towards(a(zero(discharge(dry(toilet ......oct16!! oct30!!! daily!total! 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16...
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Towards a Zero Discharge Dry Toilet: Evapora7on of Source-‐Separated Urine
GSA Vancouver (October 2014)
David Bethune (Ph.D. Candidate)
Dr. A. Chu (Supervisor) Dr. M.C. Ryan
University of Calgary
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Latrine
Subsurface flow
Credit: David Bethune 2010
Rural Nicaragua
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Why Separate Urine from Faeces? 1. Urine contains majority of
nutrients in human waste N: 80% P and K: 60%
2. When separate, urine and faeces can be kept pathogen free, more easily stablized, treated and re-‐used.
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3-‐5% organic and inorganic solutes 95-‐97% water
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Morgan, 2004
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Modern No-‐Mix or Urine Diversion Toilet
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Figure 1b
Source Urine
PeristalZc Pump
Urine-‐Sand Product
Input
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Fresh Urea
NH4+ + NH3
PO4
K
Na
Cl
SO4
Stored
Residual Brine Residual Solid
Hydrolysis
EvaporaZon
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Source'T1'to'T17'Out'
Figure 3
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a) Day 21 (135 L applied) b) Day 81 (782 L applied)
0"
1"
10"
100"
1000"
10000"
Inpu
t" T1"
T3"
T5""
T7""
T9""
T11"
T13"
T15"
T17"
Output""M
ajor"Ion
s""(m
M)"
Cl"
Alk"
Na"
K"
SO4"
Ca"
7"
8"
9"
10"
10"
100"
1000"
10000"
Inpu
t" T1"
T3"
T5""
T7""
T9""
T11"
T13"
T15"
T17"
Output"
pH"
TOC"
EC"
TDS"
pH"
0.0001"
0.0100"
1.0000"
100.0000"
Inpu
t" T1"
T3"
T5""
T7""
T9""
T11"
T13"
T15"
T17"
Output"Nu
trien
ts"(m
M)"
NH4"
PO4"
NO2"
NO3"
0"
1"
10"
100"
1000"
Inpu
t" T3"
T9"
T13"
T19"
T23"
T29"
T35"
Output"
7.0"
8.0"
9.0"
10.0"
1"
10"
100"
1000"
Inpu
t" T3"
T9"
T13"
T19"
T23"
T29"
T35"
Output"
pH"
0.001"
0.100"
10.000"
1000.000"
Inpu
t" T3"
T9"
T13"
T19"
T23"
T29"
T35"
Output"
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0.7 m
0.37 m
0.65 m
2.0 m
0.5 m
0.3 m
Urine Input Removable
Louvered Vent (wood)
Air Entry
Air Exit
Oublow CollecZon
Weir cut along one side of each tray
Tray Close-‐up
Plexiglas wall
1.85 cm
1.15 cm
Plexiglas cross-‐secZonal view
Plexiglas strip to hold trays, glued to wall with
ether Not to scale
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-‐5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Aug-‐21 Sep-‐04 Sep-‐18 Oct-‐02 Oct-‐16 Oct-‐30
EvaporaZ
on Rate (m
L/min) o
r Daily Total (L/day)
Daily Total
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-‐2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Sep-‐23 Sep-‐25 Sep-‐27 Sep-‐29 Oct-‐01 Oct-‐03
EvaporaZ
on Rate mL/min and
Daily Total L/day
Daily Total
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0
100
200
300
400
500
-‐2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
00:00 08:00 16:00 00:00
ISW wae
s/m
2 , Re
laZve Hu
midity
%
EvaporaZ
on Rate mL/ho
ur, W
ind Speed km
/hou
r, Tempe
rature 0 C
, Chimne
y Air S
peed
m/s x 10-‐
1
Time of Day
Wind Speed
Outside T
EvaporaZon Rate
Outside Humidity
Solar RadiaZon
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0
20
40
60
80
100
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
00:00 08:00 16:00 00:00
RelaZve Hu
midity
%
Tempe
rature 0 C
, Chimne
y Air S
peed
m/s x 10-‐
1
Time of Day
Outside T
Inside T
Chimney Air Speed
Inside RH
Outside RH
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Weather Condi7ons
UEU Evapora7on Correla7on (R2 %)
Date L/day All Temp Wind Speed
Solar Radia7on
Aug-‐21 to Nov-‐5 n/a 3.2* 63 22 20 27 Sept-‐18 day cloudy 0.4 58 25 32 9 Sept-‐30 day sun and cloud 4 92 64 67 81
* mean daily evaporaZon rate over enZre study period
~1100 L evaporaZon predicted for Apr-‐Oct in Calgary
Evap = 0.03 TOUT+0.38 Wind +0.01 Solar Rad-‐0.79 (L/day)
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Global EvaporaZon
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Conclusions
• 3.2 L/day mean evaporaZon rate (max 8.8 L/day)
• EvaporaZon rate correlated toS olar RadiaZon, Air Temperature and Wind Speed
• 1100 L total evaporaZon predicted (Apr-‐Oct)
• Nutrients easily harvested, but >80% N losses
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Thank-‐you
Alpine Club of Canada