn yf nbs~}n

c~syfan}s skyjshkcyjfb yln}nmz }n kyy}kcyjbd yln c~syfan}s kbi akjbykjbjbd k dffi

}np~ykyjfb fh in`jxn}z fh {~k`jyz sn}xjcn" Afyjxkyjfb js k xn}z sjdbjhjckby hkcyf} mnljbi

jbh`~nbcjbd p}fi~cyjxjyz kbi pn}hf}akbcn fh nap`fznns" Sy}k~ss kbi Skz`ns cjyni jb

N"J ]fmmjbsfb ,=??9* ijxjini jb hjxn m}fki ckyndf}jns kpp}fkclns mz tljcl

nap`fznns akz mn afyjxkyni

Y}kijyjfbk` nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb kpp}fkcl L~akb }n`kyjfb kpp}fkcl Cfapnyjyjfb Jbyn}bk`jsni afyjxkyjfb Jap`jcjy mk}dkjbjbd kpp}fkcl

Yln y}kijyjfbk` afyjxkyjfbk` kpp}fkcl tljcl tks yln hf}an} szsyna ~sni mz

nap`fzn}s yf cfapn` ylnj} nap`fznns jbyf pn}hf}akbcn js yfikz }kyln} k}clkjc kbi

afsy fh yln yjan bfy h~bcyjfbk` tkz yf afyjxkyn nap`fznns mnck~sn jy mksjck``z

hfc~sns fb yln nap`fznns `fsjbd ylnj} efms jh tf}g js bfy p}fpn}`z ifbn kbi yln}nmz`fsjbd ylnj} ankbs fh sn`h!s~synbkbcn tljcl js yln p}jak}z }nksfb tlz kb nap`fznn

dnys k efm" Yljs szsyna js }kyln} bfy k dffi szsyna yf afyjxkyn nap`fznns yfikz

mnck~sn nap`fznns snna yf tkby e~sy a~cl af}n ylkb afbnz h}fa ylnj} efms yfikz

kbi yln}nhf}n k}n afyjxkyni mz k lfsy fh fyln} hkcyf}s"

Kccf}ijbd yf k s~}xnz cfbi~cyni mnytnnb ;:98 yf ;:


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Efm snc~}jyz Dffi tkdns _}fafyjfb kbi d}ftyl fh f}dkbjukyjfb

_n}sfbk` fzk`yz yf nap`fznns Ykcyh~` ijscjp`jbn Szapkylnyjc ln`p tjyl pn}sfbk` p}fm`nas

Ykgjbd k `ffg ky yln ylnf}nyjck` pn}spncyjxn fh Aks`ft kbi Ln}umn}d jy tj`` mn

fmsn}xni ylky ylnsn ytf ylnf}jsys lkxn k dffi ~bin}sykbijbd fh lft yln afyjxkyjfb fh

kb nap`fznn ckb mn m}f~dly kmf~y" Tn tj`` mn n|p`kjbjbd jb inykj`s ylnsn xk}jf~s

ylnf}jns m~y tn a~sy {~jcg`z sykyn ylky yln hj}sy yl}nn bnnis fh Aks`fts ljn}k}clz fh

bnnis tljcl jbc`~in pszclf`fdjck` bnnis ,hffi tkyn} sn| kbi sln`yn}* skhnyz bnnis

kbi sfcjk` bnnis j"n" snbsn fh mn`fbdjbd k}n p}jak}z bnnis fh kbz nap`fznn tjylf~y

tljcl yln}n js bf pfssjmj`jyz fh afyjxkyjfb" K`sf Ln}umn}ds jby}jbsjc bnnis tljcl ln

ckyndf}jsns ks tf}g jysn`h kcljnxnanby kbi }ncfdbjyjfb k`sf hf}a k p}jak}z mksjs hf}

pszclf`fdjck` bnnis fh yln nap`fznn bnnini yf kcljnxn k mk`kbcn pn}sfbk`jyz tjylf~y

tljcl yln nap`fznn akz bfy mn km`n yf kcljnxn kbz hf}a fh afyjxkyjfb" H}fa ylnsn

jys fmxjf~s yf sykyn ylky f}dkbjukyjfbs tlf jbynbi yf kcljnxn ljdl p}fi~cyjxjyz

yl}f~dl yln pn}hf}akbcn fh p}fpn}`z afyjxkyni nap`fznns a~sy ykgn jbyf kccf~by yln

Aks`fts ylnf}z afsy japf}ykby`z yln hj}sy yl}nn hkcyf}s fb yln ljn}k}clz ks tn`` ks

Ln}umn}ds ylnf}z mz skyjshzjbd yln jby}jbsjc bnnis fh yln nap`fznn tlj`n bfy k`sf

bnd`ncyjbd yln n|y}jbsjc bnnis" G "K Gkxkcl ,=??;*

K dffi b~amn} fh kyynapys lkxn mnnb akin yftk}i jbxnsyjdkyjbd jbyf tlky kbi

tlky ckb mn ifbn yf m}jbd f~y yln mnsy pn}hf}akbcn h}fa l~akb mnjbds tlf hf}a

yln tf}g hf}cn ylky in`jxn} yln p}fi~cys tljcl js sn}xjcns yf yln cfbs~an}s tljclk}n yln c~syfan}s" Ijhhn}nby ylnf}jns p}jbcjp`ns cfbcnpys kbi ynclbj{~ns lkxn mnnb

hf}a~`kyni jb }nspfbsn yf ykcg`jbd yln p}fm`na fh nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb afsy fh

tljcl tn tj`` mn ink`jbd tjyl `kyn} jb yln cf~}sn fh yljs tf}g kjani ky c}nkyjbd kb

fppf}y~bjyz hf} akbkdn}jk` mfijns fh cfapkbjns yf ~bin}sykbi mnyyn} ylnj} nap`fznns

kbi lft yf m}jbd f~y fh ylna yln mnsy pn}hf}akbcns"

Jb k cf~by}z `jgn Bjdn}jk tljcl js `fckyni fb yln Kh}jckb cfbyjbnby yln jss~n fh

nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb }nakjbs k akef} cfbcn}b yf yln lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z Yln


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Bjdn}jkb sfcjnyz js `k}dn`z lnyn}fdnbnf~s cfbsyjy~yjbd xk}jf~s pnfp`n tjyl ijhhn}nby

c~`y~}ns kbi `kbd~kdns kbi yljs pfp~`kyjfb fh pnfp`n hf}a yln ak}gny hf} yln

lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z" Yln Bjdn}jkb c~`y~}n dnbn}k``z `kzs k `fy fh naplksjs jb jys ikz yf

ikz `jhn fb `fys fh cf~}ynsz pf`jynbnss sfhybnss kbi gjbibnss jb jbyn}kcyjfb tjyl fbn

kbfyln} yln}nhf}n7 nap`fznns tlf a~sy kyykjb k dffi cfapnyjyjxn kixkbykdn jb yln

lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z a~sy ykgn hj}sy kbi hf} afsy`z yljs jbyf kccf~by" Yln yksg fh

mffsyjbd yln af}k`n fh yln nap`fznns tlf k}n hkcni tjyl yln yksg fh cfpjbd tjyl

ylnsn ijhhn}nby pnfp`n kbi akgjbd k hkxf}km`n jap}nssjfb yf }nykjb ylna ks c~syfan}s

}nsy nbyj}n`z fb yln nap`fznns tlf a~sy mn cfaajyyni kbi dfk` i}jxnb yf kcljnxn

yljs p~}pfsn" Yln akbkdnanby a~sy sy~iz kbi y}z yf ~bin}sykbi yln xk}jf~s bnnis fh

yln nap`fznns kbi tlky jy js ylky js `jgn`z yf syja~`kyn ylna jbyf p~yyjbd jb yln mnsy fh

ylnj} kmj`jyjns hf} yln p~}pfsn fh yln d}ftyl fh yln cfapkbz" Jh yln cfapkbz gbfts

tlz jys nap`fznns cfan yf tf}g fb yjan sykz tjyl yln cfapkbz hf} ylnj} h~``

tf}gjbd `jxns kbi k}n p}fi~cyjxn ylnb jy ajdly mn km`n yf nbs~}n ylky k`` fh jys

nap`fznns mnlkxn jb ylky tkz" S~cl k cfapkbz tf~`i lkxn k incjini ak}gnyp`kcn

kixkbykdn fxn} cfapnyjyf}s s~hhn}jbd h}fa kmsnbynnjsa cfsy`z }ny}kjbjbd p}fd}kas

kbi p}fi~cyjfb s`ftiftbs G"K Gfxkcl p"d>< ,;:


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afyjxkyjbd kb nap`fznn }nsy kàfsy cfap`nyn`z fb yln akbkdn} tlf yln nap`fznns

a~sy snn ks cfapnynby kbi a~sy lkxn k ljdl }ndk}i hf}" ,@kylka ,=??4* cjyni jb

G}jsyjbk Y}jh~bfxsgk ]fmjb Y}jh~bfxsgj , clkpy =*ijsyjbd~jslns afyjxkyjfb ks k cf}n

cfapnynbcn fh `nkin}sljp" Snxn}k` hkcyf}s tf}gjbd yfdnyln} akz }ns~`y jbyf

afyjxkyjfb f} `ft afyjxkyjfb fh nap`fznn inpnbijbd fb yln `nxn` fh afyjxkyjfb

sgj`` ijsp`kzni mz yln nap`fzn}" Snxn}k` hkcyf}s lkxn dnbn}k``z mnnb jinbyjhjni ks

hkcyf}s ylky afyjxkyn nap`fznns yf h~bcyjfb mnyyn}" Sfan fh ylnsn hkcyf}s jbc`~in efm

snc~}jyz dffi tkdns jbyn}nsyjbd tf}g szapkylnyjc ln`p tjyl pn}sfbk` p}fm`nas

dffi tf}gjbd nbxj}fbanby kbi cfbijyjfbs pn}sfbk` `fzk`yz yf nap`fznns hnn`jbd fh

mnjbd jb fb yljbds" Ylnsn xk}jf~s afyjxkyjfbk` hkcyf}s kpp`z `jgn tn anbyjfbni nk}`jn}

yf ijhhn}nby nap`fznns ijhhn}nby`z"

MKCGD]F^BI

Cfby}k}z yf yln mn`jnhs fh akbz yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z jb

}ncnby yjans lks d}ftb y}nanbif~s`z" Yln ljsyf}z fh Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz

js y}kcnkm`n yf ;:4= tlnb yln hj}sy _f}y~d~nsn an}clkby `kbini jb @kdfs fb ajssjfb

y}kin yf~}jsa" Afin}b yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz syk}yni tjyl hf}ajbd fh yln Bjdn}jkb

yf~}jsa kssfcjkyjfb ,B"Y"K* jbjyjkyni mz Bjdn}jkbs tjyl cfaafb afyjxn fh m~jìjbd

kbi inxn`fpjbd yln yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z yln B"Y"K `kyn} mnckan k

anamn} fh yln jbyn}bkyjfbk` ~bjfb fh fhhjcjk` y}kxn` f}dkbjskyjfb tljcl yfikz js yln

tf}ì yf~}jsa f}dkbjskyjfb" K xjkmj`jyz sy~iz tks cfbi~cyni mz yln Kh}jckb

inxn`fpanby mkbg jbyf tf}gkmj`jyz fh yln inxn`fpanby fh yln yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz

jbi~sy}z jb Bjdn}jk kbi jy tks ijscfxn}ni yln cf~by}z pfssnssni d}nky pfynbyjk`s yf

m~jì kbi inxn`fp k sf`ji lfspjyk`jyz kbi yf~}jsa jbi~sy}z `nkijbd yf yln hf}akyjfb

fh k sy}fbdn} mfiz ck``ni yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa mfk}i clk}dni tjyl yln sf`n

}nspfbsjmj`jyz fh m~jìjbd kbi fxn}snnjbd yln dnbn}k` inxn`fpanby fh yln yf~}jsa kbi

lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z" Yln jbjyjk` mfiz B"Y"K tks }np`kcni mz k dfxn}banby mfiz yln

Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa mfk}i ,md`d}f~pbd"cfa*"

Yfikz yln yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z lks mncfan k ckyk`zsy hf} ncfbfajc

inxn`fpanby jb Bjdn}jk p}fxjijbd nap`fzanby fppf}y~bjyjns tlj`n mfksyjbd yln

Bjdn}jkb ncfbfaz yln}nmz kyy}kcyjbd snxn}k` jbxnsyf}s k`` fxn} yln tf}ì snng yf

akgn af}n kbi af}n jbxnsyanby jb yln Bjdn}jkb lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z kbi jb nhhncy

c}nkyjbd k ljdl`z cfapnyjyjxn lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z hf} Bjdn}jk" Yln jbi~sy}z lks


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mncfan af}n kyy}kcyjxn kbi af}n }ncfdbjuni mz efm snngn}s ks tn`` ks yln yfyk`jyz fh

yln Bjdn}jkb ncfbfaz" Yln jbi~sy}z hf}ak``z tks mnjbd }~b mz

j``jyn}kyns kbi sclff` i}fp f~ys m~y p}nsnby`z tjyl yln Sln}kyfb kbi `n an}jijkb

lfyn`s ykgjbd yln `nki yln lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z js c~}}nby`z mnjbd }~b fb`z mz ljdl`z

{~k`jhjni nap`fznns spncjhjck``z y}kjbni hf} yln p~}pfsn fh p}fi~cjbd lfspjyk`jyz

sn}xjcns yln}nmz p}fi~cjbd k af}n nhhjcjnby lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z" Bjdn}jk js m`nssni

tjyl kmf~y 4? ijhhn}nby yf~}jsy kyy}kcyjfbs kbi Bjdn}jkb lfyn`s k}n ~s~k``z

yksynh~``z m~j`y kbi h~}bjslni fb k xn}z xksy k}nk fh `kbi c}nkyjbd k xn}z cfbi~cjxn

kyafspln}n ks tn`` ks akgjbd Bjdn}jk k xn}z kyy}kcyjxn insyjbkyjfb" Bnxn}yln`nss yln

d}ftyl fh yln Bjdn}jkb lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z js lkapn}ni mz k sn}jns fh hkcyf}s `jgn pff}

p}fxjsjfbs hf} jbh}ksy}~cy~}n npj`npyjc pftn} s~pp`z jbsnc~}jyz kbi `ksy`z `kcg fh

s~hhjcjnby`z f} p}fpn}`z afyjxkyni sykhhs tlf afsy fh yln yjan k}n bfy p}fpn}`z

afyjxkyni fb ylnj} efm hf} ijhhn}nby }nksfbs"

Yln jss~n fh pff}`z afyjxkyni nap`fznns lks mnnb kbi cfbyjb~ns yf mn k akef}

snymkcg yf yln Bjdn}jkb lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z mnck~sn afsy nap`fzn}s hkj` yf ~bin}sykbi

ylky ylnj} nap`fznns bnni yf mn tn`` afyjxkyni yf jh ylnz a~sy p}fi~cn cfbyjb~k``z

sn}xjcns ylky p~y ylnj} cfapkbz klnki fh yln akbz fyln} cfapnyjyf}s p}fi~cjbd

sjaj`k} sn}xjcns" Nap`fznns jb yln Bjdn}jkb lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z afsy fh yln yjan

}kyln} ck}}jns f~y ylnj} efms f~y fh hnk} hf} `fsjbd ylnj} efms ylnj} efms fh hf} hnk} fh

mnnb }np}jakbini mz yln mfss tljcl afsy fh yln yjan js slf}y `jxni mnck~sn tlnb

ylnz lkxn hnk} fh `fsjbd ylnj} efms ylnz sffb hjbi pfssjmj`jyz fh nap`fzanby jb fyln}

cfapkbzs kbi ylna mndjb yf lkbi`n ylnj} efms `kcgkikjsjck``z kbi tjyl `jyy`n f} bf

afyjxkyjfb" K`sf tlnb yln nap`fzn} y}jns yf cfapn` pn}hf}akbcn mz mnnb sy}jcy ylky

k`sf js slf}y `jxni mnck~sn yln nap`fznns sffb inxn`fp yljcg sgjb yftk}is ylnsn

kyyjy~in h}fa yln nap`fzn} kbi cfbyjb~n yf p}fxjin lfspjyk`jyz sn}xjcns ~bin} pff}

afyjxkyjfb yf yln ijskixkbykdn fh yln cfapkbz" Afyjxkyjfb js k ankbs fh cfapn``jbd

yln afsy fh yln yjan `kcgkikjsjck` l~akb bky~}n jbyf d}nkyn} unk` kbi p}fi~cyjxjyz" Jh k

lfspjyk`jyz cfapkbz a~sy mn s~ccnssh~` kbi mn km`n yf }nk`jun jys ftb cf}pf}kyn dfk`

tljcl js yln tjsl fh nxn}z f}dkbjukyjfb hj}sy jy lks k i~yz yf nap`fz {~k`jhjni

nap`fznns tjyl yln bncnssk}z sgj``s yf h~bcyjfb kbi ylnb hj}n ~p ylnj} unk` mz sy}kyndjc

kbi ck}nh~``z i}ktb f~y afyjxkyjfbk` p}fd}kas tjyl kb kja fh m}jbdjbd f~y yln mnsy

pn}hf}akbcn fh ylnsn nap`fznns" Yln pn}hf}akbcn fh yln lfspjyk`jyz nap`fznn

inyn}ajbns yln p}fi~cyjxjyz fh yln cfapkbz kbi jb nhhncy jys s~}xjxk` yln}nhf}n

sy}kyndjns hf} p}fpn``jbd yln mnsy pn}hf}akbcn fh yln nap`fznn mz yln nap`fzn} a~sy


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tjyljb k

spkcn fh 3afbyls Mn``nxjnt kj}`jbns sfsf`jsf kj}`jbns kbi fgkik kj}`jbns c}kslni

gj``jbd k`` pkssnbdn}s fb mfk}i" Jy tks fmsn}xni ylky ylf~dl jy cf~`i lkxn mnnb

pfssjm`n ylky yln xk}jf~s kj}c}khys ck}}zjbd `k}dn b~amn}s fh pkssnbdn}s c}kslni hf}

}nksfbs fh ynclbjck`jyz yln `jxns fb mfk}i ylnsn kj}c}khys cf~`i lkxn mnnb }nksfbkm`z

spk}ni jh yln tf}gn}s fb d}f~bi yf ck}}z f~y }nsc~n fpn}kyjfbs tn}n p}fpn}`z

afyjxkyni fb ylnj} efms" N" Ninkdln F" Nsfsk L" Jijfij ,=??8*" Yln xk}jf~s fhhjcns

fcc~pjni mz yln xk}jf~s nap`fznns clk}dni tjyl yln yksg fh cfajbd yf yln kji fh

ijsy}nssni kj}c}khys k}n izsh~bcyjfbk` mnck~sn ylnz k}n fcc~pjni mz pn}sfbs tjyl `jyy`n

f} bf cfaajyanby yf ylnj} efms lnbcn tlnb k ijsy}nssni kj}c}khy `kbis kbi js

s~ppfsni yf dny k stjhy }nspfbsn jb cksn fh nan}dnbcz yln xk}jf~s nap`fznns k}n

}nspfbijbd xn}z `kcgkikjsjck``z c~a~`kyjbd jb k sn}jns fh ckyksy}fplns" Bjdn}jkb

yf~}jsy kyy}kcyjfbs k}n kbfyln} k}nk ylky js mki`z khhncyni mz ~bafyjxkyni nap`fznns"

Bjdn}jk js k cf~by}z m`nssni tjyl sf akbz yf~}jsy kyy}kcyjfbs sp}nki kc}fss yln bkyjfb"

Spnkgjbd jb hjd~}ns Bjdn}jk js m`nssni tjyl kmf~y 4; ijhhn}nby yf~}jsy kyy}kcyjfbs k``

afsy fh tljcl lkxn mnnb mki`z khhncyni mz pff} akbkdnanby mz ~bcfaajyyni

nap`fznns" , ttt"fb`jbnbjdn}jk"cfa&yf~}s&* " Afsy fh Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsy kyy}kcyjfbs

lkxn mnnb lkbi`ni mz ~bcfaajyyni kbi ~bafyjxkyni nap`fznns tlf bnd`ncy yf if

ylnj} efms hf} `kcg fh cfaajyanbys fb yln efm" Snxn}k` Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsy kyy}kcyjfbs ylky

~sn yf mn mnk~yjh~` p`kcns yf xjsjy kyy}kcyjbd yf~}jsys h}fa ijhhn}nby pk}ys fh yln cf~by}z

mkcg jb yln


11/63

;;

akbkdn}jk` cfbcnpy `jgn afyjxkyjfb js gnz yf akbjp~`kyjbd yln l~akb `kmf~} jbyf ljdl

p}fi~cyjxjyz"

Yln p~}pfsn fh yljs }nsnk}cl js yf jbxnsyjdkyn jbyf yln Bjdn}jkb lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z

yln `nxn` fh cfaajyanby yf tf}g fh yln nap`fznns kbi yf inyn}ajbn jh ylnz k}n

afyjxkyni fb ylnj} efms" Sncfbi`z jh ylnz k}n bfy afyjxkyni fb ylnj} efms tlky k}n yln

}nksfbs hf} inafyjxkyjfb6 Ylj}i`z yf jbxnsyjdkyn tlky nap`fznns tf~`i cfbsjin}

bncnssk}z yf mn ifbn yf c}nkyn k ljdl`z afyjxkyni kbi jap}fxni p}fi~cyjxjyz

tf}ghf}cn yf m~j`i yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z k`sf tn a~sy

jbxnsyjdkyn jbyf gbftjbd jh k`` nap`fznns k}n afyjxkyni mz yln skan yljbd kbi jh bfy

h~}yln} jbxnsyjdkyn tlky afyjxkyns yln xk}jf~s ckyndf}jns fh nap`fznns" Yln akjb

p~}pfsn fh yljs tf}g js yf c}nkyn k mnyyn} ~bin}sykbijbd fh yln japf}ykbcn kbi }f`n fh

afyjxkyjfb jb nap`fznns tjyl yln kja fh c}nkyjbd k mnyyn} kbi af}n p}fi~cyjxn

lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z"

Yln bn|y clkpyn} Clkpyn} = tljcl js yln `jyn}ky~}n }nxjnt tj`` hfc~s fb k``

bncnssk}z inhjbjyjfbs hkcyf}s kbi sclff`s fh ylf~dlys ynclbj{~n kbi cfbcnpy

bncnssk}z yf ln`p ~s kbk`zsn kbi c}nkyn k mnyyn} ~bin}sykbijbd fh afyjxkyjfb f~}

fmencyjxn fh sy~iz" Jy tj`` kbk`zsn h}fa inhjbjyjfbs yf kbstn}jbd fh japf}ykby

{~nsyjfbs yf xk}jf~s sclff`s fh ylf~dly fb afyjxkyjfb fh nap`fznns yf fyln} }n`nxkby

jss~ns"


12/63

;=

CLK_YN] =

@JYN]KY^]N ]NXJNT

C~syfan} pn}cnpyjfbs fh s~pn}jf} {~k`jyz lkxn mnnb hf~bi yf }n`kyn yf jbc}nksni

c~syfan} skyjshkcyjfb tljcl jb y~}b `nkis yf jbc}nksni c~syfan} }nynbyjfb kbi }ns~`ys

jb pfsjyjxn ncfbfajc f~ycfans hf} yln hj}a ,Kbin}sfb ny k`" ;::97 cjyni jb E"A"

Lkzs K"X" Lj`` ,=??;*" Kcljnxjbd k dffi `nxn` fh c~syfan} skyjshkcyjfb js yln insj}n

fh nxn}z jbijxji~k` hj}a jb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z"

F}dkbjukyjfbs kbi nap`fzn}s jb Bjdn}jk k}n mncfajbd jbc}nksjbd`z cfbscjf~s fh yln

cfbcnpy fh afyjxkyjfb kbi lft ylnj} nap`fznns ckb mn syja~`kyni jbyf pn}hf}ajbd

mnyyn} k`` tjyl yln kja fh kcljnxjbd c~syfan} skyjshkcyjfb" Yln xf`~an fh p}fi~cyjfb

fh kb f}dkbjukyjfb inyn}ajbns jys `nxn` fh s~ccnss kbi yln kmj`jyz fh kb f}dkbjukyjfb yf

kcljnxn ljdl p}fi~cyjxjyz js ij}ncy`z inpnbinby fb yln nhhjcjnbcz fh yln tf}g hf}cn

kbi n{~jpanbys jb sfan jbi~sy}jns m~y jb kb jbi~sy}z jgn yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi

lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z p}fi~cyjxjyz inpnbis k`afsy nbyj}n`z fb yln l~akb `kmf~}

tljcl k}n yln nap`fznns mnck~sn yln yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z afsy fh yln

yjan lks jys p}fi~cys jb hf}a fh sn}xjcns yf c~syfan}s kbi yln {~k`jyz fh ylnsn

sn}xjcns inyn}ajbn ij}ncy`z yln d}ftyl fh yln jbi~sy}z" Yln}nhf}n akbjp~`kyjbd jys

tf}ghf}cn mz sy}kyndjck``z kpp`zjbd yln p}jbcjp`n fh nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb yf mffsy

cfaajyanby kbi ljdl p}fi~cyjfb mncfans japn}kyjxn kbi ckb fb`z mn kcljnxni mz

yln h~bcyjfbk`jyz fh k akbkdn} tjyl dffi akbkdn}jk` sgj``s tlf h~``z ~bin}sykbis

kbi kpp}ncjkyn yln jby}jckcjns fh yln cfbcnpy kbi bnni hf} nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb" G"K

Gkxkcl,;:


13/63

;3

fh nap`fznns kbi yln}nhf}n cfapn` mnyyn} pn}hf}akbcn" Kccf}ijbd yf _ "G`njbdjbbk

;:


14/63

;9

ylnf}jns ynclbj{~ns kbi ks akbz fyln} kspncys bncnssk}z yf akgn af}n

~bin}sykbikm`n nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb kbi lft nap`fznns ckb mn afyjxkyni yf ijsp`kz

h~`` cfaajyanby yf ylnj} xk}jf~s efms kbi nap`fzn}s" Yln}nhf}n tn jbynbi yf n|p`kjb

f~} hjbijbds h}fa n|ynbsjxn }nsnk}cl k`` ylky js bncnssk}z yf ~bin}sykbi mnyyn} yln

cfbcnpy fh nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb kbi k`` ylky js bncnssk}z yf p}fi~cn k af}n h~bcyjfbk`

kbi p}fi~cyjxn tf}g hf}cn hf} yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z tjyl yln

jbynbyjfb fh m}jbdjbd f~y fh ylna yln p}fi~cyjfb fh af}n {~k`jyz sn}xjcn yln}nmz

c}nkyjbd k af}n sf`ji kbi h~bcyjfbk` yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z hf} Bjdn}jk"

AKEF] CFA_FBNBYS FH F^] ]NSNK]CL

NA_@FZNN7

Yln cf~}ynsz napkylz kbi }nspfbsjxnbnss fh sn}xjcn nap`fznns k`` cfamjbn yf

jbh`~nbcn {~k`jyz pn}cnpyjfbs fh c~syfan}s _k}ks~}kakb ny k`" ;:


15/63

;>

inyn}ajbni mz jbijxji~k` c~syfan}s pn}cnpyjfbs kbi n|pncykyjfbs akgjbd jy ijhhjc~`y

yf ijscfxn} kbi cf}}ncy sn}xjcn hkj`~}ns ,E"A" Lkzs K"X" Lj`` =??;*"

Lk}bnssjbd nhhncyjxn`z yln l~akb }nsf~}cn tjyljb yln Bjdn}jkb

yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z slf~`i mn k akef} cfbcn}b yf nxn}z jbijxji~k` hj}a

ylky hf}as yln jbi~sy}z mnck~sn fb`z mz cf``ncyjxn`z sy}jxjbd yf kcljnxn afyjxkyni

nap`fznns tlf k}n km`n yf in`jxn} {~k`jyz sn}xjcns yf anny cfbs~an}s skyjshkcyjfb kbi

s~sykjbjbd yln dnbn}k` p}fi~cyjfb fh {~k`jyz sn}xjcn ckb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi

lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z kcljnxn k }jsn yf {~k`jyz jbyn}bkyjfbk` sykbik}is" Nap`fzjbd yln

sy}kyndz fh nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb jb yln mjy yf cfapn` af}n nhhjcjnbcz jb yln

p}fi~cyjfb fh mnyyn} sn}xjcns kbi mnyyn} pn}hf}akbcns jb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa jbi~sy}z

js k hkcyf} tf}yl cfbsjin}jbd kbi jap`nanbyjbd nhhncyjxn`z yf nbkm`n yln Bjdn}jkb

yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z cfap`z tjyl jbyn}bkyjfbk` sykbik}is ks tn`` ks nbs~}n

yln skyjshkcyjfb fh pky}fbjujbd c~syfan}s kbi k`sf c}nkyjbd yln nbkm`jbd nbxj}fbanby

hf} yf~}jsa kcyjxjyjns yf h`f~}jsl yl}f~dl yln p}fafyjfb fh dffi sykbik}is kbi nhhjcjnby

sn}xjcn in`jxn}z jb yln lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z kbi yf hkcj`jykyn jbxnsyanby sncyf}"

Yln nap`fznn J p}nhn} yf inhjbn sjap`z k pn}sfb tlf js lj}ni hf} yln

p~}pfsn fh tf}gjbd hf} kbfyln} pn}sfb yln nap`fzn} jb n|pncykyjfb fh cfapnbskyjfb"

K`sf jy ckb mn skji yf mn kb jbijxji~k` tlf tks lj}ni mz kb nap`fzn} yf if k spncjhjc

efm yln nap`fznn js lj}ni mz yln nap`fzn} khyn} kb kpp`jckyjfb kbi jbyn}xjnt p}fcnss

}ns~`ys jb ljs f} ln} sn`ncyjfb ks kb nap`fznn" S"A lnkyl hjn`i ,ttt" kmf~y"cfa*"

Kb japf}ykby hfc~s fh f~} }nsnk}cl js yln nap`fznn kbi yln ~`yjakyn yksg fh kcljnxjbd

yln p}fi~cyjfb fh {~k`jyz sn}xjcn ks tn`` ks c~syfan} skyjshkcyjfb" Yln yksg fh kb

nap`fznn jb yln yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z js nbf}af~s mnck~sn yln s~}xjxk` fh

yln m~sjbnss js ij}ncy`z cfbbncyni tjyl yln pn}hf}akbcn fh yln nap`fznn" K c~syfan}

tlf nbcf~byn}s kb nap`fznn tlf p}nsnbys xn}z pff} {~k`jyz fh sn}xjcns js mf~bi yf

k~yfakyjck``z `ffsn jbyn}nsy jb }n pky}fbjsjbd yln yfyk`jyz fh yln f}dkbjukyjfb ylky lks

nap`fzni s~cl kb nap`fznn yln}nhf}n yln japf}ykbcn fh k cfaajyyni nap`fznn tlf

js dfk` i}jxnb tjyl ljdl unk` js k xn}z japf}ykby jss~n hf} yln akbkdnanby fh yln

cfapkbz `ni mz yln akbkdn}" Ks nk}`jn} anbyjfbni kb japf}ykby hfc~s hf} k``

jbijxji~k` hj}a ftbn} jb Bjdn}jk js kyykjb c~syfan} skyjshkcyjfb lnbcn yln bnni hf}

afyjxkyni nap`fznns ylky yl}f~dl ylnj} `nxn` fh cfaajyanby kbi cfbynbyanby tjyl

ylnj} efms k}n km`n yf in`jxn} yf yln c~syfan}s sn}xjcns ylky anny tjyl ylnj} p}jf}

n|pncykyjfbs" Skyjshkcyjfb js inhjbni ks yln pfsy cfbs~apyjfb nxk`~kyjfb ylky yln


16/63

;8

clfsnb k`yn}bkyjxn js cfbsjsynby tjyl yln p}jf} mn`jnhs kbi n|pncykyjfb ijsskyjshkcyjfb

js yln f~ycfan tlnb yljs cfbhj}akyjfb ifns bfy ykgn p`kcn" Nbdn` ny k` ;:


17/63

;4

Ytz`k In`` t}jyns -Yln lnk}y fh afyjxkyjfb js yf djxn pnfp`n tlky ylnz }nk``z

tkby afsy h}fa tf}g" Yln af}n zf~ k}n km`n yf p}fxjin tlky ylnz tkby yln

af}n zf~ slf~`i n|pncy tlky zf~ }nk``z tkby bkan`z5 p}fi~cyjxjyz {~k`jyz

kbi sn}xjcn"- ,Kb Lfbnsy Ikz$s Tf}g ,;:


18/63

;: H}nin}jcg Ln}umn}d k mnlkxjf~}k` scjnbyjsy jb ljs mjy yf p}fxjin k mnyyn}

~bin}sykbijbd fh nap`fznn kyyjy~in yf tf}g kbi tkzs mz tljcl nap`fzn}s ckbkcljnxn k mnyyn} afyjxkyni tf}ghf}cn p}fpfsni k ytf!hkcyf} ylnf}z f} yln afyjxkyf}!

lzdjnbn ylnf}z" Kccf}ijbd yf Ln}umn}d yln}n k}n sfan efm hkcyf}s ylky }ns~`y jb

skyjshkcyjfb tlj`n yln}n k}n fyln} efm hkcyf}s ylky p}nxnby ijsskyjshkcyjfb" Ln}umn}d

fpjbni ylky yln fppfsjyn fh Skyjshkcyjfb js Bf skyjshkcyjfb kbi yln fppfsjyn fh

Ijsskyjshkcyjfb js Bf Ijsskyjshkcyjfb" ,Akbkdnanby sy~iz d~jin fb`jbn*" Yln ylnf}z

jbc`~ins jbyn}xjnts jb tljcl nap`fznns tn}n ksgni tlky p`nksni kbi ijsp`nksni ylna

kmf~y ylnj} efms" Ln}umn}d hf~bi ylky yln hkcyf}s ck~sjbd efm skyjshkcyjfb kbi

p}ns~akm`z afyjxkyjfb tn}n ijhhn}nby h}fa ylky ck~sjbd efm ijsskyjshkcyjfb" Ln

inxn`fpni yln afyjxkyjfb!lzdjnbn ylnf}z yf n|p`kjb ylnsn }ns~`ys" Ln ck``ni yln

skyjshjn}s afyjxkyf}s kbi yln ijsskyjshjns lzdjnbn hkcyf}s ~sjbd yln yn}a lzdjnbn jb

yln snbsn ylky ylnz k}n cfbsjin}ni akjbynbkbcn hkcyf}s ylky k}n bncnssk}z yf kxfji

ijsskyjshkcyjfb m~y mz ylnasn`xns if bfy p}fxjin skyjshkcyjfb" Ln}umn}d `jsyni cn}ykjb

hkcyf}s ylky `nki yf ijsskyjshkcyjfb ks

Cfapkbz pf`jcz S~pn}xjsjfb ]n`kyjfbsljp t&Mfss Tf}g cfbijyjfbs Sk`k}z ]n`kyjfbsljp t&_nn}s

Ln tnby h~}yln} yf `jsy hkcyf}s ck~sjbd skyjshkcyjfb f} bf skyjshkcyjfb

ks


21/63

=;

Kcljnxnanby ]ncfdbjyjfb Tf}g jysn`h

]nspfbsjmj`jyz Kixkbcnanby D}ftyl" ,ttt"bnyamk"cfa&aday&fm&afyjxkyjfb&ln}umn}d*

Yln kmfxn `jsyni lzdjnbn hkcyf}s tljcl p}fxjins ijsskyjshkcyjfb f} bf

ijsskyjshkcyjfb tljcl Ln}umn}d }nhn}}ni yf ks GJYK hkcyf}s kbi mn`jnxns js yln

p}fcnss fh p}fxjijbd p~bjslanby f} yl}nky ks k tkz yftk}is afyjxkyjbd nap`fznns

yftk}is mnyyn} pn}hf}akbcn ckb mn snnb ks fb`z k tkz yf p}fxjijbd slf}y `jxni

afyjxkyjfb kbi jb nssnbcn mnyyn} p}fi~cyjxjyz" Yln}nhf}n Ln}umn}d mn`jnxns jy js mnsyyf }kyln} hfc~s fb yln afyjxkyjfbk` hkcyf}s ylky p}fxjin skyjshkcyjfb f} bf skyjshkcyjfb

ks ylnsn ynbi yf mn jby}jbsjc kbi k}n bfy }ns~`ys fh kbz n|yn}bk` hkcyf}s ylky akz

p}fi~cn k slf}y `jxni afyjxkyjfb"

Ln}umn}d jb akgjbd yljs ckyndf}jukyjfb fmsn}xni ylky yln}n k}n cn}ykjb

clk}kcyn}jsyjcs cfbyjb~k``z }n`kyni yf efm skyjshkcyjfb tlj`n sfan fyln}s k`sf

cfbyjb~k``z }n`kyni yf efm ijsskyjshkcyjfb" Ln cfbc`~ini ylky yln}n tks k ijhhn}nbcn jb

}nspfbsn kbi kyyjy~in fh pnfp`n tlnb ylnz tn}n lkppz tjyl ylnj} efms ks ijsyjbd~jslni

h}fa tlnb ylnz tn}n ~blkppz" Jby}jbsjc hkcyf}s afsy fh yln yjan tn}n }nspfbsjm`n hf}

yln skyjshkcyjfb pnfp`n dfy kbi n|y}jbsjc hkcyf}s h}fa yln ijsskyjshkcyjfb" Ln}umn}d

p}fpfsni ylky ljs hjbijbds jbijckyni k i~k` cfbyjb~~a5 yln fppfsjyn fh skyjshkcyjfb js

bf skyjshkcyjfb kbi yln fppfsjyn fh ijsskyjshkcyjfb js bf ijsskyjshkcyjfb" ,Afyjxkyjfb

kbi jys ylnf}jns `nssfb =? fb`jbn*" Ln}umn}d hf~bi f~y ylky yln hkcyf}s tljcl

cfbyjb~f~s`z ck~sn nap`fznns yf mn ijsskyjshjni f} bfy cfbynbyni tjyl yln cfbijyjfbs

fh ylnj} efms js k`tkzs ijhhn}nby h}fa ylfsn tljcl gnpy yln nap`fznns skyjshjni"

Ln}umn}d cfbc`~ini ylky yln hkcyf}s `nkijbd yf efm skyjshkcyjfb k}n snpk}kyn kbi

ijsyjbcy h}fa ylfsn ylky `nki yf efm ijsskyjshkcyjfb" Ln}umn}d fpjbns ylky yln p}nsnbcn

fh hkcyf}s `jgn efm snc~}jyz plzsjck` tf}gjbd cfbijyjfbs pkz nyc" k}n bfy tljcl ln

}nhn}s yf ks lzdjnbn hkcyf}s gnnp yln nap`fznns skyjshjni m~y yf kcljnxn afyjxkyjfb fh

nap`fznns ylnb akbkdn}s a~sy p}fcnni yf p}fxjsjfb fh n|y}k hkcyf}s `jgn y}kjbjbd

fppf}y~bjyjns p}fafyjfbk` fppf}y~bjyjns kbi k`` kiijyjfb tljcl yln nap`fznns tj``

hjbi pn}sfbk``z }ntk}ijbd yf ylnj} pn}sfbk` inxn`fpanby hkcyf}s tljcl yln nap`fznn

tj`` hjbi jby}jbsjck``z }ntk}ijbd" ,Afyjxkyjfb kbi jys ylnf}jns `nssfb =? ,fb`jbn*"


22/63

==

Ln}umn}d i}nt k ijhhn}nbcn mnytnnb ytf yzpns fh jbijxji~k`s tljcl ln ck``ni lzdjnbn

snngn}s kbi afyjxkyf} snngn}s ,_~dl ;::4* cjyni G}jsyjbk Y}jh~bfxsgk ]fmjb

Y}jh~bfxsgj,=?;?* "Yln pnfp`n tlf Ln}umn}d }nhn}}ni yf ks lzdjnbn snngn}s tn}n

yln fbns tlf fb`z sykzni skyjshjni kbi afyjxkyni jh ylnz tn}n }ntk}ini tjyl

sfanyljbd s~cl ks sk`k}z hf} pn}hf}ani tf}g ,_~dl ,;::4* cjyni G}jsyjbk

Y}jh~bfxsgk ]fmjb Y}jh~bfxsgj=?;?*" Ln}umn}d skji ylky skyjshzjbd yln lzdjnbn bnnis

tj`` bfy }ns~`y jb ljdln} efm pn}hf}akbcn jy tj`` fb`z ln`p yf p}nxnby efm ijsskyjshkcyjfb

,Ln}umn}d ny k` ;:>:* cjyni jb g}jsyjbk Y}jh~bfxsgk ]fmjb Y}jh~bfxsgj,=?;?*" Yln

afyjxkyf} snngn}s k}n pnfp`n ylky kcy~k``z hjbi skyjshkcyjfb kbi afyjxkyjfb jb yln

pn}hf}akbcn fh ylnj} tf}g" Tlnb yln afyjxkyjfbk` bnnis ,}nspfbsjmj`jyz kcljnxnanby

}ncfdbjyjfb kbi sn`h! kcy~k`jukyjfb* k}n tn`` skyjshjni yljs tj`` }ns~`y jb ljdln} tf}g

pn}hf}akbcn kbi efm skyjshkcyjfb ,@kbiz ny k` =??9*" Cjyni G}jsyjbk Y}jh~bfxsgk

]fmjb Y}jh~bfxsgk,=?;?*"

Jy js japf}ykby yf p}fcnni jbyf ijsc~ssjbd fyln} ylnf}z mz fyln} pn}sfbs yf mn lkxn

m}fkin} jink tljcl ylnf}z cfamjbkyjfbs akz mn k mnyyn} kpp}fkcl yf kcljnxjbd yln

mnsy afyjxkyjfb" Hf} Ln}umn}ds ylnf}z yln cfbc`~sjfb snnas yf mn ylky akbkdn}

tlf a~sy m}jbd f~y yln mnsy jb ljs nap`fznns a~sy skyjshz mfyl yln lzdjnbn hkcyf}s

,kccf}ijbd yf Ln}umn}d* kbi h~}yln} yln afyjxkyf}s7 yljs tj`` p~y yln m~sjbnss ky ljdl

pn}hf}akbcn"

KM]KLKA AKS@FTS YLNF]Z"

Km}klka Aks`ft mf}b jb ;:?< jb M}ffg`zb tks k pszclf`fdjsy tlf tks inyn}ajbni

yf sy~iz l~akb mnlkxjf~} jb k mjy yf ~bin}sykbi mnyyn} yln }nksfb tljcl syja~`kyniylna jbyf mnnb af}n p}fi~cyjxn" Aks`ft jb c}nkyjbd k mnyyn} ~bin}sykbijbd fh l~akb

mnlkxjf~} akin kb n|ynbsjxn kbk`zsjs fh k`` kspncys fh yln l~akb bnni ylky akz ky

ijhhn}nby pfjbys fh yln l~akb nbinkxf~} sn}xn ks afyjxkyjfb" Ln fpjbns ylky yljs bnnis

k}n fxn}`kppjbd kbi jbyn}}n`kyni ylky fbcn k `ftn} bnni js skyjshjni yln bn|y tj``

nan}dn ks lkxjbd bnni hf} mnnb skyjshjni ks tn`` ks yln bn|y" Jy js yln}nhf}n yn mn`jnxn

ylky yln mnlkxjf~} fh k pn}sfb js ~s~k``z inyn}ajbni mz ljs sy}fbdnsy bnni lnbcn yln

bnni hf} yln akbkdn} yf y}z yf gbft kbi ~bin}sykbi tlky bnnis k}n yfpafsy yf yln

nap`fznn mnck~sn yln nap`fznn cf~`i mn afyjxkyni jbyf k ljdln} f} mnyyn}


23/63

=3

pn}hf}akbcn yl}f~dl ylky" Aks`fts ylnf}z fh afyjxkyjfb js inpjcyni mz k

ljn}k}cljck` y}jkbd`n"

Sn`h!Kcy~k`jukyjfb ,`nxn` > ! ljdlnsy `nxn`* Nsynna ,`nxn` 9* Sfcjk` mn`fbdjbd ( `fxn bnnis ,`nxn` 3* Skhnyz ,`nxn` =* _lzsjf`fdz ,`nxn` ; ! `ftnsy `nxn`*

Sjbcn yln mnlkxjf~} fh yln nap`fznn js inyn}ajbni mz ljs d}nkynsy bnni ky yln

afanby ylnb mz ~bin}sykbijbd ylnsn bnnis jb yln fyln} ylnz cfan kbi y}zjbd yf

akgn p}fxjsjfbs hf} ylnj} skyjshkcyjfb dfjbd mz Km}klka Aks`fts ylnf}z tj`` mn k

gnz tkz yf afyjxkyni yln nap`fznn yln}nmz cfapn` k mnyyn} pn}hf}akbcn" Ln

p}fpfsns ylky yln `ftn} bnnis a~sy hj}sy mn any mnhf}n jy js pfssjm`n yf skyjshz yln

ljdln} bnnis" Yln ftn} bnnis tljcl mndjbs h}fa yln pszclf`fdjck` bnnis dnbn}k``z


24/63

=9

jbc`~ins k`` mksjc bnnis ylky gnnp k l~akb mnjbd sykm`n mfyl pszclf`fdjck``z

plzsjck``z kbi fyln}tjsn" Jy akz jbc`~in kj} tkyn} s`nnp5 skhnyz bnnis efm snc~}jyz

hjbkbcjk` }nsn}xns sfcjk` bnnis tljcl akz jbc`~in akgjbd bnt h}jnbis ylky zf~ ckb

yk`g yf5 nsynna bnnis tljcl akz jbc`~in sn`h!}nspncy kcljnxnanby }ncfdbjyjfb sn`h!

kcy~k`jukyjfb tljcl akz jbc`~in y}~yl e~syjcn kbi tjsifa" Jb kpp`zjbd yljs jb

akbkdnanby jy tj`` ykgn yljs hf}a7

_szclf`fdjck bnnis5 tj`` jbc`~in akbkdn}s fhhn}jbd `~bcl m}nkgs }nsy m}nkgskbi tkdns s~hhjcjnby yf p~}clksn yln afsy japf}ykby yljbds yf l~akb

tn``mnjbd"

Skhnyz bnnis5 mz p}fxjijbd k skhn tf}gjbd nbxj}fbanby }nyj}nanby mnbnhjyskbi yln `jgns"

Nsynna bnnis5 p~m`jc`z }ncfdbjsn ylnj} kcljnxnanbys kbi akgn ylna hnn`japf}ykby mnhf}n ylnj} cf``nkd~n"

Sn`h!kcy~k`jukyjfb5 mz djxjbd nap`fznns fppf}y~bjyz yf kyykjb k dffi sn`h!inxn`fpanby" ,Bny A"M"K m~sjbnss gbft`nidn cnby}n,fb`jbn*

Hf} yln p~}pfsn fh yljs }nsnk}cl tn p}nhn} yf kifpy yln Km}klka Aks`fts ylnf}z fh

bnnis"

NA_@FZNN SKYJSHKCYJFB7

Nap`fznn skyjshkcyjfb js yln yn}ajbf`fdz ~sni yf insc}jmn tlnyln} nap`fznns k}n

lkppz kbi cfbynbyni kbi h~`hj``jbd ylnj} insj}ns kbi bnnis ky tf}g" Akbz anks~}ns

p~}pf}y ylky nap`fznn skyjshkcyjfb js k hkcyf} jb nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb nap`fznn dfk`

kcljnxnanby kbi pfsjyjxn nap`fznn af}k`n jb yln tf}gp`kcn" ,s"a lnkylhjn`i kmf~y

"cfa l~akb }nsf~}cns*"

Kcljnxjbd {~k`jyz kbi ljdl pn}hf}akbcn hf} yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz

}n{~j}ns yln h~bcyjfbk`jyz fh cfaajyyni kbi k afyjxkyni nap`fznn tlf jbxk}jkm`z

ankbs ylky yln akbkdn}s jb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz hj}as a~sy snn yf jy

ylky ylnj} nap`fznns k}n lkppz tjyl yln akbkdnanby p}fd}kaan p~y jb p`kcn yf akgn

ylna cfaajyyni yf ylnj} efms" Kb nap`fznn tlf js skyjshjni kbi lkppz tjyl ljs efm jsmf~bi yf if nxnb af}n yln}nmz jap}fxjbd yln dnbn}k` {~k`jyz fh sn}xjcn p}fxjini"


25/63

=>

YLNF]JNS FH EFM SKYJSHKCYJFB

Yln}n k}n snxn}k` afin`s kbi ylnf}jns yf ~bin}sykbijbd yln cfbcnpy fhefm skyjshkcyjfb kafbd tljcl @fcgn ykgns yln `nki" Nitjb K" @fcgns ]kbdn fh

Khhncy Ylnf}z ,;:48* js k}d~km`z yln afsy hkaf~s efm skyjshkcyjfb afin`" Yln akjb

p}najsn fh yljs ylnf}z js ylky skyjshkcyjfb js inyn}ajbni mz k ijsc}npkbcz mnytnnb

tlky fbn tkbys jb k efm kbi tlky fbn lks jb k efm" H~}yln} yln ylnf}z sykyns ylky lft

a~cl fbn xk`~ns k djxnb hkcny fh tf}g ,n"d" yln ind}nn fh k~yfbfaz jb k pfsjyjfb*

afin}kyns lft skyjshjni&ijsskyjshjni fbn mncfans tlnb n|pncykyjfbs k}n&k}nby any"

Tlnb k pn}sfb xk`~ns k pk}yjc~`k} hkcny fh k efm ljs skyjshkcyjfb js af}n d}nky`z

japkcyni mfyl pfsjyjxn`z ,tlnb n|pncykyjfbs k}n any* kbi bndkyjxn`z ,tlnb

n|pncykyjfbs k}n bfy any* cfapk}ni yf fbn tlf ifnsby xk`~n ylky hkcny" Yf j``~sy}kyn

jh Nap`fznn K xk`~ns k~yfbfaz jb yln tf}gp`kcn kbi Nap`fznn M js jbijhhn}nby

kmf~y k~yfbfaz ylnb Nap`fznn K tf~`i mn af}n skyjshjni jb k pfsjyjfb ylky fhhn}s k

ljdl ind}nn fh k~yfbfaz kbi `nss skyjshjni jb k pfsjyjfb tjyl `jyy`n f} bf k~yfbfaz

cfapk}ni yf Nap`fznn M" Yljs ylnf}z k`sf sykyns ylky yff a~cl fh k pk}yjc~`k} hkcny

tj`` p}fi~cn sy}fbdn} hnn`jbds fh ijsskyjshkcyjfb yln af}n k tf}gn} xk`~ns ylky hkcny"

,Efm skyjshkcyjfb Tjgjpnijk" cfa*

Fppfbnby p}fcnss ylnf}z

Kccf}ijbd yf fppfbnby p}fcnss ylnf}z nxnbys s~cl ks c}jyjcjsas f} }ntk}is n`jcjys

ytf snys fh p}fcnssns" _}jak}z p}fcnssns djxn tkz yf nafyjfbs ylky k}n synkiz tjyl yln

nxnby jb {~nsyjfb" Nxnbys ylky snna bndkyjxn jb akbbn} tj`` djxn }jsn yf yln hnn`jbds fh

sy}nss f} kb|jnyz" Nxnbys ylky k}n pfsjyjxn djxn }jsn yf yln hnn`jbd fh cfbynby f}

}n`k|kyjfb" Yln fyln} p}fcnss js yln fppfbnby p}fcnss tljcl jbi~cns hnn`jbds ylky

cfby}kijcy yln hnn`jbds jb yln p}jak}z p}fcnssns" Nxnbys ylky k}n bndkyjxn djxn }jsn yf

hnn`jbds fh }n`k|kyjfb tlj`n nxnbys ylky k}n pfsjyjxn djxn }jsn yf hnn`jbds fh kb|jnyz" K

xk}jnyz fh n|p`kbkyjfbs lkxn mnnb s~ddnsyni yf n|p`kjb yln ~bjhf}ajyz fh affi f}

skyjshkcyjfb" Yljs ylnf}z slfts ylky jh zf~ y}z yf nblkbcn yln affi fh jbijxji~k` jy


26/63

=8

tj`` af}n `jgn`z hkj` jb ifjbd sf" Yln fppfbnby p}fcnss ylnf}z tks hf}a~`kyni yf

n|p`kjb ylnsn pkyyn}bs fh fmsn}xkyjfb" ,Efm skyjshkcyjfb Tjgjpnijk" cfa*

N[^JYZ YLNF]Z

N{~jyz Ylnf}z slfts lft k pn}sfb xjnts hkj}bnss jb }ndk}i yf sfcjk` }n`kyjfbsljps"

I~}jbd k sfcjk` n|clkbdn k pn}sfb jinbyjhjns yln kaf~by fh jbp~y dkjbni h}fa k}n`kyjfbsljp cfapk}ni yf yln f~yp~y ks tn`` ks lft a~cl nhhf}y kbfyln} pn}sfbs p~ys

hf}yl N{~jyz Ylnf}z s~ddnsys ylky jh kb jbijxji~k` yljbgs yln}n js kb jbn{~k`jyz

mnytnnb ytf sfcjk` d}f~ps f} jbijxji~k`s yln pn}sfb js `jgn`z yf mn ijsy}nssni mnck~sn

yln }kyjf mnytnnb yln jbp~y kbi yln f~yp~y k}n bfy n{~k`"

Hf} n|kap`n cfbsjin} ytf nap`fznns tlf tf}g yln skan efm kbi }ncnjxn yln skan

mnbnhjys" Jh fbn jbijxji~k` dnys k pkz }kjsn hf} ifjbd yln skan f} `nss tf}g ylkb yln

"fyln} ylnb yln `nss mnbnhjyni jbijxji~k` tj`` mncfan ijsy}nssni jb ljs tf}gp`kcn" Jh

fb yln fyln} lkbi fbn jbijxji~k` dnys k pkz }kjsn kbi bnt }nspfbsjmj`jyjns ylnb yln

hnn`jbd fh jbn{~k`jyz js }ni~cni" ,Efm skyjshkcyjfb Tjgjpnijk" cfa*

IJSC]N_KBCZ YLNF]Z

Yln cfbcnpy fh ijsc}npkbcz ylnf}z n|p`kjbs yln ~`yjakyn sf~}cn fh kb|jnyz kbi

inencyjfb" Kb jbijxji~k` tlf lks bfy h~`hj``ni ljs }nspfbsjmj`jyz hnn`s yln snbsn fh

kb|jnyz kbi }nd}ny hf} bfy pn}hf}ajbd tn`` ylnz tj`` k`sf hnn` inencyjfb i~n yf bfy

mnjbd km`n yf kcljnxn ylnj} lfpns kbi kspj}kyjfbs" Kccf}ijbd yf yljs ylnf}z k``

jbijxji~k`s tj`` `nk}b tlky ylnj} fm`jdkyjfbs kbi }nspfbsjmj`jyjns hf} k pk}yjc~`k}

h~bcyjfb fxn} k yjan pn}jfi kbi jh ylnz hkj` yf h~`hj`` ylfsn fm`jdkyjfbs ylnb ylnz k}n

p~bjslni" Fxn} yjan ylnsn i~yjns kbi fm`jdkyjfbs cfbsf`jikyn yf hf}a kb kmsy}kcyni sny

fh p}jbcjp`ns insjdbkyni ks k sn`h!d~jin" Kdjykyjfb kbi kb|jnyz k}n yln akjb }nspfbsns


27/63

=4

tlnb kb jbijxji~k` hkj`s yf kcljnxn yln fm`jdkyjfb f} }nspfbsjmj`jyz yljs ylnf}z k`sf

n|p`kjbs ylky jh kcljnxnanby fh yln fm`jdkyjfbs js fmykjbni ylnb yln }ntk}i ckb mn

p}kjsn kpp}fxk` f} `fxn" Ylnsn kcljnxnanbys kbi kspj}kyjfbs k`sf hf}a kb kmsy}kcyni

sny fh p}jbcjp`ns }nhn}}ni yf ks yln jink` sn`h!d~jin tlnb yln jbijxji~k` hkj`s yf fmykjb

ylnsn }ntk}is ylnz mndjb yf lkxn hnn`jbds fh inencyjfb ijskppfjbyanby f} nxnb

inp}nssni" ,Efm skyjshkcyjfb Tjgjpnijk" cfa*

YTF HKCYF] YLNF]Z

,K`sf gbftb ks Afyjxkyf} Lzdjnbn Ylnf}z* kyynapys yf n|p`kjb skyjshkcyjfb kbi

afyjxkyjfb jb yln tf}gp`kcn yljs ylnf}z sykyns ylky skyjshkcyjfb kbi ijsskyjshkcyjfb k}n

i}jxnb mz ijhhn}nby hkcyf}s afyjxkyjfb kbi lzdjnbn hkcyf}s }nspncyjxn`z" Kb

nap`fznns afyjxkyjfb yf tf}g js cfbyjb~k``z }n`kyni yf efm skyjshkcyjfb fh k

s~mf}ijbkyn" Afyjxkyjfb ckb mn snnb ks kb jbbn} hf}cn ylky i}jxns jbijxji~k`s yf kyykjb

pn}sfbk` kbi f}dkbjukyjfbk` dfk`s ,Lfsgjbsfb _f}yn} ( T}nbcl p" ;33*" Afyjxkyjbd

hkcyf}s k}n ylfsn kspncys fh yln efm ylky akgn pnfp`n tkby yf pn}hf}a kbi p}fxjin

pnfp`n tjyl skyjshkcyjfb hf} n|kap`n kcljnxnanby jb tf}g }ncfdbjyjfb p}fafyjfb

fppf}y~bjyjns" Ylnsn afyjxkyjbd hkcyf}s k}n cfbsjin}ni yf mn jby}jbsjc yf yln efm f} yln

tf}g ck}}jni f~y" Lzdjnbn hkcyf}s jbc`~in kspncys fh yln tf}gjbd nbxj}fbanby s~cl ks

pkz cfapkbz pf`jcjns s~pn}xjsf}z p}kcyjcns kbi fyln} tf}gjbd cfbijyjfbs

Tlj`n Ln}yumn}d$s afin` lks syja~`kyni a~cl }nsnk}cl }nsnk}cln}s lkxn mnnb ~bkm`n

yf }n`jkm`z napj}jck``z p}fxn yln afin` tjyl Lkcgakb ( F`ilka s~ddnsyjbd ylky

Ln}yumn}d$s f}jdjbk` hf}a~`kyjfb fh yln afin` akz lkxn mnnb k anylfif`fdjck`

k}yjhkcy" H~}yln}af}n yln ylnf}z ifns bfy cfbsjin} jbijxji~k` ijhhn}nbcns cfbxn}sn`zp}nijcyjbd k`` nap`fznns tj`` }nkcy jb kb jinbyjck` akbbn} yf clkbdns jb

afyjxkyjbd&lzdjnbn hkcyf}s" Hjbk``z yln afin` lks mnnb c}jyjcjuni jb ylky jy ifns bfy

spncjhz lft afyjxkyjbd&lzdjnbn hkcyf}s k}n yf mn anks~}ni" ,Efm skyjshkcyjfb

Tjgjpnijk" cfa*


28/63

="3 =4";

Tfanb 39"= 39"; 3;"4

@nk}bjbd kbi inxn`fpanby Anb 3 3

H`n|jm`n tf}gjbd

k}}kbdnanbys

Anb 99"> 93"> ;;":

Tfanb 93"4 93"3 ;3"?

Mfb~sns%% Anb >8"< 3>"8 4"8

Tfanb >>"; 39"< ;?";

Tf}g!`jhn mk`kbcn%% Anb >:"; 38"3 9">


43/63

93

Tfanb 8>"< 3;"; 3";

Bky~}n fh tf}g Anb 83"; 33"< 3";

Tfanb 8;"< 39"3 3""; . fh tfanb p`kcn kb japf}ykby p}jf}jyz fb

mnbnhjys"

Tf}g `jhn mk`kbcn" 8>"< cfapk}ni yf >:"; anb p`kcn p}jf}jyz fb tf}g mk`kbcn

yln}nhf}n tfanb k}n af}n cfbscjf~s fh tf}g mk`kbcn ylkb yln anb

Bky~}n fh tf}g anb ynbi yf p`kcn p}jf}jyz fb yln bky~}n fh tf}g ylkb yln tfanb"

_}fxjijbd dffi sn}xjcn yf c~syfan}s ln}n tfanb k}n af}n jbc`jbni yf mn

lfspjykm`n ylkb yln anb tjyl }kyjfb8:"; tfanb yf 83"9 anb"

Mnnb y}nkyni tjyl }nspncy5 48"3 tfanb k}n af}n cfbscjf~s fh mnnb y}nkyni tjyl

}nspncy cfapk}ni yf 8:"; anb

_nfp`n zf~ tf}g tjyl5


45/63

9>

@fbd yn}a ck}nn} kbi p}fafyjfbk` fppf}y~bjyjns

AFYJXKYJFBK@ _]JF]JYZ HF] TFANB

Mksjc pkz _nfp`n zf~ tf}g tjyl Mnnb y}nkyni tjyl }nspncy Bky~}n fh tf}g Tf}g mk`kbcn

Mnbnhjys Mfb~sns H`n|jm`n k}}kbdnanbys @nk}bjbd kbi inxn`fpanby @fbd yn}a ck}nn}" ,]"xksgfxk=??8*,fb`jbn*

Jb cfbc`~sjfb f~} cfbcn}b js hf} yln mnyyn}anby fh yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi

lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z ylky lks hf} sf `fbd mnnb lkbijckppni mz yln p}fm`na fh

~bcfaajyyni kbi ~bafyjxkyni nap`fznns inspjyn yln ljdl p}fspncy fh k

h~bcyjfbk` yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z f~} lfpn js ylky mz n|kajbjbd yln

fpjbjfbs fh xk}jf~s ylnf}jsy p}jbcjp`ns ks tn`` ks yln akbz hkcyf}s ylky akz

ljbin} yln h~bcyjfbk`jyz fh f~} yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z tn k}n km`n yf

akgn kb jap}fxnanby yln}nmz cfby}jm~yjbd yf yln dnbn}k` ncfbfajc d}ftyl

fh yln cf~by}z" Tjyl afyjxkyni nap`fznns fpn}kyjbd yln xk}jf~s sncyf}s fh

yln jbi~sy}z yln}n js pfssjmj`jyz fh m~j`ijbd k af}n s~msykbyjxn jbi~sy}z

yln}nhf}n yln ck`` js fb akbkdn}s fh yln xk}jf~s cfapkbzs jb xk}jf~s sncyf} fh

yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z yf y}z yf ~bin}sykbi mnyyn} yln

}~ijanbys kbi ynclbj{~n kxkj`km`n hf} jap`nanbyjbd k `ksyjbd sy}kyndz fh

nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb" Mz sf ifjbd yln yk`nbys kbi sgj``ni tf}gn}s tjyljb yln

jbi~sy}z tf~`i bfy lkxn yf kmkbifb ylnj} efms yf mn nap`fzni mz kbfyln}

jbi~sy}z yln}nmz cfbsyjy~yjbd k tksyn fh gbft`nidn ~snh~` hf} yln

inxn`fpanby fh f~} yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z" Yln tf}g fh Km}klka


46/63

98

Aks`ft, ljs bnni ylnf}z* tf~`i jb az fpjbjfb mn nhhncyjxn jb ckpy~}jbd k

a~cl af}n cfaajyyni kbi afyjxkyni tf}ghf}cn hf} yln inxn`fpanby fh yln

jbi~sy}z tlj`n fyln} hkcyf}s bncnssk}z yf kcljnxn afyjxkyjfb slf~`i mn

cfbsjin}ni"


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94

CLK_YN] 3

ANYLFIF@FDZ

JBY]FI^CYJFB

Yljs clkpyn} p}nsnbys k anylfif`fdjck` h}kantf}g tljcl p}nsnbys k`` yln sykdns tn

pkss yl}f~dl yf mn km`n yf kcljnxn k dffi }nsnk}cl }ns~`y" Jy jbxf`xns snyyjbd k skap`n

pfp~`kyjfb yf cf``ncyjfb fh ikyk yf kpp`jckyjfb fh xk}jf~s }nsnk}cl plj`fsfpljns"

" Fmencyjxn fh sy~iz

;" Yf inyn}ajbn tlky afyjxkyns kb nap`fznn yf tf}g7 j"n" tlky nap`fznns tkby yf mnmnyyn} tf}gn}s"

=" Yf inyn}ajbn jh yln}n k}n ijhhn}nby afyjxkyjfbk` hkcyf}s ylky afyjxkyns ijhhn}nby

pnfp`n fh ijhhn}nby kdns kbi dnbin} yf tf}g jb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz

jbi~sy}z

3" Yf jinbyjhz yln xk}jf~s hkcyf}s kdkjbsy nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb kafbd Bjdn}jkb

yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz nap`fznn

ANYLFIF@FDZ

]NSNK]CL SNYYJBD7

Sjbcn yln s~mency fh f~} }nsnk}cl js yln }f`n kbi japf}ykbcn fh nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb jb

pn}hf}akbcn kbi p}fi~cyjxjyz tjyl hfc~s fb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz

jbi~sy}z tn incjin yf akgn p}fynk lfyn`s yln hksynsy d}ftjbd Bjdn}jkb lfyn` clkjb k

snyyjbd hf} jbxnsyjdkyjbd hkcyf}s ajyjdkyjbd kdkjbsy yln ak|jajskyjfb fh l~akb

}nsf~}cns tjyljb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z hf} yln p~}pfsn fhjap}fxjbd dnbn}k` p}fi~cyjxjyz pn}hf}akbcn ks tn`` p}fencyjbd yln dnbn}k`jyz fh yln


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9?

bnnis" Ylnsn bnnis k}n }kbgni kccf}ijbd yf yln f}in} jb tljcl ylnz jbh`~nbcn l~akb

mnlkxjf} jb ljn}k}cljck` hksljfb" F~} {~nsyjfbbkj}n js pkyyn}bni k`fbd yljs

ljn}k}cljck` hksljfb"

JBYN]XJNT7 k spncjk` snssjfb fh jbyn}xjnt tks lnì tjyl yln hf~bin} kbi k`` yln

kxkj`km`n > cljnh n|nc~yjxn fhhjcn}s fh p}fynk lfyn` yln jbyn}xjnt tks lnì hf} yln

p~}pfsn fh cf``ncyjfb fh hj}sy!lkbi jbhf}akyjfb ylky cf~ì mn }ncf}ini hf} yln p~}pfsn

fh h~y~}n }nhn}nbcns" " Tn incjini yf ~sn yln jbyn}xjnt anylfi fh ikyk cf``ncyjfb ky

ylky sykdn mnck~sn jy tks mnyyn} yf lkxn }ncf}ini yln tf}is fh yln hf~bin} kbi C"N"Fs

fb f~} ykpn }ncf}in} hf} p~}pfsns fh }n `jsynbjbd kbi hf} h~y~}n }nhn}nbcns"

Yln {~nsyjfbbkj}n tks k akef} jbsy}~anby jb yln p}fcnss fh cf``ncyjfb fh ikyk

yf fmykjb }ns~`ys mnck~sn yln jbyn}xjnt anylfi tf~ì lkxn mnnb yff ynijf~s"

Kss~ajbd k sjy~kyjfb tln}n tn bnnini yf jbyn}xjnt yln b~amn} fh pnfp`n tn lki

s~ccnssh~``z cfxn}ni mz yln ~sn fh yln {~nsyjfbbkj}n jy tf~ì lkxn mnnb kàfsy

japfssjm`n yf kcljnxn f~} }nsnk}cl tjyl yln spnni ylky tn iji mnck~sn yln jbyn}xjnt

anylfi js k a~cl af}n ijhhjc~`y tkz fh cf``ncyjbd kbi kbk`zujbd ikyk"

[~nsyjfbbkj}ns kbi s~}xnzs k}n sy}~cy~}ni tkzs fh cf``ncyjbd ikyk h}fa k pfp~`kyjfb

f} k skap`n fh k pfp~`kyjfb" Jh {~nsyjfbbkj}ns f} s~}xnzs k}n akj`ni f~y f} ijsy}jm~yni

mz fyln} ankbs ylnz ~s~k``z k}n sn`h!kiajbjsyn}ni mz yln }nspfbinby" Jh{~nsyjfbbkj}ns f} s~}xnzs k}n kiajbjsyn}ni jb pn}sfb f} fxn} yln plfbn ylnz fhynb

}nsnam`n k sy}~cy~}ni jbyn}xjnt",ttt"skf"sykyn"y|"~s&}nsf~}cns*"

Yljs }nsnk}cl kifpys yln Km}klka Aks`fts ylnf}z kbi yln {~nsyjfbbkj}ns k}n

afin`ni kccf}ijbd yf ljs ylnf}z" Yln {~nsyjfbbkj}ns lkxn sykyni yln bnnis fh kb

nap`fznn kccf}ijbd yf yln Aks`fts pz}kaji kbi nap`fznns lkxn mnnb ksgni yf

clffsn jb f}in} fh p}nhn}nbcn yln bnnis tljcl afyjxkyn ylna"

Yln hf``ftjbd k}n sfan }nksfbs tlz J p}nhn} yf ~bin}ykgn yljs }nsnk}cl mz yln

~sn fh yln {~nsyjfbbkj}n ankbs fh ikyk cf``ncyjfb7

[~nsyjfbbkj}ns k}n ljdl`z xn}skyj`n" Ylnz ckb mn ~sni mz k xk}jnyz fh pnfp`njb ijhhn}nby nbxj}fbanbys ky ijhhn}nby yjans yk}dnyjbd k xk}jnyz fh yfpjcs hf}

kbk`zsjs7

[~nsyjfbbkj}ns k}n nksz yf cfbsy}~cy kbi cfbxnbjnbcn yf tf}g tjyl" Akzp}fxjin hf} kbfbzajyz yf }nspfbinbys slf~ì bnni k}jsn7

Ylnz k}n clnkp yf ~bin}ykgn mfyl jb yn}as fh yjan kbi akyn}jk` }nsf~}cns7
http://www.sao.state.tx.us/resourceshttp://www.sao.state.tx.us/resourceshttp://www.sao.state.tx.us/resourceshttp://www.sao.state.tx.us/resources


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>;

Ikyk cf``ncyni js nksz yf p}fcnss ks yln {~nsyjfbbkj}n js sy}kjdly hf}tk}i7Lftnxn} yln {~nsyjfbbkj}n lkxn mnnb jinbyjhjni yf p}fm`nas sfan fh

tljcl k}n

_}fi~cns s~pn}hjcjk` ikyk yf~cljbd bfb cfap}nlnbsjxn`z yf spncjhjcjyz! jy bfydffi hf} {~k`jykyjxn ikyk7

Jys jbxnsyjdkyjfbs k}n `jajyni ftjbd yf yln slf}y yjan k {~nsyjfbbkj}n jskyynbini yf ,3? ajb~yns yf ; lf~}*7

Akz bfy mn s~jykm`n yf kb j``jyn}kyn }nspfbinby L"F Fifik ,=??:*


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>=

CLK_YN] 9

IKYK KBK@ZSJS KBI ]N_]NSNBYKYJFB FH ]NS^@Y5

Yljs }nsnk}cl ~yj`juni yln [~nsyjfbbkj}n kbi jbyn}xjnt ikyk cf``ncyjfb anylfi m~y

af}n hfc~s hf} yln cf``ncyjfb fh ikyk tks fb yln {~nsyjfbbkj}n tljcl tks p}jbyni hf}

yln p~}pfsn fh skap`jbd yln fpjbjfbs fh yln }nspfbinbys" Fh k yfyk` fh kmf~y

nap`fznns ;9= nap`fznns yln }nsnk}cl fb`z ~yj`juni k yfyk` fh ;;> nap`fznns yf kxfji

cfap`jckyjfb kbi tksyn fh yjan jb yln kbk`zsjbd fh ikyk"

Hf} yln {~nsyjfbbkj}n ; ikyk tks cf``ncyni h}fa kmf~y 4> ak`n nap`fznns kbi

kmf~y 9> hnak`n nap`fznns" Yln akjb kja fh {~nsyjfbbkj}n ; ~bin}sykbis tlky

p}fm`nas k}n aj`jykyjbd kdkjbsy nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb tjyljb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi

lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z kbi jb nssnbcn ~sn nxn}z kxkj`km`n akbkdnanby yff` jb akgjbd

mnyyn} }ffas kbi fppf}y~bjyjns jb kcljnxjbd afyjxkyni nap`fznn hf} yln mnyyn}anby

kbi hksyn} inxn`fpanby fh yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z" Yln

{~nsyjfbbkj}n sf~dly yf gbft lft akbz znk}s yln sykhhs lki tf}gni jb yln yf~}jsa

kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z kbi nap`fznns hf} yln }nsnk}cl cfxn}ni nxn}z inpk}yanby yf

dny k dffi skap`jbd"

XJNTS FH YLN NA_@FZNNS7

AFYJXKYJFB FH NA_@FZNNN5 Jb k {~nsyjfb ksgjbd yln nap`fznns fhp}fynk lfyn` jh afyjxkyjfb tf~`i lkxn kbz sjdbjhjckby cfby}jm~yjfb yf yln

jap}fxnanby fh nap`fznn pn}hf}akbcn cfaajyanby kbi `fzk`yz yf yln hj}a"

Sy}fbd`z kd}nn7 ;?3 ,


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>3

Yln}nhf}n tn kd}nn ylky yln}n js k bnni hf} afyjxkyjfb jb yln inxn`fpanby fh yln

Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z"

IF NA_@FZNNS CFBSJIN] HJBKBCJK@ ]NTK]I KAFYJXKYJFBK@ YFF@7

Sy}fbd`z kd}nn7 >< ,>?.* Kd}nn 39 ,=:. * Bn~y}k` ;.*

Ijskd}nn ;>,;3.*

Yln}n tks kb kd}nnanby fh k `k}dn b~amn}" >?. fh nap`fznns kd}nn ylky

afyjxkyjbd nap`fznns mz xj}y~n fh kiini hjbkbcjk` }npf}y tks k dffi tkz fh

akgjbd yln nap`fznns pn}hf}a mnyyn} kbi mn af}n cfaajyyni yf ylnj} efms"

fh nap`fznns mn`jnxn ylky k hjbkbcjk` mnbnhjy tks bfy k tkz yf cfapn` mnyyn}

nap`fznn pn}hf}akbcns"

Lnbcn tn kd}nn tjyl yln `k}dn} pf}yjfb fh nap`fznns ylky afbnyk}z }ntk}i

f} kiini hjbkbcjk` kixkbykdns js k kbfyln} tkz yf kcljnxn afyjxkyjfb tljcl js

a~cl bnnini yf inxn`fp yln k`}nkiz xn}z tnkg yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz

jbi~sy}z"

EFM SNC^]JYZ7 mz f~} {~nsyjfbbkj}n tn k`sf sf~dly yf n`jcjy jbhf}akyjfb fb

lft japf}ykby efm snc~}jyz tks yf yln nap`fznn ks k ankbs yf nbs~}n

cfaajyanby fh yln nap`fznns"

Sy}fbd`z kd}nn7 4? ,8?.* Kd}nn 3?,=8.* Bn~y}k` ;?, ,9.*

Jbhf}akyjfb slftni ylky 8?. fh yln sykhhs fh p}fynk lfyn` tn}n inspn}kyn`z jb

bnni fh dffi Efm cfby}kcy snc~}jbd ylnj} efms k l~dn b~amn} mn`jnxni ylky

h~bcyjfbjbd f~ysjin yln p}fxjsjfb fh efm snc~}jyz tks fb`z dfjbd yf `nki


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>9

nap`fznns lkbijbd ylnj} efms `kcgkikjsjck``z kbi jb nssnbcn p}fi~cjbd pff}

sn}xjcns yf c~syfan}s"

Lnbcn efm snc~}jyz }kbgs ks xn}z japf}ykby jb yln p}fi~cyjfb fh cfaajyyni

kbi afyjxkyni nap`fznns"

CFBHJINBCN KS K AFYJXKYF]7

Yln }f`n fh cfbhjinbcn ks k afyjxkyf} tks k`sf jbxnsyjdkyni jb p}fynk lfyn`"

Cfbhjinbcn tks snnb ks k ankbs fh jap}fxjbd afyjxkyjfb kbi jb nssnbcn

nap`fznn pn}hf}akbcn"

Sy}fbd`z kd}nn7 9> ,3:.* Kd}nn 9= ,38.* Bn~y}k` =>,=;.*

Ijskd}nn ;3,;;.*

Nap`fznns fh p}fynk lfyn` jb `k}dn} b~amn} kssn}yni yf yln hkcy ylky hkcy ylky

Cfbhjinbcn js k bnnini yff` yf kcljnxn mnyyn} efm cfaajyanby kbi unk` jb yln ck}}zjbd

f~y fh ylnj} efms yf p}fxjin mnyyn} kbi af}n {~k`jyz sn}xjcns"

_]JIN JB F]DKBJUKYJFBK@ KCLJNXNANBYS7

F~} {~nsyjfbbkj}n y}jni yf n`jcjy jbhf}akyjfbs ks yf tlnyln} nap`fznns dkjbni af}n

afyjxkyjfb i~n yf p}jin jb yln kcljnxnanbys fh yln p}fynk lfyn`" Ylky js p}jin jb mnnb k

sykhh fh p}fynk kbi yln p}nsyjdn jy kyy}kcys"

Sy}fbd`z kd}nn7 93,34.* Kd}nn =:,=>.* Bn~y}k` =< ,=9.*

Ijskd}nn;> ,;3.*

Jy tks ijscfxn}ni ylky nap`fznns nbefz k `fy fh cfbhjinbcn mz tf}gjbd tjyl }np~ykm`n

kbi s~ccnssh~` hj}as" Nap`fznns k}n nxnb af}n djbdn}ni jbyf mnyyn} pn}hf}akbcns jb

fyln} yf akjbykjb yln sykbik}is kbi yf p}nxnby k i}fp jb yln k`}nkiz gbftb {~k`jyz fh

yln sn}xjcns fh yln hj}a" Yln}nhf}n kb jfyk fh p}jin jb yln ck}}zjbd f~y fh yln nxn}zikz

i~yjns fh yln nap`fznn js xn}z a~cl bnnini jb afyjxkyjbd nap`fznns jb yln Bjdn}jkb

yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z yf mnyyn} kbi af}n syz`jsl kbi nhhncyjxn pn}hf}akbcns"

Yln}nhf}n yln m~}inb }nsys fb akbkdn} fh yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz hj}as jb Bjdn}jk yf


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>>

tf}g lk}i jb kcljnxjbd k s~ccnssh~` hj}a tljcl nap`fznns k}n mf~bi yf in}jxni

afyjxkyjfb"

SGJ@@S5

_}fxjijbd sgj``s fppf}y~bjyz yf `nk}b bnt sgj``s ks tn`` ks y}kjbjbd jb bnt k}nk kbi

kc{~j}jbd bnt gbft`nidn js kbfyln} tkz yf kcljnxn afyjxkyjfb yljs tks }nk`juni

h}fa f~} {~nsyjfbbkj}n"

Sy}fbd`z kd}nn7 >=,9>.* Kd}nn >= ,9>.* Bn~y}k` ?

Ijskd}nn;; ,:.*

Tn if kd}nn ylky mz c}nkyjbd fppf}y~bjyjns hf} nap`fznns yf kc{~j}n bnt gbft`nidn

bnt y}kjbjbd kbi mn af}n nhhncyjxn pnfp`n yln nap`fznns ylnasn`xns tj`` jb y~}b

mncfan af}n p}fi~cyjxn kbi af}n snbsjyjxn yf yln s~ccnss fh yln hj}a"

_]FAFYJFB5 Jb inyn}ajbjbd jh p}fafyjfb fh nap`fznns sn}xni ks k ankbs hf}

jbc}nksni pn}hf}akbcn

Sy}fbd`z kd}nn7 8=,>3.* Kd}nn ,93,34.* Bn~y}k` >,9.*

Ijskd}nn >,9.*"

[^NSYJFBKJ]N =

Yln sncfbi {~nsyjfbbkj}n tks xn}z m}jnh e~sy snngjbd jbhf}akyjfbs fb yln

dnbin} ijhhn}nbcns kbi yln p}jf}jyz fh nkcl sn| yf mn afyjxkyni jb fyln} yf s~ddnsy

nhhncyjxn anks~}ns hf} jap`nanbyjbd k tf}gkm`n afyjxkyjfbk` sy}kyndz ylky ckpy~}ns

yln yfyk`jyz fh yln nap`fznn jb fyln} yf }n hf}yjhz f~} k`}nkiz tnkg yf~}jsa kbi

lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z"

HJBKBCJK@ ]NTK]IS7 Jb afyjxkyjbd nap`fznns mfyl ak`n kbi hnak`n

nap`fznns }nspfbi yf mnnb afyjxkyni mz hjbkbcjk` }ntk}is tljcl js yln afsy

y}kijyjfbk` akbbn} fh afyjxkyjbd nap`fznns m~y f~} s~}xnz slfts ylky anb k}n af}n

nhhncyjxn tlnb djxnb hjbkbcjk` }ntk}is"


56/63

>8

Sy}fbd`z kd}nn7 3 ,

>,?.* Kd}nn ;=,=?.* Bn~y}k` ;>,=>.* Ijskd}nn

3,>.*"

Y]KJBJBD7 Fppf}y~bjyjns ylky ni~ckyn nap`fznns hf}yjhz ylnj} gbft`nidn kbi

p}fxn jbsy}~anbyk` yftk}is ylnj} ck}nn} kixkbcnanby k}n tn`cfani mz mfyl yln

dnbin}s" Lftnxn} tfanb akz bnni ylnsn y}kjbjbd p}fd}kas sy}~cy~}ni jb k ijhhn}nby

akbbn}" ]nksfb mnjbd tfanb akz lkxn yff akbz ck}n!ykgjbd }nspfbsjmj`jyjns yf

kyynbi hf} k cf``ndn p}fd}ka nyc"" Tfanb akz yln}nhf}n }nspfbi mnyyn} yf sgj`` !

inxn`fpanby ikzs }kyln} ylkb snssjfbs spkbbjbd ikzs tnngs kbi afbyls" Y}kjbjbds

i~}jbd tf}gikzs tf~ì gnnp tfanb h}fa lkxjbd yf ykgn f~y n|y}k yjan ktkz h}fa

ylnj} ifansyjc }nspfbsjmj`jyjns" Tlj`n fb yln fyln} lkbi anb tf~ì }nkij`z tn`cfan

k y}kjbjbd p}fd}ka fh k`` sf}ys jbc`~ijbd yln fbns fhhn}ni f~y fh yftb"

,&ck}nn}m`fd"afmj`jbgdsa"cfa*"

Sy}fbd`z kd}nn 3? ,>?.* Kd}nn ;=,=?.* Bn~y}k` ;>,=>.* Ijskd}nn

3,>.*"

F~} s~}xnz h~}yln} slfts ylky tfanb k}n mnyyn} afyjxkyni mz sfan fyln} hkcyf}s

`jgn }nspncy ynkatf}g kbi nafyjfbs tlj`n anb snna yf mn af}n afyjxkyni mz

pftn} kbi cfapnyjyjfb"

YLN JBYN]XJNT SNSSJFB7

Yln jbyn}xjnt snssjfb `ksyni hf} kmf~y > ajb~yns nkcl syk}yjbd tjyl yln hf~bin} A}"

En}}z Btkdmf kbi s~msn{~nby`z fyln} cljnh n|nc~yjxn fhhjcn}s" Tn tn}n km`n yf

~bin}sykbi h}fa yln jbyn}xjnt snssjfb ylky yln mjddnsy p}fm`na jbljmjyjbd yln d}ftyl

kbi inxn`fpanby fh yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z tks yln p}fm`na fh

~bcfaajyyni nap`fznn }ns~`yjbd h}fa pff} skyjshkcyjfb fh nap`fznn" M~jìjbd k

sy}fbd afyjxkyjfbk` sy}kyndz tks jb ylnj} fpjbjfb k akef} tkz fh }nsyf}jbd yln a~cl

insj}n sy}nbdyl hf} mnyyn} pn}hf}akbcn yf yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z


57/63

>4

mnck~sn yln jss~n fh nap`fznn skyjshkcyjfb c~ys kc}fss yln inxn`fpanby fh k`` sncyf}s

fh yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z" Ylnz k`sf pfjbyni f~y yln bnni yf

lkxn yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z mnnb }~b ~bin} yln jbsy}~anbyk`jyz

fh nap`fznns spncjk``z {~k`jhjni jb yln hjn`i" Ylnz s~ddnsy ylky yljs tkz jy js nksjn} yf

y}kjbjbd kbi y~yf} ylna jbyf pn}hf}ajbd m}j``jkby`z" Ylnz k`sf s~ddnsy ylky kyynbyjfb

slf~`i mn djxnb yf ijhhn}nbcns jb dnbin} afyjxkyjfb mnck~sn fb`z mz sf ifjbd ckb tn

ckpy~}n yln yfyk`jyz fh yln tf}g hf}cn jbyf nhhncyjxn pn}hf}akbcn"

YNSY FH LZ_FYLNSJS7

Lzpfylnsjs ;5 Yln}n js bf sjdbjhjckby }n`kyjfbsljp mnytnnb afyjxkyjfb kbi efm

cfaajyanby fh tf}gn}s" Yln }ns~`y fh f~} s~}xnz akgn jy c`nk} yf ~s ylky yln}n js k

xn}z sjdbjhjckby }n`kyjfbsljp mnytnnb yln afyjxkyjfb kbi efm cfaajyanby" F~} s~}xnz

n|p`kjbs yln hkcy ylky afyjxkyjfb c}nkyns kb nbxj}fbanby hf} cfaajyanby sf yln}nhf}n

afyjxkyjfb ckbbfy mn snpk}kyni h}fa cfaajyanby mnck~sn afyjxkyjfb djbdn}s ~p

cfaajyanby"

Lzpfylnsjs =5 Yln}n js bf }n`kyjfbsljp mnytnnb efm skyjshkcyjfb kbi tf}gn}s

cfaajyanby jb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z" F~} s~}xnz slfts ylky

yln}n js k xn}z sjdbjhjckby }n`kyjfbsljp mnytnnb efm skyjshkcyjfb kbi efm cfaajyanby

mnck~sn fb`z skyjshjni nap`fznns ckb mn cfaajyyni" Yln}n js bf tkz fh snpk}kyjbd efm

skyjshkcyjfb h}fa efm cfaajyanby mnck~sn ylnz tf}g yfdnyln} fbn ifnsby n|jsy

tjylf~y yln fyln}"

Ks ckb mn snnb dnbn}k``z h}fa yln s~}xnz kmj`jyz fh yln nap`fznn yf p}nsnby dffi

pn}hf}akbcns kbi yf anny yln insj}n fh ljdl {~k`jyz sn}xjcn p}fi~cyjfb tljcl js yln

~`yjakyn insj}n fh nxn}z akbkdn} yln}n a~sy mn sfan anks~}n p~y jb p`kcn hf} hj}jbd

yln unk` fh yln nap`fznns"


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CFBC@^SJFB

Yln bnni hf} kb jap}fxnanby jb yln dnbn}k` {~k`jyz fh sn}xjcns kbi nap`fznn

pn}hf}akbcns jb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z ckbbfy mn fxn}

naplksjuni mnck~sn ylnz hf}a yln inyn}ajbkbys ~pfb tljcl yln jbi~sy}z tj`` }jsn yf

jbyn}bkyjfbk` sykbik}is kbi yln jbi~sy}z k af}n sjdbjhjckby cfby}jm~yf} yf yln bkyjfbk`

ncfbfaz" Ks tn lkxn anbyjfbni nk}`jn} yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z

lks k sy}fbd bnni hf} k cfap`nyn }nsy}~cy~}jbd kbi syja~`kyjfb fh yln l~akb }nsf~}cns

jbyf mnyyn} pn}hf}akbcns" Yln bnni hf} k inxfyni kbi afyjxkyni tf}ghf}cn lks hf}

`fbd inbjni Bjdn}jk fh yln p}jxj`ndn fh m~j`ijbd kbi nbefzjbd yln akbz mnbnhjys fh k

ljdl p}fhj`n yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z inspjyn jys akbz yf~}jsy kyy}kcyjfb kbi k

}jcl lfspjyk`jyz nbxj}fbanby yln bnni hf} afyjxkyni nap`fznns cfbyjb~ns yf mn k

snymkcg" Yln yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z js akef}`z k sn}xjcn p}fxjijbd jbi~sy}z

kbi yf nbefz yf n|cn``nby pn}hf}akbcns jy }n{~j}ns yln jbsy}~anbyk`jyz fh kb nhhncyjxn

nsy}kyndz ylky syja~`kyns yln nap`fznns dffi pn}hf}akbcns kbi cfaajyanby yff efm"

Nap`fznns k}n afyjxkyni fb yln efm mz akbz yljbds s~cl ks k snbsn fh kcljnxnanby

}ncfdbjyjfb nbefzanby fh yln efm p}fafyjfb fppf}y~bjyjns }nspfbsjmj`jyz kbi yln

clkbcn hf} pn}sfbk` d}ftyl" Nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb kbi pn}hf}akbcn k}n yjni ij}ncy`z yf

yln syz`n fh akbkdnanby ylky js kpp`jni kbi yf p}jbcjp`ns fh pfsjyjxn f} bndkyjxn

}njbhf}cnanby" ,]"L Gkan}z,;::


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>:

slf~ì k`tkzs }nakjb k akef} hfc~s yf yln akbkdnanby fh yln xk}jf~s sncyf}s kbi

hj}as fh yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z" @kcg fh cfaajyanby

nap`fznns lks yf k `k}dn n|ynby }kxkdni pk}yjc~`k}`z yln yf~}jsa sncyf}" Afsy fh f~}

yf~}jsy kyy}kcyjfbs k}n ij`kpjikyni mnck~sn fh `kcg fh afyjxkyni nap`fznns tlf k}n

cfaajyyni yf ifjbd ylnj} efms" N|kap`ns fh sfan yf~}jsy kyy}kcyjfbs k}n yln jikb}n

lj``s yln Km~ek u~ak }fcg tljcl ~sn yf mn k hkxf}jyn insyjbkyjfb yf nxn}zfbn yln

fm~i~ ckyy`n }kbcl kbi yln jgfdfsj tk}a tkyn} sp}jbd k}n bft k slkift fh tlky

ylnz ~sn yf mn k`` fxn}d}ftb mz tnnis kbi jb }nk``z mki slkpn bfy mnck~sn yln}n js

`kcg fh afbnz yf akjbykjb ylna m~y mnck~sn yln}n js bf cfaajyanby kbi bf

afyjxkyjfb fb yln pk}y fh nap`fznns tlf k}n nap`fzni yf akbkdn ylnsn kyy}kcyjfbs"

Yln nap`fznns lkbi`n ylnj} efms `kcgkikjsjck``z kbi `nkxn `fys fh akjbykjb kcn }f~yjbn

kjani ky gnnpjbd yln yf~}jsy kyy}kcyjfbs lkmjykm`n kbi yf~}jsy h}jnbi`z ~bifbn yljs tkz

ylnsn p`kcns k}n d}ki~k``z insy}fzni" Yln lfspjyk`jyz sncyf} js bfy `nhy ~bkhhncyni mz mz

yln `kcg fh cfaajyyni nap`fznns" Jb Bjdn}jkb xn}z hnt lfyn`s nbefz yln p}jxj`ndn fh

ljdl pn}hf}akbcn i~n yf yln p}nsnbcn fh afyjxkyni kbi cfaajyyni nap`fznns" Sfan h

yljs lfyn`s k}n yln Sln}kyfb yln `n an}jijkb yln Ngf lfyn`s kbi yln xk}jf~s kj}pf}y

lfyn`s yljs js mnck~sn ylnsn lfyn`s k}n afsy`z mnnb }~b mz jbyn}bkyjfbk` n|pn}yjsn tlf

~bin}sykbi yln bnni hf} afyjxkyni kbi cfaajyyni nap`fznns kbi yln}nhf}n akp f~y

sy}kyndjns ylky ckpy~}n ylnsn nap`fznns jbyf m}j``jkby pn}hf}akbcns kbi k}n yln}nhf}n

f~ysykbijbd"

Nap`fznns k}n ijhhn}nby ijhhn}nby kdns sn|ns mkcgd}f~bi kbi ijhhn}nby `nxn`s fh

ni~ckyjfb yln}nhf}n7 yln}n k}n yln bnni hf} akbkdnanbys yl}f~dlf~y yln yf~}jsa kbi

lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z yf m~jì k afyjxkyjfbk` sy}kyndz ylky skyjshjns nxn}z jbijxji~k`s

insj}n jb fyln} yf ckpy~}n k tf}ghf}cn ylky js efm skyjshjni kbi yln}nhf}n cfaajyyni kbi

inxfyni yf kcljnxjbd f}dkbjukyjfbk` dfk`s" Nap`fznns a~sy mn fppf}y~bjyjns hf}

clk``nbdns kbi slf~ì mn akin yf ~bin}sykbi tlky n|kcy`z js n|pncyni h}fa ylna"

Afbjyf}jbd yln mnlkxjf} fh nap`fznns fb k cfbyjb~jbd mksjs jb k in`jmn}kyn pf`jcz

kbi p}kcyjcn kbi yf ~sn s~cl jbhf}akyjfb ks k afyjxkyjfbk` mk}fanyn} yf jinbyjhz

pfynbyjk` y}f~m`n f} p}fm`na spfys yljs slf~ì bfy mn fb kmlf}}jbd mksjs }kyln} jy

slf~ì mn cfbyjb~f~s",N"J ]fmmjbsfb ,=??9*Yln}n k}n akbz hkcyf}s ylky p`kz jbyf yln

cfbcnpy fh nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb" Yln hj}sy bncnssk}z synp js yf inyn}ajbn tlky

afyjxkyjfbk` yff`s tj`` kcy~k``z mn nhhncyjxn jb nkcl pk}yjc~`k} sjy~kyjfb" Sfan yff`s

akz tf}g hf} sfan cfapkbjns m~y bfy hf} fyln}s kbi xjcn xn}sk" Jy js japf}ykby yf

bfyn ylky yln incjsjfbs ink`jbd tjyl afyjxkyjfb k}n mksni ~pfb snxn}k` ylnf}jns"


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8?

Tn akz skz ylky ylky ylf~dl yln Km}klka Aks`fts ylnf}z snnas jb az fpjbjfb kb

nhhncyjxn tkz yf ckpy~}n kbi kcljnxn afyjxkyni nap`fznn jb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi

lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z mnck~sn Bjdn}jk js k inxn`fpjbd cf~by}z kbi pnfp`n snna yf

}nspfbi k `fy yf kxnb~ns ylky anny ylnj} xk}jf~s bnnis kbi afyjxkyjfb fh nap`fznns

ckb mn nksj`z kcljnxni mz ~bin}sykbijbd kbi hf``ftjbd ~p fb yln ikz yf ikz bnnis fh

yln nap`fznns" Tn clffsn yf cfbc`~in ylky k`` yln xk}jf~s ylnf}jns fh afyjxkyjfb mz

ijhhn}nby ylnf}jsy jb ylnj} xk}jf~s ijanbsjfbs k}n sjdbjhjckby jb ylnj} kpp}fkcl yf

kcljnxjbd nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb bf pk}yjc~`k} ylnf}z ckb mn skji yf mn mnsy s~jyni k``

yln yjan kbi jb k`` cksns7 yln}nhf}n ylnf}jns k}n fhynb cfamjbni yf p}fxjin yln mnsy

pfssjm`n cfamjbkyjfb yf afyjxkyn nap`fznns" K`ylf~dl bf sjbd`n ylnf}z tf}gs k`` yln

yjan yln}n js kb ~bin}`zjbd ylnan yf k`` fh yln ylnf}jns ylky }nspncy kbi pk}yjcjpkyjfb

k}n ytf gnz jynas ylky nap`fznns ynbi yf kpp}ncjkyn" Fhynbyjans yln n|jsynbcn f}

bfbn|jsynbcn fh ylnsn ytf hkcyf}s ckb inyn}ajbn lft p}fi~cyjxn kb nap`fznn tj`` f}

tj`` bfy mn" Jy js japf}ykby yf bfyn ylky ylnsn ytf hkcyf}s k}n k`afsy k`tkzs af}n

japf}ykby ylkb afbnyk}z cfapnbskyjfb" Fh cf~}sn yln}n k}n sfan jbijxji~k`s hf}

tlfa yljs dnbn}k`jukyjfb tj`` bfy kpp`z" K`sf akbz fh yln afyjxkyjfbk` ylnf}jns ylky

lkxn mnnb inxn`fpni k}n ~sni jb jbi~sy}z yfikz" Lftnxn} ylnz lkxn mnnb afijhjni yf

anny spncjhjc bnnis fh yln pk}yjc~`k} cfapkbz" ,]"L Gkan}z ;::


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8;

]NH]NBCNS

AFYJXKYJFB ( JYS YLNF]JNS

Kb N|pncykbcz Ylnf}z Afin` hf} Lfyn` Nap`fznn Afyjxkyjfb5 N|kajbjbd yln

Afin}kyjbd ]f`n fh Cfaa~bjckyjfb Skyjshkcyjfb L~b!Hkbd Cljkbd k SffClnfbd

,Slktb* Ekbd m Inmf}kl Ckbyn} c ( M}~cn _}jbcn ik Inpk}yanby fh Yf~}jsa

Akbkdnanby Cljbnsn C~`y~}n ^bjxn}sjyz Ykjpnj Ykjtkb"

Nap`fznn }nynbyjfb kbi y~}bfxn}5 ^sjbd afyjxkyjfbk` xk}jkm`ns ks k pkbkcnk"

Ajclkn` F" Ska~n`% kbi C}jspnb Cljp~buk Inpk}yanby fh Jbi~sy}jk` _szclf`fdz

^bjxn}sjyz fh Hf}y Lk}n sf~yl Kh}jck"

YLN KSSNSSANBY FH AFYJXKYJFB JB YLN SKJBY _K^@ LFYN@

NA_@FZNNS Mz _kyyk}jbnn _nyclk}kg =??="

Aksyn}s fh m~sjbnss kiajbjsy}kyjfb fb`jbn"

YLN JA_F]YKBCN FH _KZ JB NA_@FZNN AFYJXKYJFB5 IJSC]N_KBCJNS

MNYTNNB TLKY _NF_@N SKZ KBI TLKY YLNZ IF

Sk}k @" ]zbns Mk}}z Dn}lk}y kbi Gkyl`nnb K" Ajbnyyn

Jby}jbsjc kbi N|y}jbsjc Afyjxkyjfbs5 C`kssjc Inhjbjyjfbs kbi Bnt Ij}ncyjfbs

]jclk}i A" ]zkb kbi Nitk}i @" Incj ^bjxn}sjyz fh ]fclnsyn}

Afyjxkyjbd nap`fznns ylnf}z kbi kpp`jckyjfb ,fb`jbn*

Nap`fznn Cfaajyanby kbi Afyjxkyjfb5 K Cfbcnpy~k` Kbk`zsjs kbi Jbynd}kyjxn

Afin` Eflb _" Anzn} ^bjxn}sjyz fh Tnsyn}b Fbyk}jf Ylfaks N" Mncgn} ^bjxn}sjyz fh

In`ktk}n

Cl}jsyjkb Xkbinbmn}dln cf`n ins Lk~yns N y~ins Cfaan}cjk`ns Afby}nk`"

Yln ]f`n fh Afyjxkyjfb jb Nblkbcjbd Efm Cfaajyanby jb Bjdn}jk Jbi~sy}jns5 K Cksn

Sy~iz fhNbn}dz Hffis Cfapkbz @jajyni Jmkikb ]jclk}i Kmf}jskin% kbi Nangk N"

Fmjflk"


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8=

G}jsyjbk Y}jh~bfxsgk ]fmjb Y}jh~bfxsgj MKCLN@F] YLNSJS

Sp}jbd =?;? G}jsyjkbsyki ^bjxn}sjyz

KB NXK@^KYJFB FH SYKHH AFYJXKYJFB IJSSKYJSHKCYJFB KBI

EFM

_N]HF]AKBCN JB KB KCKINAJC SNYYJBD

Aflkaani Km~mkgk} Aktf`j

Inpk}yanby fh M~sjbnss Kiajbjsy}kyjfb

Jm}klja Mkikaksj Mkmkbdjik ^bjxn}sjyz @kpkj" Bjdn} Sykyn

Yln ]f`n fh Afyjxkyjfb jb Nblkbcjbd Efm CfaajyanbyJb Bjdn}jk Jbi~sy}jns5 K

Cksn Sy~iz fh Nbn}dz Hffis Cfapkbz @jajyni Jmkikb

]jclk}i Kmf}jskin% kbi Nangk N" Fmjflk ^bjxn}sjyz fh Jmkikb, Jmkikb,

Bjdn}jk

N" Ninkdln F" Nsfsk L" Jijfij5 Cfapk}kyjxn Kbk`zsjs Fh Yln Mn``xjnt Kbi

Sfsf`jsf Kj} C}kslns jb Bjdn}jk5 Akyyn}s K}jsjbd" Yln Jbyn}bny Ef~}bk` fh ]nsc~n kbi

Ijsksyn} Anijcjbn" =??8 Xf`~an > B~amn} =" IFJ5 ;?">>


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]fm L" Gkan}z Bfxk Sf~ylnksyn}b ^bjxn}sjyz"

YLN JA_@JCKYJFB FH KIN[^KYN AFYJXKYJFB FB TF]GN]S

_]FI^CYJXJYZ JB KB F]DKBJSKYJFB MZ NLJF]FMF JAAKDMN

]FMJBSFB"

towards the development of the nigerian tourism and hospitality industry

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