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    ÍNDICE

    1 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA........................................................................

    1.1 DETERMINACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA.................................................................

    1.2 FORMULACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA.....................................................................

    1.2.1 Problema general....................................................................

    1.1.1 Problemas específcos:............................................................

    1.2 OBJETIVOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN................................................................

    1.2.1 Objetivo general:.....................................................................

    1.2.2 Objetivos específcos:..............................................................

    1.3 JUSTIFICACIÓN....................................................................................................

    2 MARCO TEÓRICO........................................................................................................

    2.1 ANTECEDENTES DE ESTUDIO..........................................................................

    2.1.1 Antecedente 1.........................................................................

    2.1.2 Antecedente 2.........................................................................

    2.1.3 Antecedente 3.......................................................................

    2.2 MARCO TEÓRICO...............................................................................................2.2.1 Usos actuales del acetileno...................................................

    2.2.2 Tornillo de Potencia...............................................................

    2.2.3 Tipos de roscas estndar para tornillos de potencia.............

    2.2.! Principio de "uncionamiento de los tornillos de potencia

    de par de torsi#n...............................................................................

    2.2.$ %fciencia mecnica...............................................................

    2.2.& 'olicitaciones de carga en los tornillos de potencia..............

    2.2.( )arga a*ial + torsi#n en el n,cleo.........................................

    2.2.- %s"uero de /e*i#n en los fletes...........................................

    2.2.0 %s"uero de aplastamiento....................................................

    2.2.1 alor actual neto A45.........................................................

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    2.2.11 6a tasa interna de retorno T785............................................

    2.2.12 7nterpretaci#n del A4 + la T78..............................................

    2.3 MARCO TEÓRICO...............................................................................................

    2.3.1 Tornillo de potencia:.............................................................

    2.3.2 9as#geno:.............................................................................

    2.3.3 8eacci#n 8%O;:...................................................................

    2.3.! )arburo de calcio:.................................................................

    2.3.$ Acetileno:..............................................................................

    2.3.& A4........................................................................................

    2.3.( T78.........................................................................................

    3 VARIABLE E HIPÓTESIS...........................................................................................

    3.1 VARIABLES DE INVESTIGACIÓN...................................................................

    3.1.1 ariables 7ndependientes......................................................

    3.1.2 ariables dependientes.........................................................

    3.2 OPERACIONALIZACIÓN DE VARIABLES......................................................

    3.2.1 'elecci#n del s en el mercado...........................................................

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    3.2.1! )lculo del A4.....................................................................

    3.2.1$ )lculo del T78.......................................................................

    3.3 HIPÓTESIS GENERAL E HIPÓTESIS ESPECÍFICAS......................................

    3.3.1 ?ip#tesis general:.................................................................

    3.3.2 ?ip#tesis especí"icas:............................................................

    4 METODOLOGÍA..........................................................................................................

    4.1 TIPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN................................................................................

    4.2 DISEÑO DE INVESTIGACIÓN...........................................................................

    4.3 POBLACIÓN Y MUESTRA.................................................................................

    4.4 TCNICAS E INSTRUMENTOS DE RECOLECCIÓN DE DATOS.................

    ! CONCLUSIONES.........................................................................................................

    " RECOMENDACIONES...............................................................................................

    # REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGR$FICAS..........................................................................

    % ANE&OS.......................................................................................................................

    INTRODUCCIÓN

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    E' () *+(,('-( *+/(0- ( -(,, 5, (-(+5'+ ), *+65(-+, /

    0+0-(+7,-0, 89( (:( -('(+ 9' -+')) ( *-('0 (' () ;' < ;)( ( 9' -'89(( =,>=('? 89(' -('( 05 @9'0>' *+90+ =, 0(-)(' ('-+ ( ,7 5,5?

     *+ 89( ) *+(,>' =('(+ ('-+ ( (,-(? ' (,0*( / ))(=9( *+90+ *+,

    (0'>50,? , ) 5( 5:('-( / ) 89( (, *(+? 00('-(, 05 (*),'(,?

    ) 89( *9(( 09,+ ;(+, / 59(+-(,. T5:('? 05 *+-( () 09+, ( I'=('(+7

    E0'>50 / F''0(+? 5, ;0(+ 9' *(89( 06)09) () @''05('-

    '(0(,+ *+ ) ('- (' ,(+( ( (,-( ,*,-.C5('+(5, 0' 9' -(+7 0(+0 () 0(-)(' / 05 (, 89( ,( *+90('

    (,-,. L9(= (+(5, )=9', *)00'(, ('-+ ( ) '9,-+? ,(' () 56,

    0'0 ,9 9, *+ ) ,)9+ 0(-)'0. L9(= (+(5, 09)(, 0' ),

    0+0-(+7,-0, ( ), -+')), ( *-('0 05 () -* ( ;), / -5:' )=9',

    (090'(, 89( =:(+'' ,9 05*+-5('- / 0' ), 09)(, ', (, *,:)(

    ,()(00'+ ,9, *+65(-+, ()(, *+ 89( 095*) ,9 @9'0>' ,' 5(','+ /

    ,(' () 56, (0'>50 *,:)(. L9(=? ,()(00'+(5, () -+')) ( *-('0

    (09 *+ (,- @9'0>' )=+' ,7 89( ), =,(, ('-+ () =,>=(' ' ))(=9('

    (,0*+ (-' ), *+:)(5, '-(, 5('0',.F')5('-(? (-(+5'+(5, , ) ('- ( 1 -+')), ( *-('0 *+ -+, 1

    -'89(, =,>=(', (, +('-:)( *+ 9' @:+0'-(. C',(++(5, () 0,- ()

    5-(+)? () 0,- ( ,9 @:+00>' / () 0,- ( ) 5' ( :+. P+ ()) *(+(5,

    9' @''05('- 9' :'0 () 09) -('( 9' '-(+, 0(*-:)( *+ 9' *+/(0-

    9'(+,-+.

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    !

    1 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA

    1.1 DETERMINACIÓN DEL PROBLEMAL @9'0>' ( (,-( =,>=(' (, ) ( *+((+ () =, 0(-)(' -('(' ),

    -))(+(, ( ,)9+ (' ) (5*+(,,. A0-9)5('-(? (,-, ,*,-, -('(' 590;,

    , (' @9'0'5('-? ,' (5:+= -7 *9(( ,(+ 9-) *+ () :9('

    5'-('5('- 89( ,( )( *9(( ;:(+ / (, 9' :9(' ;(++5('- *+ 09'

    ,( +(89(+ 0(-)(' ( 5'(+ '5(-. S' (5:+=? 89(+(5, ,(=9++', 89(

    9+'-( ) =('(+0>' ( 0(-)('? ,( ) +(00>' 89750 89( ,( *+90( ('-+

    () =,>=(' ) 5(0)+ =9 0' 0+:9+ ( 0)0? (,-, =,(, ' ,( (,0*('?

    (: 89( (,-, =,(, ,' 59/ '@)5:)(, *9(' 0,'+ 00('-(, ('-+

    () -))(+ / -5:' , ), -0'0, ,)+(,.

    1.2 FORMULACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA

    1.2.1 P+:)(5 =('(+)

    < C>5 ;(+5(-+ () ;' ;)( ( 9' -'89( ( =,>=('

    1.1.1 P+:)(5, (,*(07@0,

    < C96)(, ,' ), 5(','(, () ;'

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    1.2 OBJETIVOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN

    1.2.1 O:(- =('(+)< D,(+ 9' -+')) ( *-('0 () 09) ,( (5*)(+ *+ ;(+5(-+ () ;'  

    ;)( ( 9' -'89( ( =,>=('.

    1.2.2 O:(-, (,*(07@0,

    < D(-(+5'+ ), 0+0-(+7,-0, () -'89( ( =,>=(' -)(, 05 ,9,

    5='-9(, @7,0,? 5-(+)? (-0.

    < D(-(+5'+ 096) (, () -* ( ;) +(05(' *+ (,-( 0,< D(-(+5'+ () 5-(+) () 09) (,-+6 ;(0; () -+')) ( *-('0 / ,7

    :-('(+ () (,@9(+ ( @)9('0< D(-(+5'+ , (, *,:)( :-('(+ )=' -* ( +('-:) ) ('(+ 9' )-(

    ( 1 -+')), ( *-('0 *+ ), -'89(, =,>=(', ( ), -))(+(, ( ),

    (5*+(,, ( L5.

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    1.3 JUSTIFICACIÓN

    E' ) '9,-+ ,( (' (+,, ((5*), ( (*),'(, (: ) @9= (

    =,(, '@)5:)(,. E,-, 00('-(, ,' )5('-:)(, / ), , ,' ++((+,:)(,?

    05 *+ ((5*) 5*9-0'(,? , ) 5( 5:('-( ( '0)9,( ) 59(+-(.

    E,- 00('-(, ,( *9((' (-+? , (, 89( ,( )=++ 89( ), 065+, 89( 0'-('('

    ), =,(, (,-' --)5('-( ,()), / *9(' ,*+-+ ), *+(,'(, '-(+',.

    E' () *+(,('-( -+: (, 5*+-'-( 0)09)+ ) *+(,>' 89( ;/ 89(

    5',-++)( ) -+')) ( *-('0 *+ 89( *(+ 095*)+ ,9 @9'0>' ( ,())+ )

    065+ () ,*,-. E' 0, (,-( ,*,- ' ))(=,( ,())+,( 0' --)5('-(

     *+0+7 =+(, 00('-(, 05 () ('('('5('- ( ), *(+,' 89( ,(

    ('09('-+' )+((+ / 9' *,:)( (*),>' (: 89( ), =,(, 89( ,( *+90('

    ('-+ ( ) 065+ ,' )-5('-( '@)5:)(,.

    S ,( ))(= ,())+ 05*)(- / 0++(0-5('-( (,- ,(+7 ( =+' ) *+ ),

    -+:+(, / ,(=9' *+89( ,( *+((+7' *+, ( =,(, ), 09) ,( +(90(

     *+, (0'>50, (' ) '9,-+. F')5('-(? (-+ ) @9= () 0(-)(' ( )

    065+ /9 *+-(=(+ ) 5( 5:('-(.

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    2 MARCO TEÓRICO

    2.1 ANTECEDENTES DE ESTUDIO

    2.1.1 A'-(0(('-( 1

    < A9-+ ABARCA PREZ? E,' P-+0< T7-9) DISEÑO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN EKUIPO DE ENSAYO DE

    CONTROL DE LA ESTABILIDAD DIMENSIONAL POR FATIGA

    MEDIANTE MARTILLEO CONSTANTE PARA ESPUMA DE

    POLIURETANO ESPONJA BLANDA UTILIZADA EN TAPICERÍA YCONCHONESQ

    < L9=+ ( *9:)00>' R:5? E09+ < A ( *9:)00>' 211< R(,9)-, U' ( ), 05*'('-(, ( (,-( (89* ( (',/ (, 9' -+'))

    ( *-('0? () 09) ;/ 89( 0)09)+,(. L, +(,9)-, ), ,95(+' *+ ()

    0, 56, 0+7-0 89( (, 09' () -+')) 59(( ) (,-+90-9+ 5>) EM /

    ) (,-+90-9+ @ EF? / ('-'0(, () -+')) 89(+6 0' 9' 0+= (

    -+00>' (,-6-0 ( ) ,95 ( ), *(,, ( ) EF / EM. M('-( 9',

    +=9+,, 06)09) ,( (-(+5'> 89( () -+89( '(0(,+ *)0 ) -+'))

     *+ ,9:+ ) 0+= (, ( T 14?# N.5.

    2.1.2 A'-(0(('-( 2

    < A9-+ JAIMES BAUTISTA? C+), A+5'

    OTERO MARÍN? J(+ M9+0

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    < T7-9) DISEÑO DE UN BANCO DE PRUEBAS PARA TORNILLOS DE

    POTENCIAQ< F(0; ( *9:)00>' 2% ( =,- () 213< R(,9)-, E,-( *+/(0- @9( 0+( 0' () :(- ( ,(+ / 0',-+9+ 

    9' :'0 ( *+9(: *+ -+')), ( *-('0? 09/ @' (, () ( 0++:++ ),

    (090'(, ( -+89( ( ,9:? -+89( ( :? (@0('0 5(06'0 /

    '0( ('0'-+, (' ), ):+, -(>+0, ( ,( ( ()(5('-, (

    5689',? 5('-( () (,++)) ( *+60-0, ( ):+-+. E) :'0 (

     *+9(:, 0',- ( '9(( -+')), ( *-('0 ( , 5-(+)(, @(+('-(,

    0(+ AISI 12 / A)95'? 0)09), / :9, -+, () ,@-+( (

    CAD? S) +, / ,59), 05*9-0')5('-( 0' () ,@-+( CAE

    ANSYS 12.. B (,-, +(,9)-,? @9(+' @:+0, " -+')), ( *-('0

    (' AISI 12 0' 65(-+, ( WQ / XQ / -+( -+')), ( *-('0 (

    )95' ( 65(-+ ( XQ / 0' +,0 ACME. J9'- ), -+')), @9(

    ,( 9' ,,-(5 ( 0*)( +6* 89( :+' '5,5 ) ,,-(5?

     *(+5-(' 05:+ ), @(+('-(, -+')), *+(,('-(, (' () :'0 ( 5'(+

    @60) / 6=) / 9' ,,-(5 ( 0*)( +7= :+,? 09/ ):+ (, -+',5-+ ()

    -+89( () 5-+ / @0)-+ () 5'-( / (,5'-( () :'0 ( *+9(:,.

    2.1.3 A'-(0(('-( 3

    < A9-+ ARIAS GUALAVISÍ? E' I6'

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    OROZCO ROMERO? L9, F+')'

    < T7-9) DISEÑO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UNA RECTIFICADORA YAFILADORA DE CUCHILLAS DE M$KUINAS PARA MADERA CON

    UN SISTEMA DE AVANCE AUTOM$TICOQ< F(0; ( *9:)00>' M+ () 211< L9=+ ( *9:)00>' K9-? E09+ < R(,9)-, E' ) *+(,('-( -(,, (, '(0(,+ 0)09)+ ), *+65(-+, ()

    -+')) ( *-('0 *+ 89( *9( -+',5-+ ) *-('0 () 5-+ ()0-+0.

    S( (-(+5'> 89( () -+')) ( *-('0 0',-+9+ (:( -('(+ 155 (65(-+? () -+89( *+ )('-+ / :+ ) 0+= ,' ( 4.1" N / 2. N

    +(,*(0-5('-(.

    2.2 MARCO TEÓRICO

    L ,)9+ 0(-)'0 (, 9', ( ), 5-, ( ,)9+ 89( ;,- )

    0-9) ,=9( =('-( / *+ ()) '(0(,- ( , 05*'('-(, 5*+-'-(, *+

    89( ,( ) 05:9,->'. U' ( ()), (, () 7=(' 89( (, 9' =, ('(', / () 09)

    ,( *9(( (-+(+ ( ) 5,5 -5>,@(+. S' (5:+=? () =, 0(-)(' (, 9' *0 56,

    @70) ( 0',(=9+. P+ ()) (,-(' +, 5-,. E' *(-+89750? ,( :-('( ()

    0(-)(' *+ 89('0;'= () ('@+5('- +6* ( 9' ))5 ( =, '-9+) (

    @+00'(, )6-)(, () *(-+>)( 0' 0(-(, ( ()( *9'- ( (:9))0>'.

    FIGURA 2.01QUENCHING

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    E) =, (, 9-) +(0-5('-( (' *)'- 05 *+90- ( *+- ('

    ,7'-(,, .S' (5:+=? 9' ( ), 56, 9-), (, ) ( 5(0)+ 0+:9+ ( 0)0 /

    =9. L =('(+0>' ( 0(-)(' *+('('-( () 0+:9+ (, (,*'-6'( (' 89()),

    )9=+(, (' ), 89( (,-( 9' )- ;95( +()-? *+ (,? (, 5*+-'-( 89( ()

    0+:9+ ,( )50('( (' )9=+(, ,(0,. L +(00>' 89750 (, ) ,=9('-(

    CaC 2+2 H 2O→C 2 H 2+Ca(OH )2

    E) A0(-)(' ,( *+90( 0'-'95('-( (' *(89(, 0'-(, (*('(' ()

    =+ ( ;95( () +( 89( )( +(. A,7? *+ 9' +( 89( 0'-('( ! 5=

    H2OL +( ! **5 * *9(( :-('(+,( 9' 0'0('-+0>' ( A0(-)(' ( 3"

     **5 *? 0',95',( (' 9' ,,-(5 0(++ 13 5= ( C+:9+ '9,-+)

    "% *9+(.

    F9('-( I'-(+'(-

    FIGURA 2.02CARBURO DE CALCIO

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    2.2.1 U,, 0-9)(, () 0(-)('

    E) 0(-)(' ,( 9-) 05 @9('-( ( )95'0>' / ( 0)+. E' ) ()

    0(-)(' (, 0'0 05 =, 9-) (' (89*, ( ,)9+ (: ),

    ()(, -(5*(+-9+, ;,- 3 [C 89( )0' ), 5(0), ( 0(-)(' /

    7=(' (' ,9 05:9,->'. E) 0(-)(' (,? (56,? 9' *+90- ( *+-

    5*+-'-( (' ) '9,-+ 89750. H,- ) ,(=9' =9(++ 59') 9' :9(' *+-(

    ( ), *+0(,, ( ,7'-(,, ,( :,+' (' () 0(-)('. H/ (' 7? *(+( 0 (

    56, 5*+-'0 (: ), ()(, 0,-, ('(+=-0, ( ,9 =('(+0>'.

    F9('-( I'-(+'(-

    FIGURA 2.03NOMENCLATURA DE ACETILENO

    F9('-( '-(+'(-

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    D,)('-(, 05 () -+0)+(-)('? () -(-+0)+(-'? *+90-, ( :,( 05

    ')-(+(, / '),-(+(, / )=9', 0+:00), ,( :-('(' *+-+ () 0(-)('. ,-(-5:' ,( 9-) (' (,*(0) (' ) @:+00>' () 0)+(-)(' 0)+9+ ( ')

     *+ *)6,-0,? () (-') 0(-)(; / ( ), '(*+(', () 090; ,'--0.

      FIGURA 2.04LAMPARA DE ACETILENO

    F9('-( '-(+'(-

    FIGURA 2.05SOLDADURA OXIACETILENICA

    F9('-( '-(+'(-

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    2.2.2 T+')) ( P-('0

    L, -+')), ( *-('0? ))5, -5:' -+')), ( -+',5,>'? ,'

    ,*,-, 5(06'0, 89( 0'(+-(' 9' =+ (,*)5('- '=9)+ (' 9'

    (,*)5('- +(0-)7'(? -+',5-(' @9(+ / *-('0 5(06'0? (+6',( (

    (,-( )-5 -+')) ( *-('0

    G('(+)5('-( -+:' 0' 9' +0( ()(? *+ ) 89( ) (@0('0? ()

    (,=,-( / () 0)('-5('- ,' 0',(+0'(, 5*+-'-(, *+ ,9 ,(? (56,

    ( ), 0',(+0'(, ( +(,,-('0 5(06'0 ? '( ('-+ (' 9(= () (,- (

    (,@9(+, ')90+, 05 +(,9)- () (,- ( 0+=, 0-9'-( (' ,9, *9'-,

    0+7-0,.

    E' ) 5/+7 ( ,9, *)00'(,? (,-, ()(5('-, ,( 9-)' *+

    95('-+Q ), @9(+, *+(, ( -+,>'? ) 09) ,( ;0( 5('-( 9' +()0>' (

    55('-? 5/+ ( ) 9'? (' ) 89( () @)(-( +(0++( 9' =+' ,-'0 )

    )+= ( ) ;)0(? 5('-+, 89( () ()(5('- 5 ' 9' *(89( 0'-

    ) )+= () (( () -+')).

    L, -+')), ( *-('0 ,( 9,' (' ,*,-, 05 *+(',, ( 5(,? =-,

    5(06'0,? ;9,)), ((, ( '0( ( -+',? 5689', ;(++5('-, / ()(5('-,

    ()(+(,. F=9+, 2." / 2.#

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    1!

    2.2.3 T*, ( +,0, (,-6'+ *+ -+')), ( *-('0

    E,-(' )=9', -*, ( +,0, '+5), *+ -+')), ( *-('0

    09+? : -+*() +,0 ACME / 0 ('-( ( ,(++? ), 09)(, ,( 59(,-+'

    (' ) @=9+.

    L +,0 09+ (, ) 89( *,(( 5/+ +('5('-? 9'89( ,( *+(@(+(

    FIGURA 2.06GATOS MECNICOS DE TORNILLOS

    F9('-( '-(+'(-

    FIGURA 2.0!PRENSA MANUAL DE TORNILLO

    F9('-( '-(+'(-

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    1"

    05'5('-( ) +,0 ACME? 0' 9' 6'=9) ( @)'0, ( 2 *+ ,9 :9(' 9,-(

    (56, -5' (' 0',(+0>' 89( ) +,0 09+ ' (,-6 '+5)5('-+, 89( ) ACME (, ( @60) 0',-+900>' 5('-( -, ), *+0(5('-,

    (,-('-(,.

    L, +:)(, ( ) @=9+ ,'

     p P, ( ) +,0

    d :  D65(-+ 5/+ () -+'))

    dm D65(-+ 5( () -+'))

    dr : D65(-+ 5('+ ( +7 () -+'))

    FIGURA 2.0"TIPOS DE ROSCAS NORMALI#ADAS

    F9('-( '-(+'(-

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    1#

    D( 09(+ 0' B9/', / N,:(-- \2]? ' (, '-(', ) '(0(, ( 9'

    (,-6'+ *+ ), +,0, ( -+')), ( *-('0. E' ) *+60-0? )=9', (0(, ,(0',-+9/(' +'-(, ( ,-,? *+ ((5*)? (0(, ) +,0 09+ ,( 0',-+9/(

    0' 9' 6'=9) ('-+( @)'0, ( 1[? 0' () @' ( @0)-+ ,9 5'9@0-9+. L ('-

     *+'0*) ( ) +,0 09+ (, ,9 5/+ (@0('0 05 ,( (+6 56, ()'-(.

    D(: ,9 6'=9) ('-+( @)'0,? ) +,0 ACME -('( ) ('- ( -('(+ 5/+ 

    @0) ( 5'9@0-9+ / ) *,:) ( 9,+ 9' -9(+0 *+- 89( *9( 9,+,(

     *+ 05*(',+ () (,=,-( (' ), @)(-(,. L +,0 ACME (, 9' ()(00>' 05' \1].

    L +,0 ( ('-( ( ,(++ *,(( 5/+ +(,,-('0 (' ) +7 () @)(-( / (,

    (09 *+ -+',5-+ =+'(, @9(+, (' 9' ,) ,('- (' () 5,-+ (' )

    @=9+ 2. %0

    TABLA 2.01

    PRINCIPALES DIMENSIONES DE LAS ROSCAS ACME AMERICANA

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    1%

    2.2.4 P+'0* ( @9'0'5('- ( ), -+')), ( *-('0 ( *+ ( -+,>'

    E) *+ ( -+,>' 89( ,( (:( *)0+ (*('( ( ) =(5(-+7 () -+'))? ( )

    @+00>' ('-+( ), @)(-(, ( ,-( / ( ) -9(+0 /? *+ ,9*9(,-? () *(, ( ) 0+=.

    C9' ) 0+= ,( (,-6 ()(' ,( -('( 89( (@(0-9+ 9' -+:? =9) ) -+:

     *+ ()(+ () *(, 56, () -+: +(89(+ *+ ('0(+ ) @+00>' (' ), @)(-(,

    -+: 89( ,( *(+( (' @+5 ( 0)+. C9' ) 0+= ,( ;0( (,0('(+? () *(,

    (@(0- 9' -+: *,- ,:+( () =- () -+: +(89(+ *+ :+ ) 0+= (,

    =9) ) '(0(,+ *+ ('0(+ ) @+00>' 5(', () -+: 89( (@(0- () *(, , (,-(

    )-5 (, 5/+ 89( () +(89(+ *+ ('0(+ ) @+00>'? () -+')) (,0('(+7 ,>)

    ,' '(0(, ( *)0+ *+ ( -+,>'.

    P+ ('-('(+ 5(+ (,-? 0',(+( ), 0,, 5,-+, (' ) @=9+ 2.? (' ),

    09)(, 9' *(+,' ,9:( / : 9' 0+= ) )+= ( 9' ,9*(+@0( '0)' 0'

    @+00>'. E' () 0, ) 05*'('-( () *(, ( ) 0+= (' ) +(00>' () *)'

    '0)' / ) @9(+ ( @+00>' ,( *'(' ) 55('- *+ ) -'-? () -+: 89(

    (@(0- ) *(+,' (, =9) ) ,95 () -+: *+ ,9:+ ) 0+= 56, () '(0(,+

    F9('-( A) D). D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I

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     *+ ('0(+ ) @+00>'. E' () 0, :? ) 05*'('-( () *(, (' ) +(00>' ()

     *)' 0- (' ) +(00>' () 55('- @0)-' ) -+( ( ;0(+ (,0('(+ )0+= () -+: 89( (:( (@(0-9+ ) *(+,' (, ) +(,- ('-+( () '(0(,+ *+

    ('0(+ ) @+00>' / () *+- *+ () *(,. E, *,:)( 89( ) 0+= (,0(' ,)

    (,- 09++( , ) 05*'('-( () *(, (' ) +(00>' () 55('- (, 5/+ 89( )

    @9(+ ( @+00>' 0(@0('-( ( @+00>' ,9@0('-(5('-( *(89( 6'=9) (

    '0)'0>' ,9@0('-(5('-( =+'(.

    E' () ,( ( 09)89(+ -+')) ( *-('0 *9(( ,(+ '(0(,+

    0)09)+ () *+ ( -+,>' +(89(+ *+ ,9:+Q ) 0+=

    T S

    ? / () *+ '(0(,+

     *+ :+)Q T b . N 5*+- 89 *)00>' ,( , () -+')) (, ;+'-)

    -('( -+ '0)'0>' () *+ *+ ,9:+Q ,(+6 () 89( ,( +(89(+( *+ 5(+ ()

    FIGURA 2.0$EL TRABA%O EFECTUADO PARA ELE&AR UNA CARGA ES MA'OR QUE EL

    REQUERIDO PARA HACERLA DESCENDER 

    F9('-( '-(+'(-

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    -+')) (' +(00>' 0'-++ ) ( ) @9(+ (' () =- ( -+'))? ) @9(+

    0- ;0 : 5('-+, 89( () 55('- (, ;0 ++: 9+'-( ) ()(0>'() *(,. E) *+ *+ :+ ,(+6 () +(89(+ 09' () 55('- -('( ) 5,5

    +(00>' ( ) @9(+.

    P+ 0)++ (,- 0',(+( ) *+(', ( 5(, ( ) @=9+ 2.#. C9' ,( (,-6

     *+(',' 9' *(? ,- ((+0( 9' @9(+ 0'-++ ) 55('- () -+')) *+ )

    -'-? () *+ ( -+,>' *)0+ ,(+6T S

    . C9' ,( (,-6 (,*+(-' ) *(? ()

    -+')) ,( 59(( (' ) +(00>' ( ) @9(+ *+ ) -'-? () *+ +(89(+ (, 5('+ /

    ,(+6 T b .

    E' (,- ,(00>' ,( (-(+5'+6' (*+(,'(, *+ 0)09)+ ), *+(, ( =+

    T S / T b . L @=9+ 2.11 59(,-+ 9' -+')) ( *-('0 0' ,9 -9(+0? 0'

    65(-+ 5(?   dm ? 65(-+ 5('+ dr ? / 65(-+ 5/+? *,? *? 6'=9)

    ( '0(  λ ? / 6'=9) ( ;)0( ψ  .

    S( *+90( 9' =+ () -+')) 5('-( ) *)00>' () *+ T S   T b ?

    0' ) 09) () -+')) ,9:( : (@(0-96',( 9' -+: -)? 89( 0- ,:+( )

    @9(+ F ? / 9' -+: ( *+, (: ) 00>' ( ), @9(+, ( @+00>' (' ),

    @)'0, ( ), @)(-(, @=9+ 2.11 :.FIGURA 2.10

    TORNILLO DE POTENCIA CON ROSCA CUADRADA

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    L, @9(+, 89( 0-' (' () ,,-(5 ,( ,-+:9/(' ,:+( ), @)'0, ()

    -+')) / ( ) -9(+0? ), 09)(, (,-6' '0)', 9' 6'=9)  λ . S ('(+(6+5,Q

    () @)'0 () @)(-( ( ) -9(+0 ( ) @=9+ 2.11 ? :-('+75, 9' ,9*(+@0( 09/

     *(+@) 0++(,*'(+7 ), )7'(, '0)', ( ), -+6'=9), ( ) @=9+ 2.12? '(

    F9('-( A) D). D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I

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     N f    (, () '5(+ ( @)(-(, (' 0'-0- / l  (, () '0( () -+'))? 89( ('

    ) 5/+7 ( ), 0,, (, =9) ) *, 09' () -+')) (, ( 9' ,) ('-+.

    P+ -+')), ( +, ('-+, () '0( (,-6 *+

    l=número deentradas x paso

    FIGURA 2.11LONGITUD DE UN TORNILLO DE POTENCIA PARA 1( 2( 3 PASOS

    F9('-( A) D). D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I

    FIGURA 2.12LONGITUD DE UN TORNILLO DE POTENCIA PARA 1( 2( 3 PASOS

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    A')0(5, ), @9(+, ( ) @=9+ 2.12 . L @9(+ F (, ) @9(+ 89( 0-

    ,:+( () -+')) / (, (+-0) ) @9(+  Ps  (, ) (: ) *+ ( -+,>' '>-(,( 89(

    ) *)0+ 9' *+ ) -+'))? ,( =('(+' @9(+, ) )+= () @)'0 () @)(-(? 09/

    +(,9)-'-( (, =9) 0(+ *(+ ' () *+ ) ')+ () @)(-( ('(+(Q? ) ,95 (

    (,, @9(+, (,  Ps . E' () @)'0 *+(0(' , +(00'(,? ) @9(+ '+5)  F  N   /

    ) @9(+ ( @+00>'  μF  N  ? ) 09) ,( *'( ) 55('- ,( *'( ) @9(+

     Ps . N>-(,( 89( ) ,95-+ ( @9(+, ( @+00>' (' ) -9(+0 ' ('(+( (,

    =9) 0(+? 89(' 9' *+ +(,9)-'-( (: ) @+00>'.

    F9('-( A) D). D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I

    FIGURA 2.13ESTADO DE CARGAS

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    S () ,,-(5 (,-6 (' (89):+? (, (0+ , ,( 59(( ()0 0',-'-( ,) 0()(+0>' (, (,*+(0:)(? ) ,95-+ ( @9(+, ;+'-)(, / ) ,95-+ (

    @9(+, (+-0)(, ,' =9)(, 0(+

    ∑ F  H =0 ;PS− μ∗ F  N cos λ− F  N sin λ=0

    ∑ F V =

    0

    ; F  N ∗cos

     λ− F − μ∗ F  N ∗sin

     λ=0

     F  N  ( μ∗cosλ+sinλ )= PS→ F  N =  PS

    ( μcos λ+sin λ)

     PS

    ( μ∗cos λ+sin λ) [cos λ− μsin λ ]− F =0→ PS= F ∗( μ∗cos λ+sin λcos λ− μsin λ )

    L 05*'('-(  PS   +(*+(,('- ) 0+= '(0(,+ *+ *+90+ ()

    55('- ;0 ) 89(+? ' )9=+ 89( (,- -(' (,*)+,( ;0

    ++: 5( 89(  PS  ) 5*9), (' (, +(00>'.

    A(56, ( ) =(5(-+7 ( ) @=9+ 2.12 '( ,( 59(,-+ () (,++)) () @)(-( (

    ) +,0 () -+')) 0' +(,*(0- ) 65(-+ *+5-? ,( :-('(

    tan λ=  l

     ¿dm

    F9('-( A) D). D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I

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    2!

    L @9(+  PS  (, (: ) *+ T S  ? ('-'0(,

    T S !1= PS∗dm

    2=

     F ∗dm2

    ∗( μ∗cosλ+sinλcos λ− μsin λ )

    E' () 0, ( 9-)+ 0))+7' (' ) *)00>'? () 55('- -+,+ 95('- /

    )9=+ 9' ,(=9' 05*'('-(

    T S !2=dc∗ μc∗ F 

    2; μc  E, () 0(@0('-( ( @+00>' ('-+( () 0))+7' / ) +,0

    →T S=T S !1+T S ! 2= F ∗dm

    2∗( μ∗cosλ+sinλcos λ− μ sin λ )+

    dc¿ μc∗ F 

    2

    2.2.! E@0('0 5(06'0

    E) +('5('- 5(06'0 (, 9' -+5' -) *+ ()9+ () (09

    @9'0'5('- ( ), -+')), ( *-('0. P+-( () -+: +() (' 9'

    -+',5,>' ( -+')) ( *-('0 ,( ('-+(= ) ,,-(5 89( ,( (,-6 00''? *(+ )

    -+ ,( *(+( (' @+5 ( 0)+? (: ) @+00>' (' ), @)'0,.

    L (@0('0 5(06'0 ( 9' -+')) ( *-('0 ,( (@'( =9) 89( (' -+,

    ,,-(5,. E) -+: 89( ('-+ ) ,,-(5? (: ) *+ *)0? (, =9) ) -+: 89(

    ,)( () 89( +(0:( ) 5689' 00'? 56, () -+: ( *+, (: ) @9(+

    ( @+00>'

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    2"

    " entra=" sale+"  p#rdidas

    L (@0('0 ,( (@'( 05 $= " sale

    " entra%1  . P+ ;0(+ ) (900>' ( 9'

    (090>' *+* *+ ) (@0('0? 0)09)+(5, ), -+:, *+ 9' 9()- ()

    -+')). E) -+: (@(0-9 *+ () *+ ( -+,>' (, =9) ,-( *+ () 6'=9) ( =+

     *+90 9' 9()-? ('-'0(,

    " entra

    =2 ∗T S

    E) -+: 89( ,)( (, () ( ) ()(0>' ( ) 0+=

    " sale= F ∗l ; tan λ=  l

     ∗dm

    $=  F ∗l2 ∗T S

    =  F ∗tan λ∗ ∗dm

    2 ∗

    [

     F ∗dm2

    (

     μ∗cosλ+sinλcos

     λ− μsin

     λ

    )+

    dc ¿ μc∗ F 2

      ]$=

      tan λ∗dm

    dm∗( μ∗cosλ+sinλcos λ− μsin λ )+dc¿ μc

    FIGURA 2.14CUR&AS DE EFICIENCIA PARA DIFERENTES &ALORES DE ) EN FUNCIÓN

    DEL NGULO * 

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    2#

    2.2." S)0-0'(, ( 0+= (' ), -+')), ( *-('0

    D(: ) 05*)( =(5-+0 / ) @+5 (' 89( ,( -+',5-('

    ), 0+=, (' ), -+')), ( *-('0? ,-, (,-6' (*9(,-, @(+('-(, -*,

    ( @))

    < E) '0)( (,-6 ,5(- 9' 05:'0>' ( 0+= ) / -+,>'.< L, @)(-(, () -+')) / ( ) -9(+0 *9((' @))+ *+ 0+-'-( *+ @)(>'.< L, @)'0, ( ), @)(-(, (,-6' ,5(-, *),-5('-? () 09)

     *9(( *+90+ (@+50>' *)6,-0.< L, @)'0, (,-6' ,9(-, @9(+, ( @+00>' 89( *9((' *+90+ (,=,-(

     *+(5-9+.

    2.2.# C+= ) / -+,>' (' () '0)(

    E) '0)( () -+')) (,-6 ,5(- 9' 05:'0>' ( 0+= ) /

    -+,>'? -) 05 ,( 59(,-+ (' ) @=9+ 2.1!

    L @9(+ ) *9(( ,(+ ( -+00>' ( 05*+(,>' (*('(' ( )

    F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I

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    2%

    @+5 (' 89( *(+( () -+')) *+ ((5*)? ), -+')), ( ), =-, ( )

    @=9+ 2." / : ,*+-' 05*+(,>' / -+00>' +(,*(0-5('-(. T(>+05('-(?/ ,' -('(+ (' 09('- ) 0'0('-+0>' ( (,@9(+, 09, *+ ) ;)0( ()

    @)(-(? () (,@9(+ (: ) @9(+ )? ,( ,-+:9/( 9'@+5(5('-( / (,-6

    *+

    & compresi'= F 

     ( r

    = 4∗ F 

     ∗d r2

    P+ -+')), ,5(-, 05*+(,>'? ) (090>' (, 6) , ' ;/

     *,:) ( *'(? (, (0+? , () -+')) ' (, (,:()-Q.

    P+ () 06)09) () (,@9(+ 0+-'-( *+90 *+ () *+ ( -+,>'? ,(

    ,95( 89( () 6+( () '0)( (, =9) ) ( 9' 07+09) 0' 65(-+ =9) )

    65(-+ '-(++ () -+')) dr () (,@9(+ 0+-'-( 565 09++( (' )

     *(+@(+ ( ) ,(00>' / (,-6 *+

    ) =16∗T 

     ∗dr3

    2.2.% E,@9(+ ( @)(>' (' ), @)(-(,

    C5 ,( :,(+ (' ) @=9+ 2.1! :? ), @)(-(, 0-' 05 =, ('

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    2

    ) ,*+-' 9' 0+= -+',(+,) ,-+:9. C',(09('-(5('-(? ,-,

     *9((' @))+ *+ @)(>'. E) 565 (,@9(+ '+5) *+ @)(>'? *+ ()-+'))? *9(( 0)09)+,( 05

    & f =  3∗ F ∗*

     ∗dm∗ N ∗b2

    O -5:' 05

    & f =32∗ + 

     ∗dr3

    D'( b  (, () (,*(,+ ( ) +7 ( ) +,0.

    2.2. E,@9(+ ( *),-5('-

    L, @)'0, ( ), @)(-(, () -+')) / ( ) -9(+0 ,*+-' 9' 0+= (

    *),-5('- 05*+(,>' ) )+= / '0; ( - ) ,9*(+@0( ( 0'-0-?

    (: 89( ) @9(+ F (, -+',5- () -+')) ) -9(+0 -+, ( ), @)'0,

    @=9+ 2.1! :. L 0+= *9(( *+90+ (@+50>' *)6,-0 , () (,@9(+ '+5)

    ( 05*+(,>' (0(( ) +(,,-('0 ( @)9('0 (' 05*+(,>'. S9*'(' 89( ()

    (,@9(+ ,( ,-+:9/( 9'@+5(5('-( (' - ) ,9*(+@0(? ,-( *9(( 0)09)+,(

    05

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    3

    & a=  F 

     (aplastamiento=

      F ∗ p ¿dm∗*∗nf 

    ;n f = ,t 

     p

    D'(  ,t   (, ) )'=-9 )-9+ ( ) -9(+0.

    P+ () *),-5('-? (:( (+@0+,( 89( () (,@9(+ 89( (, =9) *+ ()

    -+')) / *+ ) -9(+0 ' ,:+(*,( ), )+(, *(+5,:)(, ( ,( ( ),

    5-(+)(, () -+')) / ( ) -9(+0

    FIGURA 2.15SOLICITACIONES EN LOS TORNILLOS DE POTENCIA

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    2.2.1 V)+ 0-9) '(- VAN

    V(N =−Co+  C 1

    (1+- )

    +  C 2

    (1+- )2+.+

      Cn

    (1+- )n=∑

    t =0

    nCt 

    (1+- )t 

    E, 9' 0'- 5'(-+? 89( +(@)( ) @(+('0 ('-+( () )+ 0-9) (

    F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I

    FIGURA 2.16REA DE UN FILETE DE TORNILLO SOMETIDO A APLASTAMIENTO

    F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I

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    ), 0:+, 5(', () )+ 0-9) ( ), *=, (, (0+? (, () )+ ( -,

    ), @)9, ( 0 (,*(+, +(@(+ 9' 5,5 55('- (' () -(5*. E'-+5', =('(+)(, ,( *9(( '-(+*+(-+ () VAN () 5 ,=9('-(

    VAN ^ ^ K9( ) (5*+(, =('(+ :('(@0

    VAN ^ N ;/ :('(@0, ' *+,? 9'89( ,( *(+( -(5*

    VAN _ ^ H/ *+, (' ) (5*+(,? (56, ( *(+(+ -(5*

    S( (:(+6 +(0;+ 09)89(+ '(+,>' 09/ VAN ,( '(=- / 89(

    (,0*-) ) (5*+(,. E'-+( +, *+/(0-, ,( ()(=+6 89() 89( -('= () VAN

     *,- ,( ,9*(++.

    L -, ( (,09('- *)0 *9(( ,(+ 0',-'-( (' () -(5* +:)( /

    (, @9'0>' () -* ( '-(+, () 5(+0? () +(,= () ,(0-+? ,7 05 () ()

    '(=0.

    E) -* ( '-(+, ( 5(+0

    S( 0',(+ 9' 7'09) ('-+( *+(,('-( / () @9-9+? 0',--9/(' 9' :,(

    ( 05*+0>' @9'5('-). S 9-)' () -* ( '-(+, ( ;0(+ @+('-( )

    0,-( ( ,9 @''00>' (, (0+? ) 0,-( () 0*-). L 0-9)0>' 9-) '

    (, 56, 89( 9' 0'(' 0' () 89( ' -, ), '(+,+(, (,-6' ( 09(+. O-+

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    @+5 ( 0)09)+ (,- *+-( () -* ( (,09('- *)0+ () 0,-( () 0*-)

    ,(+7 () -* ( 5(+0 ( 0-, ,(=9+, :' )(-+, () T(,+. E,-((*7=+@( *+ ) -'- '0+*+ () 0,-( ( *+-9'? / 89( ,(+7 ( '-(+,

    @+(0 57'5 +(,=.

     : F0-+ ( +(,=

    U' 5'(+ *+60-0 ( '-(+*+(-+) (, 05 () ,=9('-( 0,. L,

    ,(0-+(, *(09+, ,( (' ,5(-, ,0)0'(, 070)0,? @+9- () 9(= ( )

    @(+- / ) (5'? ,(' ,-'- () +(,= () ,(0-+ *+0' '-(',? @+('-( )

    () ,(0-+ '. E' () 59' ='(+ ,( ,9()( (,090;+ 05 +(@)(

    05*+' () +(,= () ,(0-+ *+0' @+('-( ) ' E' () *+0' -( ;0(,

    +0 -( ++9', (' -'- 89( () ' '9'0 -( ;+6, +0? *(+ '9'0 ,)+6, (

    ) 5,(+Q E,-( 0; **9)+ '0 89( (, 5/+ ) '0(+-95:+( () ,(0-+ 

     *+0' / (' 0',(09('0 ; ( ,(+ 5/+ () :('(@0 (=.

    0 F0-+ ( +(,= () '(=0

    E' 0 *+900>' *(09+ ,( ,95( 9' +(,= :)>=0 @+9- () @0-+ 

    '5)? 56, 9' +(= *+90- 5*9-:)( ) 5'( () ,,-(5? (,( () *9'-

    ( ,- +(*+90-? ,'-+? '9-+0')? (-0. A,5,5? ,( 0),@0' ,(=' ,(

    () +(,= 5*9-:)(

    < A ) 5,5 *+900>' *(09+ S( ,95( +(,= ('-+ ( 9' 5,5

    '(=0? 0, () -5: A? '-(=+ *+ 0, ( 89'- )0-'0 @+('-(

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    9' -5: B? 0' -(+'(+, *+(,.< A ,-'- *+900>' *(09+ E) +(,= (, @(+('-( ,(=' () ,,-(5

     *+90- :(- ( '6),,. A,7 (, ,-'-? () +(,= () '(=0

    (,-('-( ('-+( ) *+900>' :' (-(', 0 +(-'-? @+('-( )

    ;()070) '-(', A,*(+, 56,5. E, : 89( () ,(=9' ,,-(5

    ;/ 9' 5/+ (,0'05('- :)>=0? *-)>=0? -0'0? (-0. / ('

    0',(09('0 () '(=0 ,95( 9' 5/+ +(,=.

    2.2.11 L -, '-(+' ( +(-+' TIR

    L -, ( +('5('- '-(+'? -, '-(+' ( +('-:) -, (

    +(-+' +Q (, () -* ( 0-9)0>' 89( =9) () VAN. E' () 0, ( 89( ),

    @)9, =('(+, *+ () *+* *+/(0- ,(' 0',-'-(,

    sin→/!entoncesr=C 

    3

    C 0

    S' (5:+=? (' ) 5/+7 ( ), 0,, ), @)9, =('(+, ,' @(+('-(,

    0 . S () *+/(0- ( '(+,>' (, (' 9' *(+ 0+- ( -(5*? *+ 

    ((5*) ( , ,? -5:' ,(+7 ,('0)) +(,)(+ ) ,=9('-( =9)

    V(N =−Co+   C  1

    (1+r )+  C 

    2

    (1+r )2=0→ Co=   C 

    1

    (1+r )+  C 

    2

    (1+r )2

    C 0=

    C 1∗(1+r )+C 2

    (1+r )2  → C 

    0∗(1+r )2−C  1∗(1+r )−C  2=0

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    3!

    C' ) 89( @60)5('-( ,( *9(( 0)09)+ () )+ ( +Q. P(+ , () *+/(0-( '(+,>' ,( ))( 0: (' 9' *(+7 )+= ( -(5* () -(5* ( 06)09) (

    ) TIR ,( +() *+ '-(+*)0>'.

    P+ ,:(+ , 9' *+/(0- ( '(+,>' (, 0'('('-( '? ,( (:(+6

    05*++ ) -, '-(+' ( +('5('- TIR () *+/(0- 0' () -* ( '-(+,

    =('-( (' () 5(+0. S ) @(+('0 (, *,- ,( *9(( ))(+ 0: ()

     *+/(0- ,(5*+( 89( ,( -('= (' 09('- () @0-+ ( +(,=. S ) @(+('0 (,

    '(=- ,='@0 89( 0' ), @)9, =('(+, ' ,( *9(( ' ,( *9(( ;0(+ 

    @+('-( ' ,89(+ ) 0,-( () 0*-) ) *= ( ), '-(+(,(, *+ () 9, ( 9' (

    ), +(09+,, @''0(+, 89( ,( ;' -5 *+(,-,.

    E' 0, ( ()(=+ 9' *+/(0- ('-+( +, )-(+'-,? ,( (,0=(+6 89()

    89( -('= ) 5/+ @(+('0 *,-.

    2.2.12 I'-(+*+(-0>' () VAN / ) TIR 

    E) )+ 0-9) '(- ( 9' '(+,>' / ) -, '-(+' ( +('-:) ( 9'

    '(=0 ,' )+(, 89( /9' -5+ (0,'(, ,:+( ) '( ' ( 9'

    '(+,>' (' 09)89(+ ,(0-+? '-(+*+(-6',( () VAN / () TIR () ,=9('-( 5

    S' '(+,5('-( *+*+0')(, () VAN / ) -, ( (,09('- 9-)?

    (, (0+ 89( 5( 89( ,( '0+(5('- ) -, ( (,09('-? () VAN

    ,5'9/('? -) / 05 ,( :,(+ (' () =+6@0. N :,-'-( '-( ) (,-('0

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    3"

    ( , *+/(0-, )-(+'-, A / B 0 9' *+(,('- 9' ()90>' ,-'-

    @+('-( ) '0+(5('- ( ) -, ( (,09('-.

    A'-( 9' -, ( (,09('- () 4 () VAN () *+/(0- B (, ,9*(++ ) (

    A? B^ VAN2^VAN1.

    A 5( 89( ,( '0+(5('- ) -, ( (,09('-? ) ,-90>' () VAN ,(

    '(+-(? ( 5 89( *+ )+(, ( ,9*(++(, ) " VAN1 ^ VAN2. S ('

    5:, *+/(0-, ,( 05*+ ) TIR? +(,9)- 89( () *+/(0- A )0' 9' TIR 

    ,9*(++ ,( *9(( *+ -'- 0'0)9+ 89( (' 89()), *+/(0-, ( V' *,-? )

    TIR (, ,9*(++ ) -, ( (,09('- 9-) / () *+/(0- *+7 ,(+ :)(? ('

    -'- 89( *+ )+(, () VAN '(=-,? ) -, '-(+' ( +('-:) (,

    FIGURA 2.16RELACIÓN ENTRE EL &AN + LA TIR 

    F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I

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    3#

    '@(++ ) -, ( (,09('- *+ ) 89( () *+/(0- ' ,( (:(+7 +()+ 

    2.3 MARCO TEÓRICO

    2.3.1 T+')) ( *-('0

    U' -+')) ( *-('0 ,( 9, *+ 05:+ () 55('- '=9)+ ('

    55('- )'() / -5:' *+ -+',5-+ (,@9(+,.

    2.3.2 G,>=('

    E, 9' ,*,- 89( 0',,-( (' 9' 065+ / 9' ;';)( '( ,(

    (*,- () 0+:9+ / *,-(++5('-( () =9 *+ =('(++ () 0+:9+.

    2.3.3 R(00>' REDO&

    S( ('5' +(00>' ( +(900>' 0>' ( > +(900>'?

    ,5*)(5('-( +(00>' +(? - +(00>' 89750 (' ) 89( 9' 56, ()(0-+'(,

    ,( -+',@(+(' ('-+( ), +(0-,? *+0' 9' 05: (' (,-, ( 0>'.

    P+ 89( (,- 9' +(00>' ( +(900>' 0>'? (' () ,,-(5 (:( ;:(+ 9'

    ()(5('- 89( 0( ()(0-+'(,? / -+ 89( ), 0(*-(

    2.3.4 C+:9+ ( 0)0E, 9' ,9,-'0 ,>) ( 0)+ =+,60( 89( +(00' (-+505('-( 0'

    () =9 *+ + 0) *= ;+> ( 0)0 / 0(-)('. E, ( 9, 59/

    (-(' / (' (' -(', () +5 *+ 9-)+) (' ,)9+ 9->=('. S'

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    3%

    (,- @') ,( ) '-+90( (' 9' =,>=('? 89( )( =+(=' =9 )('-5('-(?

    / )9(= ,( 5(0) () =, *+90 0' 7=(' *+ *+90+ 9' ))5 ()= /( )- -(5*(+-9+

    2.3.! A0(-)('

    E) 0(-)(' (-' (, () )89' 56, ,('0)). E, 9' =,? )-5('-(

    '@)5:)(? 9' *0 56, )=(+ 89( () +( ( '0)+. P+90( 9' ))5 ( ;,-

    3[C? 9' ( ), -(5*(+-9+, ( 05:9,->' 56, )-, 0'0,? ,9*(+5('-(

    ,)5('-( *+ ) () ;+>=(' ->50 34 4 [C? () 0'>=(' 4!2! [C /

    ) () 0'0(-)(' 4%# [C.

    2.3." VAN

    H0( +(@(+('0 ) )+ ( 0-9) '(-. E, 9' ( ), 5-, 56, 0(*-,

     *+ ,:(+ , 9' *+/(0- ( '(+,>' (, :)( '.

    2.3.# TIR  

    H0( +(@(+('0 ) -, '-(+' ( +(-+'. E, 9' ( ), 5-, 56,

    0(*-, *+ ,:(+ , 9' *+/(0- ( '(+,>' (, :)( '.

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    3

    3 &ARIABLE E HIPÓTESIS

    3.1 VARIABLES DE INVESTIGACIÓN

    3.1.1 V+:)(, I'(*('('-(,

    P+(,>' () =, (, 5*+-'-( ,:(+ 096'- (, ) *+(,>' ( -+: ()

    -'89(. $+( ( 0'-0- (, 5*+-'-( ,:(+ 096'- (, () 6+( 89(

    95('-' (,- 95('-+ ) @9(+ *9(,-. P+*((, @7,0, () 5-(+) () 09) (,-6 ;(0; () -+')) (

     *-('0. C(@0('-( ( @+00>' E, () 0(@0('-( 89( ,( ('-+( ) +,0 / ()

    -+')). I'-(+, () 5(+0 (, () '-(+, 89( (,-:)( () SBS P+(0 ( ), 5-(+)(, E,-( *+(0 ) (,-:)(0( () 5(+0 ( 5-(+)(,?

    ( 09(+ ) @(+- / ) (5' ( ), 5,5,

    3.1.2 V+:)(, (*('('-(,

    E) ,,-(5 ( ,()) () =,>=(' (, 5*+-'-( -('(+ 9' ,,-(5 (

    ,()) (@0('-( *+ (-+ ), @9=,? (-' ,7 00('-( / *+,

    (0'>50,. L +('-:) () '(=0 (,- (*('( () *+,-5 *(+ / ( ),

    '-(+, 89( 0)0 () 5(+0 I'(+,>' E, () 5'- 89( (:(5, *+-+ *+ 89( () *+/(0- ('-+( ('

    @9'0'5('-.

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    4

    3.2 OPERACIONALIZACIÓN DE VARIABLES

    3.2.1 S()(00>' () M-(+) () T+')) / ) -9(+0S()(00'+(5, () 5-(+) 89( (, 56, @60) ( ('0'-++ (' () 5(+0

    ASTM A3".

    A0(+ ) 0+:' 0' +(,,-('0 57'5 ) -+00>' `9)-5 3" PSI

    A0(+ ) 0+:' 0' )75-( ( (,@9(+ ( @)9('0 `@)9('0 !% PSI

    M>9) ( (),-0 () 5-(+) 21 =@552

    3.2.2 M(, () -'89( ( =,>=('

    P+(,>' ( -+:

    P+(,>' '+5) 1 PSI 1!PSI? P+(,>' 0+7-0 1! PSI 3 PSI

    P 3PSI _ ^ 3 ):=*9)=2

    D65(-+ 5( () ;' H) D4 X *9)=

    3.2.3 C',(+0'(, *+ () -+')) ( *-('0

    C',(+' 0(@0('-(, ( @+00>' *+ 0'0'(, (

    *(+0>' () -'89( ( =,>=('. D( ) -:) N[ % *+ A0(+, ,'

    )9:+00>'

    < C(@0('-( ( @+00>' ('-+( () -+')) / ) -9(+0 a .1! .2! ^ a

    .1!< C(@0('-( ( @+00>' ('-+( () 0))+ / ) ,9*(+@0( ( */ a0 < L'=-9 ):+( () -+')) L_ 1 55< L'=-9 ( ) *)'0 R* ^ ! 55

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    41

    3.2.4 C6)09) ( ) @9(+ (' () -+')) ( *-('0

    F9(+ (' () '-(++ () ;' ;)

     F = P 0 (→  d

    2

    4 xP=

     ¿4.752

    4 x 30

      lbf 

     p1l22→ F =354.41

    lbf 

    2.2=241.64 -2f 

    ∑ + 0=0→ Fxa+ Ft x2a=0→ Ft = F 

    2=

    241.64

    2=120.82 -2f 

    L @9(+ ,( +(90( (' 9' !

    3.2.! C6)09) () 65(-+ () -+')) / ) -9(+0

    E,@9(+ ( ,(

    C',(+' 9' 2 ( (,@9(+ 9)-5 ) -+00>' (,*+(0' ()

    FIGURA 3.01RELACIÓN ENTRE EL &AN ' LA TIR 

    F9('-( P+*

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    42

    (,@9(+ ( 0+-( *+ -+,>' ,( -('(

    & dise3o=& admisible=0.2

    ∗& admisible=0.2

    ∗36000

     PS4 =7200

     PS4 

    & admisible=5-2f  /mm2

    E,@9(+ ( 05*+(,>'

    & compresi'n=  f1er5aenel tornillo

    6reaefecti7adeltornillo

    & compresi'n= Ft 

     (r=

      4∗ Ft 

     ∗dr2

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    43

    P+ ) T9(+0

    D+ %.!55 D 12.! 55? H 2. 55D( ) -:) N[ 4 R,0 T+*(0) M(' DIN 13

    P+ () T+')) ( 9' ('-+

    + %.! 55 5 1.! 55 12 55 ; 1.#! 55? * 3. 55 N 1 *, 55

    P+ ) T9(+0

    D+ .! 55? D 12.! 55? H1.! 55

    D( ) -:) N[! R,0 T+*(0) F' DIN 3#%

    P+ () T+')) ( 9' ('-+

    D+ #.!55 5 55 1 55 ; 1.2! 55 * 2. 55 N 1 *,55

    P+ ) T9(+0

    D+ %.! 55 D 1. M5 H 1. 55

    3.2." C)09) () T+89( ( A00'5('-

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    44

    P+ R,0 T+*(0) G+9(, DIN 3#

    A'=9) ( '0( ( ) +,0 b

    T'b )cd5 Nd*cd5 1d4cd1 .12#3 e b #.2![

    A'=9) ('-+( ), @)'0, ( ) +,0 f

    f1![ +,0 DIN

    A'=9) ('-+( ), @)'0, '+5) ) @)(-( f'

    tan (∅n)=tan∅∗cosλ=tan 15∗cos7.25=0.2658→∅n=14.88 9

    T = F t ∗dm

    2

    (cos∅n∗tan λ+ μ

    cos∅n− μ tan λ )+

    dc¿ μc∗ F 

    2

    ; μc=0

    T =120.82∗10

    2∗(  cos14.88: ∗tan7.25 : +0.15cos14.88: −0.15∗tan7.25:  )+

    dc ¿ μc∗ F 

    2; μc=0

    T =172.86 -2f −mm

    T+89( '(0(,+ *+ ('0(+ () +5('- ( ), @)'0, ( ) +,0

    F9(+ 57'5 5'9) ( ) *)'0 F5' TR* 1#2.%" =@ 55

    !55 3.4! =@ . D'( R* (, ) )'=-9 ( ) *)'0

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    4!

    P+ R,0 T+*(0) M(' DIN 3#%

    A'=9) ( '0( ( ) +,0 b

    T'b )cd5 Nd*cd5 1d3cd1.! . e b !.1"[

    A'=9) ('-+( ), @)'0, ( ) +,0 ∅

    1![ +,0 DIN

    A'=9) ('-+( ), @)'0, '+5) ) @)(-( ∅ '

    tan (ϕn)=tan (ϕ )∗cos ( λ )=tan (15 : )∗cos (5.196 : )=0.2668→ϕn=15.04 : 

    T = F ∗dm

    2∗(cos∅n∗tan λ+ μcos∅n− μ tan λ )+

    dc¿ μc∗ F 

    2; μc=0

    T =120.82∗9

    2∗(  cos15.04 : ∗tan5.196 : +0.15cos15.04 : −0.15∗tan5.196: )

    T =158.44 -2f −mm

    F9(+ 57'5 5'9) ( ) *)'0 F5' TR* 1!%.44 =@ 55! 55

    3.1" =@. D'( R* (, ) )'=-9 ( ) *)'0.

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    4"

    P+ R,0 T+*(0) F' DIN 3#%

    A'=9) ( '0( ( ) +,0 b

    T'b )cd5 Nd*cd5 1d2cd .##e b 4.4"

    A'=9) ('-+( ), @)'0, ( ) +,0 ∅

    ∅ 1![ +,0 DIN

    A'=9) ('-+( ), @)'0, '+5) ) @)(-(

    '

    T'   ∅ ' -'   ∅ d0,b -' 1!d0,4.4" .2"#2 e ∅ ' 14.![

    T = F ∗dm

    2∗(cos∅n∗tan λ+ μcos∅n− μ tan λ )+

    dc¿ μc∗ F 

    2; μc=0

    T =120.82∗92

    ∗(cos14.95: ∗tan 4.04 : +0.15cos14.95 : −0.15 tan 4.04:  )

    T =124.17 -2f −mm

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    4#

    F9(+ 57'5 5'9) ( ) *)'0 F5' TR* 124.1# =@

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    4%

    ;(++ @9' .4 _ & a  _ .# e ' @)) *+ *),-5('-.

    E,0=(' 9'& 

    a .4 =@552L'=-9 ( ) -9(+0

    '

    & compresi'n= F 

     (r=

      4∗ F 

     ∗7.52=

    4∗120.82

     ∗7.52  =2.73-2f  /mm2

    E,@9(+ 0+-'-(

    ) =16∗T 

     ∗dr3 =

    16∗172.86

     ∗7.53  =2.08-2f  /mm2

    E,@9(+ (89)('-(P+ () M- () M65 (,@9(+ 0+-'-( TRESCA? ,( -('(

    89( () (,@9(+ (89)('-( (,-6 *+

    & e=1i7alente=√ & c2+4∗) 2=√ 2.73

    2+4∗2.082=4.975 -2f mm

    2'm6ximalon2it1dlibredel tornillo

    diametro derai5 del tornillo  >8 ; () -+')) ,( -+-+

    05 0)95'. P+   dr=7.5mm > ,% 100mm;8

    D(-(+5'0>' ( ) E,:()-( b

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    4

     λ= ?,

     @

    D'( () @0-+ ( 0)95' *+ 0'0>' (' ), (-+(5, (5*-+  

    ):+( (, h 2.1 T:) Ni#

     @=√ 4 min ( =√

      ∗dr 4

    64

     ∗dr2

    4

    =dr

    4 =

    7.5

    4 =1.875mm

     λ= ?,

     @ =

    2.1∗100

    1.875

    =112

    D(-(+5'0>' ( ) 0',-'-( ( 0)95' C0

    Cc=√2∗ 2∗ A& fl1encia

    =√2∗ 2∗21000

    25=128.76

    e b _ C0 9,5, () 5- ( ) AISC *+ 0)95', '-(+5(,.E,@9(+ 565 ) 05*+(,>'

    Sc=[1−12∗( ?,/ @Cc  )]∗& fl1encia5

    3+3

    8 ( ?,/ @

    Cc  )−18 ( ?, / @

    Cc )3 →Sc=

    [1−12∗(   112128.76 )]∗255

    3+3

    8 (   112128.76 )−18 (   112128.76 )3

    Sc=8.1336  -2f 

    mm2>& e=1i7alente=4.975 -2f  /mm

    2

    3.2.1 C6)09) () @0- ( ,(=9+

    E,@9(+ 565 ) 05*+(,>' S0 %.133" =@552

    E,@9(+ (89)('-( `(89)('-(  4.#! =@552

    E'-'0(, () @0- ( ,(=9+ (,

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    !

     F BS B=  Sc

    & e=1i7alente=

    8.1336

    4.975=1.634

    3.2.11 C,- ( @:+00>'

    D( ), 06)09), '-(++(, (-(+5'5, 89( () 65(-+ () -+')) (

     *-('0 (:( ,(+ 155? ) 09) (, (89)('-( 3% *9)= (' () ,,-(5 '=),. L

    )'=-9 () -+')) (, ( 155? / ) 05*++ 9' :++ ( 12 *9)= *(5,

    @:+0+ 4 -+')), ( *-('0. E, (0+ '(0(,-5, 3! :++, ( 12 *9)= ( )'=-9

    / 3% *9)= ( 65(-+ *+ @:+0+ ), 1 -+')), ( *-('0 89( ', *+*9,5,

    @:+0+. D( 09(+ ) 0-6)= ( S*((/ 5(-),Q 0 :++ 09(,- ."! )+(,.

    E'-'0(, () *+(0 '0) (, (

    Costode material=25∗0.65=16.25d'lares

    A;+ -5' (' 09('- 89( ) 5' ( :+ *+ 5(0'+ ), -+')), (

     *-('0 (, ( 2 )+(,;+. S () -0'0 -+: % ;+, *+ ! ,. E'-'0(,

    Costomano deobra=8∗5∗20=800d'lares

    A;+? ))(=' 9' 09(+ 0' () -0'0? (,-( 0(*- 89( )( (*,-(5, ,9

    ,9() ) @') () 5(,? :5('-(? -5' (' 09('- ), '-(+(,(, () 5(+0.

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    !1

    3.2.12 P+(0 ( ('-

    C5 () :(- () *+/(0- (, :-('(+ =''0, ('-'0(, *+ 09(+ ()

    =+9* (05, 89( () *+(0 ( ('- () *+ 0 -+')) ( *-('0

    5'9@0-9+ (:(+7 ,(+ ( 2! >)+(,. L (5*+(, ) 09) )( 5, ('(+ ',

    0'0'> 89( ', 05*++7 ) 5- ( ), -+')), ) @') () *+5(+ 5(,? / )

    ,(=9' 5- ) @') ( ,(=9' 5(,.

    E'-'0(, 5(',9)5('-( +(0:+(5,

     =25∗50=1250d'lares

    3.2.13 I'-(+, (' () 5(+0

    D( 09(+ ) *6=' (: () S9*(+'-('('0 ( B'0 / S(=9+? () '-(+,

    '9) (' () 5(+0 (, ( 2.24 '9). P+ ) -'- () '-(+, 5(',9) (,

    imens1al=2.24

    12=0.1867 mens1al

    3.2.14 C6)09) () VAN

    C' ), -, '-(++(, *+0((+(5, 0)09)+ () VAN

    Y1 12! I 12!I 1".2!

    2 5(,(,1

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    !2

    E'-'0(,? 0-9)' -, (,-, )+(, ) -, 5(',9) ( .1%"#

    V(N =−16.25+(   1250−800(1+0.001867 )+   1250(1+0.001867 )2 )=1678.25d'lares

    P+ ) -'-? ( 09(+ ) VAN? () *+/(0- (, +('-:)(

    3.2.1! C6)09) () TIR 

    U-)' ) 5,5 )7'( () -(5* '-(++ 5, 0)09)+ () TIR 

    −16.25+(1250−800(1+ i)   +  1250(1+ i)2 )=0

    C5 *(5, :,(++ ) (090>' +(,9)- ,(+ 9' (090>' ( ,(=9'

    =+? ('-'0(, /96'', ( 9' *+=+5? :-('(5, ) ,=9('-( ,)90>'

    i=2923.63 >0.1867

    L 09) ,9*(+ *+ 590; () '-(+, 5(',9) () 5(+0. P+ ) -'- ,(=' ()

    5- () TIR () *+/(0- (, +('-:)(

    E1 %

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    !3

    3.3 HIPÓTESIS GENERAL E HIPÓTESIS ESPECÍFICAS

    3.3.1 H*>-(,, =('(+)

    E, *,:)( ,:(+ , () *+/(0- ( '(,-=0>' (, :)( ' *+ () 5-

    () VAN / () TIR *+ () ,9*9(,- 0, 89( ('5, 1 -+')), ( *-('0 (

    (,-( -* @:+0, =+0, ) @''05('- () :'0 9' -, ( '-(+, @.

    3.3.2 H*>-(,, (,*(07@0,

    H+(5, ), 06)09), ( -+(, -+')) ( *-('0 : ), 0'0'(,

    @7,0, ( 00>' / +(00>' (' () 0*)(? +(,*(-' ), *+65(-+, ( ,(

    / (+ ,9 @(+('0.

    E) @0-+ ( ,(=9+ ,( (:( ( 0(+0+ ) )+ ( 2? / 89( (, )

    +(05(':)( *+ +(0*('-(, *+(,>' ,(=' ) ,(00>' III () 0>= ASME.

    4 METODOLOGÍA

    4.1 TIPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN

    E) -* ( I'(,-=0>' (' () *+(,('-( -+: (, *)0. D('-+ ( (,-(?

    9-)5, ), +(@(+('-(, -(>+0, ( -+')) ( *-('0Q (' +()0>' ) -* (

    9,-( 89( *9(( @+(0(+ () ;'=(' *+ ,7 ,(=9++ 

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    !4

    ) ;(+5(-0 ( (,-(. T5:' 9-)+(5, ), 0'0(*-, ( I'=('(+7

    E0'>50 / F''0(+ *+ () (,++)) ( ), 06)09),.

    4.2 DISEÑO DE INVESTIGACIÓN

    L '(,-=0>' 89( ,( 59(,-+ (, E*)0-'

    89( -('(' ('-+( ()), 5,5, 5('-( @>+59),.

    4.3 POBLACIÓN Y MUESTRA

    P:)0>' -'89(, ( =,>=(' (', *+ ) (5*+(, E5*+- D,-+:9+(,

    () P(+ S.A.Q? 89( ,+( *+ ) *+900>' ( =, 0(-)('.

    M9(,-+ S( (,0=> 9' -'89( ( =,>=(' ( ) (5*+(, E5*+-

    D,-+:9+(, () P(+ S.A.Q 0' ) 5+0 M() MG2Q / ), ,=9('-(,

    (,*(0@00'(,

    TABLA 4.01ESPECIFICACIONES T,CNICAS DEL TANQUE GASÓGENO

    F9('-( '-(+'(-

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    !!

    4.4 TCNICAS E INSTRUMENTOS DE RECOLECCIÓN DE DATOS

    O:,(+0>' ' (,-+90-9+

    B (,-( 5- ,( *+0(> ()9+ () -'89( M() MG2Q *+ ,7 *(+ 

    '-+ ,9, 0+0-(+7,-0,. Y *,-(++ ())? ,( ') () ;'

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    !"

    5 CONCLUSIONES

    • L, 0+0-(+7,-0, () -+')) ( *-('0 ' +7 590;? (, *+ ()) 89(

    ,( (,0=( 9'? 09/ 5-(+) ,( ( 5('+ 0,- / 5(+ 5'9@0-9+.• C' ), 06)09), ;(0;,? ,( (,0=( ) +,0 -+*(0) =+9(, DIN 3#?

    (: 89( ,( *+5 ) +(89(+.• D( 09(+ ) 5- () VAN / () TIR? () *+/(0- ( ('(+ 1 -+')),

    ( *-('0 (, :,-'-( +('-:)( / -+( 0',= 9' =+' +('-:).

    6 RECOMENDACIONESA0-9)5('-(? ' 590;, -))(+(, 09('-' 0' 9' -'89( ( =,>=('? / )

    ('- ( (,-, ,( +()' (' -+, *7,(,? *+ ())? ,( +(05(' 89( *+ ) -5

    ( -,? ,( (09(' ), +(89(+5('-, () *7, ( '(,-=0>'.

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    !#

    E, 5*+-'-( (,-+ ) -'- () '-(+, () 5(+0? (,-( *+7 ++ ,' *+(

    ,? ,:+(- (' *0, ( '@)0>'.

    ! REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS

    \1] NORTON? R:(+- L.. D,( ( M689',. M0 (-+) P+('-0('.

    \4]A9-+ ABARCA PREZ? E,' P-+0

    T7-9) DISEÑO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN EKUIPO DE ENSAYO DE

    CONTROL DE LA ESTABILIDAD DIMENSIONAL POR FATIGA

    MEDIANTE MARTILLEO CONSTANTE PARA ESPUMA DE

    POLIURETANO ESPONJA BLANDA UTILIZADA EN TAPICERÍA Y

    CONCHONESQL9=+ ( *9:)00>' R:5?

    E09+. A ( *9:)00>' 211.

    \!]A9-+ JAIME BAUTISTA? C+), A+5' OTERO MARÍN? J(+ M9+0

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    !%

    T7-9)DISEÑO DE UN BANCO DE PRUEBAS PARA TORNILLOS

    DE POTENCIAF(0; ( *9:)00>' 2% ( A=,- () 213

    \"]A9-+ ARIAS GUALAVISÍ? E' I6'

    OROZCO ROMERO? L9, F+')'T7-9) DISEÑO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UNA RECTIFICADORA Y

    AFILADORA DE CUCHILLAS DE M$KUINAS PARA MADERA CON UN

    SISTEMA DE AVANCE AUTOM$TICOQF(0; ( *9:)00>' M+ () 211L9=+ ( *9:)00>' K9-? E09+ D,( / A'6),, (,-+90-9+) ( +(0*('-(, *+(,>' S(00>' III C>=

    ASME

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    !

    " ANEXOS TABLA ".01ROSCA TRAPECIAL GRUESA( DIN 3!

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    "

    F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', ITABLA ".02

    ROSCA TRAPECIAL MEDIANA( DIN 103

    F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I

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    "1

    TABLA ".03ROSCA TRAPECIAL FINA( DIN 3!"

    F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I

    TABLA ".04ESFUER#OS DE DISE-O POR APLASTAMIENTO DE TORNILLOS

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    "2

    F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I

    TABLA ".05FACTOR DE COLUMNA EN TORNILLOS

    F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I

    TABLA ".06COEFICIENTE DE FRICCIÓN

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    "3

    F9('-( A)? F+-9'- D,( ( ()(5('-, ( 5689', I

    FIGURA ".01TANQUE GASÓGENO

    F9('-( P+*

    FIGURA ".02CÓDIGO DEL TANQUE GASÓGENO

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    F9('-( P+*

    FIGURA ".03MANÓMETRO DEL PRESIÓN

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