toxic , hazardous and hospital waste management

Toxic , Hazardous and

Hospital Waste ManagementCheong, Jecilene

Go, Kierson NigelHernandez, Airah JaneRazon, Jerica Marise

Hazardous Wastes

•residues generated from different industrial process posing risks to human health and in the environment.

•solid, liquid or gaseous

•corrosive, reactive, explosive and toxic

R.A. 6969

• “Hazardous wastes are substances that are without any safe commercial, industrial, agricultural or economic usage and are shipped, transported or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal into or in transit through any part of the territory of the Philippines.”

• “Hazardous wastes” shall also refer to by-products, side-products, process residues, spent reaction media, contaminated plant or equipment or other substances from manufacturing operations and as consumer discards of manufactured products which present unreasonable risk and/or injury to health and safety and to the environment.”

Hazardous Waste Identification

• Cause death, severe injuries, or serious effects to human health during ingestion, inhalation and contact to skin.

Toxicity

• An oxidizer, The oxygen released stimulates combustion.• Liquid burns and produce flame at 60 C. Non-liquid burns

under 25 C and 1 atm. • Produces fire by friction, humidity absorption or

spontaneous chemical alteration

Flammability

• Contains microorganisms or toxic that may cause illnesses

Pathogenicity

Hazardous Waste Identification

• It is aqueous, 2=<pH=<12.5 liquid that can corrode steel

Corrosivity

• Unstable, reacts violently with water. generates gases, vapour and toxic smokes containing cyanides or sulphides. It explodes when heated.

Reactivity

• It reacts at 25 C and 1 atm

Explosivity

Objective and Importance of Classification of Hazardous Wastes in the Philippines• policy making body responsible for the hazardous waste

management of the Philippines• objective of the EMB is to use environmental impact

assessments in balancing economic growth with ecological protection• baseline information that will develop the standards

for hazardous waste management, environmental monitoring and the regulation of hazardous waste disposal

Environmental Management Bureau (EMB)

Classification of Hazardous Wastes

•Through its qualitative description of wastes by type, source and waste components

1•Waste definition through standardized tests

where the content of certain substances determines if the waste is hazardous. An example is lixiviation tests

2

•Through concentration limits within the same residue

3

Classification of Hazardous WastesWastes with cyanide

Acid wastes Alkali wastes

Wastes with inorganic chemicalsReactive chemical wastes

Inks/Dyes/Pigments/Paint/Latex/Adhesives/ Organic/SludgeWaste organic solvents

Putrescible/Organic WastesWaste oil

ContainersImmobilized WastesOrganic Chemicals

Miscellaneous Wastes


CLASSIFICATION DESCRIPTION

Wastes with cyanide Liquid waste containing cyanide with a concentration >200 ppm

Acid wastes Acid wastes with pH =< 2.0Examples: sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, mixture of sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid, organic acid, inorganic acid and other acids

Alkali wastes Alkali wastes with ph>=12.5Examples: caustic soda, potash, alkaline cleaners, ammonium hydroxide, lime slurries and other alkaline wastes


Wastes with inorganic chemicals

•Selenium and its compound – all wastes with a total Se concentration > 1.0 mg/L•Arsenic and its compound - all wastes with a total As concentration > 5 mg/L•Barium and its compound - all wastes with a total Ba concentration > 100 mg/L•Cadmium and its compound - all wastes with a total Cd concentration > 5 mg/l•Chromium compounds- all wastes with a total Cr concentration > 5 mg/l•Mercury compound - all wastes with a total Hg concentration > 0.2 mg/l

Classification of Hazardous WastesOther wastes and its compounds containing inorganic

chemicals- antimony and its compounds;- beryllium and its compounds;- metal carbonyls ;- copper compounds;- zinc compounds ;- tellurium and its compounds;- thallium and its compounds;- inorganic fluorine compounds excluding calcium fluoride

Reactive chemical wastes

•Oxidizing Agents and Reducing Agents – Wastes containing any oxidizing and reducing agents and exhibiting the following properties:1. It is normally unstable and readily undergoes violent

change without detonating


• It reacts violently with water;• It forms potentially explosive mixtures with water• When mixed with water, it generates toxic gases, vapor or fumes in a quantity sufficient to present a danger to human health;• It is a cyanide (CN) or sulfide (S) bearing wastes, which when exposed to pH conditions between 2 and 12.5 cangenerate toxic gases, vapors and fumes in a quantity that poses a danger to human health

Classification of Hazardous WastesInks/Dyes/Pigments/

Paint/Latex/Adhesives/ Organic/Sludge

Aqueous and solvent basedInorganic pigments – includes all wastewater treatment sludge from the production of inorganic pigmentsInk formulation - includes all solvent washings and sludge, caustic washings and sludge or wastewater and sludge from cleaning of tubs and equipment used in the formulation of ink from pigments, driers, soaps, and stabilizers containing Chromium and Lead.

Waste organic solvents Halogenated organic solvents and Non-halogenated organic solvents

Classification of Hazardous WastesPutrescible/OrganicWastes

•Animal/abattoir waste - includes all wastes from animal feed lots containing an average of 100 or more animals; •All wastes from commercial slaughter houses that slaughter an average of 500 or more animals per year; all waste from poultry farms with an average of 5,000 fowls or more; all waste from facilities that process an average of 2500 fowls or more.• Grease trap wastes from industrial or commercial premises - Includes all establishments that generate an average of50 kg per day

Waste oil It includes all the wastes from establishments that generate, transport or treat more than 200 L of waste oil per day except vegetable oil and waste tallow

Classification of Hazardous WastesContainers Containers previously containing toxic chemical

substances - Waste containers that used to hold the toxic chemical substances listed M504 and the chemicals listed in the Priority Chemical List.Containers that used to contain Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) are categorized as L406 and excludedfrom this sub-category.

Immobilized Wastes

Solidified wastes and polymerized wastes - physically immobilized by consolidation to reduce the surface area of the wastes in order to meet the waste acceptancecriteriaChemically fixed wastes - chemically immobilized through chemical bonds to an immobile matrix or chemical conversion to meet the waste acceptance criteriaEncapsulated wastes - physically immobilized by enveloping the waste in a non-porous, impermeable material in order to store hazardous wastes until such time that a proper disposal facility is available.

Classification of Hazardous WastesOrganic Chemicals •Wastes with specific non-halogenated toxic organic

chemicals – non-liquid wastes with Tri-butylin, 1,2-diphenylhydrazine benzene•Ozone depleting substances - Waste chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Recovered coolant containing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) •PCB wastes - Wastes contaminated with PCB and waste products containing PCB

Miscellaneous Wastes

Pathogenic or infectious wastes - pathological wastes like tissues, organs, fetuses, bloods and body fluids, infectious wastes and sharpsFriable asbestos wastes - Wastes containing friable asbestos. Waste blue and brown asbestos fibers.


Pharmaceuticals and drugs - Expired pharmaceuticals and drugsPesticides - Includes all wastewater sludge from production of pesticidesPOPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants) - Waste pesticides listed in the Stockholm Convention (POPs Convention) such as aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex,toxaphene, and DDT.

Hospital Waste

• different in types and increasing in amount• hospital waste added a risk for patients and

personnel who handle it• poses a threat to human health and

environment• all waste generated, discarded and not

intended for further use in the hospital

Classification of Hospital Waste

•General waste1

•Pathological waste

2

• Infectious waste

3•Sharps

4

•Pharmaceutical waste

5

•Chemical waste

6

•Radioactive waste

7


• Largely composed of domestic or house hold type waste• It is non-hazardous to human beings• Kitchen waste, packaging material, paper, wrappers, plastics

General waste

• Consists of tissue, organ, body part, human foetuses, blood and body fluid

• It is hazardous waste.

Pathological waste

• The wastes which contain pathogens in sufficient concentration or quantity that could cause diseases

• It is hazardous• Culture and stocks of infectious agents from laboratories,

waste from surgery, waste originating from infectious patients

Infectious waste


• Waste materials which could cause the person handling it, a cut or puncture of skin

• needles, broken glass, saws, nail, blades, scalpels

Sharps

• This includes pharmaceutical products, drugs, and chemicals that have been returned from wards, have been spilled, are outdated, or contaminated

Pharmaceutical waste

• This comprises discarded solid, liquid and gaseous chemicals• cleaning, house keeping, and disinfecting product

Chemical waste


• It includes solid, liquid, and gaseous waste that is contaminated with radionucleides generated from in-vitro analysis of body tissues and fluid, in-vivo body organ imaging and tumour localization and therapeutic procedures.

Radioactive waste

Hazardous Waste Management in the

Philippines

Environmental Management Bureau

Formulates plans, programs, and appropriate environmental quality standards for the prevention and control of pollution and the protection of the environment.

• Establishing an Environmental Impact Assessment System

Presidential Decree 1586

• Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990

Republic Act No. 6969

• Philippine Clean Water Act


Implements Five Environmental Laws:


• Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999


• Ecological Solid Waste Management Act



Proper Hazardous Waste Management

•Pollution Control Officer

•Pre-transport and storage compliance

•Authorized transporters

•Recognized Treaters

•Confirmation of Treatment/Disposal

• less pollutive establishment

Pollution Control Officer I

• relatively more pollutive establishment

Pollution Control Officer II

• highly pollutive

Pollution Control Officer III

Pollution Control OfficerCategories of Pollution Control officer:

Waste GeneratorNotify DENR of type and quantity of wastes

Provide the Department the type and quantity of HW generated, produced, or transported on a quarterly basis

Responsible for the waste until the waste is considered treated, recycled, reprocessed, or disposed.

Prepare plans to mitigate spills and accidents involving hazardous waste.

Train personnel about the contingency plan and hazards posed by improper handling, storage, and transport of HW

Emergency Response Team

• Name and responsibility of the emergency response coordinator and team

• Communication with authority

Emergency Response Team

• Evacuation Procedure of employees and personnel

• Protective and Emergency Response Equipment• Emergency Transport Procedure• Temporary Closure • Training program for personnel on site

• waste identification (types and characteristics) • potential hazards of the wastes • proper labeling and storage of hazardous• roles and responsibilities for implementing the

emergency contingency plan• proper use of emergency equipment• first aid and safety procedures • laws and regulations concerning hazardous waste

management

Personnel Training

• Allowed to transport the type of waste indicated in their registration.

• Should receive waste from generators only if they have the Proper Manifest Form and Spill Response Plan.

• Should receive hazardous waste properly labeled and packaged and deliver the waste to recognized treaters.

• Avoid densely populated areas, watershed or catchment areas, and other environmentally sensitive areas.

• Shall have warning signs and markings regarding shipment of hazardous goods

Waste Transporters

• If the waste cannot be delivered to the destination, the transporter must inform the waste generator

• Ensure that hazardous waste of different sub-category or different waste generator should not be mixed during the transport, transshipment, and/or storage of the waste.

• In case of spills or accidents, the transporter shall immediately notify the DENR through the EMB Regional Office Region. The waste transporter must file within ten (10) days a detailed report describing the accident, spill, and containment or cleanup measures taken.

Waste Transporters

• Clean up the spill according to Spill Response Plan.• May store the hazardous waste for a period not exceeding

30 days. • An Affidavit of Undertaking should be submitted to the EMB

regional offices.

Waste Transporters

• Accessible in case of emergency• Enclosed and adequately ventilated• Floors should be resistant to liquids and chemicals; it

should not be slippery and should be able to retain spills.• Properly secured• Drums should be stacked vertically and not more than

4 drums high.• Containers should be regularly checked for leakage• Segregation of wastes

Hazardous Waste Storage Facility

Type of Container• metal drum with lid• plastic container • metal container • cloth container • container van • tanker truck • built tank • containment building/warehouse • settling ponds (not used as treatment of wastewater)

Labelling• minimum 20cm x 30cm. • Yellow for background and Black for letters.• The material of the label should be scratch

proof and resistant to tampering and weathering.

• Accompanied by a symbol corresponding to characteristics of the hazardous waste.

Oxidizers Flammables Explosives

Toxic

Corrosives Gases under

Pressure

CarcinogenicMutagenicity

Environmental Toxicity

Irritant

Categories of TSD FacilitiesCategory Description

A On-site disposal of HW generated within the facility through industrial /commercial processes other than disposal via sewer

B Commercial/industrial HW thermal treatment facilities. On- and off-site: pyrolysis, autoclave, microwave, sterilization

C Landfills that accept inert HW for final disposal

D Recycle and reprocess HW

E Immobilize, encapsulate, polymerize or treat hazardous waste off-site

F Store HW not generated on the facility on- and/or off-site awaiting for treatment, disposal, or export

Hospital Waste Management

Metropolitan Manila Council Ordinance No. 16 Series of 1991

• Prevention of Hospital acquired infection• Environmental protection• Protection of hospital personnel, other

individuals going in and out of the hospital• facilities, garbage collectors, scavengers

and the community.•Maintenance of ecological balance of the

benefit of the constituents

Objectives:

Standard Hospital Waste Garbage Collection System

• non-infectious dry waste

Black Trash Bag

• non-infectious wet waste

Green Trash Bag

• dry and wet chemical, and pathological waste; sharps contained in punctured-proof container

Yellow Trash Bag

• radioactive waste

Orange Trash Bag with Trefoil Sign

Standard Storage Procedure

• placed in an enclosed area

Yellow trash bags

• disposed off through Metro Manila's city and municipal collection and disposal system

Black and green trash bags

• placed in an enclosed temporary storage of the hospital

Orange trash bag with trefoil sign

Storage Requirement• Located near the center of waste production• Must be accessible to municipal/city collection

service.• Must be located in a place where the transfer

operation would be done with minimum public objection and follows standard sanitation procedure.

• Arrangement with municipal collection service must be provided when transfer station is not feasible within the hospital compound

Hospital Waste/ Garbage Disposal System

• Handle: Yellow trash bags and may also include waste in black and green bags.

Hospital Incineration System

• Handle: Yellow trash bags.Hospital Enclosed Burning Pit

• This is a dug up ground hole about 2 meters deep and 1 meter wide located at a safe distance from the hospital facilities.

• This will be covered by lime and by 10 cm soil periodically or daily depending on the volume of such wastes.

Ground Pits

Sewage Disposal System

Common Treatment Technologies

Innovative Technology

Contaminant MediaHalogenated volatiles and semivolatiles

Nonhalogenated volatiles and semivolatiles

PCBs

Pesticides

Cyanides

Metals

Radioactive Materials

Explosives

Surface Water

Groundwater

Soils

Sludges

Bioremediation Chemical Treatment Thermal Treatment Physical Treatment

Chemical Oxidation and Reduction

Oxidation of Cyanide to Cyanate

Chemical Oxidation and Reduction

Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium to Trivalent Chromium

Ozonolysis

• Ozone is a very good oxidizing agent• Effective for the destruction of polychlorinated phenols

and pesticides

Acid-base Neutralization

• Hazardous wastes are categorised as corrosive when their solution pH is less than 2 or more than 12.5.

• Such wastes can be chemically neutralised . Generally acidic wastes are neutralised with slaked lime [Ca(OH)2] in a continuoulsy stirred chemical reactor.

Hydrolysis

• Hydrolysis treatment can be given to those hazardous waste constituents which are very reactive with water

• Examples of those substances are halides, carbide, hydride, alkoxide, and active metal

High and Low Temperature Thermal Desorption

• to increase the rate of mass transfer of the contaminants to the vapor phase

• depends on volatility of contaminant• halogenated aromatic and aliphatic

compounds, volatile non-halogenated compounds, and semi-volatile halogenated compounds (to a certain extent) from a soil matrix

• efficiency more than 90%

Vitrification

•Wastes are fused into glass or ceramics using very high temperatures

•Melted to form glass

•Low-level radioactive wastes

•Not leachable by water

•Safe disposal

Pyrolysis• Thermal destruction by heating• Absence of oxygen

•volatiles such as combustible gases, and water vapor, from the nonvolatile ash, such as metals and salts

Primary chamber

•volatile components•proper air, temperature, time, and

turbulence

Secondary chamber

Incineration

•Volatilize or combust hazardous wastes

•High temperature range

•With the use of oxygen

•Organic, acidic, oily, halogenated compounds, drilling mud, pesticides, PCBs, and pathological materials

•Low level nuclear wastes contaminated with trash

Incineration

Incineration

• Air pollution• Paired with pollution controlling devices to

control the gaseous and particulate contaminants which may pollute the air

• Most of the time, waste feeds contain inorganic elements

• Harmful combustion products

Incineration

• Waste feed: Halogenated compounds • Combustion product: CO2, H2O, N2, and HCl• Solution: Add lime or caustic to convert HCl

to nonhazardous salts

Example:

Common Types of Incinerators

Rotary kiln

Liquid injection

Fluidized bed

Infrared incinerator

Rotary Kiln

Medical Waste Incinerator

Republic Act 6969:

Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear

Waste Control Act

General Provisionsregulate, restrict or prohibit the importation, processing, sale, distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures that present reasonable risk and/ or injury to health or the environment

prohibit the entry and transit of hazardous and nuclear wastes and their disposal in the territorial limits of the Philippines for any purpose

provide advancement and facilitate research and studies on toxic chemicals and hazardous and nuclear wastes

Toxic and Chemical Substances

• An inventory of chemical substances which are stored, imported, exported, used, manufactured or transported would be kept, updated, compiled and maintained by the Secretary of DENR.

• It should contain such information which the Secretary deems to be relevant to the protection of health and the environment.

• An updated listing of the inventory comprising the chemical substance’s name and CAS number would also be released

Inventory of Chemical Substances:


A Chemical substance that is not included in the inventory after December 31, 1993 would be considered as a new chemical substance and should be notified in accordance with the form and manner prescribed by the department

Notification of a New Chemical Substance:

Toxic and Chemical SubstancesIn formation Required for

the Notification of a New Chemical Substance:

proper chemical name

trade name

chemical and molecular structure

CAS number

RTECS number (if available)

United Nations number (if applicable)United Nations class and subsidiary

risk category (if applicable)physical characteristics (if applicable)

chemical properties (if applicable)

toxicological data (if applicable)

time weighted exposure average (eight hour working day)

flash point

upper and lower explosive limits (if applicable)

stability and incompatibilities

carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic properties

name and address of the nominating person

the anticipated volume per annum of the chemical substance being used, stored,

manufactured, processed, offered for sale or sold, transported, imported and exported by

the nominating person


If the use, storage, transport, process, manufacture, import or export of any new substance poses an unreasonable risk or hazard to public health or the environment was determined, the DENR may prohibit/limit/place controls or conditions on the use, manufacture, import, export, transport, process, storage, possession or sale of the chemical substance

Hazardous WastesEntry, transit and disposal of hazardous wastes in the Philippine territorial limits shall be prohibited

Encouragement of proper management of hazardous wastes

Minimizing the generation of hazardous wastes, recycling/reusing/treatment of hazardous wastes and landfill of inert hazardous wastes

Hazardous Wastes

plating wastes

acid wastes

alkali wastes

inorganic chemical wastes

radioactive chemical wastes

paints

resins

Prescribed Hazardous Wastes:

organic sludge

organic solvents

organic wastes

textile

oil

Containers

immobilized wastes

organic chemical

miscellaneous wastes

Hazardous Wastes

•domestic wastes

•industrial and commercial wastes disposed through the sewage system

•industrial and commercial solid wastes which do not contain prescribed hazardous wastes

•materials from building demolition except asbestos

•septic tank effluents and associated sullage wastewaters

•untreated spoils from mining, quarrying and excavation works but not materials in the nature of tailing, commercially treated materials and mine facility consumables

Exempted Wastes:

Hazardous Wastes

•the class of the hazardous waste

1•the sub-category of the

hazardous waste2

•the waste number3

•the name and address of the waste generator

4

•the maximum capacity of volume

5

Storage and Labelling:

Hazardous Wastes

Category DescriptionA Premises that conduct on-site disposal of hazardous wastes generated

industrially or commercially other than sewage disposalB Commercial or industrial hazardous waste incineratorsC Landfill or dumps that accept hazardous wastes for disposalD Premises that recycle or reprocess hazardous wastes which were not

produced at the said premiseE Premises that immobilize, encapsulate, polymerize or treat hazardous

wastes which were mot produced at the said premiseF Premises that store hazardous wastes, which were not generated or

produced at that premise for periods exceeding 30 days

Prescribed Waste Treatment Premises:

Nuclear WastesThe government would prohibit the entry, transit, storage and disposal of nuclear wastes into the territory of the Philippines for whatever purpose

The Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI) shall be responsible for the regulation and licensing of nuclear facilities and radioactive materials

Nuclear Wastes

• Unclaimed or abandoned nuclear waste shall be subject to the regulations of PNRI

• Importers of scrap metals should certify the DENR that the scrap metals do not contain any radioactive metal in any form

• Any person should immediately inform the DENR or PNRI regarding the existence of unauthorized radioactive material or nuclear waste anywhere in the Philippines

toxic , hazardous and hospital waste management

Documents

ppmacid wastes acid

hazardous waste management

jerica marise hazardous

inorganic acid

hydrochloric acid

hydrofluoric acid

nitric acid

phosphoric acid