toxoptera citricida en citricos

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Ficha Técnica No. 37 Pulgón café de los cítricos Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) Elaborada por: Dr. Esteban Rodríguez Leyva Dr. José Refugio Lomelí Flores Colegio de Postgraduados Actualización de: SENASICA Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia Epidemiológica Fitosanitaria LANREF - CP Fotografías: E. Loeza, R. Lomelí y J. Valdez, S. Patiño

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Plagas en citricos.

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Page 1: Toxoptera Citricida en Citricos

Ficha Técnica No. 37

Pulgón café de los cítricos Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy)

Elaborada por:

Dr. Esteban Rodríguez Leyva Dr. José Refugio Lomelí Flores

Colegio de Postgraduados

Actualización de:

SENASICA Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia

Epidemiológica Fitosanitaria LANREF - CP

Fotografías: E. Loeza, R. Lomelí y J. Valdez, S. Patiño

Page 2: Toxoptera Citricida en Citricos

Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA)

Calle Guillermo Pérez Valenzuela No. 127, Col. Del Carmen C.P. 04100, Coyoacán, México, D.F.

Primera edición: Julio 2013ISBN: 978-607-715-159-3

Pulgón café de los cítricos Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy)

Page 3: Toxoptera Citricida en Citricos

PULGÓN CAFÉ DE LOS CÍTRICOS 2013FICHA TÉCNICA NO. 37

IDENTIDAD ......................................................... 2Nombre ................................................................. 2Sinonimia .............................................................. 2&ODVLÀFDFLyQ�WD[RQyPLFD ...................................... 21RPEUH�FRP~Q ...................................................... 2&yGLJR�(332 ........................................................ 2&DWHJRUtD�UHJODPHQWDULD ...................................... 26LWXDFLyQ�GH�OD�SODJD�HQ�0p[LFR ........................... 2,03257$1&,$�(&21Ð0,&$�'(�/$�3/$*$ ...................................................... 3,PSDFWR�HFRQyPLFR�GH�OD�SODJD ............................. 3',675,%8&,Ð1�*(2*5É),&$�'(�/$�3/$*$ ...................................................... 3'LVWULEXFLyQ�QDFLRQDO ........................................... 3+263('$17(6 .................................................. 4$63(&726�%,2/Ð*,&26 .................................. 6&LFOR�ELROyJLFR ....................................................... 6'HVFULSFLyQ�PRUIROyJLFD........................................ 7Daños .................................................................... 9$63(&726�(3,'(0,2/Ð*,&26 ...................... 9(SLGHPLRORJtD�GH�OD�SODJD .................................... 9'LVSHUVLyQ ........................................................... 110pWRGRV�GH�GLDJQyVWLFR ....................................... 110(','$6�),726$1,7$5,$6 .......................... 12(VTXHPD�GH�9LJLODQFLD(SLGHPLROyJLFD�)LWRVDQLWDULD ............................. 120pWRGRV�GH�PXHVWUHR .......................................... 13$OHUWD�ÀWRVDQLWDULD ............................................. 165HJXODWRULDV ........................................................ 163URWHFFLyQ ........................................................... 16%,%/,2*5$)Ì$ ................................................. 22

Contenido

Page 4: Toxoptera Citricida en Citricos

2PULGÓN CAFÉ DE LOS CÍTRICOS 2013FICHA TÉCNICA NO. 37

CONTENIDO

Código EPPO:

$3+,&,��72;2&,��(332��������

Categoría reglamentaria

3UHVHQWH��VyOR�HQ�DOJXQDV�iUHDV�VHPEUDGDV�FRQ�FXOWLYRV�KRVSHGDQWHV�\�VXMHWD�D�FRQWURO�RÀFLDO��6(1$6,&$��������

Situación de la plaga en México

'H�DFXHUGR�FRQ�HO�UHSRUWH�GHO�6(1$6,&$�GH� MXQLR� GH� ����� �6(1$6,&$�� �������Toxoptera citricida� VH� HQFXHQWUD� GLV-WULEXLGR� HQ� ORV� HVWDGRV� GH� OD� 3HQtQVXOD�GH�<XFDWiQ��7DEDVFR��9HUDFUX]��&KLDSDV��3XHEOD�H�+LGDOJR�\�HQ�DOJXQRV�PXQLFLSLRV�GH�*XHUUHUR��2D[DFD��0RUHORV��4XHUpWDUR��6DQ�/XLV�3RWRVt��-DOLVFR�\�1D\DULW�

IDENTIDAD

Nombre

Toxoptera citricida �.LUNDOG\�

Sinonimia

Aphis tavaresi�'HO�*XHUFLRAphis citricidus �.LUNDOG\�$SKLV�FLWULFLGD�.LNDOG\Paratoxoptera argentiniensis EE %ODQFKDUGMyzus citricidus .LUNDOG\Aphis aeglis 6KLQMLToxoptera aphoides YDQ�GHU�*RRWAphis nigricans�YDQ�GHU�*RRWToxoptera citricidus .LUNDOG\Toxoptera tavaresi �'HO�*XHUFLR�

&ODVLÀFDFLyQ�WD[RQyPLFD

� 3K\OXP��$UWKURSRGD�&ODVH��,QVHFWD� 2UGHQ��+HPLSWHUD� 6XERUGHQ��6WHUQRUUK\QFKD� 6XSHUIDPLOLD��$SKLGRLGHD� )DPLOLD��$SKLGLGDH� *pQHUR��Toxoptera� (VSHFLH��Toxoptera citricida

Nombre común

(VSDxRO

3XOJyQ�FDIp�GH�ORV�FtWULFRV��SXOJyQ�QHJUR�GH�ORV�FtWULFRV��iÀGR�PRUHQR�GH�ORV�FtWULFRV��SXOJyQ�PDUUyQ��iÀGR�YHFWRU�GH�OD�WULVWH]D�HQ�FtWULFRV��SLRMR�GH�ORV�FtWULFRV��SXOJyQ�GH�OD�WULVWH]D��SXOJyQ�FLWULFLGD�

,QJOpV

%ODFN�FLWUXV�DSKLG��EURZQ�FLWUXV�DSKLG��WURSLFDO�FLWUXV�DSKLG��RULHQWDO�FLWUXV�DSKLG��FLWUXV�DSKLG�

Page 5: Toxoptera Citricida en Citricos

3PULGÓN CAFÉ DE LOS CÍTRICOS 2013FICHA TÉCNICA NO. 37

CONTENIDO

IMPORTANCIA ECONÓMICA DE LA PLAGA

Impacto económico de la plaga

T. citricida� VH� FDUDFWHUL]D� SRU� VHU� XQ�HÀFLHQWH� WUDQVPLVRU� GHO� 9LUXV� GH� OD�WULVWH]D�GH� ORV� FtWULFRV� �&79�� HO� FXDO��KD�SURYRFDGR�HQ�HO�PXQGR�OD�PXHUWH�GH�PiV�GH� ���� PLOORQHV� GH� iUEROHV�� HVWDEOHFLGRV�VREUH� QDUDQMR� DJULR� �Citrus aurantium /���� ��� PLOORQHV� GH� iUEROHV� ������� HQ�$UJHQWLQD�����PLOORQHV�HQ�%UDVLO���������\�PiV�GH����PLOORQHV�HQ�9HQH]XHOD�GXUDQWH�GpFDGD�������5RFKD�3HxD���������

/D� LQFLGHQFLD� GH� YDULDQWHV� VHYHUDV�GH� &79� VH� LQWHQVLÀFD� DO� LQWHUDFWXDU� FRQ�HO� SXOJyQ� FDIp�� \D�TXH� HO� LQVHFWR� WLHQH� OD�IDFXOWDG� GH� WUDQVPLWLU� HÀFLHQWHPHQWH�GLFKDV�YDULDQWHV�GHO�YLUXV�

(Q� SDtVHV� FRQ� DOWD� LQFLGHQFLD� GH�YDULDQWHV� VHYHUDV� VH� UHFXUUH� DO� XVR� GH�����SRUWDLQMHUWRV� WROHUDQWHV�� FX\D� DGDSWDEL��OLGDG�\�IDFLOLGDG�GH�PDQHMR�HV�PHQRU�D�OD�GHO�QDUDQMR�DJULR��VLQ�HPEDUJR��HQ�DOJXQRV�FDVRV� ORV�PDWHULDOHV� WROHUDQWHV�QR� VRQ� VX-ÀFLHQWHV� SDUD� FRQWHQHU� ORV� GDxRV� \� SRU�OR� WDQWR� VH� KD� UHFXUULGR� D� OD� SURWHFFLyQ�FUX]DGD� SUHLQRFXODQGR� ODV� SODQWDV� FRQ�DLVODPLHQWRV�QR�VHYHURV�GHO�YLUXV�DQWHV�GH�VHU� HVWDEOHFLGDV� HQ� FDPSR�� �6(1$6,&$��������

T. citricida� UHSUHVHQWD� XQD� DPHQD]D�VHULD� D� OD� FLWUL�FXOWXUD� QDFLRQDO�� \D� TXH�

0p[LFR� HV� XQR� GH� ORV� SULQFLSDOHV� H[SRU-WDGRUHV� GH� FtWULFRV� HQ� HO� PXQGR� �6DOFH-GR�%DFD�et al���������

DISTRIBUCIÓN GEOGRÁFICA DE LA PLAGA

(O�SXOJyQ�FDIp�GH�ORV�FtWULFRV�VH�GHVFULELy�RULJLQDOPHQWH�GH�HVSHFtPHQHV�FROHFWDGRV�HQ�+DZDLL�HQ������SRU�.LUNDOG\�\�DOJXQRV�DXWRUHV� LQGLFDQ� TXH� HV� RULJLQDULR� GHO�HVWH�DVLiWLFR��%ODFNPDQ�\�(DVWRS���������'HVGH�LQLFLRV�GH�OD�PLWDG�GHO�VLJOR�;;�VX�GLVWULEXFLyQ�DEDUFDED�JUDQ�SDUWH�GH�$VLD��1XHYD�=HODQGD��$XVWUDOLD��DOJXQDV� LVODV�GHO�3DFtÀFR��\�HO�VXU�GHO�6DKDUD�\�0DGD-JDVFDU�HQ�ÉIULFD��$FWXDOPHQWH�HO� LQVHFWR�VH�HQFXHQWUD�GLVWULEXLGR�HQ�ORV�FLQFR�FRQ-WLQHQWHV��&$%,��������

'XUDQWH� ����� T. citricida� VH� GHWHFWy�SRU�SULPHUD�YH]�HQ�&RVWD�5LFD��HVH�DxR�VH�UHSRUWy�XQ�HVSpFLPHQ�DODGR�HQ�XQD�WUDPSD�DPDULOOD� XQ� FXOWLYR� GH� PHOyQ� �9RHJWOLQ�\� 9LOODORERV�� ������� 8Q� DxR� GHVSXpV�� HQ�������VH�FROHFWDURQ�HVSHFtPHQHV�HQ�SODQWDV�GH� FtWULFRV� HQ� &RVWD� 5LFD�� 5HS~EOLFD� 'R-PLQLFDQD��+DLWt��1LFDUDJXD�\�3XHUWR�5LFR��GXUDQWH������HQ�&XED�\�-DPDLFD��\�SDUD�HO�DxR������HQ�)ORULGD��((�88����)LJXUD����

Distribución nacional

(Q�0p[LFR�0LFKDXG� \� ÉOYDUH]� ������� UH-SRUWDURQ�SRU�SULPHUD�YH]�OD�SUHVHQFLD�GHO�SXOJyQ� FDIp� GH� ORV� FtWULFRV� HQ� 4XLQWDQD�5RR�� HQ� HO�PHV� GH� IHEUHUR�� VREUH� QDUDQMD�

Page 6: Toxoptera Citricida en Citricos

4PULGÓN CAFÉ DE LOS CÍTRICOS 2013FICHA TÉCNICA NO. 37

CONTENIDO

GH�WUDVSDWLR�HQ�/i]DUR�&iUGHQDV��\�D�ÀQHV�GH� HVWH� DxR� \D� VH� ORFDOL]DED� HQ� HO� HVWDGR�&DPSHFKH�� 'HVSXpV� GH� HVRV� UHJLVWURV�� HQ�SRFR�WLHPSR�VH�GLVWULEX\y�HQ�ODV�SULQFLSDOHV�]RQDV�FLWUtFRODV�GH�OD�SHQtQVXOD�GH�<XFDWiQ��

(Q� ����� FRORQL]y� OD� ]RQD� FLWUtFROD�PiV� LPSRUWDQWH�GHO�QRUWH�GH�9HUDFUX]��GRQGH� VH� FXOWLYDQ� PiV� GH� ���� ���� KD��/ySH]�$UUR\R� et al��� ������� \� D� SDUWLU�GH� HQWRQFHV� VH� KD� GLVSHUVDGR� D� WRGRV�ORV�HVWDGRV�FRQ�SURGXFFLyQ�FRPHUFLDO�GH�FtWULFRV� HQ� HO� SDtV�� 'H� DFXHUGR� FRQ� LQ-IRUPDFLyQ�RILFLDO�HQ�0p[LFR��6(1$6,&$��������HO�SXOJyQ�FDIp�GH�ORV�FtWULFRV�HVWi�SUHVHQWH�ORV�HVWDGRV�GH�OD�3HQtQVXOD�GH�<XFDWiQ�� 7DEDVFR�� 9HUDFUX]�� &KLDSDV��3XHEOD� H� +LGDOJR� \� HQ� DOJXQRV� PXQL-FLSLRV� GH� *XHUUHUR�� 2D[DFD�� 0RUHORV��4XHUpWDUR�� 6DQ� /XLV� 3RWRVt�� -DOLVFR� \�1D\DULW� �)LJXUD� �D��� FRQWUDULDPHQWH�HO� &79� VH� HQFXHQWUD� GLVWULEXLGR� HQ� OD�PD\RUtD� GH� HVWDGRV� SURGXFWRUHV� GH�FtWULFRV��)LJXUD��E��

(Q�0p[LFR�HQ�]RQDV�GRQGH�FRLQFLGHQ�HO�&79�\�T. citricida�� ORV�GDxRV� HQ�iUEROHV�LQIHFWDGRV�QR�KD�VLGR�WDQ�VHYHURV�FRPR�ORV�UHSRUWDGRV� HQ� RWURV� SDtVHV� �5RFKD�3HxD���������ORV�iUEROHV�VXHOHQ�SHUPDQHFHQ�DVLQ-WRPiWLFRV�\�VLQ�PDQLIHVWDU�GHFOLQDPLHQWR�UHSHQWLQR�

(Q�0p[LFR�HO�YLUXV�VH�SUHVHQWD�FRPR�XQD�PH]FOD�GH�YDULDQWHV�FRQ�GLIHUHQWHV�SURSLHGDGHV� ELROyJLFDV� \� JHQpWLFDV���+HUUHUD�,VLGUyQ�et al.,�������

HOSPEDANTES

$XQTXH� HO� SXOJyQ� FDIp� GH� ORV� FtWULFRV� VH�FRQVLGHUD�XQD�SODJD�PRQyIDJD�\�SUiFWLFD-PHQWH�VyOR�VH�GHVDUUROOD�VREUH�SODQWDV�GH�OD�IDPLOLD�5XWDFHDH��+ROPDQ��������VHxDOD�TXH� VH� OH� KD� HQFRQWUDGR� VREUH� RWUDV�IDPLOLDV�ERWiQLFDV�� DXQTXH� FRQ�EDMD� IUH-FXHQFLD��0LFKDXG���������HQ�XQD�UHYLVLyQ�ELEOLRJUiÀFD�VREUH�T. citricida��VHxDOD�TXH�VH�WLHQHQ�UHJLVWURV�GH����HVSHFLHV�GH�SODQWDV�KRVSHGDQWHV�SHUWHQHFLHQWHV�D����IDPLOLDV�ERWiQLFDV��SHUR�VRODPHQWH�VH�KD�REVHUYDGR�IUDQFD� FRORQL]DFLyQ� VREUH� HVSHFLHV� GHO�JpQHUR�Citrus��%ODFNPDQ�\�(DVWRS���������FRQVLGHUDQ�TXH�ORV�KRVSHGDQWHV�SULPDULRV�VRQ�SODQWDV�GHO�JpQHUR�Citrus.

(Q� 0p[LFR� VH� KD� FROHFWDGR� HO� T. citricida DOLPHQWiQGRVH� GH� ��� HVSHFLHV�SHUWHQHFLHQWHV� D� GRV� IDPLOLDV� ERWiQLFDV��&XDGUR�����9LOOHJDV��������

Page 7: Toxoptera Citricida en Citricos

5PULGÓN CAFÉ DE LOS CÍTRICOS 2013FICHA TÉCNICA NO. 37

CONTENIDO

Figura 1. 'LVWULEXFLyQ�JHRJUiÀFD�GH�T. citricida�HQ�HO�PXQGR��&UpGLWRV��&$%,�������

Figura 2.�'LVWULEXFLyQ�\�HVWDWXV�ÀWRVDQLWDULR�GH��D��SXOJyQ�FDIp�GH�ORV�FtWULFRV�\��E��&79�HQ�0p[LFR�� &UpGLWRV��6(1$6,&$�������

a b

Page 8: Toxoptera Citricida en Citricos

6PULGÓN CAFÉ DE LOS CÍTRICOS 2013FICHA TÉCNICA NO. 37

CONTENIDO

ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS

Ciclo biológico

(Q� OD�PD\RUtD�GH� ODV�iUHDV�GRQGH� VH�KD�UHSRUWDGR� HVWD� HVSHFLH� VX� FLFOR� GH� YLGD�HV� DQKRORFtFOLFR� �HV� GHFLU� TXH� QR� WLHQH�IRUPDV�VH[XDOHV�HQ� LQYLHUQR���DXQTXH�VH�KDQ�GHWHFWDGR�IRUPDV�VH[XDOHV�HQ�-DSyQ��0LFKDXG��������

/DV� SREODFLRQHV� GH� HVWD� HVSHFLH� HQ�0p[LFR� HVWiQ� FRPSXHVWDV� H[FOXVLYD-PHQWH�SRU�KHPEUDV�SDUWHQRJHQpWLFDV�\�OD�GXUDFLyQ�GH�VX�FLFOR�GH�YLGD�HVWi�GHWHUPL-QDGD�SRU�ODV�FRQGLFLRQHV�DPELHQWDOHV�HQ�FDGD�]RQD��

(Q�FRQGLFLRQHV�ySWLPDV��FRPR�ODV�TXH�LPSHUDQ� HQ� ORV� WUySLFRV� PH[LFDQRV�� HO�FLFOR�GH�YLGD�VH�GHVDUUROOD�GH���D���GtDV��\�HQ�WHRUtD�VH�SXHGHQ�GHVDUUROODU�KDVWD����JHQHUDFLRQHV�SRU�DxR�

(O� FLFOR� GH� YLGD� VH� LQLFLD� FRQ� HO� QD-FLPLHQWR�GH�ODV�QLQIDV��\D�VHD�GH�KHPEUDV�DODGDV� R� iSWHUDV�� SUHVHQWiQGRVH� FXDWUR�HVWDGLRV�QLQIDOHV��8QD�KHPEUD�GD�RULJHQ�HQ�SURPHGLR�D����QLQIDV�HQ�XQ�SHUtRGR�GH�����GtDV��/DV�FRORQLDV�VH�RULJLQDQ�SULQFL-SDOPHQWH�GH�XQD�KHPEUD�DODGD�\�HQ�EURWHV�LQPDGXURV�� &XDQGR� ORV� EURWHV� PDGXUDQ�OD�FRQVLVWHQFLD�\D�QR�HV�DGHFXDGD�SDUD�ORV�iÀGRV�\�VH�LQLFLD�OD�IRUPDFLyQ�GH�DGXOWDV�DODGDV� TXH� PLJUDUiQ� SDUD� OD� E~VTXHGD�GH� EURWHV� LQPDGXURV� \� IRUPDU� QXHYDV�FRORQLDV��

/D� WHPSHUDWXUD� ySWLPD�GH�GHVDUUROOR�HV�����&��\�HV�LGHDO�SDUD�TXH�HVWD�HVSHFLH�H[SUHVH�VX�Pi[LPR�SRWHQFLDO�UHSURGXF-WLYR�\�ORQJHYLGDG��.RPD]DNL���������

(Q� 0p[LFR� QR� VH� WLHQHQ� HVWXGLRV� GH�FLFOR� GH� YLGD� GH� HVWD� HVSHFLH�� SHUR� HQ�WUDEDMRV� GH� RWURV� SDtVHV� VH�KD� HQFRQWUD-GR�TXH�ODV�QLQIDV�UHTXLHUHQ�GH�XQ�SHUtRGR�

Cuadro 1.�+RVSHGDQWHV�GH�T. citricida�HQ�0p[LFR�

Familia 1RPEUH�FLHQWtÀFRNombre común

en españolNombre común

en inglés

$QRQDFHD Anona muricata L. *XDQiEDQD 6RXUVRS5XWDFHDH Citrus aurantifolia /LPD�PH[LFDQD .H\�OLPH

Citrus aurantium 1DUDQMD�DJULD 6RXU�RUDQJHCitrus grandis 3RPHOR *UDSHIUXLWCitrus limon /LPyQ LemonCitrus paradise 7RURQMD *UDSHIUXLWCitrus sinensis 1DUDQMD�GXOFH 6ZHHW�RUDQJHCitrus sp. &tWULFRV�HQ�JHQHUDO -

)XHQWH��9LOOHJDV������

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7PULGÓN CAFÉ DE LOS CÍTRICOS 2013FICHA TÉCNICA NO. 37

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GH�����GtDV��D�XQD�WHPSHUDWXUD�GH�����&������XQLGDGHV�FDORU�SDUD�FRPSOHWDU�WRGR�VX�GHVDUUROOR���WHQLHQGR�XQD�WHPSHUDWXUD�EDVH�GH������&�\�VX�XPEUDO�GH�GHVDUUROOR�D�����&��:DQJ�\�7VDL��������

Descripción morfológica

/DV� SREODFLRQHV� GHO� SXOJyQ� FDIp� GH� ORV�FtWULFRV� HQ�0p[LFR� HVWiQ� FRPSXHVWDV� SRU�KHPEUDV� SDUWHQRJHQpWLFDV�� H[LVWHQ� ODV�IRUPDV�iSWHUDV�\�DODGDV�\�VX�WDPDxR�YDUtD�GH�����D�����PP�GH�ODUJR��3DUD�OD�FRUUHFWD�LGHQWLÀFDFLyQ�HV�UHFRPHQGDEOH�DVHJXUDU�OD�SUHVHQFLD�GH�LQVHFWRV�DODGRV�HQ�OD�PXHVWUD��

/DV�KHPEUDV�DODGDV�SUHVHQWDQ�FRORUDFLyQ�FDIp�D�QHJUR�EULOODQWH�FXDQGR�HVWiQ�YLYDV��/DV� DQWHQDV� VRQ� GH� VHLV� DUWHMRV�� ORV� WUHV�SULPHURV�REVFXURV�FDVL�QHJURV�\�GHO�FXDUWR�DO� VH[WR� VRQ� SiOLGRV� � �)LJXUD� �$��� /RV�

Figura 3. 'HWDOOH�GH�DODV�\�DQWHQDV�GH�T. citricida���$��$QWHQD���%��$OD�DQWHULRU��&UpGLWRV��-��9DOGH]�

VLI~QFXORV�\� OD� FDXGD�VRQ�HORQJDGRV�\�GH�FRORU�QHJUR��/D�FDXGD�HV�UHGRQGHDGD�\�FRQ����D����VHWDV��3UHVHQWDQ�SODFD�HVWULGXOD-GRUD�FHUFDQD�D�OD�EDVH�GH�ORV�VLI~QFXORV��$PEDV�DODV�DQWHULRUHV�SUHVHQWDQ�OD�YHQD�PHGLD�GRV�YHFHV�GLYLGLGD�\�HO�SWHURVWLJ-PD�HV�SiOLGR�RVFXUR��)LJXUD��%��

/DV� KHPEUDV� DGXOWDV� iSWHUDV� FXDQGR�HVWiQ�YLYDV�SUHVHQWDQ�FRORUDFLyQ�EULOODQWH�TXH� YD� GHO� FDIp� DO� QHJUR�� /DV� DQWHQDV�VRQ� GH� VHLV� DUWHMRV�� ORV� GRV� SULPHURV�VRQ� REVFXURV� \� GHO� PLVPR� FRORU� TXH� OD�FDEH]D��ORV�DUWHMRV�,,,�DO�9�SUHVHQWDQ�XQD�EDQGD�DSLFDO�REVFXUD��PLHQWUDV�TXH�HO�9,�SUHVHQWD� XQD� SLJPHQWDFLyQ� TXH� SURJUH-VLYDPHQWH� VH� YD� REVFXUHFLHQGR� KDFLD� HO�iSLFH��$O�LJXDO�TXH�ODV�KHPEUDV�DODGDV�ORV�VLI~QFXORV�\�FDXGD�FRQ����D����VHWDV�VRQ�HORQJDGRV��REVFXURV�\�WDPELpQ�SUHVHQWDQ�DSDUDWR�HVWULGXODGRU�

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8PULGÓN CAFÉ DE LOS CÍTRICOS 2013FICHA TÉCNICA NO. 37

CONTENIDO

'HQWUR� GH� ODV� HVSHFLHV� GH� iÀGRV� TXH�FRORQL]DQ� FtWULFRV�T. citricida� SXHGH� VHU�FRQIXQGLGR� FRQ�T. aurantii� GHELGR� D� VX�VLPLOLWXG� HQ� FRORU�� WDPDxR� \� SUHVHQFLD�GH� DSDUDWR� HVWULGXODGRU�� 6LQ� HPEDUJR��HV� SRVLEOH� VX� VHSDUDFLyQ� LQFOXVR� FRQ� OD�D\XGD�GH�XQD� OXSD��GH�SRFRV�DXPHQWRV��\D�TXH�T. citricida�WLHQH�HO�VHJPHQWR�,,,�QHJUR��HO�SWHURVWLJPD�FDIp�FODUR�\�ODV�DODV�SUHVHQWDQ�OD�YHQD�PHGLD�FRQ�XQD�ELIXU-FDFLyQ��6WRHW]HO���������8QD�FDUDFWHUtVWL-FD�SUiFWLFD�SDUD�GLVWLQJXLU�D�T. citricida GH�VX�HVSHFLH�KHUPDQD�T. aurantii�HV�TXH�OD� SULPHUD� DO� VHU� FROHFWDGD� HQ� DOFRKRO�WLxH�HVWH�SURJUHVLYDPHQWH�GH�FRORU�URML]R�

(Q� GLYHUVDV� SDUWHV� GHO� PXQGR� VH�UHFRQRFHQ� DO�PHQRV� ��� HVSHFLHV� GH� iÀGRV�TXH� VH� KDQ� GHWHFWDGR� VREUH� FtWULFRV�� GH�pVWDV���� VH�DOLPHQWDQ�GH�PDQHUD� UHJXODU�HQ� FtWULFRV�� \� RWUDV� FXDWUR� TXH� HVSRUi-GLFDPHQWH� VH� DVRFLDQ� D� HVWDV� SODQWDV��(Q� �0p[LFR�VH�KDQ� FROHFWDGR����GH� HVWDV�HVSHFLHV� HQ� ]RQDV� FLWUtFRODV� �&XDGUR� ����3DUD� OD� LGHQWLÀFDFLyQ� GH� HVWDV� HVSHFLHV�VH�XVD�FRQ�PXFKD� IUHFXHQFLD� OD�FODYH�GH�+DOEHUW�\�%URZQ��������

Cuadro 2. ÉÀGRV� UHJLVWUDGRV� HQ� FtWULFRV� HQ� HO�PXQGR�\�HQ�0p[LFR�

(VSHFLHV�GH�iÀGRV�reportados en

cítricos en el mundo

Reportados en México

Aphis arbuti )HUUDUL NoA. craccivora .RFK SiA. fabae 6FRSROL SiA. gossypii *ORYHU SiA. medicaginis .RFK NoA. nerii�%R\HU�GH�)RQVFRORPEH

Si

A. spiraecola�3DWFK SiAulacorthum magnoliae �(VVLJ��.XZDQD�

No

A. solani��.DOWHQEDFK� SiBrachycaudus helichrysi �.DOWHQEDFK�

Si

B. cardui��/LQQDHXV� NoBrachyunguis harmalae %��'DV

No

Uroleucon��8���jaceae �/LQQDHXV�

No

Macrosiphum euphorbiae �7KRPDV�

Si

Myzus persicae��6XO]HU� SiPterochloroides persicae �&KRORGNRXVN\�

No

Sinomegoura citricola �YDQ�GHU�*RRW�

No

Toxoptera aurantii��%�GH�)� SiT. citricida��.LUNDOG\� SiT. odinae��YDQ�GHU�*RRW� NoT. victoriae�0DUWLQ No

)XHQWH��9LOOHJDV�������

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9PULGÓN CAFÉ DE LOS CÍTRICOS 2013FICHA TÉCNICA NO. 37

CONTENIDO

Daños

&XDQGR�T. citricida�VH�DOLPHQWD�VREUH�ODV�SODQWDV� SURGXFH� JUDQGHV� FDQWLGDGHV� GH�PLHOHFLOOD��TXH�VH�DFXPXOD�HQ�ODV�KRMDV�\�IDYRUHFH�HO�GHVDUUROOR�GH�KRQJRV�FDXVDQWHV�GH� OD� IXPDJLQD�� OD� FXDO� SXHGH� GLVPLQXLU�OD�WDVD�IRWRVLQWpWLFD��8QD�VROD�FRORQLD�GHO�LQVHFWR�DO�VXFFLRQDU�OD�VDYLD�GH�ORV�WHMLGRV�LQPDGXURV�� SXHGH� FDXVDU� HQUROODPLHQ-WR� GH� ORV� IROLRORV� \� GLVWRUVLyQ� GH� EURWHV�LQPDGXURV� �)LJXUD� ����$� SHVDU� GH� TXH� HO�GDxR�GLUHFWR�SXHGH�VHU�HYLGHQWH��HO�ULHVJR�PiV� LPSRUWDQWH� VH� GHEH� D� TXH� HO� LQVHFWR�SXHGH� WUDQVPLWLU� GH� IRUPD�PX\� HÀFLHQWH�DO�&79� �5RFKD�3HxD�������.

T. citricida� LQLFLD� OD� FRORQL]DFLyQ� GH�ORV� FtWULFRV� HQ� OD� pSRFD� GH� EURWDFLyQ�� OR�FXDO�RFXUUH��HQ�YDULRV�HVWDGRV�HQ�0p[LFR��GRV�R�WUHV�VHPDQDV�GHVSXpV�GHO�LQLFLR�GH�ODV� OOXYLDV�� /D�PDGXUDFLyQ� GH� ODV� KRMDV�\� WDOORV� LQGXFHQ� OD� IRUPDFLyQ� GH� IRUPDV�DODGDV�� FRQ� OR� FXDO� RFXUUH� OD� GLVSHUVLyQ�GH�OD�SODJD�GHQWUR�GHO�FXOWLYR��(Q�0p[LFR��ORV� WUDEDMRV�FRQGXFLGRV�SRU�HO�*UXSR� ,Q-WHUGLVFLSOLQDULR� H� ,QWHULQVWLWXFLRQDO� GH�,QYHVWLJDFLyQ� HQ� &tWULFRV� �*,,,&�� ��������GDWRV� VLQ� SXEOLFDU�� GHPXHVWUDQ� TXH� ODV�SREODFLRQHV�GHO�SXOJyQ�FDIp�GH�ORV�FtWULFRV�HQ�OD�SHQtQVXOD�GH�<XFDWiQ�VRQ�UHODWLYD-PHQWH�HVFDVDV�\�VH�SUHVHQWDQ�FRQ�PD\RU�DEXQGDQFLD� GH� QRYLHPEUH� D� PDU]R�� /D�PD\RUtD�GH�ODV�FROHFWDV�VH�KDQ�UHDOL]DGR�HQ�DOWLWXGHV� LQIHULRUHV�D� ORV�����P��\�HQ�FOLPDV�FiOLGRV�K~PHGRV�\�VXEK~PHGRV�

ASPECTOS EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS

Epidemiología de la plaga

(O�SXOJyQ�FDIp�GH�ORV�FtWULFRV�HV�FRQVLGH��UDGR�FRPR�XQD�GH�ODV�SULQFLSDOHV�SODJDV�HQ� OD� FLWULFXOWXUD� D� QLYHO� PXQGLDO��3DUD� VX� GHVDUUROOR� SUHILHUH� ORV� EURWHV�LQPDGXURV�GH�SODQWDV�GHO�JpQHUR�Citrus �%ODFNPDQ� \� (DVWRS�� ������� 6X� DOWR�SRWHQFLDO�UHSURGXFWLYR�\�HO�KHFKR�GH�VHU�XQ�RUJDQLVPR�SDUWHQRJHQpWLFR�OH�IDFXOWD�SDUD�GHVDUUROODU�DOWDV�SREODFLRQHV�HQ�XQ�WLHPSR� UHODWLYDPHQWH� FRUWR�� (Q� WHRUtD�HVWD�HVSHFLH�SRGUtD�WHQHU�KDVWD����JHQH��UDFLRQHV�SRU�DxR�VL�KXELHUD�WRGR�HO�WLHPSR�EURWHV�GLVSRQLEOHV��OR�FXDO�QR�VH�KD�GRFX-PHQWDGR� TXH� RFXUUD� HQ�0p[LFR��6X� FLFOR�GH� YLGD� VH� GHVDUUROOD� HQWUH� ����� GtDV� \�HVWi� DOWDPHQWH� LQIOXHQFLDGR� SRU� ODV�FRQGLFLRQHV� FOLPiWLFDV� �SULQFLSDOPHQWH�WHPSHUDWXUD��� \� OD� SODQWD� KRVSHGDQWH��0LFKDXG���������(Q�WpUPLQRV�JHQHUDOHV�FXPSOH� VX� GHVDUUROOR� GH� QLQID� XQR� D�DGXOWR�HQ�����XQLGDGHV�FDORU�FRQVLGHUDQ-GR�XQD�WHPSHUDWXUD�XPEUDO�GH�GHVDUUROOR�GH������&�

$FWXDOPHQWH� VH� UHDOL]D� XQ� WUDEDMR� GH�LQYHVWLJDFLyQ� SRU� HO� *,,,&� HQ� ORV� WUHV�HVWDGRV�GH�OD�3HQtQVXOD�GH�<XFDWiQ��TXH�EXVFD� HQWHQGHU� PHMRU� ORV� SURFHVRV� GH�SUHVHQFLD�SREODFLRQDO�GH�iÀGRV�\�OD�GLVWUL-EXFLyQ�KLVWyULFD�GHO�&79�HQ�HVWD�UHJLyQ�

6H�KDQ� UHDOL]DGR�PXHVWUHRV� GH� iÀGRV�SRU� DO� PHQRV� ��� PHVHV�� \� VH� UHDOL]DURQ�FHQVRV� SDUFHODULRV� GH� WUHV� KXHUWRV� GH�

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10PULGÓN CAFÉ DE LOS CÍTRICOS 2013FICHA TÉCNICA NO. 37

CONTENIDO

Figura 5.�0DSDV�JHRHVWDGtVWLFRV� LQWHUSRODWLYRV�GH� OD�GLVSHUVLyQ�HVSDFLDO�GH�T. citricida�HQ�EURWHV�YHJHWDWLYRV�GH�KXHUWRV��OLPyQ�SHUVD�HQ�&DPSHFKH��D���\�QDUDQMD�GXOFH�HQ�4XLQWDQD�5RR��E��\�<XFDWiQ��F���'DWRV�*,,,&�������

Figura 4.�'DxR�GLUHFWR�GH�T. citricida sobre Citrus VS��HQ�%UDVLO��&UpGLWRV��(��/RH]D�������

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11PULGÓN CAFÉ DE LOS CÍTRICOS 2013FICHA TÉCNICA NO. 37

CONTENIDO

Figura 6. &RORQLD�GH�T. citricida en EURWHV�GH�QDUDQMD��

� &UpGLWRV��5��/RPHOt�\�-��9DOGH]�

FtWULFRV��XQR�HQ�FDGD�HVWDGR��GXUDQWH�XQR�GH� ORV�SHUtRGRV�GH�EURWDFLyQ�PiV� LPSRU-WDQWHV� HQ� OD� ]RQD�� GH� HQHUR� D�PDU]R� GH�������/RV�UHVXOWDGRV�SUHOLPLQDUHV�LQGLFDQ�D� &DPSHFKH� FRPR� OD� ]RQD� GH� PD\RU� LQ-IHVWDFLyQ� GXUDQWH� HO� PHV� GH� IHEUHUR��)LJXUD� �� D��� (O� SDWUyQ� GH� FRORQL]DFLyQ�LQGLFD�DJUHJDFLyQ�DVRFLDGD�D�OD�LQWHQVLGDG�GH� EURWDFLyQ� �GDWRV� TXH� QR� VH� PXHVWUDQ�HQ� OD� JUiÀFD��� $GLFLRQDOPHQWH�� HVWD� LQ-IRUPDFLyQ�SHUPLWLUi� VLPXODU� VLVWHPDV�GH�PXHVWUHR�GHO� YHFWRU� HQ�SODQWD�SDUD�ÀQHV�GH� PDQHMR� TXtPLFR� \� ELROyJLFR�� DVt� FRPR�GH� XQ� HYHQWXDO� SURFHVR� GH� GHWHFFLyQ� GH�YDULDQWHV� VHYHUDV� GHO� &79�� �'RPtQJXH]��������3DWLxR���������

Dispersión

(VWD� HVSHFLH� GH� SXOJyQ� WLHQH� SRFD�FDSDFLGDG� GH� GHVSOD]DPLHQWR� D� JUDQGHV�GLVWDQFLD�SRU�YXHOR�GLUHFWR��VLQ�HPEDUJR��HV� FDSD]�GH�DSURYHFKDU� ODV�FRUULHQWHV�GH�DLUH�SDUD�GHVSOD]DUVH�D�OXJDUHV�GLVWDQWHV��/D� LQWURGXFFLyQ� D� QXHYDV� iUHDV� HV�DOWDPHQWH�SUREDEOH�SRU�HO�GHVSOD]DPLHQ-WR�GH�SODQWDV�KRVSHGDQWHV�LQIHVWDGDV��HQ�DGLFLyQ��HVWD�HVSHFLH�WDPELpQ�HV�DWUDtGD�SRU� FRORUHV� DPDULOORV� OR� TXH� IDFLOLWD� VX�WUDQVSRUWH� HQ� PDTXLQDULD�� XWHQVLOLRV� R�DUWtFXORV�GHO�FDPSR�TXH�VH�GHVSOD]DQ�GH�XQD�]RQD�D�RWUD���*,,,&��������

Métodos de diagnóstico

$� SHVDU� GH� TXH� HO� SXOJyQ� FDIp� GH� ORV�FtWULFRV�SXHGH�HQFRQWUDUVH�HQ����HVSHFLHV�GH�SODQWDV�FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV�D����IDPLOLDV�ERWiQLFDV�� LQFOX\HQGR� DOJXQDV� RWUDV�UXWiFHDV�FRPR�Fortunella VSS��\�Poncirus VSS�� �0LFKDXG�� ������� HVWD� HVSHFLH� VH�GHVDUUROODUi� FRPR� FRORQLDV� FRPSDFWDV�SULQFLSDOPHQWH� HQ� SODQWDV� GHO� JpQHUR�Citrus� �)LJXUD� ���� 3RU� HVWD� UD]yQ�� SDUD�VX� GHWHFFLyQ� VH� UHFRPLHQGD� REVHUYDU� \�PXHVWUHDU� SODQWDV� GH� RUQDWR� R� FXOWLYRV�FRPHUFLDOHV�GH�FtWULFRV�

3UHIHUHQWHPHQWH� VH� GHVDUUROODQ� VREUH�EURWHV�GH�FUHFLPLHQWR�\�WHMLGRV�LQPDGXURV��DXQTXH� SXHGH� HQFRQWUDUVH� HQ� WDOORV�\� UDPDV� MyYHQHV�� 8Q� LQGLFDGRU� SDUD�VRVSHFKDU� SUHVHQFLD� HQ� ORV� iUEROHV� HV�OD� PLHOHFLOOD� HQ� ODV� KRMDV�� \�R� KRUPLJDV�TXH�VH�GHVSOD]DQ�FRQVWDQWHPHQWH�HQ� ODV�UDPDV��&XDQGR�ODV�FRORQLDV�SDVDQ�WLHPSR�HQ�HO�iUERO� IUHFXHQWHPHQWH�VH�REVHUYD� OD�SUHVHQFLD� GH� IXPDJLQD� R� GHIRUPDFLyQ� GH�ORV�EURWHV�

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CONTENIDO

MEDIDAS FITOSANITARIAS

Esquema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica Fitosanitaria

(Q�ODV�]RQDV�HVWDEOHFLGDV�FRQ�FtWULFRV�VH�GHEHUiQ�GHWHUPLQDU�iUHDV�GH�H[SORUDFLyQ��SDUD� OD� LQVSHFFLyQ� GH� SODQWDV� HQ� EXVFD�GHO�SXOJyQ�FDIp�GH�ORV�FtWULFRV��/DV�iUHDV�GH� H[SORUDFLyQ� \� PXHVWUHR� VH� GHEHUiQ�HVWDEOHFHUVH� HVWUDWpJLFDPHQWH� HQ� EDVH� D�OD�GLVWULEXFLyQ�GH�KRVSHGHURV�� ODV� FRQGL-FLRQHV� FOLPiWLFDV� IDYRUDEOHV� D� OD� SODJD��VXSHUÀFLH� VHPEUDGD� GH� KRVSHGDQWHV��ELRORJtD� GH� OD� SODJD�� HWDSDV� IHQROyJLFDV�GHO� FXOWLYR�� UXWDV� GH� FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ� \�YtDV�GH�FRPXQLFDFLyQ�

Área de exploración.� 3DUD� OD� H[-SORUDFLyQ� VH� VHOHFFLRQDUDQ� ODV� ]RQDV�FLWUtFRODV� FRPHUFLDOHV� FRPSDFWDV� GHO�HVWDGR�� UHSUHVHQWDGD� SRU� ORV�PXQLFLSLRV�FRQ�PD\RU�VXSHUÀFLH�FLWUtFROD��/D�XQLGDG�GH�H[SORUDFLyQ�HVWi�GHÀQLGD�SRU���KD��3DUD�OD�H[SORUDFLyQ�GH�VtQWRPDV�VRVSHFKRVRV�D�ODV�SODJDV�GH�FtWULFRV�VH�GHEH�FRQVLGHUDU�TXH�ORV�iUEROHV�MyYHQHV�VRQ�PiV�VXVFHSWL-EOHV�TXH�ORV�TXH�WLHQHQ�GLH]�R�PiV�DxRV��(Q�FDGD�XQLGDG�GH�H[SORUDFLyQ�HO�PpWRGR�GH�PXHVWUHR�VHUi�HQ�IRUPD�GH�´7µ�

Rutas de Vigilancia.� /DV� UXWDV� GH�YLJLODQFLD�VH�SURSRQHQ�UHDOL]DU�D�WUDYpV�GH�WUDQVHFWRV�SRWHQFLDOHV�D�VHOHFFLRQDUVH��GLUHFFLyQ�\�GLVWDQFLD���/DV� UXWDV�GH�YL��JLODQFLD�VH�XELFDUiQ�HQ�iUHDV�XUEDQDV�\�VLOYHVWUHV��SRU�WRGDV�DTXHOODV�UXWDV�GH�DOWD�PRYLOL]DFLyQ� GH� FRVHFKDV� \� GH� SHUVRQDO�

SDUD�HIHFWXDU�ODV�ODERUHV�GH�FXOWLYR��GRQGH�H[LVWD�XQ�ULHVJR�SRWHQFLDO�D�OD�HQWUDGD�GHO�SXOJyQ�FDIp�GH� ORV� FtWULFRV��&DGD�UXWD�GH�YLJLODQFLD� GHEHUi� WHQHU� FRPR�PtQLPR� ���SXQWRV� GH� YLJLODQFLD�� /DV� SODQWDV� GH� ORV�SXQWRV�GH�YLJLODQFLD�GHEHUiQ�VHU�PDUFDGDV�FRQ�FLQWDV�GH�XQ�VROR�FRORU��SDUD�GDUOH�VH-JXLPLHQWR�D�OD�PLVPDV�SODQWDV�GXUDQWH�HO�SHUtRGR� GH�PRQLWRUHR�� 6H� UHYLVDUDQ� GH� ��D���SODQWDV�SRU�FDGD�SXQWR�GH�YLJLODQFLD��HQ�EXVFD�GH�HMHPSODUHV�VRVSHFKRVRV��/DV�LQVSHFFLRQHV� VHUiQ� TXLQFHQDOHV� \� ~QLFD-PHQWH�HQ�DTXHOODV�UXWDV�TXH�VH�GHWHFWHQ�VRVSHFKRVRV� R� SRVLWLYDV�� ODV� LQVSHFFLRQHV�DXPHQWDUDQ� OD� IUHFXHQFLD� D� UHYLVLRQHV�semanales.

Parcelas centinela.� /DV� SDUFHODV�FHQWLQHOD� VH� HVWDEOHFHUiQ� HQ� SODQWD-FLRQHV�FRPHUFLDOHV�\�YLYHURV�FRQVLGHUDGRV�iUHDV�GH�ULHVJR�SDUD�OD�HQWUDGD�GH�SODJDV�FXDUHQWHQDULDV� GH� FtWULFRV�� /DV� SDUFHODV�FHQWLQHOD� WHQGUiQ�XQD� FODYH� SDUD� VX� GL��IHUHQFLDFLyQ� \� VHUiQ� GHOLPLWDGDV� FRQ� HO�DPDUUH� GH� FLQWDV� GH� SOiVWLFR� GH� XQ� VROR�FRORU� HQ� HO� WDOOR� GH� ODV� SODQWDV� ´OtPLWHµ��(O� WDPDxR�GH� FDGD�XQD�GH� HOODV� VHUi�GH������������������ KD� SDUD� WHQHU� PD\RU� FREHUWXUD� \�SRWHQFLDO� GHWHFFLyQ� GH� VtQWRPDV� LQLFLDOHV�GH� ODV� SODJDV� EDMR� HVWXGLR�� GRQGH� VH�UHDOL]DUi� XQ� UHFRUULGR� HQ� JXDUGD� JULHJD�\�VH� LQVSHFFLRQDUi�GH�PDQHUD�PLQXFLRVD�SRU�OR�PHQRV����SODQWDV��/DV�LQVSHFFLRQHV�GH� ODV� SDUFHODV� FHQWLQHODV� VH� UHDOL]DUiQ�FDGD����GtDV�

Rutas de trampeo.� /DV� UXWDV� GH�WUDPSHR�VH�HVWDEOHFHUiQ�SDUD�HO�PRQLWRUHR�

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CONTENIDO

GHO�SXOJyQ�FDIp�GH�ORV�FtWULFRV��T. citricida���(Q� FDGD� SDUFHOD� FHQWLQHOD� VH� XELFDUiQ�WUDPSDV� DPDULOODV� SDUD� HO� PRQLWRUHR�GH� SXOJRQHV�� YHFWRUHV� GH� OD� WULVWH]D� GHO�&79�� /DV� UHYLVLRQHV� GH� ODV� WUDPSDV� VH�UHDOL]DUiQ�GH�PDQHUD�VHPDQDO�\�GHEHUiQ�HVWDU�GHELGDPHQWH�HWLTXHWDGDV�

Métodos de muestreo

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/RV�PpWRGRV�GH�FROHFWD�LQGLUHFWRV�WLHQHQ�OD�IXQFLyQ�GH�GHWHFWDU�PLJUDFLRQHV�GH�SREOD-FLRQHV�DODGDV�GH�ORV�iÀGRV��pVWRV�LQFOX\HQ�WUDPSDV�DPDULOODV�GH�DJXD��)LJXUDV���\�����WUDPSDV�SHJDMRVDV�\�WUDPSDV�GH�VXFFLyQ��

HVWDV�~OWLPDV�GHEHQ� WHQHU�XQD� IXHQWH�GH�HQHUJtD�HOpFWULFD��'HELGR�D�VX�SUDFWLFLGDG��ODV� WUDPSDV� GH� DJXD� \� SHJDMRVDV� VRQ� ODV�TXH�VH�XWLOL]DQ�HQ�PD\RU�SURSRUFLyQ��(Q�HO�FDVR�GH�ODV�WUDPSDV�GH�DJXD��JHQHUDOPHQWH�VH� GLVXHOYH� XQD� SRUFLyQ� GH� GHWHUJHQWH� HQ�pVWD� SDUD� URPSHU� OD� WHQVLyQ� VXSHUÀFLDO�\� FDSWXUDU� PiV� LQVHFWRV�� $GHPiV�� QR� VH�UHFRPLHQGD�SRQHU�´FRQVHUYDGRUHVµ�DO�DJXD�GH� ODV� WUDPSDV� SRUTXH� DOJXQRV� SXHGHQ�UHVXOWDU�UHSHOHQWHV�D�DOJXQDV�HVSHFLHV�GH�iÀGRV��6H�KD�HQFRQWUDURQ�TXH�ODV�WUDPSDV�DPDULOODV�VRQ�ODV�PiV�DWUDFWLYDV�D�YDULDV�HVSHFLHV�GH�SXOJRQHV��SRU�OR�TXH�HVWH�FRORU�HV�HO�PiV�SRSXODU�HQ�WUDPSDV�SHJDMRVDV�R�GH�DJXD��/DUD�et al���������

/DV� WUDPSDV� SHJDMRVDV� JHQHUDOPHQWH�VH�FRORFDQ�HQ�OD�SDUWH�FHQWUDO�GH�OD�FRSD�GH� ORV� iUEROHV�� GHEHQ� VHU� UHYLVDGDV�� DO�PHQRV�� GRV� YHFHV� SRU� PHV� SDUD� HYLWDU�TXH� VH� DFXPXOH� XQ� Q~PHUR� JUDQGH� GH�LQVHFWRV��R�SROYR�TXH�UHGXFH�OD�HÀFDFLD�HQ�OD�GHWHFFLyQ�GHO�SXOJyQ�FDIp�GH�ORV�FtWULFRV��8QD� GHVYHQWDMD� LPSRUWDQWH� HV� TXH� ORV�LQVHFWRV�FDSWXUDGRV�HQ�HO�SHJDPHQWR�VRQ�GLItFLOHV� GH� UHPRYHU� GH� ODV� WUDPSDV�� \�DGHPiV�VH�GLÀFXOWD�VX�LGHQWLÀFDFLyQ�

/DV� WUDPSDV� GH� DJXD� �WLSR� 0RHULFNH��SHUPLWHQ� FRQVHUYDU� ORV� RUJDQLVPRV�HQ� PHMRUHV� FRQGLFLRQHV� SHUR� pVWDV� VH�GHEHQ� UHYLVDU�� \� HO� PDWHULDO� ELROyJLFR� VH�GHEH� UHFXSHUDU�� DO� PHQRV� XQD� YH]� SRU�VHPDQD�� GH� OR� FRQWUDULR� ORV� HVSHFtPHQHV�VH� GHJUDGDQ�� SDUWLFXODUPHQWH� HQ� ]RQDV�FRQ�DOWDV�WHPSHUDWXUDV��3DUD�DXPHQWDU�OD�HÀFLHQFLD�GH�HVWDV�WUDPSDV�VH�UHFRPLHQGD��������������������

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CONTENIDO

FRORFDUODV� D� ���� P� GHO� QLYHO� GHO� VXHOR���*DYDUUD� \� (DVWRS�� ������ LQGLFDURQ� TXH�ODV� WUDPSDV�GH�DJXD�SUHVHQWDEDQ�PD\RU�HIHFWLYLGDG�HQ�OD�FROHFWD�GH�iÀGRV�FXDQGR�VH� FRORFDEDQ� D� HVWD� DOWXUD�� FRPSDUDGDV�FRQ�DTXHOODV�FRORFDGDV�DO�QLYHO�GHO�VXHOR�

Monitoreo para detección. El PRQLWRUHR� SDUD� GHWHFFLyQ� GHO� SXOJyQ� FDIp�GH� ORV� FtWULFRV� TXH� VH� GHVFULEH� D� FRQWLQX-DFLyQ��VH�EDVD�HQ�HO�DSpQGLFH�WpFQLFR�RSHUD-WLYR�GH�OD�120�����),72�������SRU�OD�TXH�VH�HVWDEOHFH�OD�FDPSDxD�FRQWUD�HO�&79�HQ�0p[LFR�

3DUD�GHWHFWDU�R�FRQÀUPDU�OD�SUHVHQFLD�GH� T. citricida�� VH� XWLOL]D� HO� PRQLWRUHR�DEVROXWR� �UHYLVLyQ� GLUHFWD� GH� ORV� EURWHV�HQ�HO�iUERO���GDQGR�SULRULGDG�D�KXHUWRV�GH�WUDVSDWLR�\�KXHUWRV�D�RULOOD�GH�FDUUHWHUDV��R�HQ�FDPLQRV�SULQFLSDOHV�HQWUH�FHQWURV�GH�SREODFLyQ�FRQ�iUEROHV�GH�FtWULFRV�

(Q�HO�PRQLWRUHR�VH�HVWDEOHFHQ�UXWDV�GH�UHYLVLyQ�FRQVLGHUDQGR��D��SXQWRV�GH�REVHU-YDFLyQ�SHUPDQHQWH� �323��� \� E��PXHVWUHR�HQ������GH�ORV�iUEROHV��/RV�323�VH�XELFDQ�GXUDQWH�ORV�SHUtRGRV�GH�EURWDFLyQ�YHJHWD-WLYD�\�DEDUFDQGR�WRGDV�ODV�]RQDV�FLWUtFRODV�GH�OD�]RQD�D�PRQLWRUHDU��&DGD�323�FRQVWD�GH� �� iUEROHV� FRPR� PtQLPR�� HQ� GRQGH� VH�REVHUYDQ�GHWHQLGDPHQWH�ORV�EURWHV�GH�FDGD�iUERO�\�ORV�EURWHV�HQ�OD�FRSD�TXH�VH�HQFXHQ-WUHQ�HQ�GLUHFFLyQ�GH�ORV�SXQWRV�FDUGLQDOHV��SDUD�FRPSUREDU�OD�SUHVHQFLD�R�DXVHQFLD�GH�iÀGRV�

Figura 7. 'HWDOOH�GH�WUDPSD�DPDULOOD��� &UpGLWRV��5��/RPHOt�

Figura 8. 7UDPSD�DPDULOOD�XWLOL]DGD�HQ�HO�PRQLWRUHR�GH�iÀGRV�DODGRV��&UpGLWRV��5��/RPHOt��

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CONTENIDO

&RQVLGHUDQGR� TXH� H[LVWHQ� RWUDV�HVSHFLHV�GH�iÀGRV�DVRFLDGRV�D�FtWULFRV�VH�UHFRPLHQGD�OD�FROHFWD�H[FOXVLYDPHQWH�GH�LQGLYLGXRV� GH� FRORUDFLyQ� FDIp� REVFXUD� R�QHJUD��HO�UHVWR�GHEHQ�VHU�GHVFDUWDGRV�GH�OD�PXHVWUD��3DUD�XQD� LGHQWLÀFDFLyQ�SUH-OLPLQDU�� VH� PDFHUDQ� DOJXQRV� LQGLYLGXRV�FRQ� ORV� GHGRV�� HQ� FDVR� GH� TXH� PDQFKHQ�\� QR� VHD� IiFLO� OLPSLDU� HVRV� UHVLGXRV� FRQ�DJXD�� VH� VRVSHFKDUi� TXH� VH� WUDWD� GH� T. citricida�� 7DPELpQ� VH� VRVSHFKDUi� GH�HVWD�HVSHFLH�VL�VH�FRORFDQ�DOJXQRV� LQGL-YLGXRV�HQ�HWDQRO�DO�������\�VH�REVHUYD�XQ�FDPELR� FDVL� LQPHGLDWR� D�XQD� FRORUDFLyQ�iPEDU� R� URML]D��1R� VLHPSUH� VH� FXPSOHQ�ODV� FRQGLFLRQHV� DQWHV�PHQFLRQDGDV�� SRU�HOOR� ODV� FRORQLDV� FRQ� HVWDV� FDUDFWHUtVWL-FDV�VH�HWLTXHWDQ�FRPR�´VRVSHFKRVDVµ�\�VH�DJUHJD�LQIRUPDFLyQ�UHIHUHQWH�D�OD�HQWLGDG��PXQLFLSLR�� KXHUWD�� SODQWD� KRVSHGDQWH� \�SURGXFWRU��(V�LPSRUWDQWH�HQYLDU�FXDOTXLHU�PXHVWUD�VRVSHFKRVD�DO�ODERUDWRULR�SDUD�VX�LGHQWLÀFDFLyQ�

Muestreo para toma de decisiones en el control de plagas��&RQVLGHUDQGR�TXH�HO�SXOJyQ�FDIp�GH�ORV�FtWULFRV�HV�HO�YHFWRU�PiV�HÀFLHQWH�GHO�&79��ODV�SREODFLRQHV�GH�HVWD�HVSHFLH�VH�GHEHQ�PDQWHQHU�D�QLYHOHV�EDMRV� GHQWUR� GH� ORV� KXHUWRV� FRPHUFLDOHV��(O� PRQLWRUHR� FRQVWDQWH� GH� ODV� KXHUWDV��HVSHFLDOPHQWH�HQ�ODV�pSRFDV�GH�EURWDFLyQ��\D�VHD�FRQ�WUDPSDV�DPDULOODV�R�PHGLDQWH�PXHVWUHR� GLUHFWR�� HV� LQGLVSHQVDEOH� SDUD�GHWHFWDU�RSRUWXQDPHQWH�OD�OOHJDGD�GH�HVWD�SODJD�\�SURFHGHU�D�DSOLFDU�ODV�PHGLGDV�GH�PDQHMR�FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV��

+DVWD� OD� IHFKD�QR� H[LVWH�XQ�SURWRFROR�RÀFLDO� SDUD� HO� PRQLWRUHR� GH� SREODFLRQHV�GH� iÀGRV� GH� FtWULFRV� HQ� KXHUWRV� FRPHU-FLDOHV�� 3RU� H[SHULHQFLDV� GHO� *,,,&� VH�SURSRQH� SDUD� KXHUWRV� SHTXHxRV� UHDOL]DU�XQ�PXHVWUHR�JHQHUDO�HQ�OD�KXHUWD�GRQGH�VH� UHJLVWUH� SUHVHQFLD� \�R� DXVHQFLD� GHO�SXOJyQ� FDIp�GH� ORV� FtWULFRV� HQ�� DO�PHQRV�������GH�ORV�iUEROHV��3DUD�KXHUWRV�JUDQGHV�VH� UHFRPLHQGD� OD� UHYLVLyQ�PtQLPD�GH����iUEROHV�SRU�KHFWiUHD�HQ�XQD�GLVWULEXFLyQ�GH� ]LJ�]DJ�� SRQLHQGR� HVSHFLDO� pQIDVLV� HQ�ORV�ERUGHV�GHO�SUHGLR�\�DFFHVRV�GH�FDPLQRV��(Q�FDGD�XQR�GH�ORV�iUEROHV�VHOHFFLRQDGRV�VH�UHYLVDQ�ORV�EURWHV�HQ�FUHFLPLHQWR�XWLOL-]DQGR�XQD�OXSD�GH����y���;�\�VH�FROHFWDQ�ODV� FRORQLDV� GH� iÀGRV� GH� FRORU� REVFXUR� R�QHJUR�FRORFiQGRODV�HQ�HWDQRO�DO���������

Umbral de acción. $�OD�IHFKD�VH�FDUHFH�GH�XQ�HVWXGLR�IRUPDO�GRQGH�VH�KD\D�GHWHU-PLQDGR� HO� XPEUDO� HFRQyPLFR� SDUD� HVWD�SODJD��HVWR�HV�HQWHQGLEOH�Vt�VH�FRQVLGHUD�TXH�HO� HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR� GH� XPEUDOHV� HFRQyPL-FRV� SDUD� LQVHFWRV� YHFWRUHV� HV� H[WUHPDGD-PHQWH� FRPSOHMR�� SRUTXH� DGHPiV� GH� ORV�SDUiPHWURV� WUDGLFLRQDOHV�� HV� QHFHVDULR�LQFOXLU�HQ�HO�PRGHOR�DVSHFWRV�FRPR�QLYHO�GH�LQFLGHQFLD�GH�OD�HQIHUPHGDG��HÀFLHQFLD�GH�WUDVPLVLyQ�SRU�HO�YHFWRU��FHSD�GHO�YLUXV�LQ-YROXFUDGR��HVSHFLHV�GH�KRVSHGDQWHV�LQYROX-FUDGRV��QLYHO�GH�WHFQLÀFDFLyQ�GH�OD�KXHUWD��GHVWLQR�ÀQDO� GHO� SURGXFWR�� FRVWRV� GH� SUR-GXFFLyQ� \� SUHFLRV� GH� YHQWD� GHO� SURGXFWR�DJUtFROD� HQWUH� RWURV� �)DVXOR� \� +DOEHUW��������

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CONTENIDO

$OHUWD�ÀWRVDQLWDULD

(Q�DGLFLyQ�D�ODV�DFFLRQHV�GHO�3URJUDPD�GH�9LJLODQFLD� (SLGHPLROyJLFD� )LWRVDQLWDULD�SDUD� OD� GHWHFFLyQ� RSRUWXQD�GH� EURWHV�� OD�'*69�KD�SXHVWR�D�GLVSRVLFLyQ�HO�WHOpIRQR��������������������\�HO�FRUUHR�HOHFWUyQLFR�DOHUWD�ÀWRVDQLWDULD#VHQDVLFD�JRE�P[SDUD�XVR�GHO�S~EOLFR�HQ�JHQHUDO�

Regulatorias

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D�� &RQÀQDPLHQWR� GH� OD� SODJD� HQ� iUHD�DIHFWDGD� \� UHJXODFLyQ� GH� OD� PRYL-OL]DFLyQ�� PHGLDQWH� OD� RSHUDFLyQ� GH�SXQWRV�GH�YHULÀFDFLyQ�LQWHUQD�GH�ORV�FRUGRQHV� ÀWR]RRVDQLWDULRV� R� ORV� LQ-WHUHVWDWDOHV�TXH�VHDQ�QHFHVDULRV�

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F�� /LEHUDFLyQ� GH� Harmonia axyridis X� RWURV� RUJDQLVPRV� EHQpÀFRV� FRQ�HIHFWLYLGDG� ELROyJLFD� FRPSUREDGD� HQ�FRQWUD�GHO�SXOJyQ�FDIp�GH�ORV�FtWULFRV�

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Protección

Control biológico

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$� QLYHO� PXQGLDO� VH� KDQ� LGHQWLÀFD-GR� DO� PHQRV� ���� HVSHFLHV� GH� HQHPLJRV�QDWXUDOHV� HQWUH� SDUDVLWRLGHV�� GHSUH-GDGRUHV� \� HQWRPRSDWyJHQRV� TXH� DWDFDQ�DO�SXOJyQ�FDIp�GH�ORV�FtWULFRV��(Q�0p[LFR�VH�HQFXHQWUD�SUHVHQWHV��DO�PHQRV�����GH�HOORV��0LFKDXG��������/ySH]�$UUR\R�et al���������

(Q�0p[LFR��ORV�HVIXHU]RV�SDUD�HO�FRQWURO�ELROyJLFR� GH� T. citricida� LQLFLDURQ� SUiF-WLFDPHQWH� GHVGH� HO� PRPHQWR� HQ� TXH� VH�GHWHFWy�OD�SUHVHQFLD�GH�HVWD�SODJD��*DRQD�et al��� ������� /D� SURSXHVWD� GH� FRQWURO�ELROyJLFR� FRQWUD� HVWD� SODJD� HQ� 0p[LFR�GLÀULy�GH� OD�SURSXHVWD�TXH� VH�GHVDUUROOy�

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CONTENIDO

HQ� ((�88��� GRQGH� VH� EXVFy� OD� LPSRU��WDFLyQ� GH� SDUDVLWRLGHV� �+R\� \� 1JX\HQ��������� HQ� 0p[LFR�� HO� FRQWURO� ELROyJLFR�VH� KD� HQIRFDGR� DO� XVR� GH� GHSUHGDGRUHV��SULQFLSDOPHQWH� Harmonia axyridis�� \�KRQJRV� HQWRPRSDWyJHQRV�� /D� FDWDULQL-WD� DVLiWLFD� H. axyridis� IXH� XQR� GH� ORV�SULPHURV�HQHPLJRV�QDWXUDOHV�HPSOHDGRV�D�QLYHO�QDFLRQDO��\�SDUD�ORJUDU�VX�XVR�HQ�OD�SHQtQVXOD�GH�<XFDWiQ�VH�HVWDEOHFLy�XQ�ODERUDWRULR�GH�SURGXFFLyQ�PDVLYD��

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$GHPiV�GH�H. axyridis�VH�KDQ�UHDOL]DGR�OLEHUDFLRQHV� GH� RWURV� FRFFLQpOLGRV� FRPR�Olla v-nigrum� \� Cycloneda sanguinea �)LJXUDV� �� \� ����� \� YDULDV� HVSHFLHV� GH�FULVySLGRV� GH� ORV� JpQHURV�Chrysoperla� \�Ceraeochrysa.

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Control legal

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'HVSXpV� GH� OD� OOHJDGD� GH�T. citricida VH�HVWDEOHFLy�HO�´'LVSRVLWLYR�1DFLRQDO�GH�(PHUJHQFLD� �'1(�� HQ� ORV� WpUPLQRV� GHO�DUWtFXOR����GH�OD�/H\�)HGHUDO�GH�6DQLGDG�9HJHWDO�� FRQ� HO� REMHWR� GH� FRQÀQDU��HUUDGLFDU� \� SUHYHQLU� OD� GLVSHUVLyQ� GHO�SXOJyQ� FDIp��T. citricida� \� GHO� &79�� HQ�ODV� ]RQDV� GHO� WHUULWRULR� QDFLRQDO� GRQGH�VH�GHWHFWH�OD�SUHVHQFLD�GH�HVWDV�SODJDVµ��'2)�GHO����GH�MXOLR�GH��������(Q�pVWH�VH�HVWDEOHFHQ�WRGDV�ODV�PHGLGDV�GH�FRQWURO�

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CONTENIDO

OHJDO� FRQ� IXQGDPHQWR� HQ� OD�/H\�)HGHUDO�GH� 6DQLGDG� 9HJHWDO�� TXH� LQFOX\H� HQWUH�RWUDV�� LQVSHFFLRQHV�� OHYDQWDPLHQWR� GH�DFWDV�� UHWHQFLyQ�� UHFROHFFLyQ� R� GHVWUXF-FLyQ�GH�FtWULFRV�HQ�VLWLRV�GRQGH�VH�GHWHFWH�SUHVHQFLD�GH�OD�SODJD��

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Figura 9.� D�� &RORQLD� GH�T. citricida FRQ�PDVDV� GH� KXHYRV� � GH� OD� FDWDULQLWD�Cycloneda sanguinea�� E�� $GXOWR�Cycloneda sanguinea�GHSUHGDQGR�HQ�FRORQLDV�GH�T. citricida�HQ�EURWHV�GH�QDUDQMR��&UpGLWRV��5��/RPHOt�\�(��5RGUtJXH]�

Figura 10.� D�� +RUPLJDV� GHO� JpQHUR�Crematogaster� GHSUHGDQGR� SXSDV� GH� SDUDVLWRLGHV� GH� iÀGRV� HQ� KRMDV� GH�QDUDQMR��&UpGLWRV��6��3DWLxR��E��+RUPLJD�GHO�JpQHUR�Ectatomma�GHIHQGLHQGR�FRORQLDV�GH�iÀGRV�HQ�KRMDV�GH�QDUDQMR��&UpGLWRV��5��/RPHOt�

a b

a b

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19PULGÓN CAFÉ DE LOS CÍTRICOS 2013FICHA TÉCNICA NO. 37

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20PULGÓN CAFÉ DE LOS CÍTRICOS 2013FICHA TÉCNICA NO. 37

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22PULGÓN CAFÉ DE LOS CÍTRICOS 2013FICHA TÉCNICA NO. 37

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BIBLIOGRAFÍA

Blackman��5��/����9��)��(DVWRS��������$SKLGV� RQ� WKH� ZRUOG�V� FURSV�� $Q�LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ�DQG�LQIRUPDWLRQ�JXLGH��-RKQ�:LOH\� � 6RQV�� $YRQ� (QJODQG���D�(GLWLRQ������S�

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DGIAAP.�������/LVWD�GH�LQVHFWLFLGDV�DX-WRUL]DGRV� SRU� &,&23/$)(67� SDUD�HO� FRQWURO� GH� Toxoptera aurantii en 0p[LFR�� ,QIRUPDFLyQ� SURSRUFLRQDGD�SRU�OD�'LUHFFLyQ�*HQHUDO�GH�,QRFXLGDG�$JURDOLPHQWDULD��$FXtFROD�\�3HVTXHUD��'*,$$3��GH�OD�6$*$53$��&RPXQL-FDFLyQ�SHUVRQDO�HQHUR�GH�������

DOF��������'LDULR�2ÀFLDO�GH�OD�)HGHUDFLyQ��1RUPD� 2ÀFLDO� 0H[LFDQD� 120�����),72�������3RU�OD�TXH�VH�HVWDEOHFHQ�ORV� UHTXLVLWRV� ÀWRVDQLWDULRV� \� HVSH-FLÀFDFLRQHV� SDUD� OD� LPSRUWDFLyQ� GH�PDWHULDO� YHJHWDO� SURSDJDWLYR�� &RQ-VXOWDGR� HQ� OtQHD� HO� ��� GH� HQHUR� GH������HQ��KWWS���ZZZ�VHQDVLFD�JRE�P[

DOF�� ������ 'LDULR� 2ÀFLDO� GH� OD� )HGHU-DFLyQ��1RUPD�2ÀFLDO�0H[LFDQD�120�����),72�������3RU�OD�VH�HVWDEOHFH�OD�FXDUHQWHQD�H[WHULRU�SDUD�SUHYHQLU� OD�LQWURGXFFLyQ�GH�SODJDV�GH�ORV�FtWULFRV��&RQVXOWDGR�HQ�OtQHD�HO����GH�HQHUR�GH������HQ��KWWS���ZZZ��VHQDVLFD�JRE�P[

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Villegas�� -��1�� �����%LRORJtD� \�PRUIR-PHWUtD� GH� ODV� SULQFLSDOHV� HVSHFLHV�GH� iILGRV� �+RPySWHUD�� $SKLGRLGHD��YHFWRUHV� GH� YLUXV� HQ�0p[LFR�� 7HVLV�GH� 0DHVWUtD� (1&%�,31�� 0p[LFR������S�

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25PULGÓN CAFÉ DE LOS CÍTRICOS 2013FICHA TÉCNICA NO. 37

CONTENIDO

Voegtlin��'����:��9LOODORERV��������&RQ-ÀUPDWLRQ�RI� WKH�EURZQ�FLWUXV�DSKLG��Toxoptera citricidus�� LQ� &RVWD� 5LFD��)ORULGD�(QWRPRORJLVW�������������

Wang�� -�� -�� � +�� 7VDL�� ������ 'HYHORS-PHQW�� VXUYLYDO�� DQG� UHSURGXFWLRQ� RI�EODFN�FLWUXV�DSKLG��Toxoptera citricida �+HPLSWHUD��$SKLGLGDH���DV�D�IXQFWLRQ�RI� WHPSHUDWXUH�� %XOOHWLQ� RI� (QWRPR-ORJLFDO�5HVHDUFK�������������

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26PULGÓN CAFÉ DE LOS CÍTRICOS 2013FICHA TÉCNICA NO. 37

CONTENIDO

Forma recomendada de citar:

6(1$6,&$�� ������ 3XOJyQ� FDIp� GH� ORV�FtWULFRV� �Toxoptera citricida� .LUNDOGL���'LUHFFLyQ� *HQHUDO� GH� 6DQLGDG� 9HJHWDO��� 6LVWHPD� 1DFLRQDO� GH� 9LJLODQFLD� (SL-GHPLROyJLFD� )LWRVDQLWDULD��0p[LFR�� '�)��)LFKD�7pFQLFD�1R���������S�

Coordinación:

0�&��-RVp�ÉEHO�/ySH]�%XHQÀODirector del CNRF,QJ��5LJREHUWR�*RQ]iOH]�*yPH]Coordinador Operativo del SINAVEF'U��*XVWDYR�0RUD�$JXLOHUDCoordinador de LANREF

Con la colaboración:

Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia Epidemiológica Fitosanitaria (LANREF)Colegio de Postgraduados (CP)0�&��)DELROD�(VTXLYHO�&KiYH],QJ��)UDQFLVFR�-DYLHU�0iUTXH]�3pUH]0�&��-RUJH�/XLV�)ORUHV�6iQFKH]0�&��6DQWLDJR�'RPtQJXH]�0RQJH�,QJ��*HUDUGR�$FHYHGR�6iQFKH]

CNRF – Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica Fitosanitaria (SINAVEF)'U��0RLVpV�5REHUWR�9DOOHMR�3pUH]

Revisión técnica:0�&��&ODXGLR�&KDYDULQ�3DODFLRCNRF

Corrección de estilo:'U��(GPXQGR�0DUWtQH]�5tRVDepartamento de Idiomas CP5RJHOLR�'URPXQGR�6DOD]DUDepartamento de Difusión CM - CP

Diseño Editorial:'�&�9��/DXUD�;RFKLWO�$UULDJD�%HWDQ]RV�Departamento de Difusión CM - CP