toxicity of airborne particles...uk’s pm 2.5 • over 3 times more than road transport • burning...
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Established evidence and knowledge gaps
Toxicity of airborne particles
Frank J Kelly
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Cohort studies link PM2.5with excess
cardiopulmonary mortality
Pope et al 2019. Environ Res Nov 14:108924
RR=1.13 (1.07–1.20) per 10 μg/m3
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• Contribution of oxidative stress to mechanisms by which inhaled PM induces CVD
• A complex series of interconnecting mechanisms underlies the effects of inhaled PM on cardiovascular morbidity & mortality
Miller 2020. Free Radic Biol Med Jan 7. pii: S0891-5849(19)32275-0
Ambient PM: toxicological evidence
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Differential toxicity of ambient PM• Represents one of the most challenging areas of environmental health research• Has prompted momentous research efforts
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Ambient PM: factors influencing toxicity
number
source
chemicalcomposition
reactivity
weather
primary v.secondary
solubility
shape
surfacearea
mass
size
interactionswith gaseous
pollutants
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Differential toxicity: overall consensus
‘the studies do not provide compelling evidence that any
specific source, component, or size class of PM may be excluded
as a possible contributor to PM toxicity’
HEI. 2013 National Particle Component Toxicity (NPACT) Initiative
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Differential toxicity: overall consensus
‘Associations with a given PM2.5chemical component should be
considered as potentially indicative of associations with another
component or set of components with similar sources’
Krall et al 2013. Environ Health Perspect 121:1148-1153
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Global pressures & challenges
Non-exhaust PMat the roadside
Microplastics
Domestic wood burning
Likely shift in composition of PM &emergence of novel components
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Particles from brake, tyre & road surface wear constitute (by mass):
• 60% of primary PM2.5
• 73% of primary PM10
emissions from road transport
UK emissions of PM2.5 from road transport
UK Air Quality Expert Group 2019. Non-exhaust Emissions from Road Traffic. http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk
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• At minimally cytotoxic doses DEP & BAD perturbed bacterial clearance & promoted inflammatory responses with similar potency
• Highlights requirement to consider contributions of abrasion particles to traffic-related clinical health effects
Brake abrasion dust (BAD)
Selley et al 2020. Metallomics 12:371-386
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≤ 5 μm particles & fibres produced from breakdown of larger items eg clothing, car tyres & mismanaged urban waste
Concern stems from:• Global mass production (> 320 Mt/y)• Persistence in the environment &
synthetic physiological fluids
Microplastics
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Airborne microplastics in an urban environment
Wright et al 2020. Environ Int 136: 105411
Deposition rates: 575 - 1008 per m2/d
15 different petrochemical-basedpolymers identified
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Are inhalable microplastics affecting our health?
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• Persistent dry cough, shortness-of-breath, chest pain
• Infection in the airway• Inflammation of tissues surrounding bronchi• ‘Health hazard exists from occupational
exposures to flock–associated dust’ (National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health)
Flocker Worker’s Lung
Persistent, irritant nature
Kern et al 1998, 2000, 2003
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• Commonplace for residential heating in mid- & high-latitude climates
• Throughout N America, wood stoves remain most commonly used type of residential heaters
• Europe is experiencing a return to home heating with solid fuels owing to aesthetic appeal & quest to reduce fossil fuel combustion
Domestic wood burning
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• Domestic sector produces 40% of the UK’s PM2.5
• Over 3 times more than road transport• Burning of wood is largest contributor
to PM emissions in domestic sector• Emission factors for PM in wet wood
substantially higher than dry wood
PM2.5 from domestic combustion in the UK
Institute for Public Policy Research 2018
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Inextricable link with climate change
Wildfires Desert dust storms
Increased temperaturesExtended drought
High windsChanges in vegetation
Increased risk fromnatural events
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The wider threat to human health
Royal College of Physicians & Royal College of Paediatrics & Child Health. 2016
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Possible causal pathwaysMagnetite pollution nanoparticles
in human brain
Maher et al 2016. PNAS 113:10797-10801 Bove et al 2019. Nat Commun 10:3866
Ambient BC particles on fetal side of human placenta
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• Hypothesis free analysis of large dataset
• Discovered new causes of hospital admissions
• Even at daily PM2.5 concentrations below current WHO guideline
Health effects of PM2.5 ... harder we look the more we find
Wei et al 2019. BMJ 367:l6258
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Ambient PM: factors influencing toxicity
number
source
chemicalcomposition
reactivity
weather
primary v.secondary
solubility
shape
surfacearea
mass
size
interactionswith gaseous
pollutants
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Ian Mudway
Thomas SandstromAnders Blomberg
Flemming CasseeBert Brunekreef
+ too many other great researchers to name.
Acknowledgements