toxicity in full scale test (2006)

L.S.F. - Fire Laboratories v1 2.1

FR 2006

Distributed in LondonFebruary 2006

Measurement of the toxicity

of gaseous effluent during Full Scale Test

prEN 50399-2-1/2 using Infrared Fourier Transform Technique

Silvio Messa and Research Staff of LSFire Laboratories

February 2006

L.S.F. Fire Laboratories i

Introduction At the L.S.F. Laboratories, we have never accepted that an effective evaluation of the risk from toxic potency of fire effluent could be achieved by measurements taken at a single moment in the history of a fire. Neither do we believe that small-scale tests can provide such data without validation and correlation to real fires. With the use of FTIR apparatus and techniques developed over the past eighteen years, we are now able to monitor the continuous production of gases, some of which are only generated at specific times during the fire life-cycle. Some of these gases are known to only exist for a short time at certain temperatures. One difficulty has always been the calibration of the test equipment for certain gases. At L.S.F. we have now succeeded in calibrating for acrolein; formaldehyde as well as carbonyl fluoride. The calibrations are conducted using gases from a bottled supply of known quality (certified). There are still difficulties however, with the correlation to small-scale tests; we are still seeking to establish this. Part of the data base for this Report was established in the programme carried out for Europacable; L.S.F. undertook additional research, at its own expense, to supplement the available data from that source. The work on which this report is based was conducted at the L.S.F. Laboratories by Dario Rosa; Domenico Ricciardi; Claudio Baiocchi and Pio Acciarri. The data has been processed by Maddalena Pezzani. The Report was prepared by Cristina Casartelli and Veronica Santagada. I see them working and having an inquiring mind, I always learn something from their experiments. March 2005 Silvio Messa

L.S.F. Fire Laboratories 1

Contents

Introduction i Contents 1 Discussion 2 Table 2: Toxicity Index calculated according to ISO TS 13571 6 Table 3: Identified gases 7 Table 4: Toxicity Index calculated according to ISO CD 13344 8 Examination of Data 9 Correlations between small- and full-scale tests 10 Conclusions 11 Annex A - Apparatus PrEN 50399-2-1/2 12 Annex C Thermal attack of burner in cable test rig 25 Annex D - Formulas 30 Annex H - Graphs 32

Product A 34Product B 38Product C 42Product D 46Product E 50Product F 54Product G 58Product H 62Product I 66Product J 70Product K 74Product L 78Product M 82Product O 86Product N 90Product P 94Product Q 98Product R 102Product S 106Product T 110Product U 114Product V 118Product W 122Product X 126Product Y 130Product AA 134Product AB 138Product AC 142Product AD 146Product AE 150Product AF 154

Annex I - Summary table (8 tables) 158 Annex L Comparison between acidity and toxicity 167

L.S.F. - Fire Laboratories 2

Measurement of the toxicity of gaseous effluent The necessity to measure the dynamics and effects of gases produced in

the intermediate phases of combustion by continuous flux analysis.

Silvio Messa L.S.F. Fire Laboratories

There has been considerable discussion over the choice of system most appropriate for the toxicity evaluation of effluents released during a fire. There are two distinct views, they comprise:

1. A measurement system designed to collect data at a predetermined time (static system);

2. A system designed to collect data during the whole of the duration of the test (dynamic system).

It is suggested in light of the experience gained in our recent programme of research on the toxic hazards of cables, it is inappropriate to consider the collection of data by the static system above. The purpose of this Report therefore, is to inform and thereby promote a discussion to avoid future errors or unreliable data in the next research programmes. It is important that we reach agreement on the fundamentals of the future research programme to ensure that all relevant data is collected so as to provide a valid result for our efforts. The tests on electrical cables were conducted on the apparatus detailed in Annex A. In this test the sample cables are fixed on a vertical ladder. The quantity of the cables used in the test procedure is defined and related to their diameter. The test on buildings products were conduct in the same apparatus: a strip of the product mounted in end use condition and 500 mm width was fixed on the same ladder. The

test procedure uses a gas burner calibrated to produce 20 kW. The measured thermal attack on the specimen cables is 50 kW/m2 Measurements using a plate thermometer have shown that the external surface of the cables under test reaches approximately 600oC (see Annex C).

Picture 1: the burner: 20 kW power

2005-03-18


In this discussion it is important to consider the conditions of this test; particularly the magnitude of the burner utilised as fire model. The ventilation conditions in the combustion chamber are also relevant; this test procedure is conducted in a test chamber of 8 m3 with an air supply of 133 l/s maintained for the whole duration of the test (20 minutes). Such an air supply provides for a total effluent emission of 8000 litres per minute measured at the opening in the top of the combustion chamber. During the test, a further air supply from the ambient (167 l/s) is introduced into the exhaustion duct to ensure sufficient flow (in the tube of 250 mm) and to reach an appropriate Reynolds number, in order to mix the effluent before sampling. The data obtained is then recalculated to approximate to a flow of 133 l/s. It is important to remember that the analysis of the quality and quantity of the effluent gases is measured at 15 second intervals by FTIR apparatus. The effluent evaluated is taken directly from the apparatus as generated by the conditions of the test procedure. By consequence the test conditions can be considered to represent the real fire situation and data produced by the system are very useful to predict the fire behavior of the cables. The conditions are the following:

The cables and/or other products tested are ignited by a comparatively small fire model related to the initial phase of a fire (a phase in which it should still be possible for occupants to leave the building).

The ventilation conditions, 133 l/s inlet, are kept constant for all test duration. The thermal attach on the specimen occurs, as in reality, directly on the

external surface of the products. The gases released therefore are in the correct sequence as would be experienced in real life.

The consequences of this are that the dynamics of the smoke and gas production reflect reality.


During the analysis we are able to observe changes in the effluent being produced in relation to the various phases of the fire. This may vary according to the quantity of the individual combustible products and the sequence in which they are exposed to the thermal attack. From this sequence we are able to determine that some species are only present for a limited period. These species include acrolein, formaldehyde and carbonyl fluoride. Other gases which we refer to as intermediate gases are also present and we need to consider these. The fire produces flow of smoke and gases that change during the various stages of growth, including the period of decay. This will usually follow the temperature curve (RHR) since the result of the reaction (combustion) is influenced by the temperature and ventilations conditions. In our case of course, the ventilation conditions remain constant; only the temperature changes. The results obtained by L.S.F. in the full-scale tests on cables and/or other products suggest a number of considerations that we wish to raise here. We hope this will lead to the correct use of data obtained during these tests. Basically, the fire produces a gas flow containing a cocktail of species and comprises:

Air; Particulate or effluent that may cause respiratory problems and also reduce

visibility;

Gases that may be either asphyxiates, narcotic or irritant. The effects of this cocktail may be determined by calculation representing the sum effect of each of the gases present and in the quantity determined. This is usually related to the concentration necessary for each single gas to produce a measured end result either incapacitation or lethality. When we discuss the time required for escape, we are clearly speaking of the time to incapacitation. Obviously if this period is exceeded, then the casualty will remain in place and if they are not removed by rescue teams, they will die due to other, combined effects such as temperature, lack of oxygen, and toxic effects of the gases.


In the case of good fire prevention we must consider three components which jointly contribute to any evaluation, these include:

The exact measurement of the quantity and concentration of the gases in the fire effluent during fire growth (dynamic measures);

Knowledge of the distribution of the effluent in the compartment in which the fire occurs (it is particularly important to model smoke movement in the fire in relation to the position of the occupants exposed) as well as the physical parameters of cooling, condensation and loss to other compartments;

Knowledge combined with a realistic evaluation of the effects of exposure to the single gases as well as the cocktail of the effluent.

At this time, we are only able to realistically offer precise information on the first point above. We must look elsewhere for information on the second and third point. The following Tables provide data on:

The quality and quantity of gases present during the test; Time to reach FED threshold limits (FED > 0,3) according to ISO 13571; Time to reach FEC threshold (FEC > 0,3) according to ISO 13571; Time to reach maximum FED and maximum FEC according to ISO 13571.

Table 1: List of gases identified and quantified during the test. CO2 Carbon Dioxide CO Carbon Monoxide C3H4O Acrolein CH2O Formic Aldehyde HCl Hydrogen Chloride COF2 Carbonyl Fluoride SO2 Sulphur Dioxide NOx Nitric Oxides HCN Hydrogen Cyanide HBr Hydrogen Bromide HF Hydrogen Fluoride


Table 2: Full scale prEN 50399-2-1/2: Toxicity Index calculated according to ISO TS 13571

TABLE 2a TABLE 2b

Code FED 1200s Time to reach

FED=0,3

(s) A 0.20 B 0.17 C 0.26 D 0.88 135 E 0.06 F 0.05 G 0.32 555 H 1.50 300 I 0.05 J 0.05 K 0.11 L 0.10 M 1.41 240 N 0.27 O 0.12 P 0.21 Q 0.17 R 0.06 S 0.02 T 0.12 U 0.08 V 0.08 W 0.41 390 X 0.77 375 Y 0.16

AA 0.05 AB 0.50 675 AC 0.37 1080

AD 0.05

AE 0.07

AF 0.05

Code Time to reach

FEC=0,3 FEC max

Time to reach

FEC max

(s) (s) A 210 0.62 825 B 30 2.72 105 C 60 2.81 285 D 45 7.44 135 E 60 0.89 90 F G 45 5.28 270 H 45 12.95 420 I J K L M 30 19.54 300 N 600 0.75 675 O 60 2.16 135 P 60 2.94 345 Q 150 0.79 300 R 45 1.84 165 S T 60 1.98 195 U V W 75 3.84 405 X 90 5.01 405 Y

AA AB 0.13 735 AC

AD 75 0.7 150

AE 90 0.67 165

AF 0.08 345 Index calculated on the basis of concentrations measured in the flow of 8000 lt/min (8 m3/min) (133 lt/sec)


Table 3: Identified gases used to calculate FEC and FED for every product tested

Code CO

CO

2

Acr

olei

n

Form

alde

hyde

HC

l

HF

CO

F 2

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y

AA AB AC AD AE AF

Note 1: HBr, SO2, NOx and HCN were not found. Note 2: FEC is calculated including quantitative results of Acrolein and Formaldehyde; Carbonyl Fluoride was quantified, but as there is no published threshold indication, it is not taken into account in the calculated FEC.


Table 4: Full scale prEN 50399-2-1/2: Toxicity Index calculated according to ISO CD 13344

? Code FED lethality max Time FED lethality max Time FED lethality = 1 FED end lethality new Time FED lethality = 1 (sec) (sec) (sec)

A 0.24 825 1.05 1155

B 0.89 105 0.58

C 1.35 300 240 1.27 405

D 16.18 150 75 3.76 120

E 0.28 75 0.46

F 0.76 570 1.37 630

G 5.57 270 135 4.95 210

H 11.74 420 165 6.05 300

I 0.38 315 2.43 405

J 0.17 1005 1.14 1080

K 0.48 990 3.12 705

L 0.56 330 2.72 330

M 23.70 300 150 4.72 240

N 1.40 675 660 5.65 450

O 1.82 165 105 1.28 240

P 0.60 345 0.97

Q 0.52 285 1.26 750

R 0.39 135 0.39

S 0.47 225 0.60

T 0.81 195 0.45

U 0.36 615 2.10 570

V 0.10 1095 0.60

W 2.09 255 150 1.92 300

X 5.79 420 195 3.02 330

Y 0.80 615 4.02 495

AA 0.17 540 1.40 735

AB 2.13 675 510 8.35 420

AC 1.06 975 840 8.92 525

AD 0.21 135 0.16

AE 0.21 165 0.26

AF 0.15 330 0.63

?

Index calculated on the basis of concentrations measured in the flow of 8000 lt/min (8 m3/min) (133 lt/sec)


Correlations between small- and full-scale tests Results obtained with the tubular furnace (NF X 70-100) and the FTIR apparatus applied to provide qualitative and quantitative analysis needs a very careful evaluation. The first results of our evaluation suggest that the intermediate gases are not usually found. The temperature of 800oC and the small sample size (1 g) allows a rapid gas release and under such circumstances, acrolein, formaldehyde or carbonyl fluoride is not found. It may be possible to identify them if another (lower) furnace temperature was used. For cable work we completed, we could not establish this because of the additional costs of repeating the tests to identify at what temperature the gases were being released. In addition we did not identify any stratification of effluent from different sheaths or where there was not actual conductor (copper or aluminium). Other types of product may lend themselves to such an analysis. We need to provide a correlation with the ISO 5659-2 chamber where initial results seem to suggest since the thermal attack conditions very similar to full-scale tests can be reproduced. At the moment the data shows that we can only identify the species of gas present, we need to continue to examine the values of the quantity of these species generated and relate this to the time to reach FED and FEC thresholds and then correlate this to values obtained in real fires.


Examination of Data An analysis of the data concerning FED and FEC produced and calculated in accordance with ISO 13571 suggests that a number of conclusions may be identified. It is our opinion that they should be taken into account.

1. We do not believe it correct that carbon monoxide (CO) is the principal toxicity risk. This suggestion arises from the fact that this gas will leave positive traces in the form of carboxyheamoglobin (COHb) in the blood; the half-life of COHb is such that it can be traced some considerable time after exposure. Other reported effects of CO are less well established. If the fire is well ventilated, the quantity of carbon monoxide will be relatively low as a perfect combustion process will only produce CO2 and H2O. If CO is considered to be the most important toxic gas it may is significant that in the tests we conducted, very few samples reach the FED threshold for CO/CO2 and HCN.

2. For the same reason, we deduce from the data analysis that it cannot be established that the RHR curve represents, corresponds or has any relationship with the product of toxic gases. Relatively low RHR curves may correspond to a fire that produces significant quantity of toxic gases.

3. The dynamic products of toxic gas contained in the fire effluent changes in accordance with products tested in respect of time, nature and quantity. The presence of some significant toxic gases, some only at specific times during the stages of the fire should promote an evaluation of those test methods which cannot measure this. We consider this to be important as if during the various stages of the fire growth, certain gases such as acrolein; carbon monoxide; nitrogen oxides or formaldehyde which may disappear to evolve to other gases, such phenomena cannot be ignored. This will preclude the use of fire models and test conditions that are not representative to real life.

4. If we do not utilise a model that facilitates the consideration of how the effluent from a fire may be distributed within a compartment, this may not be as effective as we wish. We should not advocate or support limitations on the use of any material purely on the basis of the toxic potency of the gases generated. All other considerations must be taken into account. However, this argument should not be used to further delay the introduction of controls based upon the data we can produce and make available.


CONCLUSIONS

The apparatus for full-scale tests prEN 50399-1-2-1/2 has been modified in order to reproduce the right surroundings for effluent measurement in real conditions. In particular: A) keeping unvaried the model of fire (fan burner of 20 kW power) B) applying the thermal attack of 50 kW/m2 in the zone where the cables are

attacked by flames C) for a period of 20 min D) introducing in the combustion room a flux of controlled air of l/s 133 (8000

l/min) for the whole test duration a flux of effluents is obtained. This flux: E) mixed in the hood -designed for this purpose- with 167 l of fresh air taken from

surroundings F) sucked by a duct of 250 mm diameter, in which the flux of 300 l/s is linearized,

with the necessary turbulence, thanks to the duct building characteristics G) allows to sample the gases that are carried to FTIR in the right conditions for

analysis. H) the same can be told for sampling of signal for RHR measures with O2

depletion system I) the same smokes optical density since the dilution of fire in the atmosphere had been limited and the duct was exactly built to conduct these measurements in ideal conditions. The calculation of concentrations was effected at flow of 8000 l/min that is exactly the quantity of effluents getting out from the apparatus before dilution. The gas analysis allowed to identify all the kind required by ISO TS 13571 and ISO CD 13344 standards, with carbonyl fluoride COF2 added: interpherograms produced will give the possibility, in future, to recognize other kind of gases and to quantify them, with appropriate calibrations. These measures should allow to correctly evaluate: a) time to reach the incapacitation threshold b) time to reach the lethality threshold with a flux of 8000 l/min and, through modelling, in the fire scenario.


Annex A

Apparatus prEN 50399-2-1/2 Test apparatus The testing room is a parallelepiped with rectangular base and sides of 110 cm e 205 cm. Height of the room is about 410 cm. At the base of the room air is insufflated through a duct of 25 cm diameter. Air is drawn from outside by an electric motor. The duct ends in a rectangular opening (size cm. 80 40) in the floor of the room, above which there is a metallic grid that makes more homogeneous and regular the air flux. 7 thermocouples are placed in the centre of the room, at different heights (60, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 cm from floor) and an additional thermocouple is placed at 150 cm from floor, in the centre of the room. At 200 cm height from ground, in the centre of the testing room, a square burner (side 17,5 cm and height 15 cm) is placed. Well call it secondary burner. The hood can be divided in three parts well separated: a conical section with big square base having sides of 130 cm, 140 cm far from the end of the testing room. The cone height is 40 cm. The little square base with side 60 cm is inserted in a cube with side 60 cm, joined to the suction duct. The lower part of the cone section is composed by vertical walls length 70 cm. that wrap the testing room for 30 cm, far from the walls 10 cm for the whole perimeter. The geometry of hood and its position with regard to the testing room is better represented by the drawings shown below. The cube is connected to a suction duct long about 6 meters. At the end of the tube all the measurement probes are connected. The section of tube for exhaustion of combustion gases has a diameter of 250 mm and it is supplied with linearization wings for smokes at beginning of duct (exit of hood) and after the sampling point for gas analysis. The point of measurement of smokes opacity is at about 6100 mm from beginning of duct. The optical group is protected from eventual corrosive acids through the use of two small glasses placed in front of the luminous source. The measure of pressure in the duct (bi-directional) is carried out at 6500 mm from beginning of duct. The measure of temperature of exhaustion gases is carried out at 6600 mm from beginning of duct, through an additional thermocouple. Sampling of gases for the analysis of oxygen concentration is carried out at 6800 mm from beginning of duct, while the sampling of gases for FTIR analysis is carried out at 6700 mm from beginning of duct.

Annex A Apparatus prEN 50399-2-1/2


EXAUSTION SYSTEM AND MEASUREMENT SECTION In order to avoid that effluents produced by fire of cables during the test are loss and are not measured, producing error in calculation of heat release and in smokes and gases measures, it is necessary to convoy them in the exhaustion duct.

In order to collect them all, it is necessary to create a suction system that, at exit of combustion room doesnt allow a part of effluents to avoid measurement.

In the test rigs not modified as LSF rig, where the collection hood is distanced from the opening from which the smokes go out, it is necessary to suck 1200-1500 l/s to collect all effluents.

In these conditions, a dilution of gases that get out from the combustion room of about 9/12 times occurs.

Since the measurement instruments work already at limits of their sensitivity - especially the oxygen analyser, that has, starting form 20,95% at beginning, a very low excursion, see table A OXYGEN DEPLETION referred to tests it is much better in order to increase sensitivity and precision of measurements (all, excluding the vertical spread of flame that can be influenced by the air velocity in the combustion room) TO REDUCE THE FLOW RATE. In order to do it maintaining the necessary running turbulence and in order to supply the analysers with representative samples of fire atmosphere, it will be necessary:

A) to reduce the flux and hen the dilution B) to reduce the section of the tube in order to maintain the necessary velocity C) to reproduce the ideal condition reducing at minimum the loss of effluents in

the room, influencing as less as possible the velocity in the combustion room

Table A: minimum of oxygen (red value are under the 15.7%)

Code O2 min (%) Code O2 min (%) A 20.44 Q 19.66 B 20.02 R 20.52 C 19.62 S 18.15 D 12.66 T 19.90 E 20.54 U 19.41 F 16.52 V 20.48 G 15.11 W 19.60 H 17.33 X 17.27 I 19.32 Y 19.36 J 20.19 AA 20.12 K 18.88 AB 15.42 L 18.81 AC 17.37 M 16.20 AD 20.51 N 17.25 AE 20.49 O 13.12 AF 20.52 P 20.50

Measured in the flow of 300 lt/sec = 1,8 m3/min



Drawing 1: Geometry of suction hood (dimensions in mm)

Drawing 2: Relative position of hood and test room



Picture 1: Cabin for IEC 332-3 tests

Picture 2: Gas and thermocouples system

Hood for gas suction

System to introduce air from surroundings

Door to introduce the sample, with window for observation

Inlet of thermocouples to measure the vertical flame spread

Inlet of thermocouples for the internal measure of the room

Tube of gas for the flame of the main burner

Tube of gas for the flame of the auxiliary burner



Picture 3: Gas system: feeding tubes, electro-valves to commute fluxes and flux-meter to adjust the flow

Tubes to supply gases and air

Electro-valves

Flux controls



Picture 4a: Main burner Picture 4b: Secondary burner

Burner

Air tube for the burner

Gas tube for the burner

Gas tube of pilot flame for the burner

Static mixer STI



S m o k e e x h a u s t i o n s y s t e m

Picture 5: Hood for smoke suction

Picture 6: Back of the hood for smoke suction

Exit duct from the hood

Hood for suction of combustion gases

Opening for the air entrance



Picture 7: Hood for smoke suction Picture 8-9: Hood and exhaustion smokes duct



Picture 10: in and out gases ducts

Entrance for forced air ventilation

Exhausting duct exit

Suction area from surrounding air



Picture 11: Exhaustion system for combustion gases: hood and duct ( = 250 mm).

Sampling zone gases O2, CO2 e CO and gases for FTIR analysis Measurement zone Smokes opacity Measurement zone of pressure in duct and temperature of gases getting out



Picture 12: System of gases sampling

Sampling FTIR probe Pitot tube Optical group



Picture 13: Acquisition data system and FTIR analysis

Acquisition data system

Analysis infrared cell



Picture 14: Test and control room

Control room with PC and analysis system

Room prEN 50399


Annex C

Measurement of thermal attack of burner in cable test rig prEN 50399-2-1/2 according to procedure of FIPEC 1

Some incombustible board are positioned on the ladder to cover the total surface of the ladder. On the board two radiometers are positioned at 0.3 m and 0.7 m from the burner, and two plate thermometers at 0,15 m and 0,6 m from the burner; in the drawing the relative position of the equipment is shown. Radiometer dimensions: radius 0,0125 m Plate thermometer dimensions: 0,1 m 0,1 m

Calibration procedure The burner is ignited to reach (20 2) kW and the test rig is prepared in the same conditions as during a test (0,133 m3/s of airflow inlet, 0,3 m3/s of extraction flow). The temperature of thermometer and the thermal attack of radiometer are recorded for 1 hour. This suggested period is necessary to reach the steady-state. Then, the thermal attack of both radiometers and the temperatures of both plate thermometers are noted. The calibration graphs are drawn with the time (in seconds) in abscissa and the measured parameter in ordinate, as in following examples.

Level 2 (0,75m)

Level 1(0,6 m)

Level 3 (0,9 m)

Level 4 (1,2 m)

Level 5 (1,3 m)

Plate thermometer 2

Radiometer 1

Radiometer 2

Plate thermometer 1

Burner

FloorLevel 0

Annex C


Photo 1: Calibration: the position of the measurement equipment

Plate thermometer 2

Plate thermometer 1

Radiometer 2

Radiometer 1

Annex C


Photo 2: Calibration of thermal radiation with plate thermometers and radiometers

Plate thermometer 2

Plate thermometer 1

Radiometer 2

Radiometer 1

Annex C


Radiometer at 30 cm from burner

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

Time (s)

The

rmal

att

ack

(kW

/m2)

Radiometer at 70 cm from burner

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

Time (s)

The

rmal

atta

ck (k

W/m

2)

Annex C


Plate thermometer at 15 cm from burner

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

Time (s)

Tem

pera

ture

(C

)

Plate thermometer at 60 cm from burner

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

Time (s)

Tem

pera

ture

(C

)


Annex D

Formulas

ISO TS 13571 (2004-08-25) Life threat from fires - guidance on the estimation of time available for escape using fire data FED (Fractional Effective Dose)

5exp 22 COCOV

= where

2CO is the average concentration, expressed as a volume fraction in percent, of CO2.

ttFEDt

t

HCNt

t

CO += 21

2

1 220)43/exp(

35000

where CO is the average concentration, expressed in microlitres per litre (L/L), of CO over the

time increment, t; HCN is the average concentration, expressed in microlitres per litre (L/L), of HCN over

the time increment, t; t is the time increment, expressed in minutes (min). FEC (Fractional Effective Concentration)

+++++++=i i

i

deformaldehy

deformaldehy

acrolein

acrolein

NO

NO

SO

SO

HF

HF

HBr

HBr

HCl

HCl

FcFFFFFFFFEC ]irritant[

2

2

2

2

where is the average concentration, expressed in L/L, of the irritant gas; F is the concentration, expressed in L/L, of each irritant gas that is expected to seriously

compromise occupants ability to take effective action to accomplish escape.

FHCl = 1000 L/L FHBr = 1000 L/L FHF = 500 L/L FSO2= 150 L/L FNO2 = 250 L/L FAcrolein= 30 L/L FFormaldehyde = 250 L/L

Not yet threshold indication for Carbonyl Fluoride

Full scale test prEN 50399-2-1 FEC and FED according to ISO TS 13571 Bench scale test NF X 70-100

Annex D


ISO CD 13344 (2004-06-15) Estimation of lethal toxic potency of fire effluents

4.521][21][][.][][ 22

50505050 ++

++ += OAV

YLCY

XLCX

HCNLCCN

COLCCOFED CO

where [CN] represents the concentration of HCN corrected for the presence of other nitriles and

the protective effect of NO2, and is equal to [HCN] + [total organic nitriles] [NO2]; [X] is the concentration of each acid gas, in parts per million; [Y] is the concentration of each organic irritant, in parts per million; LC50,X is the LC50 of each acid gas irritant, in parts per million; LC50,Y Is the LC50 of each organic irritant, in parts per million; VCO2 is a multiplication factor for CO2-driven hyperventilation

equal to 1 + (exp (0,14) [CO2]-1)/2; A is an acidosis factor equal to [CO2] 0,05. The 30 min LC50 values for rats used in previous equation are given in next table (from ISO/TR 9122-5):

CO 5 700 ppm HCN 165 ppm HCl 3 800 ppm HBr 3 800 ppm HF 2 900 ppm SO2 1 400 ppm NO2 170 ppm Acrolein 150 ppm Formaldehyde 750 ppm


Annex H - London

Graphs For each product tested, 6 graphs were produced. The first graph shows the curve of heat release behaviour RHR, and the ARHE curve, that represents the relation between the integral of heat produced and the time of produce it (this curve is used to identify the MAHRE, that is defined as the peak (maximum). The second graph shows the curves of opaque smoke production; both the one of transmittance loss and the TSP (Total Smoke Production in m2) The third table contains information for each gas: the information of the concentration value at the maximum production (peak), the production peak of each gas and the total quantity of gases produced in the period 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes. The fourth graph shows the curves for each single gas of production, expressed in gram/sec. The CO2 scale is shown on right side. Above the graph, FEC and FED values concerning incapacitation are reported, with the maximum value reached by the index and the time in which this value has been reached, as well as the time needed to exceed the limit of 0,3 that represents the incapacitation threshold according to ISO TS 13571. The fifth graph shows the curves of FED and FEC behaviour according to the above mentioned standard, and a third curve that represents the sum of the first two. This is a first and primitive attempt to consider that, since gases of both families present in the effluent cocktail are breathed at the same time, the effected must be by force global. Toxicologists will enlighten us how to use the data. The sixth graph shows the curves of FED calculated according to standard ISO CD 13344, considering the dynamic measures in the flux.

Annex H - London


Product A

Annex H - London


RHR: Rate of Heat Release net (kW)ARHE: Average Rate of Heat Emission (kW)

Oxigen depletion (%)

8

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(kW)

17

17.5

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

20.5

21O2 (%)

RHR 30sRHR 30s maxARHEMARHEoxigen

Total mass burned = 1.05 kg

RHR30s max 11.94 kW at 1122 sec

MARHE 8.36 kW at 1200 sec

FIGRA max 37.73 W/s at 153 sec

Product A

Transmittance (%)TSP: Total Smoke Production of the specimen (m2)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200TSP (m2)

SmokeTransmittance minTSP

Transmittance min 80.6 % at 219 sec

TSP 1200s = 159.67 m2

Product A

Annex H - London


Product A

GAS Peak of production Total production (g) at

Detected (g/s) (s) 5 min 10 min 15 min 20 min

CO2 Carbon Dioxide Yes 0.694 915 126.25 270.70 446.76 643.50

CO Carbon Monoxide Yes 0.080 225 17.285 32.250 46.309 57.404

C3H4O Acrolein Not

CH2O Formic Aldehyde Not

HCl Hydrogen Chloride Yes 0.114 840 12.692 33.146 62.012 87.741

COF2 Carbonyl Fluoride Not

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide Not

NOx Nitric Oxides Not

HCN Hydrogen Cyanide Not

HBr Hydrogen Bromide Not

HF Hydrogen Fluoride Not

Toxic gases production

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200

Time (s)

(g/s)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8CO2 (g/s)

CO HCl CO2

FEC max = 0.62 at 825 secFEC = 0.3 at 210 sec

FED max = 0.2 at 1200 secno FED = 0.3

Total mass burned = 1.05 kgFlame spread = 102 cm (front) - 98 cm (back)

Product A

Annex H - London


FED - FEC

0.62

0.20

0.77

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FED/FEC

FEC 13571FED 13571FEC+FED 13571

Product A

FED Lethality

1.05

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FEDFED 13344

Product A

Annex H - London


Product B

Annex H - London




18

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(kW)

17

17.5

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

20.5

21O2 (%)





FIGRA max 170 W/s at 165 sec

Product B


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(%)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500TSP (m2)



TSP 1200s = 453.42 m2

Product B

Product B

Annex H - London


Product B





C3H4O Acrolein Not

CH2O Formic Aldehyde Yes 0.035 345 1.083 2.878 2.878 2.878









0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200

Time (s)

(g/s)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4CO2 (g/s)

CO HCl HCHO CO2




Product B

Annex H - London


FED - FEC

2.72

0.17

2.76

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FED/FEC

FEC 13571FED 13571FEC+FED 13571

Product B

FED Lethality

0.58

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FEDFED 13344

Product B

Annex H - London


Product C

Annex H - London




28

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(kW)

17

17.5

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

20.5

21O2 (%)






Product C


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(%)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700TSP (m2)



TSP 1200s = 604.72 m2

Product C

Annex H - London


Product C





C3H4O Acrolein Not










0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200

Time (s)

(g/s)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2CO2 (g/s)

CO HCl HCHO CO2




Product C

Annex H - London


FED - FEC

2.81

0.26

2.94

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FED/FEC

FEC 13571FED 13571FEC+FED 13571

Product C

FED Lethality

1.27

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FEDFED 13344

Product C

Annex H - London


Product D

Annex H - London




167

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(kW)

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21O2 (%)






Product D


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(%)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600TSP (m2)



TSP 1200s = 551.54 m2

Product D

Annex H - London


Product D





C3H4O Acrolein Not










0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200

Time (s)

(g/s)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12CO2 (g/s)

CO HCl CO2Total mass burned = 2.04 kg

Flame spread = total (front and back)

Product D FEC max = 7.44 at 135 secFEC = 0.3 at 45 sec

FED max = 0.88 at 1200 secFED = 0.3 at 135 sec

Annex H - London


FED - FEC

7.44

0.88

7.85

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FED/FEC

FEC 13571FED 13571FEC+FED 13571

Product D

FED Lethality

3.76

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FEDFED 13344

Product D

Annex H - London


Product E

Annex H - London




3

0

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(kW)

17

17.5

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

20.5

21O2 (%)






Product E


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(%)

0

5

10

15

20

25TSP (m2)



TSP 1200s = 20.53 m2

Product E

Annex H - London


Product E





C3H4O Acrolein Not



COF2 Carbonyl Fluoride Yes 0.046 90 2.019 2.019 2.019 2.019





HF Hydrogen Fluoride Yes 0.015 105 2.481 4.152 5.097 5.608


0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200

Time (s)

(g/s)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7CO2 (g/s)

CO HF HCl COF2 CO2




Product E

Annex H - London


FED - FEC

0.89

0.06

0.91

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FED/FEC

FEC 13571FED 13571FEC+FED 13571

Product E

FED Lethality

0.46

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FEDFED 13344

Product E

Annex H - London


Product F

Annex H - London




88

0

50

100

150

200

250

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(kW)

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21O2 (%)





FIGRA max 366 W/s at 564 sec

Product F


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(%)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350TSP (m2)



TSP 1200s = 275.78 m2

Product F

Annex H - London


Product F





C3H4O Acrolein Not


HCl Hydrogen Chloride Not








0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200

Time (s)

(g/s)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4CO2 (g/s)

CO CO2

no FECFED max = 0.05 at 1200 sec

no FED = 0.3

Total mass burned = 5.06 kgFlame spread = total (front and back)

Product F

Annex H - London


FED - FEC

0.05

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FED/FECFED 13571

Product F

FED Lethality

1.37

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FEDFED 13344

Product F

Annex H - London


Product G

Annex H - London




138

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(kW)

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21O2 (%)




MARHE 138 kW at 495 sec


Product G


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(%)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700TSP (m2)



TSP 1200s = 604.78 m2

Product G

Annex H - London


Product G





C3H4O Acrolein Not










0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200

Time (s)

(g/s)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7CO2 (g/s)

CO HCl CO2Total mass burned = 2.74 kg


Product G FEC max = 5.28 at 270 secFEC = 0.3 at 45 sec


Annex H - London


FED - FEC

5.28

0.32

5.43

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FED/FEC

FEC 13571FED 13571FEC+FED 13571

Product G

FED Lethality

4.95

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FEDFED 13344

Product G

Annex H - London


Product H

Annex H - London




85

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(kW)

17

17.5

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

20.5

21O2 (%)






Product H


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(%)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400TSP (m2)



TSP 1200s = 1162.56 m2

Product H

Annex H - London


Product H





C3H4O Acrolein Yes 0.027 375 2.508 8.015 8.980 8.980










0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200

Time (s)

(g/s)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6CO2 (g/s)

CO HCl C3H4O HCHO CO2Total mass burned = 4.75 kg


Product H FEC max = 12.95 at 420 secFEC = 0.3 at 45 sec


Annex H - London


FED - FEC

12.95

1.50

13.81

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FED/FEC

FEC 13571FED 13571FEC+FED 13571

Product H

FED Lethality

6.05

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FEDFED 13344

Product H

Annex H - London


Product I

Annex H - London




35

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(kW)

17

17.5

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

20.5

21O2 (%)






Product I


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160TSP (m2)



TSP 1200s = 137.5 m2

Product I

Annex H - London


Product I





C3H4O Acrolein Not










0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200

Time (s)

(g/s)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5CO2 (g/s)

CO CO2


no FED = 0.3


Product I

Annex H - London


FED - FEC

0.05

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FED/FECFED 13571

Product I

FED Lethality

2.43

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FEDFED 13344

Product I

Annex H - London


Product J

Annex H - London




11

0

5

10

15

20

25

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(kW)

17

17.5

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

20.5

21O2 (%)






Product J


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140TSP (m2)



TSP 1200s = 72.07 m2

Product J

Annex H - London


Product J





C3H4O Acrolein Not










0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200

Time (s)

(g/s)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4CO2 (g/s)

CO CO2


no FED = 0.3


Product J

Annex H - London


FED - FEC

0.05

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FED/FECFED 13571

Product J

FED Lethality

1.14

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FEDFED 13344

Product J

Annex H - London


Product K

Annex H - London




33

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(kW)

17

17.5

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

20.5

21O2 (%)






Product K


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(%)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700TSP (m2)



TSP 1200s = 152.72 m2

Product K

Annex H - London


Product K





C3H4O Acrolein Not










0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200

Time (s)

(g/s)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3CO2 (g/s)

CO CO2


no FED = 0.3


Product K

Annex H - London


FED - FEC

0.11

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FED/FECFED 13571

Product K

FED Lethality

3.12

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FEDFED 13344

Product K

Annex H - London


Product L

Annex H - London




60

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(kW)

17

17.5

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

20.5

21O2 (%)






Product L


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120TSP (m2)



TSP 1200s = 83.49 m2

Product L

Annex H - London


Product L





C3H4O Acrolein Not










0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200

Time (s)

(g/s)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3CO2 (g/s)

CO CO2


no FED = 0.3


Product L

Annex H - London


FED - FEC

0.10

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FED/FECFED 13571

Product L

FED Lethality

2.72

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FEDFED 13344

Product L

Annex H - London


Product M

Annex H - London




88

0

50

100

150

200

250

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(kW)

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21O2 (%)






Product M


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(%)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400TSP (m2)



TSP 1200s = 1265.46 m2

Product M

Annex H - London


Product M





C3H4O Acrolein Yes 0.046 300 3.296 5.807 6.516 6.516










0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200

Time (s)

(g/s)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8CO2 (g/s)

CO HCl C3H4O HCHO CO2Total mass burned = 2.71 kg


Product M FEC max = 19.54 at 300 secFEC = 0.3 at 30 sec


Annex H - London


FED - FEC

19.54

1.41

20.34

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FED/FEC

FEC 13571FED 13571FEC+FED 13571

Product M

FED Lethality

4.72

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FEDFED 13344

Product M

Annex H - London


Product N

Annex H - London




63

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(kW)

17

17.5

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

20.5

21O2 (%)






Product N


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(%)

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400TSP (m2)


Transmittance min 37 % at 1002 sec

TSP 1200s = 916.39 m2

Product N

Annex H - London


Product N





C3H4O Acrolein Not










0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200

Time (s)

(g/s)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6CO2 (g/s)

CO HCHO CO2




Product N

Annex H - London


FED - FEC

0.75

0.27

0.90

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FED/FEC

FEC 13571FED 13571FEC+FED 13571

Product N

FED Lethality

5.65

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FEDFED 13344

Product N

Annex H - London


Product O

Annex H - London




181

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(kW)

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21O2 (%)






Product O


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(%)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800TSP (m2)



TSP 1200s = 739.26 m2

Product O

Annex H - London


Product O





C3H4O Acrolein Not










0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200

Time (s)

(g/s)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3CO2 (g/s)

CO HCl CO2




Product O

Annex H - London


FED - FEC

2.16

0.12

2.20

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FED/FEC

FEC 13571FED 13571FEC+FED 13571

Product O

FED Lethality

1.28

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FEDFED 13344

Product O

Annex H - London


Product P

Annex H - London




5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(kW)

17

17.5

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

20.5

21O2 (%)






Product P


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180TSP (m2)



TSP 1200s = 151.51 m2

Product P

Annex H - London


Product P





C3H4O Acrolein Not










0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200

Time (s)

(g/s)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6CO2 (g/s)

CO HF HCl CO2




Product P

Annex H - London


FED - FEC

2.94

0.21

3.00

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FED/FEC

FEC 13571FED 13571FEC+FED 13571

Product P

FED Lethality

0.97

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FEDFED 13344

Product P

Annex H - London


Product Q

Annex H - London




30

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(kW)

17

17.5

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

20.5

21O2 (%)






Product Q


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(%)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000TSP (m2)



TSP 1200s = 847.67 m2

Product Q

Annex H - London


Product Q





C3H4O Acrolein Not










0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200

Time (s)

(g/s)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2CO2 (g/s)

CO HCl CO2




Product Q

Annex H - London


FED - FEC

0.79

0.17

0.87

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FED/FEC

FEC 13571FED 13571FEC+FED 13571

Product Q

FED Lethality

1.26

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FEDFED 13344

Product Q

Annex H - London


Product R

Annex H - London




3

0

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(kW)

17

17.5

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

20.5

21O2 (%)






Product R


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80TSP (m2)



TSP 1200s = 68.47 m2

Product R

Annex H - London


Product R





C3H4O Acrolein Not



COF2 Carbonyl Fluoride Yes 0.037 150 4.483 4.648 4.648 4.648







0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200

Time (s)

(g/s)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6CO2 (g/s)

CO HF HCl COF2 CO2




Product R

Annex H - London


FED - FEC

1.84

0.06

1.87

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FED/FEC

FEC 13571FED 13571FEC+FED 13571

Product R

FED Lethality

0.39

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200Time (sec)

FEDFED 13344

Product R

Annex H - London


Product S

Annex H - London




48

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(kW)

17

17.5

18

18.5

19

19.5

20

20.5

21O2 (%)






Product S


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-300 -180 -60 60 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

Time (s)

(%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90TSP (m2)


Transmittance min 85 % at 138 sec

TSP 1200s = 69.68 m2

Product S

Annex H - London


Product S





C3H4O Acrolein Not










0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200

Time (s)

(g/s)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8CO2 (g/s)

toxicity in full scale test (2006)

Documents

product d

product h

product c

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product p

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