Bayerisches Landesamt fürUmwelt

Dr Joy Leaner, Sally Benson

Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning

Elisabeth Dusik, Nivedita Mahida-Königsdörfer

Bavarian Environment Agency

Katharina Arndt

GIZ Proklima

IFAT South Africa, Gallagher Estate, 10 July 2019

Towards Transitioning to Climate-friendly

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning in the

Western Cape Province, South Africa

Bavarian EnvironmentAgency

RAC Sector: a significant contributor of GHG emissions | climate impact

all sectors globally: 3830Mt Year 2000

Source: www.green-cooling-initiative.org/ Edgar Timm, HEAT GmbH 2

Bavarian EnvironmentAgency

Global Warming = Air Conditioning = Global Energy Demand = More Emissions

3

Bavarian EnvironmentAgency

4

• Former US Secretary Kerry: “It is likely the single most

important step we could take at this moment to limit the

warming of our planet and limit the warming for

generations to come.”

• Objective: Reduction of 72 GT CO2eq until 2050

2016 Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol: phase-down of

hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

Source: Velders et al., 2016https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060074175 https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/environmentali

sts-buoyant-kigali-amendment-enters-force

Bavarian EnvironmentAgency

5Source: 1GCI 2014/ IEA 2012 (data both 2012); 2GCI 2014

Climate impact of refrigeration and air-conditioning

Bavarian EnvironmentAgency

Aiming at a reduction of emissions from the cooling sectors,

the GIZ Proklima Green Cooling Initiative combines three approaches:

• promoting natural refrigerants,

• maximising energy efficiency (energy-saving),

• fosters a sustainable approach to energy consumption (private & commercial).

Source: Katharina Arndt, GIZ Proklima 6

What is Green Cooling?

The term "green cooling technologies" is used to describe

equipment with maximized energy efficiency that is using

natural refrigerants, thereby minimizing its environmental impact.

Bavarian EnvironmentAgency

Focus: Transition to Climate-Friendly Refrigerants

7

1st Generation:

Water, Ethyl ether,

Sulfur dioxide,

Carbon dioxide,

Ammonia1987: Phase-out under the Montreal Protocol

2016: Phase-down under the Kigali

Amendment to the Montreal Protocol

(01JAN2019)

1997: Listed under the Kyoto Protocol

Refrigerants can pose a threat to the environment

due to their ozone depletion potential (ODP) &

global warming potential (GWP)Natural

Refrigerants:

Water, Carbon

dioxide, Hydro-

carbons, Ammonia

2nd Generation:

Chlorofluoro-

carbons (CFCs),

Hydrochlorofluoro-

carbons (HCFCs)

3rd Generation:

Hydrofluoro-

carbons (HFCs)

high

GWP

zero

ODP

low

GWP

zero

ODP

high

GWP

high

ODP

Leapfrogging from high GWP HCFCs | HFCs to

low GWP HFCs| HCs, significant emissions, waste and

energy savings possible, when combining energy

efficient appliances with natural refrigerant systems

Bavarian EnvironmentAgency

Global Warming Potential (GWP)• developed to allow comparisons of the global warming

impacts of different gases.

• it is a measure of how much energy the emissions of 1

ton of a gas will absorb over a given period of time,

relative to the emissions of 1 ton of carbon dioxide

(CO2).

• the larger the GWP, the more that a given gas warms the

Earth compared to CO2 over that time period; the time

period usually used for GWPs is 100 years.

Source: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/understanding-global-warming-potentials

Natural refrigerants

8

HCFC

Freon

R22

odourless

non-

flammable

GWP 1810

Refrigerant options and their climate impact

Hydro

carbons

Butane

R600

flammable

GWP 3

Carbon

Dioxide

R744

High

pressure

GWP 2

Hydro

carbons

Propylene

R1270

flammable

GWP 1

Ammonia

R717low

flammability

material

compatibility

corrosion

GWP 0GWP 3

Hydro

carbons

Propane

R290

flammable

HFC

Freon

R134a

synthetic

non-

flammable

GWP 1430

Appliances with natural refrigerants

with same or better energy efficiencies

Bavarian EnvironmentAgency

South Africa: Greenhouse Gases & the Montreal Protocol

9

Source: https://www.gov.za/speeches/select-

committee-adopts-two-reports-ratification-

international-treaties-19-mar-2019-0000

2014:Regulations

regarding the

Phasing-out and

Management of

Ozone-Depleting

Substances,

Regulation 351

(08May2014)

1987:Montreal

Protocol on

Substances

that Deplete the

Ozone Layer

(16Sep1987)

2016: HFC Phase-down

under the Kigali

Amendment to the

Montreal Protocol

(01Jan2019)

1997: Listed under

the Kyoto

Protocol

2019: South Africa

commits to ratify

the Kigali

Amendment

International

South Africa

Phase-out Schedule: HCFCs +

Equipment charged with HCFC 22,

full phase out by 2040.

2017:National GHG

Reporting

Regulations

G.N.40762

(03Apr2017)

2019: Carbon Tax Act

(No.15 of 2019)

2016:Declaration of

GHGs as

Priority

Pollutants

Regulation 6

(08Jan2016)

2016:National

Pollution

Prevention

Plans

Regulation 5

(08Jan2016)

Bavarian EnvironmentAgency

Action Plan 2016 – 2018

10

The WESTERN CAPE GOVERNMENT and the FREE STATE OF BAVARIA

signed an Action Plan (2016-2018) in July 2016 stating cooperation on many

topics such as business education, science and research, local government

promotion and cooperation, climate change, environment, urban development

and youth exchange, among others.

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning cooperation:

a. Exchange of RAC-Experts

b. Establishing training concepts for the use of natural refrigerants

c. Highlighting climate friendly solutions for agricultural processes and buildings

d. Enhancing regulations in the RAC-sector

Bavarian EnvironmentAgency

Western Cape Air Quality

Management Plan 2016 Bavaria is actively involved in the following three areas:

11

Goal 4: Support air quality and climate

change response programmes, including

promoting & facilitating GHG

emission reduction

Reduce ozone depleting

substances & GHG emissions…

Vision: “Clean and

healthy air for all in the

Western Cape”

Western Cape AQMP the

SMART-air Programme

Source: WCG DEA&DP

Bavaria‘s Climate Policy

Reducing greenhouse gas

emissions

Adapting to the

consequences of climate

change

Supporting research and

development

1

2

3

Bavaria’s climate policy is based on

close cooperation among policy-makers,

the business community and society

Bavarian EnvironmentAgency

Cooperation project on the transition to climate-friendly RAC

Project Timeframe• Oct 2017 – Sep 2020

12

Source: AKS - Fotolia

Project Goals

• Support the reduction of HFC-based

emissions

• Dissemination of information and knowledge

about climate-friendly cooling technologies

• Facilitate exchange and discussion among

experts and stakeholders

• Support the successful transition to climate

friendly cooling technologies

Facilitating Exchange and Dialog

Raising Aware-ness

Capacity Building

Bavarian EnvironmentAgency

Project activities

• Two workshops on policy and technical aspects

of natural refrigerant technologies: – 1st RAC Green Cooling Workshop, 19-20 June 2019

• Support the transition to natural refrigerants

through a pilot project

• Raising awareness through information in the

internet and presentation at events

• Exchange delegation visits between Bavaria

and the Western Cape: – Scientific Study Tour & IFAT in Bavaria,14 -18 May

2018 by DEA&DP;

– Study Tour in Western Cape, 16 – 26 June 2019 by

Bavarian Environment Agency13

Source: LfU

Bavarian EnvironmentAgency

Project activities – Cool Training “training the trainers“

14

GIZ Proklima 2 week “Cool Training“ course:

• 7 experts from South Africa trained at the

Vocational Training Center for Cooling

Technology Maintal, Frankfurt:

• safe application of natural refrigerants, e.g.

hydrocarbons and CO2

• refrigerant circuit pipes joining and

installation methods

• leak finding and tightness test activities etc.

• Visit companies in Bavaria that implement

cooling technologies with natural refrigerants

Source: LfU

Bavarian EnvironmentAgency

15

Call for a Global ban for disposable refrigerant canisters?

Environment Investigation Agency (EIA) report (2018) to the 30th

Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol

Disposable Cylinders: a Waste Management Nightmare!

o ‘one-way’ containers charged with refrigerant, sold, used for

servicing or commissioning equipment discarded

o residual refrigerant / ‘heel’:

• emitted to atmosphere (cut or punctured) waste stream

• remains until container degrades informal waste stream

o 2010 RTOC Assessment,

• vapour heel: ca. 3% of refrigerant charge,

• liquid heel: ca. 5 - 8% of refrigerant charge.

http://www.refrigerationandaircon.

co.za/images/Content/2018/11_N

ov/TipOfTheIceberg_CFCs_DIGIT

AL.doc.pdf

https://www.agassouthafrica.com/i

nsights-news/news--global-ban-

for-disposable-refrigerant-

canisters/

Sourc

e:

Bavarian EnvironmentAgency

16

A local (waste) problem?

A-Gas, a major refrigerant distributor,

estimates,

• 225 000 disposable cylinders sold in

South Africa annually (70% thought to

be filled with HCFC R22):o if residue is 400g (2.94%) / cylinder,

then ca. 63t of emissions annually

(114 000 tCO2e/yr).

o if heel is 5% of the contents, which is

680g per cylinder = 107mt of Ozone

Depleting Substances emitted

annually.

Will it be banned in South Africa?

https://www.agassouthafrica.com

http://www.refrigerationandaircon.co.za/

Disposable refrigerant canistersS

ou

rce

:

Bavarian EnvironmentAgency

Refrigerant Management Program is important

17

Adapted from:

https://www.achrnews.com/articles/1343

99-how-the-epa-608-final-rule-could-

impact-your-business

Refrigerant Reclamation

Refrigerant Sales

Restriction

Services Practices

Recovery & Recycling Equipment

Record Keeping

Recovery & Recycling Equipment

Appliance Disposal

Reporting Refrigerant

Leaks

Waste Management

(lower GHGs)

address

Climate Change

Natural refrigerants

(lower GHGs)

Bavarian EnvironmentAgency

Best Practice: CO2 Refrigeration in South Africa

18

Source: http://www.myschool.co.za/blog/431-woolworths-opens-its-greenest-store

Source: https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/457/191687.html

2010

Bavarian EnvironmentAgency

First food manufacturing company to use CO2 refrigeration in RSA

19Source: https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/company-first-to-use-co2-refrigeration-in-s-africa-2018-08-24/rep_id:4136

2018Mediterranean

Delicacies,

Cape Town

On-site

manufacturing

at plant:

Mainstream

Refrigeration,

Cape Town

Bavarian EnvironmentAgency

Frigoglass: Crossing over from HFCs to Natural Refrigerants

20

R1

34

a

R4

04

R1

2/R

22

R7

44

( C

O₂)

R2

90

R6

00

R290

Bavarian EnvironmentAgency

Natural Refrigerants: The Ultimate Solution!

• Save Energy: from 15% up to 50%

• Address Climate Change: a livable world for future generations

• Be a Frontrunner: Secure a sustainable future

• Secure Jobs: Train service technicians

• Kigali Amendment, Paris Agreement Climate Change

21

Emissions, direct and indirect (through electricity generation)

are / can be saved by using low GWP natural refrigerants

instead of the high GWP HFCs available in the market

Natural refrigerants (+ refrigerant waste management) are the future!

Bavarian EnvironmentAgency

Thank you for your attention!

22

Tel: Fax:

www.westerncape.gov.za

Contact Us

Joy Leaner (PhD)

Directorate: Air Quality Management

• +27 21 483 2888 • +27 21 482 3254

Joy.Leaner@westerncape.gov.za

Western Cape, South Africa: Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning

• Dr Joy Leaner: joy.leaner@westerncape.gov.za

• Ms Sally Benson: sally.benson@westerncape.gov.za

Germany: Bavarian Environment Agency

• Ms Elisabeth Dusik: elisabeth.dusik@lfu.bayern.de

• Ms Nivedita Mahida-Königsdörfer: nivedita.mahida-koenigsdoerfer@lfu.bayern.de

Germany: GIZ Proklima

• Ms Katharina Arndt: katharina.arndt@giz.de