toxicology risk and hazard

8/20/2019 Toxicology Risk and Hazard

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RISK AND HAZARDASSESSMENT

NUR FAIZAH MAHBUB

A107000

SITI NORHAYATI ISMAIL

A107355


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RISK AND HAZARD

ASSESSMENT

defnitions

2 elementso risk

Example orisk

assessment ortoxic air

polltants!en"ironments

$omparison o%a&ard

assessment'it% risk

assessment

( Stepsin risk

assessment


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RISK :probability that the hazard will occur under peci!ice"poure condition#

HAZARD: capability o! a ubtance to caue an ad$ere

e!!ect#

RISK ASSESSMENT : the proce by which the hazard%e"poure and ri& aredeter'ined#

HAZARD ASSESSMENT: proce dei(ned todeter'ine !actor contributin( to the poible ad$ere

e!!ect o! a ubtance to which a hu'an population or anen$iron'ental co'part'ent could be e"poed#

DE)INITI*NS


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The two elements of risk

Risk = Exposure x Haar!

Ri& criteria

o! li!eti'eincre'ental

ri&

E"poure

!actor )drin&in( water%

oil in(etion

etc

*he'ical

peci!icpropertie


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+#Doe,reponeae'ent -characterization o!the relation betweendoe and incidenceo! ad$ere e!!ect in

e"poed population#

.#Hazard identi!ication -

characterization o! innate

ad$ere to"ic e!!ect o!

a(ent#

/#E"poure ae'ent

- 'eaure'ent oreti'ation o! the

intenity% !re0uency and

duration o! hu'an

e"poure o! a(ent#

1#Ri& characterization -

eti'ation o! the

incidence o! health

e!!ect under the $ariou

condition o! hu'an

e"poure#

" #ASI$ STE%S IN THE RISK ASSESSMENT


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HAZARD IDENTI)I$ATI*NDetermine whether exposure to a &hemi&al &an in&rease the

in&i!en&e of a parti&ular a!'erse effe&t(

Determine the likehoo! of o&&urren&e in humans(

In this step )the potential for xeno*ioti& to in!u&e an+ t+pe of

toxi& haar! is e'aluate!(

Information is ,athere! an! anal+e! in a wei,ht-of-e'i!en&e

approa&h(

The t+pes of !ata usuall+ &onsist of .

-Human epi!emiolo,+ !ata

-Animal *ioassa+ !ata

+Supportin, !ata


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H,MAN E-IDEMI*.*/0 DATA

Mot deirable and (i$en hi(het priority

ince they a$oid the concern !or pecie

di!!erent in the to"ic repone#


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ANIMA. 1I*ASSA0 DATA

2ri'ary data ued in ri& ae'ent#

Ani'al tudie% which are well,controlled e"peri'ent with :

,&nown e"poure

,e'ploy detailed

,care!ul clinical

,patholo(ical e"a'ination


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S,--*RTIN/ DATA

Deri$ed !ro' cell and bioche'ical

tudie 'ay help the ri& aeor

'a&e 'eanin(!ul prediction a toli&ely hu'an repone#


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D*SE+RES-*NSE ASSESSMENT

Decribe the relationhip between 'a(nitude o!

e"poure and the incidence o! e!!ect in hu'an#

Eti'ate the 0uantity o! a hazard that 'ay reach or(an

or tiue#

Eti'ate how di!!erent o! e"poure to a pollutant chan(e

the probability and e$erity o! health e!!ect#

E!!ect le$el uch a /D012/ethal !ose3)/$012/ethal

&on&entration3)ED012Effe&ti'e !ose3) an! N4AE/(


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/D01 :the !ose of toxi&ant that will kill 01 per&ent of the testor,anism within a perio!(

/$01 .me!ian le'el &on&entration) a stan!ar! measure oftoxi&it+( It tells how mu&h of a su*stan&e is nee!e! to kill half

of a ,roup of experimental or,anism in a ,i'en time(

ED01 .temporar+ an! re'ersi*le effe&ts(

N4AE/. exposure le'el without a!'erse effe&ts(


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E$aluation o! the ource o! the e"poure

The route by which hu'an are e"poed 3inhalation% &in contact%

in(etion4

5e$el o! e"poure

Di!!erent type o! or(ani' e"poe 3hu'an% ani'al% adult% in!ant 4

2ycho,che'ical characteritic 3lipid olubility% water olubility%

$apor preure etc4

6e biomarkers to 'a&e ri& proce 'ore reliable#

E-*S,RE ASSESSMENT


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A an indication o! the internal doe !or properdecription o! the doe repone relationhip

Deter'ination o! the N7AE5 and the doe reponerelationhip

Deter'inin( pecially eniti$e (roup !or eti'atin( anuncertainty !actor

1I*MARKERS


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RISK $HARA$TERIZATI*N

Two part :,.#Nu'erical eti'ate o! ri&

+#Help deciion 'a&er 8ud(e the i(ni!icanceo! the ri&#

*o'parion o! the 'eaured with the predicted e"poure le$el

to deter'ine potentially proble'atic e"poure le$elInclude probability o! health with en$iron'ental e!!ect


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)rom N*AE.

9ariou para'eter can be deter'ined :

Examples 3

or !ood additi$e : A&&epta*le Dail+ Intake 2ADI3 a'ount o! che'ical to which a peron can be

e"poed !or a li!eti'e without u!!erin( har'!ule!!ect#

or !ood conta'inant : Tolera*le Dail+ Intake 2TDI3 eti'ate o! the daily inta&e o! the che'ical that

can occur o$er a li!eti'e without

appreciable health ri&

or occupational e"poure : Threshol! /imit 5alues 2T/53 e"poure !or an ei(ht hour wor&in( day


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$*M-ARIS*N *) HAZARD ASSESSMENT 4ITHRISK ASSESSMENT

$HARA$TERISTI$ HAZARD ASSESSMENT RISK ASSESSMENT

2robabilitic reult No ;e

Ae'ent endpoint Not e"plicit e"plicit

Scale o! reult Dichoto'ou *ontinuou


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RISK ASSESSMENT )*R T*I$ AIR-*..,TANTS !EN5IR*NMENT#

What are toxic air pollutants2oionou ubtance in the air that co'e !ro' natural ourceor !ro' 'an'ade ource and can har' the en$iron'ent orhealth#

What are health risksMeaure o! the chance that will e"perience health proble'

4 steps risk assessment process

- Hazard identi!ication

,Doe repone ae'ent

,E"poure ae'ent

,Ri& characterization


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63 Haar! i!entifi&ation

>hat health proble' are caued by the air pollutant?E"a'ple : cancer% repiratory irritation% ner$ouyte' proble'% birth de!ect#

73 Dose response assessment

Source : !actory 'o&etac& auto'obile

Then deter'ine the a'ount o! the to"ic air pollutantreleaed in a peci!ic ti'e period#

Deter'ine how it 'o$e away !ro' the ource#Eti'ate the a'ount o! each peron inhale#


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83 Exposure assessment

Deter'ine on how to"ic pollutant 'o$e throu(h the body#E"a'ple : by breathin(% in(etion% aborption throu(h the &in

State the 'o$e'ent and chan(e in the body#E"a'ple once the pollutant enter the body it can tay in thelun( be e"haled or 'o$e into the blood !ro' the lun(#

Decribe on how to"ic pollutant chan(e the way o! the bodywor&#

"3 Risk &hara&teriation

*o'binin( the reult o! the e"poure ae'ent and the doerepone ae'ent (i$e an eti'ate o! the increaed li!eti'eri& o! cancer !or an indi$idual e"poed to the 'a"i'u' predictedlon( ter' concentration#


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REEREN*ES

=ohn Ti'brell#+@@/#Introduction to To"icolo(y#=ohn Ti'brell#+@@/#Introduction to To"icolo(y#/rd edition# Taylor ranci/rd edition# Taylor ranci

Ernet Hod(on#+@@/# A te"tboo& o! ModernTo"icolo(y% Second edition

Salem H., Olajos E. 1999 Toxicology in Risk Assesment New York: Taylor & Francis Inc.

En$iron'ental 2rotection A(ency:

http:BBwww#epa#(o$


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THATS A!! "

THAN# YO$ %%

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