A breath of fresh air: A breath of fresh air: Leisure Education and Tobacco Leisure Education and Tobacco

ControlControl

Shaun CavanaghShaun CavanaghBachelor of Health Science Bachelor of Health Science (Therapeutic Recreation)(Therapeutic Recreation)

Southern Institute of TechnologySouthern Institute of TechnologyInvercargill, New ZealandInvercargill, New Zealand

11/17/0811/17/08

““Energy flows where Energy flows where the attention goes ..” the attention goes ..”

Purpose:Purpose: RecreationRecreation [Leisure Education] [Leisure Education] TherapyTherapy

““..to investigate potential applications of Recreation Therapy content ..to investigate potential applications of Recreation Therapy content to the field of Tobacco Control” (as expressed through this setting) to the field of Tobacco Control” (as expressed through this setting)

Goals:Goals: - to express the contribution Recreation Therapy has to reduce smoking.- to express the contribution Recreation Therapy has to reduce smoking.

- to educate health department staff about a work-related concept.- to educate health department staff about a work-related concept.

- to speak as a health professional with an authentic message- to speak as a health professional with an authentic message

- to provide genuine practical examples of Leisure Education.- to provide genuine practical examples of Leisure Education.

- to produce material that has a genuinely effective feel.- to produce material that has a genuinely effective feel.

- to acknowledge cultural and historical influences on Leisure.- to acknowledge cultural and historical influences on Leisure.

- 5 C’s: Clear, Confident, Correct, Concise and Cheerful- 5 C’s: Clear, Confident, Correct, Concise and Cheerful

(note: the printed word tends not to have an accent…(note: the printed word tends not to have an accent………or does it?...eg., or does it?...eg., Times New RomanTimes New Roman c/f c/f CastEllarCastEllar) )

MihimihiMihimihi (Introduction)(Introduction) Ko (name of your waka) te waka Ko (name of your waka) te waka

– My canoe isMy canoe is

Ko (name of your mountain) te maungaKo (name of your mountain) te maunga – My mountain isMy mountain is

Ko (name of your river) te awa Ko (name of your river) te awa – My river is My river is

Ko (name of your tribe) te iwi Ko (name of your tribe) te iwi – My tribe isMy tribe is

Ko (name of your sub tribe) te hapū Ko (name of your sub tribe) te hapū – My sub tribe is My sub tribe is

Ko (name of your chief) te rangatira Ko (name of your chief) te rangatira – (Name of your chief) (Name of your chief)

Ko (name of your marae) te marae Ko (name of your marae) te marae – My marae is My marae is

Ko (your name) ahau Ko (your name) ahau – I amI am

www.korero.maori.nzwww.korero.maori.nz

Introductory speeches which take place Introductory speeches which take place at the beginning of a gathering. at the beginning of a gathering.

To know one’s whakapapa (genealogy) is To know one’s whakapapa (genealogy) is to know one’s identity.to know one’s identity.

Can vary in length depending on the Can vary in length depending on the reason for the gathering, how well the reason for the gathering, how well the individuals know each other and their individuals know each other and their links to one another.links to one another.

A person usually identifies specific A person usually identifies specific geographical features associated with geographical features associated with their tribal area including their maunga their tribal area including their maunga (mountain), awa (river) and moana (sea). (mountain), awa (river) and moana (sea).

They may also identify their waka They may also identify their waka (ancestral canoe), hapū (sub tribe), iwi (ancestral canoe), hapū (sub tribe), iwi (tribe), marae and an eponymous (tribe), marae and an eponymous ancestor. ancestor.

This information is This information is considered more considered more importantimportant than the individual’s own than the individual’s own name which may be the last piece of name which may be the last piece of information given.information given.

How I understand How I understand this..this..

Ko (wae wae) te wakaKo (wae wae) te waka – My canoe is (name of your waka)My canoe is (name of your waka)

Ko (Takatimu) te maungaKo (Takatimu) te maunga – My mountain is (name of your My mountain is (name of your

mountain)mountain)

Ko (Waihopai) te awaKo (Waihopai) te awa – My river is (name of your riverMy river is (name of your river) )

Ko (Airani me Kotirana) te iwiKo (Airani me Kotirana) te iwi – My tribe is (name of your tribe)My tribe is (name of your tribe)

Ko (Fahey me Gunn) te hapūKo (Fahey me Gunn) te hapū – My sub tribe is (name of your sub My sub tribe is (name of your sub

tribe) tribe)

Ko (Ihu Karaiti) te rangatiraKo (Ihu Karaiti) te rangatira – (Name of your chief) is the chief(Name of your chief) is the chief

Ko (Invercargill) te maraeKo (Invercargill) te marae – My marae is (name of your marae)My marae is (name of your marae)

Ko (Shaun Cavanagh) ahauKo (Shaun Cavanagh) ahau – I am (your name)I am (your name)

Leisure as a concept: What it Leisure as a concept: What it isis Gr. Gr. licere ‘licere ‘to be free’ ‘to be permitted’to be free’ ‘to be permitted’

““The meaning of leisure today can be described in The meaning of leisure today can be described in three waysthree ways. First leisure . First leisure is is free-timefree-time. Next leisure is . Next leisure is non-work activitynon-work activity. Finally, leisure is . Finally, leisure is a state of a state of mind, or a special attitudemind, or a special attitude” ” (Russell, 2005, p. 31, emphasis added). (Russell, 2005, p. 31, emphasis added).

Many definitions: Many definitions: Mannell/Kleiber (1997. p. 107)Mannell/Kleiber (1997. p. 107)““the most central and commonly agreed upon set of attributes” of leisure is the most central and commonly agreed upon set of attributes” of leisure is associated with: freedom, freedom of choice, self-determination (or lack of associated with: freedom, freedom of choice, self-determination (or lack of constraint)”.constraint)”.

They’ve also identified the following attributes:They’ve also identified the following attributes: intrinsic motivation, b) self-expression, c) relaxation, d) enjoyment, pleasure or intrinsic motivation, b) self-expression, c) relaxation, d) enjoyment, pleasure or

effect, e) escape, f) spontaneity, g) timelessness, h) fantasy and creativity, i) effect, e) escape, f) spontaneity, g) timelessness, h) fantasy and creativity, i) adventure and exploration, j) lack of evaluation.adventure and exploration, j) lack of evaluation.

But I like: But I like: Leisure is seen to be the arena in which the virtues of civil character are sought, demonstrated, and refined…It is a Greek ideal, based on the strength of character necessary to the search for truth and which insists on the level of devotion and morality demanded by truth (JL Hemingway, 1988, discussing Sebastian de Grazia’s (JL Hemingway, 1988, discussing Sebastian de Grazia’s Of time, Of time, work and leisurework and leisure))

((Viewpoint that places great store on Leisure, well beyond contemporary definitions)Viewpoint that places great store on Leisure, well beyond contemporary definitions)

Going deeper..Going deeper.. Goodale (1985) makes a compelling case for the need to study Goodale (1985) makes a compelling case for the need to study

Aristotle, de Grazia, and also Pieper with greater care. Aristotle, de Grazia, and also Pieper with greater care.

“ “There is a deeper meaning which does not come to the surface in There is a deeper meaning which does not come to the surface in most talk and writing about leisure,” (going on to note that):most talk and writing about leisure,” (going on to note that):

““With few exceptions, our encounters with Aristotle’s thought, as With few exceptions, our encounters with Aristotle’s thought, as interpreted by many of those writing about leisure, are not very interpreted by many of those writing about leisure, are not very satisfying.”satisfying.”

Recognizing that there is in Aristotle’s thinking a close connection Recognizing that there is in Aristotle’s thinking a close connection between leisure and the quality of life, Goodale, like de Grazia, sees between leisure and the quality of life, Goodale, like de Grazia, sees that “free time” is a false scent and that the “leisure problem” lies not that “free time” is a false scent and that the “leisure problem” lies not in the relative amount of free time but in the in the relative amount of free time but in the absence of meaningabsence of meaning in our in our leisure. leisure.

Goodale remarks further that “Leisure is a useless notion if by it we Goodale remarks further that “Leisure is a useless notion if by it we mean merely free time or some contemplative state.” mean merely free time or some contemplative state.”

Regarding Aristotle, Goodale suggests that the context of leisure is Regarding Aristotle, Goodale suggests that the context of leisure is virtue, which in the moral and political thought of Aristotle is tied virtue, which in the moral and political thought of Aristotle is tied inextricably to action.inextricably to action.

Leisure ideal:Leisure ideal: ‘‘Combining reflection and action with deeply rooted attachment to Combining reflection and action with deeply rooted attachment to one’s community’one’s community’ (JL Hemingway)(JL Hemingway)

What leading figures say:What leading figures say: Leisure: the basis of cultureLeisure: the basis of culture: basic : basic

premisepremise““Our culture does not suffer from an Our culture does not suffer from an overabundance of leisure but rather overabundance of leisure but rather its scarcity” – Josef Pieper its scarcity” – Josef Pieper (www.ignatius.com).(www.ignatius.com).

““The first principle of all action is The first principle of all action is leisure. Both are required, but leisure. Both are required, but leisure is better than occupation and leisure is better than occupation and is its end; and therefore the question is its end; and therefore the question must be asked, what ought we to do must be asked, what ought we to do when at leisure”.when at leisure”.

– – Aristotle, Aristotle, PoliticsPolitics

Leisure Education: In a Leisure Education: In a nutshellnutshell

A developmental process designed to enhance an A developmental process designed to enhance an individual’s individual’s

understanding ofunderstanding of: :

- ThemselvesThemselves- The relationship of leisure to his or her lifestyleThe relationship of leisure to his or her lifestyle- The relationship of leisure to society in general The relationship of leisure to society in general

(Aguilar, 1986)(Aguilar, 1986)

c/f c/f Health LiteracyHealth Literacy The ability of an individual to access, understand, and use health-The ability of an individual to access, understand, and use health-

related information and services to make appropriate health related information and services to make appropriate health decisionsdecisions(www.surgeongeneral.com)(www.surgeongeneral.com)

Health Promotion Theme in relation to smoking: Health Promotion Theme in relation to smoking:

Emphasis is less on smoking and more on the polar Emphasis is less on smoking and more on the polar opposites that transcendopposites that transcend(Transparency)..(Transparency)..

The nutshellThe nutshell Two of the critical goals of leisure education:– Recognizing the array of

valuable opportunities available during leisure

– Understanding the significant impact that leisure has on society.

Still another:– learning to make decisions

regarding one’s own use of discretionary time that lead to personal satisfaction, health and enrichment.

The boredom that leads to health-compromising behavior may be the result of a limited leisure repertoire and thus may be remedied by leisure education.

(Pesavento et al, 2003, p. 14)

Oh, the relevance..Oh, the relevance..

Health promotionHealth promotion, as defined by the World , as defined by the World Health Organization, is the process of enabling Health Organization, is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. their health.

Health promotion: "the science and art of helping Health promotion: "the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health." Means of health state of optimal health." Means of health promotion include health education and social promotion include health education and social marketing.marketing.

Ottawa Charter:Ottawa Charter: Build healthy public policy; Create supportive environments; Build healthy public policy; Create supportive environments; Strengthen community actions; Develop personal skills; Strengthen community actions; Develop personal skills; Reorient health services; Moving into the future..Reorient health services; Moving into the future..

Leisure Ed: a work in Leisure Ed: a work in progressprogress

All models share the following key elements: leisure All models share the following key elements: leisure awareness and appreciation, knowledge of leisure awareness and appreciation, knowledge of leisure resources, development of leisure participation skills resources, development of leisure participation skills (including activity skills, decision-making skills, and (including activity skills, decision-making skills, and social-skills). social-skills).

(Shank and Coyle, 2001, p. 171) (Shank and Coyle, 2001, p. 171)

The main goal of Leisure Education in the community The main goal of Leisure Education in the community are empowerment, accessibility, lifelong learning, are empowerment, accessibility, lifelong learning, social participation, diminishing constraints, inclusivity, social participation, diminishing constraints, inclusivity, civic and moral responsibility, and preservation civic and moral responsibility, and preservation (Sivan, 1997).(Sivan, 1997).

Examples of modelsExamples of models Extreme Leisure: [X-L Flow]Extreme Leisure: [X-L Flow] ISRAEL modelISRAEL model Milwaukee and Texas Lighted Schoolhouse ProjectsMilwaukee and Texas Lighted Schoolhouse Projects Project LEAP (1970’s) NRPAProject LEAP (1970’s) NRPA Florida Scope and Sequence model (1970’s) FSUFlorida Scope and Sequence model (1970’s) FSU

(“..lifelong learning process rather than a single program..”)(“..lifelong learning process rather than a single program..”)

Time Wise (2000) Linda Caldwell, PSUTime Wise (2000) Linda Caldwell, PSU Wake Leisure Ed project (UNC Chapel Hill)Wake Leisure Ed project (UNC Chapel Hill)

““In sum, the critical components of leisure are In sum, the critical components of leisure are choice and intrinsic motivation.” (Pesavento et al, choice and intrinsic motivation.” (Pesavento et al, 2003, p. 11).2003, p. 11).

7 aspects in relation to 7 aspects in relation to tobaccotobacco

Both impact on youth, or have youth as a focus (c/f Both impact on youth, or have youth as a focus (c/f ‘prevention’)‘prevention’)

Leisure options serve as a buffer to tobacco familiarisation, or Leisure options serve as a buffer to tobacco familiarisation, or dilutes it.dilutes it.

Enjoyment / Comfort is the motive – though leisure is more Enjoyment / Comfort is the motive – though leisure is more sustaining (and sustainable).sustaining (and sustainable).

Role of Social / Community influences is important Role of Social / Community influences is important (‘Taking in the culture which surrounds’ = ‘natural’ (‘Taking in the culture which surrounds’ = ‘natural’ dependency).dependency).

Leisure is conducive to ‘self-determination’ Leisure is conducive to ‘self-determination’ (c/f tobacco that steals / undermines it).(c/f tobacco that steals / undermines it).

Smoking intensifies barriers to leisure (Account for industry Smoking intensifies barriers to leisure (Account for industry intent).intent).

The role of intrinsic (The role of intrinsic (intraintra – within) motivation and ‘Locus of – within) motivation and ‘Locus of Control’ (related to independence and freedom).Control’ (related to independence and freedom).

(this list is not exhaustive)(this list is not exhaustive)

Where it can fitWhere it can fit Leisure helps shape who we are as human beings. Leisure helps shape who we are as human beings.

It is expressed through our lives and is revealed in It is expressed through our lives and is revealed in our histories, life goals, growth and development, our histories, life goals, growth and development, and behaviors (Russell, 2005, p. 1)and behaviors (Russell, 2005, p. 1)

C/FC/F

Internalisation…`a set of social relationships, transposed inside and having become functions of personality and the forms of its

structure’ (Morss and Linzey, 1991, emphasis added)

Vygotsky 1896-1934 (Developmentalist)

Where it can fit: the Where it can fit: the connectionconnection Recurring theme: Recurring theme:

Smokers making quit attempts will still be left in a ‘vacuum’ even if Smokers making quit attempts will still be left in a ‘vacuum’ even if there is compliance with the quit attempt. there is compliance with the quit attempt.

Documented benefits of therapeutic recreation in Documented benefits of therapeutic recreation in substance substance abuseabuse treatment include: treatment include:

1) improved social functioning through enhancement of social 1) improved social functioning through enhancement of social skills, development of support networks, and improved basic skills, development of support networks, and improved basic communication skills.communication skills.

2) improved stress management through relaxation, physical 2) improved stress management through relaxation, physical exercise and fitness, and anxiety management.exercise and fitness, and anxiety management.

3) the development of a balanced leisure lifestyle (including 3) the development of a balanced leisure lifestyle (including coping skills, alternatives, structuring free-time, alleviating coping skills, alternatives, structuring free-time, alleviating boredom, experiencing pleasure and enjoyment, developing boredom, experiencing pleasure and enjoyment, developing leisure skills, developing problem-solving and decision-making leisure skills, developing problem-solving and decision-making skills, and community reintegration).skills, and community reintegration).(Kunstler, 2001, p. 99)(Kunstler, 2001, p. 99)

Key variable: Key variable: Attention.Attention.

Compared with 5 A’s:Compared with 5 A’s:

Sample program: Sample program: APIEAPIE

Context: Individual smokers seeking to quit, and their family Context: Individual smokers seeking to quit, and their family support.support.

AssessmentAssessment (examples) (examples)Leisure Diagnostic Battery (Witt/Ellis)Leisure Diagnostic Battery (Witt/Ellis)www.authentichappiness.com (Seligman and ‘Signature Strengths’)www.authentichappiness.com (Seligman and ‘Signature Strengths’)

• PlanningPlanningSeries of activities the have “Series of activities the have “AIR”AIR” as the theme (Goal: valued as the theme (Goal: valued activities that transcend the perceived benefits of smoking).activities that transcend the perceived benefits of smoking).

• ImplementationImplementationBall Sports (‘bounce’); Cycling; Kite-flying; Sailing/ Blokarting; Ball Sports (‘bounce’); Cycling; Kite-flying; Sailing/ Blokarting; Music/Singing; Wind instruments (play/listen, eg., Music/Singing; Wind instruments (play/listen, eg., flute/clarinet/harmonica); Walking/Running and ‘aerobic’ activity; flute/clarinet/harmonica); Walking/Running and ‘aerobic’ activity; Speeches (ie., ‘Speeches (ie., ‘inspirinspiration’); Meditation (focus on breath); Flags…ation’); Meditation (focus on breath); Flags…

EvaluationEvaluationConversationConversationHealth effects/Sense of well-beingHealth effects/Sense of well-beingLevel of dependence on tobacco.Level of dependence on tobacco.

Leisure as a way of accounting for time, but does not focus solely on Leisure as a way of accounting for time, but does not focus solely on time…time…

Social Capital (Putnam)Social Capital (Putnam)

““Features of social life: networks, norms and trust – that Features of social life: networks, norms and trust – that enable participants to act together more effectively to enable participants to act together more effectively to pursue shared objectives”.pursue shared objectives”.

Social capital can be measured by the amount of trust and Social capital can be measured by the amount of trust and "reciprocity" in a community or between individuals. "reciprocity" in a community or between individuals.

"refers to the collective value of all 'social networks' and "refers to the collective value of all 'social networks' and the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other”for each other”

key component to building and maintaining democracy. key component to building and maintaining democracy.

declining in the United States as seen in lower levels of declining in the United States as seen in lower levels of trust in government and lower levels of civic participation. trust in government and lower levels of civic participation.

Television and urban sprawl have had a significant role in Television and urban sprawl have had a significant role in making America far less 'connected‘ making America far less 'connected‘

Personal Concept: The Human Personal Concept: The Human EconomyEconomy

All the processes occurring within human beings as an ‘economy’ All the processes occurring within human beings as an ‘economy’ independent of, but influenced by, the external economy. independent of, but influenced by, the external economy.

Every interaction is an example of ‘exchange’ not just of Every interaction is an example of ‘exchange’ not just of materialmaterial currency, but also of currency, but also of attention, time, energy, and identityattention, time, energy, and identity..

All these other forms of ‘currency’ can be ‘invested’ for some form All these other forms of ‘currency’ can be ‘invested’ for some form of return, and their use involves a degree of risk (Theme: Material of return, and their use involves a degree of risk (Theme: Material currency is not absolute)currency is not absolute)

Our use of language/Expressions: Our use of language/Expressions:

‘‘Spend’ the day…To their ‘credit’…’Pay’ attention…Memory Spend’ the day…To their ‘credit’…’Pay’ attention…Memory ‘banks’… ’worth while’…’Treasure’ experience…of good ‘value’… ‘banks’… ’worth while’…’Treasure’ experience…of good ‘value’… ’taxing’… ’indebted’..’taxing’… ’indebted’..

Physiology: ATP (Adenosine TRi-Phosphate) ‘Chemical Currency’Physiology: ATP (Adenosine TRi-Phosphate) ‘Chemical Currency’

Gas ‘exchange’ (VO2 max/Lung tissue) > > > > > > > Gas ‘exchange’ (VO2 max/Lung tissue) > > > > > > > Etymology: Etymology: OikonomiaOikonomia (Gr. household management) (Gr. household management)

‘Exchange Rate’

The The ValueValue of Breath of Breath The relationship of breath to The relationship of breath to

securitysecurity, , (let alone to function).(let alone to function).

AAspirspiration: to consider ation: to consider potential. potential.

IInnspirspiration: 1. ation: 1. SpiroSpiro – – ‘Breathe’ 2. To ‘Breathe’ 2. To

provide example.provide example.

RReespirspiration: ation: 1.1. The act of inhaling and exhaling The act of inhaling and exhaling air in order to air in order to exchangeexchange oxygen oxygen for carbon dioxide. Synonymous for carbon dioxide. Synonymous with breathing and ventilation. with breathing and ventilation.

2.2. The cellular metabolic process The cellular metabolic process by which oxygen is taken in, by which oxygen is taken in, substances are oxidized, energy is substances are oxidized, energy is released, and carbon dioxide and released, and carbon dioxide and oxidized products are given off oxidized products are given off (www.wikipedia.org)(www.wikipedia.org)

“The heart and lungs take up physical space, therefore have material value”

The effects of smokingThe effects of smoking““Beware of little expenses. A small leak will sink a great Beware of little expenses. A small leak will sink a great

shipship” ” (Ben Franklin)(Ben Franklin)

“Smoking is the chief, single avoidable cause of death in our society and the most important public health issue of our time” (C Everett Koop, US Surgeon-General 1982-1989)

‘‘Watcha been doin?’Watcha been doin?’ County Health Department: Purpose of Internship.County Health Department: Purpose of Internship.

““To investigate potential applications of To investigate potential applications of Recreation Therapy content to the field of Recreation Therapy content to the field of Tobacco Control”Tobacco Control” (as expressed through this setting).(as expressed through this setting).

Activities performed in the time here:Activities performed in the time here:

Predominently ‘research’ for assignment Predominently ‘research’ for assignment purposespurposes

Conversation/DiscussionConversation/DiscussionConferences/Seminars/Meetings: Conferences/Seminars/Meetings:

NRPA Congress; Question Why; Call to NRPA Congress; Question Why; Call to Action; Action;

SF Mecklenburg; Great American SF Mecklenburg; Great American Smokeout;Smokeout;

Related sources:Related sources:

Perhaps the most Perhaps the most deep-seated deep-seated antithesis which has antithesis which has shown itself in shown itself in education history is education history is that between that between education in education in preparation for preparation for useful labor and useful labor and education for a life education for a life of leisure of leisure - John Dewey, 1939- John Dewey, 1939

(Pesavento, 2003, p. 4).(Pesavento, 2003, p. 4).

Reflection on Contrast:Reflection on Contrast:

““Leisure is the predominant legally available Leisure is the predominant legally available state that enhances and sustains life when state that enhances and sustains life when used entirely as The manufacturer intends.”used entirely as The manufacturer intends.”

Feedback and Questions…Feedback and Questions…