trabajo rutas maritimas vts norway

8/17/2019 Trabajo Rutas Maritimas VTS Norway

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Republic of Panama

Ministry of Education

International Maritime University of Panama

Academic Vicerrectoria

Faculty of Marine Sciences

Sailing School

Summer !"#

Sea$ays

%aptain& Porfirio Padilla

Assignment& V'S (or$ay

Ari)a* +iana

,arbosa* -scar

./me)* 0ohnny

1errera* %arolina

+ec2 ,ravo II

School 3ear !"#



Inde4

5 Introduction5 Maritime industry on (or$ay5 6hat is V'S75 E8uipment V'S5 %ommunication $ith the V'S5 +ata provided by the V'S5 AIS5 %onclusion5 .lossary5 Abbreviations

5 ,ibliography

Introduction



+efining the V'S 9vessel traffic service:*as $ell as the e8uipment used for performance and considering this communication source not only as a systembet$een operator and the vessel as a detection system used fundamental by theauthority in charged to the control of maritime traffic;in addition that the V'S mustcomply $ith all those rules and regulations re8uired by the IM- 9InternationalMaritime -rgani)ation:*the communications system must adopt the 6orld Relief System and safety at the sea* additional it must provide communications coveragein the responsibility<s )ones by the V'S;

In this te4t $e $ill e4pose the (or$egian country beginning from the maritimeindustry that controls one of the $orld<s largest merchant fleets* technologicaladvances* business and $hole related to (or$egian vessel traffic service;

'a2ing in count that the (or$egian coastal administration operate five V'Scenters* monitoring and regulating vessel traffic along the (or$egian coast;



The Norwegian maritime industry

(or$ay has been a ma=or player in shipping for more than ">! years; 'his smallcountry on the fringe of Europe* $hich has less than a thousandth of the $orld<spopulation* controls one of the $orld<s largest merchant fleets;

6hat<s more* the numerous and varied maritime activities that have gro$n uparound traditional shipping operations en=oy strong and often leading positions inthe international mar2et; 'he (or$egian .overnment<s vision is for (or$ay to beamong the $orld<s leading maritime nations and a supplier of the most innovativeand environmentally friendly solutions for the future;

Technologically advanced

Since the "?@!s* $hen petroleum operations first began on the (or$egiancontinental shelf* (or$egian maritime companies have targeted the offshoresector; Advanced assignments in tough $eather and under difficult $or2ingconditions have led to the development of $hat is no$ the $orld<s mosttechnologically advanced offshore fleet; A strong domestic mar2et has also laid the



foundation for companies to ta2e their e4pertise abroad; 'oday* more than half therevenue of (or$egian maritime offshore companies is generated from operationsoutside the (or$egian continental shelf; 'he (or$egian maritime industry $ill havea central role to play $hen resources in deeper and even more challenging $atersare to be e4plored in a sustainable manner;

'he (or$egian maritime industry is a complete cluster comprising leading shippingcompanies* shipbuilding yards* e8uipment manufacturers* designers* serviceproviders* universities* research and development centres and regulatory bodies;'he (or$egian maritime industry accounted for >;> of (or$ay<s .+P in !!?;'he (or$egian maritime industry is (or$ay<s second largest e4port industry* after

the oil and gas sector;

Environmentally friendly

Sea transport is a cost5effective* reliable and environmentally friendly mode of transport; Some ?! of $orld trade is transported by sea* and shipping accountsfor ;@ of global %- emissions; -nly B! of trade bet$een European countries

is transported by sea; 1o$ever* a single vessel has the capacity to replace severalhundred truc2s* thus reducing congestion and the ris2 of accident and pollution* as$ell as being a more cost effective mode of transport; It is a common goal of theEuropean Union and the (or$egian authorities to ensure that a greater proportionof goods are transported by sea;

Modern fleet with innovative solutions

'he (or$egian fleet is one of the most modern in the $orld; (or$egian shippingcompanies are engaged in all shipping segments* and have a particularly strongposition in speciali)ed shipping such as transport of petroleum products*chemicals* gas* paper* vehicles and rolling stoc2 9ro5ro: and offshore shipping;



'he (or$egian maritime cluster is at the forefront of efforts to develop ne$*innovative solutions; (or$egian ship o$ners* for e4ample* are spearheading thedevelopment of gas5po$ered ships and the use of fuel cells as an alternativeenergy source on board; %ontinuous efforts are being made throughout theindustry to further improve engines* hulls and propellers $ith a vie$ to increasingenergy efficiency and thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions from ships;

Norwegian industries

(or$ay is a country $ith a prominent international position $ithin a $ide range of

business sectors; (or$ay is one of the $orld<s largest oil e4porters* and is amongthe $orld leaders in a8uaculture* maritime industries* hydropo$er* theenvironment* energy* technology and telecommunications;

OIL & GAS



,eing a large e4porter of both oil and gas* (or$ay plays an important role as areliable supplier to the $orld<s energy mar2ets; (or$ay is the $orld<s si4th largestsupplier of crude oil and second largest e4porter of natural gas;

MA ITIME

(or$ay has one of the largest and most comprehensive maritime sectors in globalterms; 'he offshore fleet is the second largest in the $orld and the industry is

characteri)ed by its high competence* innovation and advanced technology;SEA!OO"# !IS$ING & A% A' LT E



(or$ay is the $orld<s second largest seafood e4porter and the e8uivalent of C>million meals produced by (or$ay is consumed $orld$ide each day; It is at theforefront in developing modern* efficient and sustainable seafood production;

ENE(A)LE ENE G*

'han2s to our hydropo$er resources* $e have produced rene$able and cleanhydropo$er for more than one hundred years* resulting in a share of rene$ableenergy in (or$ay<s total energy consumption of about #! ; 'his resulted in a



s2illed rene$able industry at home* $hich later has become increasingly moreinternational;

+ O'ESS & MAN !A'T ING

-ne of the strengths of (or$egian industry lies in its commitment to sustainabilityand the environment as part of finding the best solutions possible; 'he advantagesare many;

IN!O MATION & 'OMM NI'ATIONS



(or$egians seem to be at our best $hen nature is either on our side or very muchagainst us; 6e harvest the fish* oil and natural gas resources that nature has givenus* and are pretty good at it; 6hen nature is against us $e build bridges* tunnelsand telecommunications;

"E!EN'E & SE' IT*



(or$ay plays a significant big role in global security and the production of defenceproducts; 'he high gro$th* $hich occurred in this sector over the last years* is dueboth to the fact that the (or$egian defence industry is highly competitive and tothe constructive relationship that e4ists bet$een the armed forces and industry;

"ESIGN & A '$ITE'T E

6e are all familiar $ith the traditional $ay of using design as a form of visuale4pression* but it is often very hard to define $hat design really is; 6hat is certainis that it is getting increasingly more important;

ESEA '$ & "E,ELO+MENT



In several areas (or$ay can offer uni8ue competence and research opportunities;'he strengths are largely related to the country<s geography* economicspeciali)ation patterns and institutional characteristics;

) SINESS EGIONS

(or$ay is a big country $ith a variety of natural resources; ,ecause of this*(or$ay is largely divided into regional clusters dependent on main businesssectors; 6hen loo2ing for a business partner it is therefore a good starting point tosearch $ithin the business region that is best suited for you; 6e have featured thefour main business regions in (or$ay and have presented an overvie$ of relatedcompanies* partners* ne$s and articles;

)usiness regions

http://www.nortrade.com/invest/map/

http://www.nortrade.com/invest/map/



)usiness egion Oslo

'he capital region of (or$ay is one of the most prospering regions of Europe*combining a high 8uality of life $ith a high level of productivity; 'he region consists

of -slo* the capital of (or$ay* and the surrounding county of A2ershus; More thanone million people live in the region $hich also serves a gate$ay to the rest of (or$ay and the (ordic countries;

Much of the innovation in (or$ay is ta2ing place in the -slo region; Although(or$ay is a country that is also characteri)ed by an abundance of naturalresources* the -slo region is primarily the foothold of a number of advanced

services and 2no$ledge5intensive industries of $orld class* among them themaritime sector* energy and the environment* I%'* life sciences and culture andentertainment;

Many of these industries also have strong lin2s to the scientific communities of the-slo region* li2e the University of -slo and -slo Innovation %enter* the latter aims



to be one of the leading centres in Europe for innovation and industrialdevelopment by commerciali)ing ideas and results from research environmentsand currently houses more than "B! companies; 'hese 2inds of industries attracts2illed professionals from all over (or$ay* the (ordic countries* Europe andincreasingly an even more diverse international clientele that have discovered theuni8ue 8ualities* business opportunities and high standard of living in our region; Ineffect* the -slo region provides an e4cellent platform for doing business;

)usiness egion Stavanger

'he .reater Stavanger region has al$ays loo2ed to the sea* a gate$ay to the

$orld; Some say that (or$ay<s history actually began here* $ith the first settlersarriving in small boats $hen the last ice age ended "!*!!! years ago; (o$* as oneof the largest and most important business and residential regions in (or$ay* theregion has nearly C!!*!!! inhabitants $or2ing in a $ide spectrum of careers;

6ith plentiful natural resources* successful companies and dynamic infrastructureDthe talented* e4perienced and friendly people en=oy a high 8uality of life and career opportunities here in .reater Stavanger;

(o story about the Stavanger Region could be complete $ithout telling of its role in(or$ay<s oil adventure that began in "?#? $ith the discovery of oil in the southern(orth Sea field* E2ofis2; Since then* the to$n has developed into (or$ay<sundisputed petroleum capital* $ith B>*!!! people being employed $ithin thissector; 'his number represents appro4imately ! of the $or2force in Rogalandcounty and e8ually impressive* accounting for nearly >! of all employed in

petroleum activities here in the country;Still* the region is certainly much more than successful business activitiesD it is acenter of creativity* culinary arts* and culture; In !! * the region $as a$arded theultimate recognition for its burgeoning cultural industries& designation by the



'he ,ergen Region is 2no$n as a vibrant* scenic* creative and industrious part of (or$ay; 'he region $itch contains more than t$o5thirds of the population of the1ordaland %ounty on the $est coast of (or$ay* has potential only limited by theimagination;

At the heart of the region is ,ergen* 2no$n as one of the EuropeJs great sceniccities* and as the gate$ay to $estern (or$ay; 'his city is the seat of the 1ordaland%ounty administration and home to an impressive number of internationalcompanies; 'he investment opportunities are many* business development hasbeen a historic strength* recreational activities abound in other $ords* there aretremendous opportunities to building both a career and a life here;

'he main message isD ,ergen Region 'he Future of Solutions* and thecommunication process is $ell under$ay to sho$ the potential $ithin sectors thatinclude oil K gas* maritime* energy* a8uaculture and others;

6ithin RK+* the ,ergen Region is uni8ue in (or$ay* in the petroleum field* as it ishome to a %entre of E4pertise 9Subsea 'echnology:* a %entre of E4cellence9%entre for Integrated Petroleum Research:* and a research5based competencebuilding program that is part of the Research %ouncil of (or$ay; 'he educationalopportunities go hand in hand* and the ,ergen Region is home to a thriving studentenvironment;

The Transformation of the Norwegian Maritime Industry to a Glo.al Maritime

/nowledge $u.

A Glo.al ace for Attractiveness

(ations and regions compete to be the most attractive locations for 2no$ledgeIntensive industries



1o$ can $edo

business at all in a country $ith the $orld<s highest cost level7

Industry

%ompetent -$nership %ompetent -$nership

Education* RK+ and

Education

RK+ Innovation

E4amples of global 2no$ledge hubs

L,oston 9 ife sciences: LSilicon Valley 9I':

L1ouston 9-il K gas:



.lobal Nno$ledge 1ubs are %entres of .ravity attracting talents* technology andcompetent o$nership on a global scale;

Norway is one of the few Euro0ean countries with a com0lete maritime

cluster 1including shi0.uilding2



Maritime has a Strong Emerald

(or$ay<s deepsea maritime cluster has transformed into a global maritime offshorecluster



'enters of industrial gravity in the Norwegian maritime industry

Maritime M-re3

+esign* construction and operation of offshore vessels

-ffshore 6est %oast& All maritime activities in the e4ploration* development andoperations of offshore oil K gas

Trondheim & Maritime RK+

Oslo & Maritime services 9Financial* legal and technological

/ongs.erg & Electronics and subsea e8uipment

/ristiansand & -il drilling cluster

(hat created the Norwegian Maritime 'luster4



L Maritime nation of seafarers since the Vi2ings

L Many ris2 ta2ing ship o$ners and investors

L Many yards and ship e8uipment manufacturers $ith

innovative technology

L %ommercial strength in financial and maritime services

L eading position in maritime RK+

Strong gro$th in maritime value creation

Maritime industry& A gro$ing share of .+P



Strong gro$th in revenues and profitability for maritime e8uipment manufacturers

(or$egian maritime e8uipment manufacturers total revenue and operating marginfrom !!! to !!?; 'housand million (-N



!!? $as best year ever for (or$egian yards

(or$egian ship yardJs total revenue and operating margin from !!! to !!?;'housand million (-N



(or$ay has lost share of $orld fleet

+evelopment in shares of the $orld fleet 9+6': from "??> to !"!; Source& IS,remenO(SA

(or$egian deepsea shipping has stagnated* $hile (or$egian offshore shippinghas more than tripled

Percentage gro$th in Value added in t$o shipping groups from !!! to !!?;Source&



Maritime offshore industry has gro$n more strongly in all sectors .or$ht in valuecretaion in among "! maritime groups in (or$ay from !!! to !!?;

-FFS1-RERA A'E+ .R-UPS I( -RA(.E* '1E REMI(+ER I( , UE

The Norwegian Maritime 'lusters 5675



L A Maritime5-ffshore .lobal Nno$ledge 1ub at (or$egian 6est %oast 9@! of maritime industry value creation:

L A Maritime5-ffshore Financial %luster in -slo

L A Shipping %luster in ,ergen

L A (or$egian5controlled .lobal Maritime (et$or2

5 Singapore ittle (or$ay<

5 %yprus5 ondon ,ig 0ohn (or$ay



Norwegian Maritime /nowledge $u. Initiative

L Initiative from -slo Maritime (et$or2 and (or$egian Shipo$ner Association

L Maritime companies should fund !Q Martime Professorships and Research%entres at (or$egian universities



L (or$egian universities should develop %enters of E4cellence in MaritimeResearch 9('(U and Marinte2:

L (or$egian universities should develop %enters of E4cellence in Maritime

Education 9,I (or$egian ,usiness School:

L (or$egian government should launch a large Maritime Research Program

9Maritime ":

L (or$egian maritime industry and (or$egian government should develop 6orld-cean Space %entre to gain leadership in -cean Space 'echnology

The Norwegian 'oastal Administration o0erates five ,essel Traffic Service

'entres that monitor and regulate vessel traffic along the Norwegian coast8



!E"9E ,TS

!ed:e ,TS is located on the island munici0ality of !ed:e in North $ordaland

and covers the area from the Sogne Sea in the north to the $:elte !:ord at

Sture in the south8 The ,TS 'entre was esta.lished in 7;;5 and its main



duties are related to oil shi0ments from the Sture and Mongstad terminals# in

addition to traffic control centre tas<s in an area with high traffic density8

/,ITS=* ,TS

/vits-y ,TS was esta.lished in 566> and is located in /vits-y Munici0ality in

ogaland8 The ,TS 'entre covers the area from )-mla !:ord in the north to

the 9?ren eef in the south8 The centre@s main duties include traffic



monitoring in connection with shi0ments from the gas terminal at / rst-# in

addition to general monitoring of coastal traffic in an area with a relatively

high traffic density8

) E,I/ ,TS

)revi< ,TS is located at )revi<str-mmen in +orsgrunn Munici0ality8 It covers

the a00roaches to the ma:or industrial area in Grenland# where a large

0ortion of the shi0 traffic consists of gas carriers and vessels with other



haBardous cargo8 The )revi< ,TS 'entre is the Norwegian 'oastal

Administration@s oldest centre and was esta.lished in 7;CD as a result of the

0etrochemical develo0ment at afnes8 There is a s0ecial dis0ensation

scheme with regard to com0ulsory 0ilotage in this area8

$O TEN ,TS

$orten ,TS is located in the 0ort of $orten8 It was esta.lished in 7;;;# and its

area of res0onsi.ility is to monitor and regulate shi00ing in the waters from



!?rder to S0ro Steilene at Nesodden8 The waters in this area are the

res0onsi.ility of the Oslo +ort Traffic 'ontrol 'entre8



,A "= ,TS

,ard- ,TS .ecame o0erational on 7 9anuary 566C8 The ,TS 'entre# which

has NO ,TS as it call name# covers traffic monitoring in the northern areas#

from the )arents Sea to Lofoten .y means of radar monitoring# shi0

re0orting and AIS8

,ard- ,TS also administers the state tug.oat emergency 0re0aredness

scheme in Northern Norway8 !rom 7 9uly 566D the ,ard- ,TS 'entre was

made res0onsi.le for monitoring all tan<ers and other haBardous traffic

along the entire coast and the sea area around Sval.ard# with the eFce0tion

of the areas of o0eration for the Norwegian 'oastal Administration@s other

four ,TS centres8



($AT IS A ,ESSEL T A!!I' SE ,I'ES

Vessel traffic services 5 V'S 5 are shore5side systems $hich range from theprovision of simple information messages to ships* such as position of other traffic

or meteorological ha)ard $arnings* to e4tensive management of traffic $ithin a portor $ater$ay;

V'S operator at $or2.enerally* ships entering a V'S area report to the authorities*usually by radio* and may be trac2ed by the V'S control centre;

Ships must 2eep $atch on a specific fre8uency for navigational or other $arnings*$hile they may be contacted directly by the V'S operator if there is ris2 of anincident or* in areas $here traffic flo$ is regulated* to be given advice on $hen to

proceed;

S- AS %hapter V 9Safety of (avigation: states that governments may establishV'S $hen* in their opinion* the volume of traffic or the degree of ris2 =ustifies suchservices;

T$E "E,ELO+MENT O! ,TS

'raditionally* the master of a ship has been responsible for a shipJs course and

speed* assisted by a pilot $here necessary; Ships approaching a port $ouldannounce their arrival using flag signals;

6ith the development of radio in the late "?th century* radio contact became moreimportant; ,ut the development of radar during 6orld 6ar '$o made it possible toaccurately monitor and trac2 shipping traffic;



'he $orldJs first harbour surveillance radar $as inaugurated in iverpool* England*in 0uly "?B and in March "?>!* a radar surveillance system $as established at

ong ,each* %alifornia 5 the first such system in the United States; 'he ability of the coastal authority to 2eep trac2 of shipping traffic by radar* combined $ith thefacility to transmit messages concerning navigation to those ships by radio*therefore constituted the first formal V'S systems;

'he value of V'S in navigation safety $as first recogni)ed by IM- in resolution A;"> 9ES;IV: Recommendation on Port Advisory Systems adopted in "?# * but astechnology advanced and the e8uipment to trac2 and monitor shipping trafficbecame more sophisticated* it $as clear guidelines $ere needed on standardisingprocedures in setting up V'S; In particular* it became apparent that there $as aneed to clarify $hen a V'S might be established and to allay fears in some8uarters that a V'S might impinge on the shipJs masterJs responsibility for navigating the vessel;

As a result* in "? >* IM- adopted resolution A;>@ 9"B: .uidelines for Vessel'raffic Services* $hich said that V'S $as particularly appropriate in theapproaches and access channels of a port and in areas having high traffic density*

movements of no4ious or dangerous cargoes* navigational difficulties* narro$channels* or environmental sensitivity; 'he .uidelines also made clear thatdecisions concerning effective navigation and manoeuvring of the vessel remained$ith the shipJs master; 'he .uidelines also highlighted the importance of pilotagein a V'S and reporting procedures for ships passing through an area $here a V'Soperates;

E,ISE" ,TS G I"ELINES

Revised .uidelines for vessel traffic services* including .uidelines on Recruitment*ualifications and 'raining of V'S -perators* $ere adopted as Assembly

resolution A; >@9 !: in (ovember "??@;

,TS AN" SOLAS



Vessel 'raffic Services $ere not specifically referred to in the International%onvention for the Safety of ife at Sea 9S- AS: "?@B* but in 0une "??@ IM-JsMaritime Safety %ommittee adopted a ne$ regulation to %hapter V 9Safety of (avigation:* $hich set out $hen V'S can be implemented;

A revised S- AS chapter V on Safety of (avigation $as adopted in +ecember !!!* and entered into force on " 0uly !! ; Regulation " Vessel traffic services

states&

Vessel traffic services 9V'S: contribute to safety of life at sea* safety and efficiency

of navigation and protection of the marine environment* ad=acent shore areas* $or2sites and offshore installations from possible adverse effects of maritime traffic;

%ontracting .overnments underta2e to arrange for the establishment of V'S$here* in their opinion* the volume of traffic or the degree of ris2 =ustifies suchservices;

%ontracting .overnments planning and implementing V'S shall* $herever possible* follo$ the guidelines developed by the -rgani)ation; 'he use of V'S mayonly be made mandatory in sea areas $ithin the territorial seas of a coastal State;

%ontracting .overnments shall endeavour to secure the participation in* andcompliance $ith* the provisions of vessel traffic services by ships entitled to fly their flag;

(othing in this regulation or the guidelines adopted by the -rgani)ation shallpre=udice the rights and duties of .overnments under international la$ or the legalregimes of straits used for international navigation and archipelagic sea lanes;

,ESSEL T A!!I' SE ,I'E IN NO (A*

Vessel 'raffic Service 9V'S: is an international service that is managed in (or$ayby the (or$egian %oastal Administration to improve safety at sea and protect the



environment; 'he maritime traffic control centres prevent incidents and accidentsby monitoring and regulating ship traffic in defined areas along the (or$egiancoast;

New Norwegian regulations on the use of ,essel Traffic Service 1,TS2 areasand the use of s0ecific waters came into effect from Octo.er 7st# 567 8

In general the regulation applies to vessels $ith a ma4imum length of B meters or more and to vessels transporting particularly ha)ardous or pollutive cargo;

From -ctober "st* !">* vessels must maintain listening $atch on V1F channel @"$ithin the V'S area of the V'S centre in VardG; 'he V'S area covers the $aters

from opphavet* through SGrGysundet to Revsbotn;

Vessels transporting particularly ha)ardous or pollutive cargo and vessels $ith alength of more than ">! meters must re8uest a sailing clearance before using theV'S area;

uestions about the use of the V'S area can be for$arded to the V'S centre inVardG* telephone number QB@ @ ? ? ? or email&nor;vts 2ystver2et;no ;

From -ctober "st* !">* the V'S area of the center in 1orten is e4tended toinclude the e4isting V'S area of the Port V'S in -slo; 'he center in 1orten $illprovide V'S services in the e4tended area on V1F $or2ing channel "?;

The Norwegian ,essel Traffic Service 1,TS2 offers three ty0es of services

.ased on national regulations and international recommendations3

mailto:[email protected]




IN!O MATION SE ,I'E 1INS2

'his service shall provide important information at the right time to support thenautical decision5ma2ing processes on board; A vessel can re8uest information*and the V'S centre can provide unsolicited information and as2 the vessel8uestions if something is unclear; Information can include&

• Information on the traffic situation* such as position* identity of the vessel*

destination;

• Meteorological and hydrographic information;

• Relevant limitations or activities in the fair$ays;

• .uidelines for mandatory reporting;

• V1F channels that are used in the V'S area;



NA,IGATION ASSISTAN'E SE ,I'E 1NAS2

(avigation assistance is established either on re8uest from a vessel or $hen theV'S operator observes irregular navigation and the V'S operator deems it

necessary to intervene; 'he vessel and V'S centre $ill agree on $hen thenavigation assistance service starts and stops; 'his service entails assistance thatis lin2ed closely to the vessel in 8uestion;

E4amples of navigation assistance situations&

• +ifficult meteorological conditions;

• Faulty or defective e8uipment on board;

• Vessels that deviate from a sailing plan;

• Assistance en route to an anchorage site or pilot embar2ation buoyOarea;

• Ris2 of running aground or collision;

• Vessel that is uncertain of its position* or not able to determine its position;

'he V'S %entre can provide&

• ,earing and distance to nearby ha)ards or landmar2s;

• Recommend a course to the ne4t $aypoint;

• Position in relation to the fair$ay a4is* navigation functions* andOor

$aypoints;

• Provide support and information on the current traffic situation to the cre$

on the bridge;

T A!!I' O GANISATION 1TOS2



'he purpose of this service is to prevent ha)ardous situations from developing andto ensure safe and efficient navigation through the V'S area; 'he V'S centreprovides information* advice and instructions to vessels; Vessels report beforesailing into the V'S area* or $hen leaving an anchorage site or doc2 in order toavoid traffic congestion that can create critical situations;

'he Maritime 'raffic Regulations regulate* for e4ample* meeting and passing bans*and granting a vessel clearance to sail into a V'S area; %learance can be granted$ithout conditions* but special conditions can also be stipulated through&

• Use of special fair$ays;

• Sailing in a specific order in relation to other traffic;

• %learance can be $ithheld $hen there is a valid reason for doing so;

contact details to all five ,TS centres in Norway8

$orten ,TS

'elephone QB@ CC !C B? #! 9pos; ":

V1FV1F %hannel " 9-uter -slof=ord:V1F %hannel "? 9Inner -slof=ord:

Alternativ contactQB@ CC !C B? >C 9pos; :QB@ B@ B# >B B

Fa4 QB@ CC !C B? ??

'elephone no; Iridium "# "B"?!!C

Email vts;horten 2ystver2et;no

)revi< ,TS

'elephone QB@ C> >@ # "!

Alternative contact QB@ ?> ?C C





V1F V1F %hannel !

Fa4

QB@ C> >@ # "B

QB@ B" !B ?"

'elephone no; Iridium "# "B"?!!B

Email vts;brevi2 2ystver2et;no

/vits-y ,TS

'elephone QB@ >" @C #! C 9Area South:QB@ >" @C #! CC 9Area (orth:

Alternative contact QB@ ?" # "" @C

V1F V1F %hannel" 9S:V1F %hannel "? 9(:

'elephone no; Iridium "# "B"?!!>

Email& 2vitsoy;vts 2ystver2et;no

!ed:e ,TS

'elephoneQB@ ># "# BB C! 9Area South:QB@ ># "# BB C 9Area (orth:

Alternativ contact QB@ ?! #@ #? !

V1FV1F %hannel ! 9(:V1F %hannel @" 9S:

'elephone no; Iridium "# "B"?!!#

Email vts;fed=e 2ystver2et;no

,ard- ,TS

'elephone QB@ @ ? ? ?









Alternativ contact V1F %hannel @" 9Mel2Gya:-ther coastal areas& V1F %hannel "#*

or channels administered by VardG or ,odG Radio;MMSI no& !! >@C>>!

Fa4 QB@ @ ? ? ??

'elephone no; Iridium "# "B"?!!?

Email& vts;nor 2ystver2et;no

The Norwegian 'oastal Administration is the national authority res0onsi.le

for im0lementing international regulations on 0ort security8

'his includes&5 supervision of port facilities concering compliement $ith security and safetyregulations

5 development of national regulations and guidance5 determination of maritime security level for ports and port facilities5 Approve port facilities for receiving of ships in international traffic5 Approve ports< vulnerability assessments and safety plans5 International $or2

+ILOT SE ,I'ES

'he (or$egian %oastal Administration is responsible for the state pilotage service;'he aim of the pilotage service is to safeguard traffic at sea and protect theenvironment by ensuring that vessels operating in (or$egian $aters havenavigators $ith ade8uate 8ualifications for safe navigation;

E+O TING AN" IN!O MATION SE ,I'ES





'he (or$egian %oastal Administration operates several information services andreporting systems for vessels; Information about these services and systems

e0ort irregularities and o.structions

Many of the permanent navigational aids along the coast are automated andunmanned; It is therefore important that mariners notify the (or$egian %oastal

Administration of any irregularities in the navigational installations;

Navigational warning system 1NA,'O2

As the national coordinator for the NA,'O service# the Norwegian 'oastal

Administration is res0onsi.le for transmitting navigational warnings of

incidents and conditions at sea that can affect the navigational conditions for

mariners8

• See (avigational 6arnings

• See Malfunctional (avigational Aids

• See (AVAREA TIT 6arnings

Many of the permanent navigational aids along the coast are automated andunmanned; It is therefore important that mariners notify the (or$egian %oastal

Administration of any irregularities in the navigational installations;

-ther acute andOor une4pected incidents that may be ha)ardous to shipping mustalso be reported; E4amples of acute andOor une4pected incidents are driftingdebris* fallen high voltage cables* grounded vessels* sun2en vessels and drifting

fishing e8uipment;

e0orts to NA,'O3

http://kyvreports.kystverket.no/NavcoReport/navigasjonsvarsler.aspx

http://kyvreports.kystverket.no/NavcoReport/slukte_fyrlys.aspx

http://kyvreports.kystverket.no/NavcoReport/navareaxixvarsler.aspx

http://kyvreports.kystverket.no/NavcoReport/navigasjonsvarsler.aspx

http://kyvreports.kystverket.no/NavcoReport/slukte_fyrlys.aspx

http://kyvreports.kystverket.no/NavcoReport/navareaxixvarsler.aspx



'el;& B C C" 9 B hrs;:Fa4& B" !B ?" 9 B hrs;:e5mailnavco 2ystver2et;no

'he coordinator on duty $ill pass the report on to the correct authority so that theirregularity can be rectified as 8uic2ly as possible; Any navigational $arnings $illbe issued in accordance $ith the guidelines;

'he $arnings are made over the coastal radio and through (otices to Mariners9EFS:* $hich are issued by the (or$egian Mapping Authority 9sea:; It is themarinerJs duty to familiarise himself $ith the navigational $arnings that apply to the$aters heOshe $ill be operating in;

'he navigational $arnings are transmitted over the coastal radio by telephony and(AV'ET* and they provide mariners $ith notices of incidentsOconditions that areha)ardous to shipping;

'hese $arnings include&

L Reporting of faults to (AV%-L Active navigational $arningsL .eneral navigational $arnings

'he (or$egian %oastal Administration coordinates and transmits around #!!navigational $arnings inside (or$egian $aters annually;

'he responsibility for distributing information on conditions that are of significanceto safe navigation to mariners is based on the Plan for the $orld$ide navigational$arning system* published by the U(Js International Maritime -rganisation 9IM-:;'his plan has been ratified by (or$ay* and in "?@? the (or$egian %oastal

Administration $as assigned responsibility as the national coordinator of thenavigational $arning system 9(AV%-:;

NA,A EA H NA,TE charts





(AVAREA5" is divided into areas that are covered by a (AV'ET transmitter;(or$ay has five (AV'ET areas covered by the follo$ing stations& Svalbard 9A:*Varde 9V:* ,odG 9,:* rlandet 9(: and Rogaland 9 :;

(arning ty0es

78 General navigational warnings

(or$ay participates* through the (or$egian %oastal Administration* in internationalcooperation on navigational $arnings;

'he .lobal Maritime +istress and Safety System 9.M+SS: shall provide mariners$ith information and communication on emergency situations and safety at sea;.M+SS includes* for e4ample* safety reports* including navigational $arnings fromthe 6orld56ide (avigational 6arning Service 966(6S:;

66(6S is administrated by the U(Js International Maritime -rganisation 9IM-:;IM- regulates the entire $arning service* $ith regard to $hat irregularities or incidents should be reported* the type of $arnings and the formulation of the$arnings;

'he 6orld56ide (avigational 6arning Service 966(6S: includes&

• (AVAREA $arning* Safety(et on satellite 9I(MARSA':;

• %oastal 6arning* (AV'ET >" N1) and by telephony;

• ocal 6arning* (AV'ET B?! N1) and by telephony;

• (AVAREA $arning;

• (AVAREA ocean $arning; (avigational $arnings that are only of

significance to ocean5going vessels;

'hese $arnings are transmitted via satellite 9Safety(E': in English; For the(or$egian (AVAREA* (AV%- ensures that the content of the $arning is



for$arded to the United Ningdom* $hich is the area coordinator for (AVAREA5";'he United Ningdom issues all the (AVAREA $arnings in (AVAREA5" on re8uestfrom the national coordinators in the area;

58 'oastal (arnings

A %oastal 6arning is a navigational $arning of significance to traffic along the(or$egian coast and in f=ords;

'he $arnings are transmitted over (AV'ET in English and by telephony from thecoastal radio stations in (or$egian and English; 'he national coordinator 9(AV%-:issues (or$egian coastal $arnings; 'here are strict guidelines for $hat can be

categorised as a coastal $arning; 'he incident must be of a sudden nature andrepresent a ha)ard to shipping;

Planned and non5acute incidents shall be reported through (otices to Mariners9EFS:;

Incidents that are not a ha)ard to shipping* but are a ha)ard to other structures or life and health* shall be reported through EFS; (otices of such incidents are nottransmitted e4cept in special circumstances;

>8 Local (arnings

ocal 6arnings are navigational $arnings that are only of significance to smallvessels* in areas outside fair$ays* or $arnings that do not fall under the category%oastal 6arning due to the re8uirement that the incident must represent a ha)ardto shipping and be of a sudden nature;

For e4ample* diving $or2 is not a ha)ard to shipping* but the diver may be e4posedto danger if the diving site is traffic2ed by ships;

ocal 6arnings on B?! N1) are not implemented in (or$ay 9nor in +enmar2 or S$eden:* but they are used* for e4ample* in the United Ningdom* .ermany*France* Portugal and Iceland; 1o$ever* the coastal radio in (or$ay has registered



and been assigned transmission codes; 'here are already (AV'ET receivers onthe mar2et today that can receive both fre8uencies* >" and B?! N1); As a trialpro=ect* local $arnings are issued by telephony in special circumstances;

ocal $arnings are issued by the national coordinator 9(AV%-: during normaloffice hours;

'he provision of navigational $arnings on this $ebsite is not intended to be asubstitute for* or an alternative to the International (AV'ET service* and does notrelieve MastersO%aptains of their responsibility to monitor MSI broadcasts inaccordance $ith the provisions of S- AS

The Norwegian list of lights

The Norwegian list of lights 1!yrlisten2 descri.es maritime navigation mar<s

which emit light signals on land and at sea# as well as information a.out

other aids to navigation8 $ere is the continuously u0dated list of lights in

0dfJversion

'he (or$egian ist of ights publishes details of lighted aids to navigation; 'he!"B published edition contains English fore$ord* glossary and alphabetic register;

Mariners are advised that the information contained in the (or$egian ist of ightsis published for guidance only and the data should therefore be used assupplementary information;

"igital version

Every morning at #&B> am a ne$ list $ill be generate on the lin2s belo$; 'hismeans that the lists are continuously updated;

• ist of lights in (or$ay

• ist for the southeastern part of (or$ay

http://153.44.6.20/fyrlister/Fyrliste_HeleLandet.pdf

http://153.44.6.20/fyrlister/Fyrliste_SorOst.pdf

http://153.44.6.20/fyrlister/Fyrliste_HeleLandet.pdf

http://153.44.6.20/fyrlister/Fyrliste_SorOst.pdf



• ist of lights at the $estern part of (or$ay

• ist for the the center part of (or$ay

•

ist of lights in (ordland 9northern part:

• ist of lights in 'roms og Finnmar2 9northernmost part of (or$ay:

• ist of lights at Spitsbergen 9Svalbard:

SafeSeaNet Norway

SafeSeaNet Norway is an internet .ased maritime single window re0orting

system to ena.le vessels to 0rovide mandatory notifications to Norwegian

governmental authorities and 0orts in electronic form8

Vessels are re8uired to use SafeSea(et for such notifications and SafeSea(et $illfor$ard the notifications to individual (or$egian authorities and ports as re8uiredby regulations; SafeSea(et complies $ith EU +irectives !! O>? and !"!O#>;

'he follo$ing notifications shall be provided through SafeSea(et&

• Port arrival notification

• Port departure notification for ships carrying port and carrying dangerous or

polluting cargo

• (otifications of landing of $aste

• (otifications of intent to cross the (or$egian baseline

• Maritime security notifications

• Port State %ontrol (otifications

• %ustoms declarations

http://153.44.6.20/fyrlister/Fyrliste_Vest.pdf

http://153.44.6.20/fyrlister/Fyrliste_MidtNorge.pdf

http://153.44.6.20/fyrlister/Fyrliste_Nordland.pdf

http://153.44.6.20/fyrlister/Fyrliste_TromsFinnmark.pdf

http://153.44.6.20/fyrlister/Fyrliste_Svalbard.pdf

http://153.44.6.20/fyrlister/Fyrliste_Vest.pdf

http://153.44.6.20/fyrlister/Fyrliste_MidtNorge.pdf

http://153.44.6.20/fyrlister/Fyrliste_Nordland.pdf

http://153.44.6.20/fyrlister/Fyrliste_TromsFinnmark.pdf

http://153.44.6.20/fyrlister/Fyrliste_Svalbard.pdf



• ,order crossing notifications

• Pilot re8uests

A national shi0 re0orting system

SafeSea(et (or$ay is (or$ay<s national ship reporting system for vessels arrivingand departing ports; 'he system has been continuously developed and improvedsince its establishment in !!>;

SafeSea(et (or$ay is (or$ay<s Single 6indo$ ship reporting system* enablingships* companies* agents and charterers to submit mandatory informationelectronically to (or$egian authorities only once* rather than submitting the sameinformation several times to different authorities;

,ased on national ship reporting regulations* information registered by shipping viaSafeSea(et (or$ay is automatically distributed to a $ide range of governmentalagencies;

+igital ship reporting in SafeSea(et (or$ay has improved the information flo$bet$een shipping and the authorities* simplifying ship reporting procedures andreducing administrative $or2 on board and ashore;

'he establishement of SafeSea(et (or$ay is in line $ith EU +irective !"!O#>OEU*$hich instructs EUOEEA Member States to implement an electronic ship reportingsystem by 0une "* !">;

In the period of !!> to !" * the number of ship notifications increased from !!to over "!!;!!!* and today pilot boo2ing is made electronically via SafeSea(et

(or$ay;

(or$egian governmental partners in the SafeSea(et (or$ay cooperation;

(or$egian Armed Forces



(or$egian Maritime +irectorate

(or$egian %ustoms and E4cise

(or$egian PoliceOSchengen Seaborder %ontrol

+irectorate of Fisheries

adio navigation 1"G+S2 IN NO (A*

The Norwegian 'oastal Administration@s "ifferential Glo.al +ositioning System

1"G+S2 service transmits correction signals to G+S navigation eKui0ment on .oard

shi0s8 The "G+S service gives greater accuracy of the G+S 0osition that is read and

.etter signal Kuality for the system8

'he (or$egian %oastal AdministrationJs +.PS service is built up of " +.PS stationsalong the (or$egian coast; Each +.PS station consists of reference stations that monitor all visible satellites 9over degrees elevation: and calculates a correction value for eachsatellite; 'hese corrections are transmitted over the (or$egian %oastal AdministrationJsmaritime radio beacon in the fre8uency band from C;> 21) to C"> 21)* and they can bereceived by users e8uipped $ith a +.PS radio beacon receiver; 'he userJs .PS receiver uses the received corrections to improve the accuracy of the positioning it calculates;

6ithin the specified coverage area for the +.PS service* the user $ill achieve apositioning accuracy better than "! metres 9 drms* ?> per cent probability:; E4periencesho$s that the positioning accuracy is typically in the range of " to C metres; In addition toimproved positioning accuracy* the (or$egian %oastal AdministrationJs +.PS service $illalso provide integrity alarms for .PS; 'he +.PS service should have an availability of ??;> per cent* calculated over a t$o5year period;

'he (or$egian %oastal AdministrationJs +.PS service is lin2ed to .PS; 'he (or$egian%oastal Administration* other (or$egian agencies or (or$egian authorities do not haveany control over the technical and operational conditions for .PS;

'overage



'he most important factors that limit the range of a +.PS station are the signal strengthand signal5to noise ratio of the user; A signal strength andOor signal5to5noise ratio that istoo lo$ $ill result in a loss of transmitted data; If many subse8uent messages are lost* the+.PS corrections $ill gradually become older and result in the positioning accuracy

becoming gradually poorer; Ultimately the receiving e8uipment $ill s$itch to .PS onlymode and ignore the +.PS corrections;

A coverage map has been prepared for the (or$egian %oastal AdministrationJs +.PSservice; 'he maps illustrate the estimated coverage area for both day and night; 'hemodels that have been used to estimate coverage only ta2e the topographic conditionsinto consideration to a limited e4tent* so that the estimates can be less accurate in f=ords or else$here $here the signals must pass over high terrain;

'he users must bear in mind that the signal from a +.PS station can be disrupted byinterference from other radio transmitters 9such as radio noise in port areas: as $ell asnoise from precipitation;

eceiving eKui0ment

'he users must be e8uipped $ith a +.PS radio beacon receiver in order to use thecorrections from the +.PS service; In some receivers the .PS and +.PS receiver is built

into the same unit; 'here are also receivers $ith a combined .PS and +.PS antenna;User e8uipment must be earthed properly in order to reduce the sensitivity to noise;Users should note that not all +.PS receivers have the necessary functionality to displayintegrity alarms for the +.PS system;

Nautical charts and G+S "G+S

'he geodetic datum used by .PS is the 6orld .eodetic System "? B 96.S5 B:; 6.S5 Bis also the datum used for the calculation of +.PS corrections; Many (or$egian nauticalcharts are issued $ith the 6.S5 B datum* but there are also charts issued $ith the E+>!datum or the (or$egian graticule; 6hen using charts $ith a datum other than 6.S5 B*the position must be converted before it is entered on the chart; It is normal practice for theconversion values to be noted on the chart;

Users of .PS and +.PS $ill be able to navigate their vessels $ith much more accuracy*



AIS is an important tool in the national preparedness against marine accidents and acutepollution along the coast;

'he (or$egian %oastal Administration administers AIS (or$ay and is responsible for distributing AIS data to other governmental agencies; 'he Rescue %oordination %entres*the %oast .uard and the police are some of the users of AIS data;

AIS data received by AIS (or$ay is stored over several years* ma2ing it a valuable tool for mapping transport patterns and trends in relation to transport planning and analysis in themaritime sector;

!acts

• 'he (or$egian %oastal AdministrationJs land5based AIS net$or2 consists of AIS

base stations at around >! locations along the (or$egian coast;

• 'he AIS net$or2 is one of the measures presented in the .overnmentJs Plan of

Action for Increased Safety and Emergency Preparedness along the %oast in!!" in order to improve the monitoring of ship traffic; 'he (or$egian Parliament

allocated (-N B! million to this pro=ect over the period from !! to !!B;

• 'he AIS messages are collected by the net$or2 and made available to the different

governmental agencies; 'he net$or2 also contains databases for the storage of AIS data for several years;

Nystinfo map service

Nystinfo is the (or$egian %oastal AdministrationJ $eb5based map service; In Nystinfo you$ill find the (or$egian %oastal AdministrationJs o$n map data* in addition to map data andother geographic related information from a large number of other data o$ners;

Most of them are obtained directly from the source database as so5called 6MS services; As a user you are therefore ensured of access to the most recently updated data;

+ifferent types of nautical charts* land maps* satellite and aerial photos* fair$ays* naturereserve areas* anchorage sites and emergency preparedness topics are e4amples of datathat can be found in Nystinfo;



Essentially* Nystinfo is open to everyone* and the large amount of map data provides goodopportunities to find out $hat geo5referenced information is available for the userJs localarea or fields In addition to being able to vie$ data and the associated meta information* itis also possible for users to dra$ in 9digitise: their o$n ob=ects on the map and use them

as elements in their o$n maps in combination $ith other topics;

As a user of Nystinfo you can also perform loo2ups against central registers such as the%entral Place (ame Register 9SSR:* specify coordinates for displaying a position on themap* store chart images as pdf files* send lin2s to a relevant chart or use different types of integrated services* such as $eather forecasts from yr;no;

After you have logged on as a user on Nystinfo you can store digitised ob=ects in theunderlying database and gain access to e4panded information and functionality* such as

AIS data or specially adapted digitising solutions; 'his re8uires assignment of the relevantrights from the administrator;

Nystinfo is used in almost all of the (or$egian %oastal AdministrationJs fields* and the(or$egian %oastal AdministrationJ geodata service is continuously e4panding itsfunctionality in order to satisfy the needs of the users better;

Long ange Identification and Trac<ing 1L IT2 IN NO (A*

The Long ange Identification and Trac<ing 1L IT2 is a glo.al satelliteJ.ased systemfor realJtime identification and trac<ing of shi0s navigating around the world8 The

system is managed and maintained .y the Euro0ean Maritime Safety Agency

1EMSA2 and was introduced in Norway in 566;8

RI' is a closed system aimed for contracting government such as& %oastal StateD FlagStateD Port StateD and SAR Authorities; -ther national public authorities are also users of the system;

'he U(Js International Maritime -rgani)ation 9IM-: has decided that the RI're8uirements apply to ships engaged on international voyages as follo$s&

"; Passenger ships* including high5speed passenger craft*

; %argo ships* including high5speed craft* of C!! .'* and



C; Mobile offshore drilling units;

Ship RI' Reporting and e8uipment

• All ships over C!! gross tonnes that are registered to operate in international

$aters 9meaning outside A" area: are re8uired to possess an RI' certificate 9 RI'%onformance 'est Report:; Military and fishing vessels are e4empt from this rule;

• For the initial registration of ne$ RI' ships* or for a change of shipJs flag or RI'

shipborne e8uipment* the RI' unit must be chec2ed by an authori)ed ApplicationService Provider 9ASP:;

• 'he RI' certificate is in practice an approval that the RI' e8uipment on board

functions properly; 'his approval is based on tests carried out by an ASP9Application Service Provider: $ho 8uality assures that the RI' e8uipment onboard the ship is able to transmit data every si4 hours a day and over a period of B hours;

• 'he (or$egian Maritime +irectorate has approved eight ASPs in

(or$ay& https&OO$$$;s=ofartsdir;noO ;

'he RI' system consists of main elements such as the ship borne RI' information

transmitting e8uipment* %ommunications Service Providers 9%SPs:* Application ServiceProviders 9ASPs:* RI' +ata %enters 9+%:* including any related Vessel MonitoringSystem9s: 9VMSs:* the IM- RI' +ata +istribution Plan 9++P: and the International RI'+ata E4change 9I+E:; 'he system uses satellites communication such as& Inmarsat %DInmarsat mini %D IridiumD Inmarsat +Q* etc;

!acts

• 'he (or$egian %oastal Administration is the (ational %ompetent Authority 9(%A:

for RI' in (or$ay and manages the (or$egian part of the RI' database onbehalf of the (or$egian authorities;

• 'he (or$egian %oastal Administration registers* corrects and updates data on

ships that sail under the (or$egian flag in the European RI' database; 'he RI'database is managed by the EUJs Maritime Safety Agency 9EMSA: in isbon;

https://www.sjofartsdir.no/






• Ships have e8uipment on board that automatically transmits information on the

identity* dateOtime and position of the ship every si4 hours via satellite to the EUJsRI' database;

•

'he (or$egian Maritime +irectorate has the authority to enforce that the RI'regulations are observed on board;

• RI' is based on data from I(MARSA' and IRI+IUM;

• 'he (or$egian %oastal Administration administers access to the RI' database on

behalf of the (or$egian authorities and grants system access to public authoritiesthat $ould li2e to use the data from the system in the performance of their administrative tas2s;

L IT e0orting

L IT Shi0s that change the following data are reKuired to notify the Norwegian

'oastal Administration3

• Shipborne e8uipment transmitting RI' data O ne$ %onformance 'est Report

certificateD

• Ship<s nameD

• Ship<s call signD

• Ship<s emergency contact informationD

• Ship<s flagD

• Any identified malfunctions of RI' unit onboard;

(ave and current notifications IN NO (A*



The wave and current notification service 0rovides navigators with information on

wave and current conditions u0 to two days in advance8 The notifications a00ly to

0articularly eF0osed stretches along the Norwegian coast8

• 6ave forecast for fair$ays

'he $ave models provide forecasts for the $ave height and direction up to B hours inadvance; A summary of the $ind strength and direction is also provided;

'he $ave and current notification service should ma2e it easier and safer for passenger vessels to navigate in e4posed coastal areas; 'his service has been developed incooperation $ith the users and other (or$egian entities* and it is continuously updatedbased on the needs of the users;

'his service is a useful aid for high5speed boats* ferries and pleasure craft that operate inthe e4posed stretches; ,ased on the measurements* passenger services

Vessel 'raffic Services 9V'S: %omunication

Maritime %ommunication System for Vessel 'raffic Services 9V'S:

,e a$are of all ris2s at any time and be able to respond

-ur vessel traffic service 9V'S: is designed to provide the best active monitoringand navigational advice service for vessels in particularly confined and busy$ater$ays; A V'S centre needs all the important sensors collecting information*but it also needs an easy5to5use and reliable communication system; 6ithout sucha communication system* a V'S is little more than %%'V* $ith no ability to act or get in contact $ith vessels out at sea;

V'S services and V1F communication procedure port of Rotterdam

Any vessels in the nautical control area of the port of Rotterdam must listen to thecorrect V1F sector channel; Vessels can use the V1F channels to communicate byV1F radio $ith the t$o traffic centres in the port of Rotterdam; 'he traffic centressupervise seagoing vessels in the port;

http://www.barentswatch.no/en/waveforecast/

http://www.barentswatch.no/en/waveforecast/



V'S Rotterdam

'he port of Rotterdam has an advanced 'raffic %ontrol System& Vessel 'rafficServices 9V'S:; 'he shipping traffic is supervised from t$o traffic centres& one in1oo2 of 1olland and one in the ,otle2; From these traffic centres V'S providescontinuous information about the current situation of the shipping traffic;

V'S procedure

Vessels $hich call at the port of Rotterdam must comply $ith rules and legislation;'he V1F %ommunication Procedure V'S contains information about these rules of conduct and the language to be spo2en; 'he procedure also contains informationabout the three V'S services supplied by the 1arbour Master;

,TS eKui0ment

'he AIS system allo$s ships to communicate their position and other relevant toother ships or stations can 2no$ information;

'he most important utility is to avoid collisions bet$een ships* but has many moreapplications* such as identification of ships from land* transmission of messages*etc ;;



In a V'S System* the AIS is integrated into the center usually as detectingmeans * li2e radar and radio direction finder; 'he combination of the three systemsre8uire complicated programming to merge the obtained positions in a singlevessel* by integration procedures in $hich the 8uality of the signal obtained byeach detection sensor is $eighted;



The T, surveillance system

'he surveillance systems %%'V 9%losed %ircuit 'elevision: allo$ visual coverageof certain areas of interest through special video cameras; 'hese camerasgenerally have remote control for positioning* )oom* etc;* and may includesophisticated features such as automatic vessel trac2ing* night vision* infraredvision* etc;



'he system re8uires a a connection type A( to transmit via the net$or2 the digitalvideo and control data; 'he use of '%P O IP transmission eliminates the needfor multiple4ers or s$itches array* and reduces the amount of$iring significantly; 'his form* n or no limit to the number of users $ho can vie$the image from a camera;

'entre for Maritime Traffic 'ontrol

6ithin the V'S system* the %ontrol %enterJs mission is to centrali)e the information

from the sensors and the media and detection and process it to help center operators to decision5ma2ing;

'he %ontrol %enter is therefore the heart of the V'S system; +etection sensors9radar* radio direction finder* %'V* etc;: and communications 91F* V1F* etc;: arelocated in the same center or in remote stations strategically located to cover thearea of the V'S responsibility; It is therefore the responsibility center for trafficmanagement and marine salvage the assigned area;



'he center must have a computer e8uipped $ith a po$erful database andadvanced programs able to process all the information obtained* integrate it *ponder it and present operators this information clearly and unambiguously to helpdecision ma2ing; the database control contains information on ships and users;

V'S in heavy traffic can be assigned the surveillance of an area determined for each operator;

A server $ill handle the recording and processing of ra$ video from the Radarsand allo$ later playbac2;

'ommunications System

%ommunications System is basic in the V'S* not only as a communication systembet$een operators and ships* but as a system of attention operation essential for the authorities in charge of traffic control maritime; In fact* it $ould be useless havea detection system radar or AIS* if the authorities that they meet the conditions of alarm or unforeseen lac2 the means to transfer their orders to ships in the area of operations* or control of their o$n intervention units;



'he draft communication system must be based on the needs of communicationoperations bet$een the %ontrol %enter and vessels that communicate beyond thearea of detection radar in any of the media for 1F* V1F or Satellite; 'hus* theoperators can communicate and identify ships even before entering the area of responsibility;

'o meet the re8uirements of the standards imposed by the IM- 9 InternationalMaritime -rgani)ation : * the communications system must be adapted to MSystem orld Relief and S ecurity Maritime 9.M+SS : 9 .lobal Maritime +istressand Safety System .M+SS: and must provide coverage of for )ones A"communications* A * AC or AB liability V'S;

"etection radio goniometric

'he finding is the determination of the direction of the transmitter or radio beacon*the geolocation is 2no$n* by a receiver or radio directional finder e8uipment; In theV'S it is usually used in the V1F band for detecting calls from a ship;



'he finder 9radio direction finder* +F: of a V'S should be able to detect thedirection of the ship calls $ith an accuracy of " degree; 'o obtain the necessaryprecision often use these finders technology interferometric ;

'he finder must be connected to the control center $here it can be controlledchanges channel 9or fre8uency:;

'he indication of the direction of the call must be reflected on the radar screenoperator by a vector starting from the finder* radar passes over the target* identifyi

"igital Selective 'alling

'he system or +S% digital selective calling 9+S% English +igital Selective %alling:is a communication method using a techni8ue of automatic transmission of callsand responses encoded in digital format;



-n board the ships* or the V'S* the system consists of a transceiver 91F or V1F:controlled by the +S% that allo$s selective calling and automatic response to a callreceiver;

'he +S% allo$s selectively calling a ship station or a ground station and launch anautomatic alert relief to any station; It is a fundamental part of the .lobal System of Maritime +istress and Safety 9.M+SS .M+SS English:;

ng the vessels carrying the transmission;

"ata transmission

'he transmission of data 9+ata 'ransmission System +'S: from the RemoteStation %ontrol %enter are usually done by radio lin2;

System data transmission bet$een the stations and the control center should beredundant* so that the failure of the medium in use* produces automatic s$itchingto bac2up;

'he communication protocol bet$een the t$o stations should be a protocol typenormali)ed as the Protocol Asteri4 or the li2e* so that the information transmitted

is independent of the system manufacturer and can be recogni)ed and analy)edby the system o$ner;

Electronic 'hart "is0lay and Information System

'he E%+IS system is based on an electronic navigation system that complies $iththe International Maritime -rgani)ation 9IM-: and regulations and can be used as



an alternative to paper charts; A E%+IS system displays information from electronicnavigational charts 9E(%: or digital nautical charts 9+(%: and integrates theinformation of the position of .lobal Positioning System 9.PS: and other navigation sensors such as radar and the 9AIS: systems; 3ou can also displayadditional information related to navigation* such as sailing and depth sounder;

In a V'S system* E%+IS functions are integrated into the operatorJs o$n screen;'his screen also integrates information from the radar* radio direction finder and

other sensors;

'overage of communications $! ;

'he study of radar coverage is the most critical in the V'S system; 'he siteselected for a radar must determine at least the area covered by the radar shado$areas and the minimum and ma4imum ranges for different pulse lengths anddifferent types of ships;

!leet Management

'he Fleet Management 9Fleet Management Services FMS: is the management of the fleet of company of transport; Est to management may include both ships andcommercial vehicles* cars* vans* truc2s* railcars* etc;



Management may include a $ide range of functions* such as the vehicle trac2ing*speed* fuel management* management cre$s* financing* and maintenance andsafety management;

Fleet Management is a feature that allo$s minimi)e or eliminate the ris2sassociated $ith investment vehicle * improving efficiency * productivity andreducing their s and general and personnel * ensuring compliance $ith thelegislation of the Administrations; 'he basic function in all systems fleetmanagement* is the component of vehicle trac2ing; 'his component is basedgenerally on .PS* but sometimes can be based on a platform . -(ASS; -ncelocated the vehicle* it determines the direction and speed from the .PScomponents; 'his information trac2ing is transmitted to application managementsoft$are fleet;

Methods for data transmission include both terrestrial means as satellite; For tallships is essential satellite trac2ing; Users can see in real time the location of itsfleet on a map; 'his is often used to respond 8uic2ly to a particular event;

Glo.al Maritime "istress and Safety System

.lobal Maritime +istress .lobal Safety System 9.M+SS:* System Maritime+istress and Safety is a set of safety procedures* e8uipment and communicationprotocols designed to increase safety and ease of navigation and rescue vessels indistress;

'he system tries to carry out operations alert search and rescue coordination*location* providing maritime information* communications and generalcommunications bridge to bridge; Radio re8uirements depend on the area ofoperation of the ship rather than their type or tonnage;

Glo.al +ositioning System



'he .PS 9.lobal Positioning System& .lobal Positioning System: is a satellitenavigation for determining the position of an ob=ect* a person or a vehicle $ith anaccuracy up to centimeters $orld$ide 9if .PS is used differential:* but typically theylast a fe$ meters of accuracy;

.PS $or2s through a net$or2 of B satellites in orbit above the planet Earth*!* !! 2m* $ith sync to cover the entire surface of the Earth paths;

$igh !reKuency

Short$ave* also 2no$n as 1F 9high fre8uency: is a radio fre8uency band bet$eenC!! and ?*??? 21) in the transmitting 9among others: international radio

broadcasters to transmit their programming;

At these fre8uencies electromagnetic $aves propagate and bounce straight line atdifferent heights 9the higher the fre8uency at higher altitudes: of the ionosphere*allo$ing the signals to reach distant points and even turn around the planet;

Meteorological system

'he Meteorological System of a V'S is usually composed of a remotelycontrollable $eather station* $hich allo$s measurement of meteorological data andits transmission to the control center; It is located in the %ontrol %enter and RemoteStations;



'he parameters measured are usually&

6ind speed

+irection of the $ind

Pluviometry

Room temperature

1umidity

Pressure

Retransmitted data control center is processed and stored for $eather forecastingand statistical analysis;

+ower System

9Po$er Supply PS: is responsible for ensuring the supply of electricity to thee8uipment installed in the %enter and Remote Station in case of failure of thee4ternal supply;

'he %ontrol %enter normally have electricity net$or2* so generally you only need toensure energy by a diesel generator supplemented by a UPS;

In the remote stations* if you do not have net$or2 must include at least t$oelectrical generators* running in master mode and reserve and complemented$ith an electrical bo4 and UPS; Additionally* this system must be provided $ith anadditional fuel tan2 e8uipped $ith an automatic tan2 filling service;

'he entire po$er system must be able to be controlled remotely from the control

center and generate the necessary alarms to ensure continued maintenance of energy;

,TS adar System



'he radar system for maritime traffic control must meet a number of re8uirementsfor V'S; 'he characteristics re8uired for traffic control radars differ from thosere8uired for port radar; Essentially these differences can be&

'he V'S radar is characteri)ed by&

ong range 9about B M(:

S band and O or band T

+istance great discrimination and +elay 9!;@ W appro4;:

Filters ant clutter released;

+ouble transceivers operating in tandem O dual;

Antenna " J9band S or T:

Remotely controllable via A( or local;

+igiti)ation of radar targets;

Ability to transmit ra$ video and synthetic ;

A port radar characteri)ed by&

Reduced scope 9bet$een # and " M(:

S band and O or T



ocal control

Antennas " <

Radar processor $ith features similar to radar ARPA 9Automatic Radar Plottind Aid:;

adio .eacons

A beacon is a radio broadcast station that automatically sendscontinuous signals as an aid to air and sea navigation;

'he transmitter sends a radio signal*fi4ed fre8uency* $hich can be

captured from all directions; 'hrough an A+F 9English instrument Automatic+irection Finder: on board the ship or aircraft* the pilot can select the fre8uency of that station* $ho 2no$s by the charts and $atch the needle of the instrument*$hich indicates $hich direction is the beacon; In the case of maritime radiobeacons* you tend to be located in one of the bright lights already established; 'heemission is done in mid fre8uency and scope is about C! nautical miles 9about >!2ilometers:;

+rocessor +resentation

-perators of V'S usually have display units $ith capacity to integrate signals fromthe radar sensors 9 ra$ video and processing video :* finder* AIS and%ommunications 'o do so* the +isplay Unit 'raffic has a 6ord Processor



presentation R+P 9radar +isplay Processor: $ith a structure of presentation layersmultiple* including editors custom layer and video overlay radar;

'he mission of these units is to present this information operators clearly andunambiguously to help decision ma2ing;

In a V'S system* position information of vessels through the detection meanssuch as radar* radio direction finder and AIS is received; 'he combination of thethree systems re8uires comple4 programming to merge the obtained positions in asingle vessel* by integration procedures* in $hich the 8uality of the signal obtainedby each detection sensor is $eighted;

'he RP+ can divide the coverage area in a $ide variety of areas* each anointcontrollable by an operator; It also allo$s special program* such as collisionalarms* alarms entry or e4it of vessels in prohibited area* alarm output alarmanchor point and other triggers alarm significant;



emote stations

Are monitoring station 9Remote Stations RE:* strategically located and remotelycontrolled from the %ontrol %enter; 'hey contain all 2inds of detection e8uipment

and communications to cover the assigned area;

Its main feature is that it can be fully autonomous %ontrol %enter* both in terms of electricity* communications* etc; and they can be located in very remote areas; In

general terms* the remote stations may include&

+etection System* Radar* direction finder* AIS station* %%'V* etc;

%ommunications Systems* 1F* V1F* radio lin2s to the %+%* etc;

6eather system;



+ata Processing System* computers* etc;

Autonomous po$er system;

Au4iliary system* such as fire* perimeter security* air conditioning* access roads*etc;

adio lin<

System Radio in2 or 6ireless 9R X Radiolin2: allo$s the interconnection of different Remote Stations $ith the control center via radio $aves 9electromagneticspectrum:* e4tending the net$or2 9 A(* MA(* etc:* providing a e4cellentcommunication solution bet$een them;

It is therefore an economical means for communication over long distances*avoiding incurring costly physical interconnection systems* such as copper or fiber optics;

It is note$orthy that the radio lin2 is limited in coverage* being the location of thetransceiver antennas important* often necessitating the use of relay stations lin2;

In a security system such as V'S* it is desirable that the communication bet$een

the %entre and redundant stations as Main and Replacement ; 'hus* in case of failure of the transmission medium in use* and an alarm means s$itching to

reserve must occur;

adar "ata +rocessor



9'rac2 Radar Processor R'P : is an additional V'S radar e8uipment that allo$sdetection of targets from the radar signal and further processing and digitalconversion for transmission to the control center; 'he most important features of this e8uipment are&

+igiti)ation of ra$ video radar

+etecting radar targets

%alculation of its geographical position

%alculating course and speed $hite

'ransmission of digiti)ed video gross %+%

'ransmission of data to the %+% Vessel

'risis oom

V'S systems $ith maritime rescue s2ills* it is common to install a %risis Room;'his room is ready to receive a cabinet crisis $hich re8uires meeting of authoritiesto address the situation;



iving is meeting* $ith table* chairs meetings of several people* intercomsindividual* lines telephone $ith internal and access e4ternal television receiver*recorder video pro=ector $ith pro=ection screen and console operator similar to l-perators Room; 'he console is separate meeting room for reasons security* for one screen separation

oom EKui0ment

V'S teams are usually separated into a separate room to isolate operators fromnoise and heat generated by them; 'he room reserved for the installation of e8uipment should be close to the iving %enter -perations %ontrol;

Although it is not essential* this room must have a door communicating directly $ithroom operations;

Shelter Team

In the remote stations* teams are placed in a container 9shelter: provided $ithclosures intrusion and air conditioning; 'his shelter is placed on a platform on theto$er station antennas;

'his solution has t$o advantages&

'he distance bet$een the antenna and the radar transceiver is reduced* $herebysensitivity loss lags radar signal is reduced;

It protects against intrusion and vandalism and insulates the most sensitivee8uipment in the station;

'he po$er station is autonomous and placed in a separate container under the

antenna to$er;

oom O0erators



Room operators 9control room: is the space $here operators $ill be placed incharge of the operation of the V'S system; 'his room $ill feature several consoles-perator;

An -perator consoles $or2s simultaneously as %onsole supervising of the entiresystem $ith the ability to plan and allocate resources for all consoles operator andcan monitor the operation of the system in general;

'his terminal also has the function to operate the management system; 'hemission main of this soft$are is to provide operators $ith access to informationfrom ships of databases and facilitate change in the fields of data permitted;

Each operator station consists of&

+isplay Unit Radar* E%+IS* AIS and radio goniometer*

%ommunication control terminal

'erminal -perator of Information System

%ommunications console 1F O V1F

SS sta<ing

,efore a draft offer or e4ecution* it is advisable to ma2e a Sta2eout in situ 9SiteSurvey* SS: potential sites for the teams; In setting out the suitability of theselected site in cabinet and determined the necessary re8uirements for installationas necessary civil $or2s* access to sites* po$er availability* availability of communications* etc ;;

At the same time a study of V1Fy O or 1F coverage and viability of the necessary

radio lin2s for communication bet$een the %entre and the remote stations is made;

As a result* $rites a Sta2ing Act $here all data collected in the field as a basis for the proposed installation specified;

Antenna Su00ort Tower



All teams from the remote station $ill be installed in one to$er designed especiallyfor facilities fully autonomous and facilities that $ill remain long time neglected;

'he to$ers are placed on a base that relies on a study geotechnical* and is

protected to prevent access of unauthori)ed personnel ;

,$! 1,ery $igh !reKuency2

is the band of the electromagnetic spectrum that occupies the fre8uency range of C! M1) to C!! M1);

,et$een "># M1) and "# M1)* it is the international V1F fre8uency bandreserved for the RA+I-5service;

Notices to certain vessels8

(ormally* this service is provided at the re8uest of the ship or the V'S $hendeemed necessary and it is important to be clear about the difference bet$eensimple information and recommendation on ho$ to navigate* $hich contains anopinion of professional type;

Service 'raffic Management aims traffic management through the planning of vessel movements to prevent congestion and dangerous situations occur*facilitating safe and efficient maritime traffic $ithin the area served by the V'S;

For all these services $ill be useful devices incorporating JAutomatic IdentificationSystemJ 9AIS: re8uired by IM- regulations;

V'S essential feature is that t ll modules support reserve units $ith automatics$itching in case of failure * ma2ing a high use of e8uipment %-'S 9%ommercial5off5the5shelf:;



"ata of ,TS

V'S centres monitor and communicate $ith vessels for safer navigation;

'his is done by maintaining a vessel traffic image of vessels moving through thearea; A vessel traffic image* or integrated surface picture* is a visual representationof the position and movement of vessels on a geographic information system;

'he vessel traffic image allo$s V'S officers to tal2 to individual vessels in their area and give and receive&

simple information* li2e $eather $arnings* safety information and the position of other vesselsmore comple4 traffic management information;V'S centres provide vessel masters and pilots $ith&

ship traffic information maritime safety information navigation assistance; Shiptraffic information



Maritime safety information

Maritime safety information is about conditions* events or other factors that couldaffect a vessel safely navigating through the area; 'his includes&faulty aids to navigation* $ater$ay conditions* $eather* ha)ards other factors thatmay affect a vessel<s intended path;V'S centres give maritime safety information relevant to the vessel<s location andintended course $ith the ship traffic information;

Maritime safety information is reported by vessels in the area and the information isonly as accurate as the information given; As V'S centres may not have direct

2no$ledge of all ha)ardous situations in the area* it<s important for all vessels toreport ha)ardous situations that aren<t already in the maritime safety informationadvice;

Maritime safety information is also issued from Rescue %oordination %entre Australia; 'hese navigational $arnings are called AUS%-AS' 6arnings<;

Navigation assistance

,TS centres give navigation assistance when a vessel3

may be approaching shallo$ $ater deviates from a recommended routedoesn<t alter course at a critical $aypoint;



Using the vessel traffic image* V'S officers are alerted to these types of situationsand can then either&

intervene to confirm the vessel<s intentions give navigation assistance to avoid anincident if the vessel is approaching danger;Vessels in a V'S area must 2eep a listening $atch on a specific radio fre8uencyfor navigational or other $arningsYthe radio fre8uency for each port is noted in itsport procedures manual; Vessels may be contacted directly by V'S officers if thereis a ris2 of incident* or $here traffic flo$ is regulated;

,TS centre tools

A V'S centre communicates $ith vessels in their area using&a vessel reporting system monitoring $ith sensors communication systems;Vessel reporting system

6hen vessels enter a V'S area* they must contact the V'S centre to tell them&

$ho they are7 $here they are7 $here they are going7 ho$ they $ill get there;



'his is usually reported using radio and must be done by all vessels in the areathat are&C>m or more in overall length oil tan2ers* li8uefied gas carriers or chemical tan2ersvessels that are involved in a to$ing or pushing operation;'he information from each vessel is used to create the vessel traffic image to trac2the vessel as it moves through the V'S area;

-ther vessels moving through the V'S area may voluntarily report* but must follo$the standard reporting re8uirements found in the port procedures for that area if they do;

'o get more information on reporting re8uirements* read the port proceduresmanual for the area you are operating;

Monitoring $ith sensors

,TS centres trac< vessels in the area using3

• radar • Automated Identification System 9AIS:• V1F marine radio• other maritime sensors;• Radar is a shore5based system that detects and trac2s vessels in the area

covered by the radar site; It gives regular information about the position andspeed of a vessel;



AIS is a system on the vessel that uses V1F radio fre8uencies to continuallytransmit the vessel<s identity* position* course* speed and other data; It identifies

the vessel<s position at regular intervals;

Another type of maritime sensor that is used by REEFV'S in the .reat ,arrier Reef and 'orres Strait region to monitor vessels is automated position reporting9APR:; APR is an Inmarsat % satellite system; Almost all vessels in Australian$aters have Inmarsat % as part of their .lobal Maritime +istress Safety Systemcarriage re8uirements; APR allo$s e8uipment on the vessel to be programmed tosend position reports to the V'S centre at prescribed intervals 9the default intervalis B> minutes:; 'he system can also poll a vessel on demand and get an updatedposition report;

'he information from these sensors is combined into the vessel traffic image;



'ommunication systems

'o communicate $ith a V'S centre in ueensland* you need to use English andthe International Maritime -rgani)ation<s 9IM-<s: Standard Marine %ommunicationPhrases;

3ou can communicate $ith a V'S centre in ueensland using V1F radio* $hich

allo$s voice communication bet$een vessels and the shore in the V'S area; 'heV1F fre8uencies to use for V'S communications are listed in the relevant portprocedure;

If you can<t communicate $ith the V'S centre using V1F radio* you must give there8uired information by phone* fa4 or email; 'he relevant port procedure detailseach V'S centre<s&

,$! freKuency communication channel• phone number • fa4 number • email address;



Automatic Identification System

'he Automatic Identification System 9AIS: is an automatic trac2ing system used onships and by vessel traffic services 9V'S: for identifying and locating vessels byelectronically e4changing data $ith other nearby ships* AIS base stations* and

satellites; 6hen satellites are used to detect AIS signatures then the term Satellite5 AIS 9S5AIS: is used; AIS information supplements marine radar* $hich continues tobe the primary method of collision avoidance for $ater transport;

Information provided by AIS e8uipment* such as uni8ue identification* position*course* and speed* can be displayed on a screen or an E%+IS; AIS is intended toassist a vesselJs $atchstanding officers and allo$ maritime authorities to trac2 andmonitor vessel movements; AIS integrates a standardi)ed V1F transceiver $ith apositioning system such as a .PS or -RA(5% receiver* $ith other electronicnavigation sensors* such as a gyrocompass or rate of turn indicator; Vessels fitted$ith AIS transceivers can be trac2ed by AIS base stations located along coast linesor* $hen out of range of terrestrial net$or2s* through a gro$ing number of satellites



that are fitted $ith special AIS receivers $hich are capable of deconflicting a largenumber of signatures;

'he International Maritime -rgani)ationJs International %onvention for the Safety of

ife at Sea re8uires AIS to be fitted aboard international voyaging ships $ith grosstonnage 9.': of C!! or more* and all passenger ships regardless of si)e;

'echnical specification

AIS uses the globally allocated Marine ,and %hannels @ K ;

FM Modulation is not used;

AIS uses the 1igh Side of the duple4 from t$o V1F radio channels 9 @,: and9 ,:

• %hannel A "#";?@> M1) 9 @,:

• %hannel , "# ;! > M1) 9 ,:



'he simple4 channels @A and A use a lo$er fre8uency so they are not evenaffected by this allocation and can still be used as designated for the maritimemobile fre8uency plan;

AIS uses .MSN modulation; -rdinary V1F receivers can receive AIS $ith thefiltering disabled 9the filtering destroys the .MSN data:;

'he (MEA standard uses t$o primary sentences to for AIS data

• ZAIV+M 9Received +ata from other vessels:

• ZAIV+- 93our o$n vessels information:

Vie$ing and using AIS data

AIS is intended* primarily* to allo$ ships to vie$ marine traffic in their area and tobe seen by that traffic; 'his re8uires a dedicated V1F AIS transceiver that allo$slocal traffic to be vie$ed on an AIS enabled chartplotter or computer monitor $hiletransmitting information about the ship itself to other AIS receivers; Port authoritiesor other shore5based facilities may be e8uipped $ith receivers only* so that they

can vie$ the local traffic $ithout the need to transmit their o$n location; All AIStransceivers e8uipped traffic can be vie$ed this $ay very reliably but is limited tothe V1F range* about "! ! nautical miles;

If a suitable chartplotter is not available* local area AIS transceiver signals may bevie$ed via a computer using one of several computer applications such asShipPlotter and .nuais; 'hese demodulate the signal from a modified marine V1Fradiotelephone tuned to the AIS fre8uencies and convert into a digital format that

the computer can read and display on a monitorD this data may then be shared viaa local or $ide area net$or2 via '%P or U+P protocols but $ill still be limited to thecollective range of the radio receivers used in the net$or2; ,ecause computer AISmonitoring applications and normal V1F radio transceivers do not possess AIStransceivers* they may be used by shore5based facilities that have no need to

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMSK

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMSK



transmit or as an ine4pensive alternative to a dedicated AIS device for smaller vessels to vie$ local traffic but* of course* the user $ill remain unseen by other traffic on the net$or2;

A secondary* unplanned and emerging use for AIS data is to ma2e it vie$ablepublicly* on the internet* $ithout the need for an AIS receiver; .lobal AIStransceiver data collected from both satellite and internet5connected shore5basedstations are aggregated and made available on the internet through a number of service providers; +ata aggregated this $ay can be vie$ed on any internet5capable device to provide near global* real5time position data from any$here in the$orld; 'ypical data includes vessel name* details* location* speed and heading ona map* is searchable* has potentially unlimited* global range and the history isarchived; Most of this data is free of charge but satellite data and special servicessuch as searching the archives are usually supplied at a cost; 'he data is a read5only vie$ and the users $ill not be seen on the AIS net$or2 itself; Shore5based AISreceivers contributing to the internet are mostly run by a large number of volunteers; AIS mobile apps are also readily available for use $ith Android*6indo$s and i-S devices; See E4ternal lin2s belo$ for a list of internet5based AISservice providers; Ship o$ners and cargo dispatchers use these services to find

and trac2 vessels and their cargoes $hile marine enthusiasts may add to their photograph collections;

"e0loyment history

,esselJ.ased AIS transceivers

'he !! IM- S- AS Agreement included a mandate that re8uired most vesselsover C!!.' on international voyages to fit a %lass A type AIS transceiver; 'his $asthe first mandate for the use of AIS e8uipment and affected appro4imately "!!*!!!vessels;



In !!#* the AIS standards committee published the %lass , type AIS transceiver specification* designed to enable a simpler and lo$er cost AIS device; o$ cost%lass , transceivers became available in the same year triggering mandateadoptions by numerous countries and ma2ing large scale installation of AISdevices on vessels of all si)es commercially viable;

Since !!#* the AIS technical standard committees have continued to evolve the AIS standard and product types to cover a $ide range of applications from thelargest vessel to small fishing vessels and life boats; In parallel* governments andauthorities have instigated pro=ects to fit varying classes of vessels $ith an AISdevice to improve safety and security; Most mandates are focused on commercialvessels* $ith leisure vessels selectively choosing to fit; In !"! most commercialvessels operating on the European Inland 6ater$ays $ere re8uired to fit an Inland$ater$ay certified %lass A* all EU fishing boats over "#m $ill have to have a %lass

A by May !"B* and the US has a long pending e4tension to their e4isting AIS fitrules $hich is e4pected to come into force during !"C; It is estimated that as of

!" * appro4imately >!*!!! vessels have fitted an AIS transceiver of some type*$ith a further " million re8uired to do so in the near future and even larger pro=ectsunder consideration;

Satellite5based AIS 9S5AIS:

AIS $as developed in the "??!s as a high intensity* short5range identification andtrac2ing net$or2 and* at the time* it $as not anticipated to be detectable fromspace; (evertheless* since !!>* various entities have been e4perimenting $ithdetecting AIS transmissions using satellite5based receivers and* since !! *companies such as e4actEarth* -R,%-MM* Space8uest and also government

programs have deployed AIS receivers on satellites; 'he '+MA radio accessscheme used by the AIS system creates significant technical issues for the reliablereception of AIS messages from all types of transceivers& %lass A* %lass ,*Identifier* Ato( and SAR'; 1o$ever* the industry is see2ing to address theseissues through the development of ne$ technologies and over the coming years



the current restriction of satellite AIS systems to %lass A messages is li2ely todramatically improve $ith the addition of %lass , and Identifier messages;

'he fundamental challenge for AIS satellite operators is the ability to receive very

large numbers of AIS messages simultaneously from a satelliteJs large receptionfootprint; 'here is an inherent issue $ithin the AIS standardD the '+MA radioaccess scheme defined in the AIS standard creates B*>!! available time5slots ineach minute but this can be easily over$helmed by the large satellite receptionfootprints and the increasing numbers of AIS transceivers* resulting in messagecollisions* $hich the satellite receiver cannot process; %ompanies such ase4actEarth are developing ne$ technologies such as A,SEA* that $ill beembedded $ithin terrestrial and satellite5based transceivers* $hich $ill assist thereliable detection of %lass , messages from space $ithout affecting theperformance of terrestrial AIS;

'he addition of satellite5based %lass A and , messages could enable truly global AIS coverage but* because the satellite5based '+MA limitations $ill never matchthe reception performance of the terrestrial5based net$or2* satellites $ill augmentrather than replace the terrestrial system;

Shipboard AIS transceivers have a hori)ontal range that is highly variable* buttypically only up to about @B 2ilometres 9B# mi:; 'hey reach much further verticallyup to the B!! 2m orbit of the International Space Station 9ISS:;

in (ovember !!?* the S'S5" ? space shuttle mission attached t$o antennasYan AIS V1F antenna* and an Amateur Radio antenna to the %olumbus module of theISS; ,oth antennas $ere built in cooperation bet$een ESA and the ARISS team9Amateur Radio on ISS:; Starting from May !"! the European Space Agency is

testing an AIS receiver from Nongsberg Seate4 9(or$ay: in a consortium led by the(or$egian +efence Research Establishment in the frame of technologydemonstration for space5based ship monitoring; 'his is a first step to$ards asatellite5based AIS5monitoring service;

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-129

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_module


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARISS

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongsberg_Seatex

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Defence_Research_Establishment

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-129


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARISS

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongsberg_Seatex

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Defence_Research_Establishment



In !! * -R,%-MM launched AIS enabled satellites in con=unction $ith a US%oast .uard contract to demonstrate the ability to collect AIS messages fromspace; In !!?* u4space* a u4embourg5based company* launched the RU,I(5?;" satellite 9AIS Pathfinder :; 'he satellite is operated in cooperation $ith SESand RE+U Space Services; In late !"" and early !" * -R,%-MM and

u4space launched the Vesselsat AIS microsatellites* one in an e8uatorial orbit andthe other in a polar orbit; 9VesselSat5 and VesselSat5" :

In !!@* the U;S; tested space5based AIS trac2ing $ith the 'acSat5 satellite;1o$ever* the received signals $ere corrupted because of the simultaneous receiptof many signals from the satellite footprint;

In 0uly !!?* Space uest launched Apri)eSat 5C and Apri)eSat5B $ith AISreceivers; 'hese receivers $ere successfully able to receive the U;S; %oast.uardJs SAR' test beacons off of 1a$aii in !"!; In 0uly !"!* Space uest ande4actEarth of %anada announced an arrangement $hereby data from Apri)eSat5Cand Apri)eSat5B $ould be incorporated into the e4actEarth system and madeavailable $orld$ide as part of their e4actAIS9'M:service;

-n 0uly " * !"!* 'he (or$egian AISSat5" satellite $as successfully launched into

polar orbit; 'he purpose of the satellite is to improve surveillance of maritimeactivities in the 1igh (orth ; AISSat5" is a nano5satellite* measuring only

!4 !4 ! cm* $ith an AIS receiver made by Nongsberg Seate4; It $eighs si42ilograms and is shaped li2e a cube;

-n ! April !""* Indian Space Research -rganisation launched Resourcesat5containing a S5AIS payload for monitoring maritime traffic in the Indian -ceanSearch K Rescue 9SAR: )one; AIS data is processed at (ational Remote Sensing

%entre and archived at Indian Space Science +ata %entre ;

-n February >* !"CYafter one year launch delayY Aalborg University did launch AAUSA'C; It is a "U cubesat* $eights !! grams* solely developed by studentsfrom +epartment of Electronic Systems; It carries t$o AIS receiversYa traditionaland a S+R5based receiver; 'he pro=ect $as proposed and sponsored by the

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxspace

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SES_S.A.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VesselSat-2


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TacSat-2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AprizeSat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExactEarth

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AISSat-1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resourcesat-2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Remote_Sensing_Centre


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Science_Data_Centre

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalborg_university

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAUSAT3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxspace

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SES_S.A.



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TacSat-2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AprizeSat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AISSat-1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resourcesat-2



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Science_Data_Centre

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalborg_university

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAUSAT3



+anish Safety Maritime -rganisation; It has been a huge success and has in thefirst "!! days do$nloaded more than !!*!!! AIS messages and several " M1)ra$ samples of radio signal; It receives both AIS channels simultaneously and hasreceived class A as $ell as class , messages; %ost including launch $as less than

[ !!*!!!;

%anadian based e4actEarth<s AIS satellite net$or2 provides global coverage using satellites; 'his net$or2 $ill be significantly e4panded $ith the announcement of a

partnership $ith 1arris %orp to utili)e > hosted payloads on the Iridium (ET'constellation; Additionally e4actEarth is involved in the development of A,SEAtechnology $hich $ill enable its net$or2 to reliably detect a high proportion of %lass , type messages* as $ell as %lass A;

-R,%-MM operates a global satellite net$or2 that includes " AIS5enabledsatellites; -R,%-MMJs -. 9 -R,%-MM .eneration : satellites are e8uipped$ith an Automatic Identification System 9AIS: payload to receive and reporttransmissions from AIS5e8uipped vessels for ship trac2ing and other maritimenavigational and safety efforts* and do$nload at -R,%-MMJs "# e4isting earthstations around the globe;

In 0uly !"B* -R,%-MM launched the first # -. satellites aboard a Space4Falcon ? roc2et from %ape %anaveral* Florida; Each -. satellite carries an AISreceiver payload; All # -. satellites $ere successfully deployed into orbit andstarted sending telemetry to -R,%-MM soon after launch; In +ecember !">* thecompany launched eleven additional AIS5enabled -. satellites aboard theSpaceT Falcon ? roc2et; 'his dedicated launch mar2ed -R,%-MM<s second andfinal -. mission to complete its ne4t generation satellite constellation; %ompared

to its current -." satellites* -R,%-MM<s -. satellites are designed for faster message delivery* larger message si)es and better coverage at higher latitudes*$hile increasing net$or2 capacity;

%orrelation of data sources

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Corporation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_NEXT

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbcomm_(satellite)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbcomm_(satellite)#Orbcomm-OG2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_9

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Corporation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_NEXT

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbcomm_(satellite)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbcomm_(satellite)#Orbcomm-OG2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_9



%orrelating optical and radar imagery $ith S5AIS signatures enables the end5user to rapidly identify all types of vessel; A great strength of S5AIS is the ease $ith$hich it can be correlated $ith additional information from other sources such asradar* optical* ESM* and more SAR related tools such as .M+SS SARSA' and

AMVER; Satellite5based radar and other sources can contribute to maritimesurveillance by detecting all vessels in specific maritime areas of interest* aparticularly useful attribute $hen trying to co5ordinate a long5range rescue effort or $hen dealing $ith V'S issues;

A00lications

'he original purpose of AIS $as solely collision avoidance but many other applications have since developed and continue to be developed; AIS is currentlyused for&

%ollision avoidance

AIS $as developed by the IM- technical committees as a technology to avoidcollisions among large vessels at sea that are not $ithin range of shore5based



systems; 'he technology identifies every vessel individually* along $ith its specificposition and movements* enabling a virtual picture to be created in real time; 'he

AIS standards include a variety of automatic calculations based on these positionreports such as %losest Point of Approach 9%PA: and collision alarms; As AIS is notused by all vessels* AIS is usually used in con=unction $ith radar; 6hen a ship isnavigating at sea* information about the movement and identity of other ships inthe vicinity is critical for navigators to ma2e decisions to avoid collision $ith other ships and dangers 9 shoal or roc2s:; Visual observation 9e;g;* unaided*binoculars*and night vision:* audio e4changes 9e;g;* $histle* horns* and V1F radio:* andradar or Automatic Radar Plotting Aid are historically used for this purpose; 'hesepreventative mechanisms* ho$ever* sometimes fail due to time delays* radar

limitations* miscalculations* and display malfunctions and can result in a collision;6hile re8uirements of AIS are to display only very basic te4t information* the dataobtained can be integrated $ith a graphical electronic chart or a radar display*providing consolidated navigational information on a single display;

Fishing Fleet Monitoring and %ontrol

AIS is $idely used by national authorities to trac2 and monitor the activities of their

national fishing fleets; AIS enables authorities to reliably and cost effectivelymonitor fishing vessel activities along their coast line* typically out to a range of #!miles 9depending on location and 8uality of coast based receiversObase stations:$ith supplementary data from satellite based net$or2s;

Vessel traffic services

In busy $aters and harbours* a local vessel traffic service 9V'S: may e4ist tomanage ship traffic; 1ere* AIS provides additional traffic a$areness andinformation about the configuration and movements of ships;

Maritime Security

AIS enables authorities to identify specific vessels and their activity $ithin or near anationJs E4clusive Economic \one ; 6hen AIS data is fused $ith e4isting radar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoculars

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Radar_Plotting_Aid

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Chart_Display_and_Information_System

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vessel_traffic_service

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zone

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoculars

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Radar_Plotting_Aid

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Chart_Display_and_Information_System


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zone



systems* authorities are able to differentiate bet$een vessels more easily; AIS datacan be automatically processed to create normali)ed activity patterns for individualvessels* $hich $hen breached* create an alert* thus highlighting potential threatsfor more efficient use of security assets; AIS improves maritime domain a$arenessand allo$s for heightened security and control; Additionally* AIS can be applied tofresh$ater river systems and la2es;

Aids to navigation

'he AIS Aids to (avigation 9Ato(: product standard $as developed $ith the abilityto broadcast the positions and names of ob=ects other than vessels* such asnavigational aid and mar2er positions and dynamic data reflecting the mar2erJs

environment 9e;g;*currents and climatic conditions:; 'hese aids can be located onshore* such as in a lighthouse* or on $ater* platforms* orbuoys; 'he U;S; %oast.uard has suggested that AIS might replace racon 9radar beacons: currently usedfor electronic navigation aids;]"B^ Ato(Js enable authorities to remotely monitor thestatus of a buoy* such as the status of the lantern* as $ell as transmit live data fromsensors 9such as $eather and sea state: located on the buoy bac2 to vessels fitted$ith AIS transceivers or local authorities; An Ato( $ill broadcast its position and

Identity along $ith all the other information; 'he Ato( standard also permits thetransmit of JVirtual Ato(J positions $hereby a single device may transmit messages$ith a JfalseJ position such that an Ato( mar2er appears on electronic charts*although a physical Ato( may not be present at that location;

Search and rescue

For coordinating on5scene resources of a marine search and rescue 9SAR:operation* it is imperative to have data on the position and navigation status of other ships in the vicinity; In such cases* AIS can provide additional information andenhance a$areness of available resources* even if the AIS range is limited to V1Fradio range; 'he AIS standard also envisioned the possible use on SAR aircraft*and included a message 9AIS Message ?: for aircraft to report their position; 'o aidSAR vessels and aircraft in locating people in distress* the specification 9IE%

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigational_aid

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_currents

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoy


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Guard


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Identification_System#cite_note-14

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_rescue

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigational_aid

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_currents

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Identification_System#cite_note-14

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_rescue



#"!?@5"B Ed ";!: for an AIS5based SAR transmitter 9AIS5SAR': $as developed bythe IE%Js '% ! AIS $or2 group; AIS5SAR' $as added to .lobal Maritime +istressSafety System regulations effective 0anuary "* !"!; AIS5SAR's have beenavailable on the mar2et since at least !!?; Recent regulations have mandated theinstallation of AIS systems on all Safety -f ife At Sea 9S- AS: vessels andvessels over C!! tons;

Accident investigation

AIS information received by V'S is important for accident investigation since itprovides accurate historical data on time* identity* .PS5based position* compassheading* course over ground* speed 9by logOS-.:* and rates of turn* rather than

the less accurate information provided by radar; A more complete picture of theevents could be obtained by Voyage +ata Recorder 9V+R: data if available andmaintained on board for details of the movement of the ship* voice communicationand radar pictures during the accidents; 1o$ever* V+R data are not maintaineddue to the limited t$elve hours storage by IM- re8uirement;

-cean surface currents estimates

Since +ecember !">* a french company called e5-dyn provide innovativeservices related to -cean surface currents estimates than2s to AIS data analysis;

Fleet and cargo trac2ing

Internet disseminated AIS can be used by fleet or ship managers to 2eep trac2 of the global location of their ships; %argo dispatchers* or the o$ners of goods intransit can trac2 the progress of cargo and anticipate arrival times in port;

1o$ AIS $or2s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Maritime_Distress_Safety_System


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage_Data_Recorder

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage_Data_Recorder




AIS transceivers automatically broadcast information* such as their position* speed*and navigational status* at regular intervals via a V1F transmitter built into thetransceiver; 'he information originates from the shipJs navigational sensors*typically itsglobal navigation satellite system 9.(SS: receiver and gyrocompass ;-ther information* such as the vessel name and V1F call sign* is programmed

$hen installing the e8uipment and is also transmitted regularly; 'he signals arereceived by AIS transceivers fitted on other ships or on land based systems* suchas V'S systems; 'he received information can be displayed on a screen or chartplotter* sho$ing the other vesselsJ positions in much the same manner as a radar display; +ata is transmitted via a trac2ing system $hich ma2es use of a Self5-rgani)ed 'ime +ivision Multiple Access 9S-'+MA: datalin2 designed by S$edishinventor 1_2an ans ;

'he AIS standard comprises several substandards called types that specifyindividual product types; 'he specification for each product type provides adetailed technical specification $hich ensures the overall integrity of the global AISsystem $ithin $hich all the product types must operate; 'he ma=or product typesdescribed in the AIS system standards are&

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_navigation_satellite_system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrocompass

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Organized_Time_Division_Multiple_Access


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5kan_Lans


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrocompass






%lass A

Vessel5mounted AIS transceiver 9transmit and receive: $hich operates usingS-'+MA; 'argeted at large commercial vessels* S-'+MA re8uires a transceiver

to maintain a constantly updated slot map in its memory such that it has prior 2no$ledge of slots $hich are available for it to transmit; S-'+MA transceivers $illthen pre5announce their transmission* effectively reserving their transmit slot;S-'+MA transmissions are therefore prioritised $ithin the AIS system; 'his isachieved through receivers in continuous operation; %lass AJs must have anintegrated display* transmit at " ;> 6* interface capability $ith multiple shipsystems* and offer a sophisticated selection of features and functions; +efaulttransmit rate is every fe$ seconds; AIS %lass A type compliant devices receive alltypes of AIS messages;

%lass ,

Vessel5mounted AIS transceiver 9transmit and receive: $hich operates using either carrier5sense time5division multiple5access 9%S'+MA: or S-'+MAD there are no$

separate IM- specifications for %lass ,; Aimed at lighter commercial and leisuremar2ets; %S'+MA transceivers listen to the slot map immediately prior to

transmitting and see2 a slot $here the JnoiseJ in the slot is the same or similar tobac2ground noise* thereby indicating that the slot is not being used by another AISdevice; %lass ,s transmit at 6 and are not re8uired to have an integrateddisplay& %lass ,s can be connected to most display systems $here the receivedmessages $ill be displayed in lists or overlaid on charts; +efault transmit rate isnormally every C! seconds* but this can be varied according to vessel speed or instructions from base stations; 'he %lass , type standard re8uires integrated

.PS and certain E+ indicators; %lass , e8uipment receives all types of AISmessages;

,ase station



Shore5based AIS transceiver 9transmit and receive: $hich operates usingS-'+MA; ,ase stations have a comple4 set of features and functions $hich in the

AIS standard are able to control the AIS system and all devices operating therein; Ability to interrogate individual transceivers for status reports and or transmitfre8uency changes;

Aids to navigation 9Ato(:

Shore5 or buoy5based transceiver 9transmit and receive: $hich operates usingfi4ed5access time5division multiple5access 9FA'+MA:; +esigned to collect andtransmit data related to sea and $eather conditions as $ell as relay AIS messagesto e4tend net$or2 coverage;

Search And Rescue 'ransceiver 9SAR':

Specialist AIS device created as an emergency distress beacon $hich operatesusing pre5announce time5division multiple5access 9PA'+MA:* or sometimes calleda modified S-'+MA ; 'he device randomly selects a slot to transmit and $illtransmit a burst of eight messages per minute to ma4imi)e the probability of successful transmission; A SAR' is re8uired to transmit up to a ma4imum of fivemiles and transmits a special message format recognised by other AIS devices;'he device is designed for periodic use and only in emergencies due to itsPA'+MA5type operation $hich places stress on the slot map;

Specialist AIS 'ransceivers

+espite there being IM-OIE% published AIS specifications* a number of authoritieshave permitted and encouraged the development of hybrid AIS devices; 'hesedevices see2 to maintain the integrity of the core AIS transmission structure and

design to ensure operational reliability* but to add a range of additional featuresand functions to suit their specific re8uirements; 'he Identifier AIS transceiver isone such product $here the core %lass , %S'+MA technology is designed toensure that the device transmits in complete compliance $ith the IM-specifications* but a number of changes have been made to enable it to be battery



po$ered* lo$ cost and more easy to install and deploy in large numbers; Suchdevices $ill not have international certification against an IM- specification sincethey $ill comply $ith a proportion of the relevant specification; 'ypically authorities$ill ma2e their o$n detailed technical evaluation and test to ensure that the coreoperation of the device does not harm the international AIS system;

AIS receivers are not specified in the AIS standards* because they do not transmit;'he main threat to the integrity of any AIS system are non5compliant AIStransmissions* hence careful specifications of all transmitting AIS devices;1o$ever* it is $ell to note that AIS transceivers all transmit on multiple channels asre8uired by the AIS standards; As such single5channel* or multiple4ed* receivers$ill not receive all AIS messages; -nly dual5channel receivers $ill receive all AISmessages;

'ype testing and approval

AIS is a technology $hich has been developed under the auspices of the IM- byits technical committees; 'he technical committees have developed and publisheda series of AIS product specifications; Each specification defines a specific AISproduct $hich has been carefully created to $or2 in a precise $ay $ith all the other

defined AIS devices* thus ensuring AIS system interoperability $orld$ide;Maintenance of the specification integrity is deemed critical for the performance of the AIS system and the safety of vessels and authorities using the technology; Assuch most countries re8uire that AIS products are independently tested andcertified to comply $ith a specific published specification; Products that have notbeen tested and certified by a competent authority* may not conform to there8uired AIS published specification and therefore may not operate as e4pected in

the field; 'he most $idely recogni)ed and accepted certifications are the RK''E+irective* the U;S;Federal %ommunications %ommission* and Industry %anada* allof $hich re8uire independent verification by a 8ualified and independent testingagency;

Message types

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_Canada


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_Canada



'here are @ different types of top level messages defined in I'U "C@"5B 9out of apossibility of #B: that can be sent by AIS transceivers;

AIS messages #* * >* and # provide Application Specific Messages 9ASM:*

that allo$ competent authorities to define additional AIS message subtypes;'here are both addressed 9A,M: and broadcast 9,,M: variants of themessage; Addressed messages* $hile containing a destination MMSI* are notprivate and may be decoded by any receiver;

-ne of the first uses of ASMs $as the Saint a$rence Sea$ay use of AIS binarymessages 9message type : to provide information about $ater levels* loc2 orders*and $eather; 'he Panama %anal uses AIS type messages to provide information

about rain along the canal and $ind in the loc2s; In !"!* the International Maritime-rgani)ation issued %ircular ? that defines the ne4t iteration of ASMs for type #and messages; Ale4ander* Sch$ehr and \etterberg proposed that the communityof competent authorities $or2 together to maintain a regional register of thesemessages and their locations of use; 'he International Association of Marine Aidsto (avigation and ighthouse Authorities 9IA A5AISM: no$ established a processfor collection of regional application5specific messages;

+etailed description& %lass A units

Each AIS transceiver consists of one V1F transmitter* t$o V1F '+MA receivers*one V1F +igital Selective %alling 9+S%: receiver* and lin2s to shipboard displayand sensor systems via standard marine electronic communications 9such as(MEA !" C * also 2no$n as IE% #""# :; 'iming is vital to the proper synchroni)ation and slot mapping 9transmission scheduling: for a %lass A unit;'herefore* every unit is re8uired to have an internal time base* synchroni)ed to a

global navigation satellite system 9e;g; .PS : receiver; 'his internal receiver mayalso be used for position information; 1o$ever* position is typically provided by ane4ternal receiver such as .PS * -RA(5% or an inertial navigation system and theinternal receiver is only used as a bac2up for position information; -ther information broadcast by the AIS* if available* is electronically obtained from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Mobile_Service_Identity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Lighthouse_Authorities


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_multiple_access

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Maritime_Distress_Safety_System#Digital_Selective_Calling

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMEA_0183


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LORAN

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Mobile_Service_Identity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal





https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_multiple_access

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Maritime_Distress_Safety_System#Digital_Selective_Calling

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMEA_0183




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LORAN

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system



shipboard e8uipment through standard marine data connections; 1eadinginformation* position 9latitude and longitude:* speed over ground * and rate of turnare normally provided by all ships e8uipped $ith AIS; -ther information* such asdestination* and E'A may also be provided;

An AIS transceiver normally $or2s in an autonomous and continuous mode*regardless of $hether it is operating in the open seas or coastal or inland areas;

AIS transceivers use t$o different fre8uencies* V1F maritime channels @,9"#";?@> M1): and , 9"# ;! > M1):* and use ?;# 2bitOs .aussian minimumshift 2eying 9.MSN: modulation over > or " ;> 21) channels using the 1igh5level+ata in2 %ontrol 91+ %: pac2et protocol; Although only one radio channel isnecessary* each station transmits and receives over t$o radio channels to avoidinterference problems* and to allo$ channels to be shifted $ithout communicationsloss from other ships; 'he system provides for automatic contention resolutionbet$een itself and other stations* and communications integrity is maintained evenin overload situations;

In order to ensure that the V1F transmissions of different transceivers do not occur at the same time* the signals are time multiple4ed using a technology called Self5-rgani)ed 'ime +ivision Multiple Access 9S-'+MA:; 'he design of this technologyis patented* and $hether this patent has been $aived for use by S- AS vessels isa matter of debate bet$een the manufacturers of AIS systems and the patentholder* 1_2an ans ; Moreover* the United States Patent and 'rademar2 -ffice9USP'-: canceled all claims in the original patent on March C!* !"!;

In order to ma2e the most efficient use of the band$idth available* vessels that areanchored or moving slo$ly transmit less fre8uently than those that are moving

faster or are maneuvering; 'he update rate ranges from C minutes for anchored or moored vessels* to seconds for fast moving or maneuvering vessels* the latter being similar to that of conventional marine radar;

Each AIS station determines its o$n transmission schedule 9slot:* based upon datalin2 traffic history and an a$areness of probable future actions by other stations; A

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimated_time_of_arrival

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHF

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_VHF_radio

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_minimum-shift_keying


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDLC





https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimated_time_of_arrival

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHF

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_VHF_radio









https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office



position report from one station fits into one of * >! time slots established every#! seconds on each fre8uency; AIS stations continuously synchroni)e themselvesto each other* to avoid overlap of slot transmissions; Slot selection by an AISstation is randomi)ed $ithin a defined interval and tagged $ith a random timeout of bet$een B and minutes; 6hen a station changes its slot assignment* itannounces both the ne$ location and the timeout for that location; In this $ay ne$stations* including those stations $hich suddenly come $ithin radio range close toother vessels* $ill al$ays be received by those vessels;

'he re8uired ship reporting capacity according to the IM- performance standard isa minimum of *!!! time slots per minute* though the system provides B*>!! timeslots per minute; 'he S-'+MA broadcast mode allo$s the system to beoverloaded by B!! to >!! through sharing of slots* and still provides nearly "!!throughput for ships closer than to "! nmi to each other in a ship to ship mode; Inthe event of system overload* only targets further a$ay $ill be sub=ect to drop5out*in order to give preference to nearer targets* $hich are of greater concern to shipoperators; In practice* the capacity of the system is nearly unlimited* allo$ing for agreat number of ships to be accommodated at the same time;

'he system coverage range is similar to other V1F applications; 'he range of anyV1F radio is determined by multiple factors* the primary factors are& the height and8uality of the transmitting antenna and the height and 8uality of the receivingantenna; Its propagation is better than that of radar* due to the longer $avelength*so it is possible to reach around bends and behind islands if the land masses arenot too high; 'he loo25ahead distance at sea is nominally ! nmi 9C@ 2m:; 6ith thehelp of repeater stations* the coverage for both ship and V'S stations can beimproved considerably;

'he system is bac2$ard compatible $ith digital selective calling systems* allo$ingshore5based .M+SS systems to ine4pensively establish AIS operating channelsand identify and trac2 AIS5e8uipped vessels* and is intended to fully replacee4isting +S%5based transceiver systems;



Shore5based AIS net$or2 systems are no$ being built up around the $orld; -ne of the biggest fully operational* real time systems $ith full routing capability is in%hina; 'his system $as built bet$een !!C and !!@ and $as delivered by Saab'ranceiver'ech; 'he entire %hinese coastline is covered $ith appro4imately >!base stations in hot5standby configurations including seventy computer servers inthree main regions; 1undreds of shore based users* including about t$enty5fivevessel traffic service 9V'S: centers* are connected to the net$or2 and are able tosee the maritime picture* and can also communicate $ith each ship using SRMJs9Safety Related Messages:; All data are in real time; 'he system $as designed toimprove the safety and security of ships and port facilities; It is also designedaccording to an S-A architecture $ith soc2et based connection and using IE% AIS

standardi)ed protocol all the $ay to the V'S users; 'he base stations have hot5standby units 9IE% # C !5": and the net$or2 is the third generation net$or2solution;

,y the beginning of !!@* a ne$ $orld$ide standard for AIS base stations $asapproved* the IE% # C !5" standard; 'he old IA A recommendation and the ne$IE% # C !5" standard are in some functions incompatible* and therefore attachednet$or2 solutions have to be upgraded; 'his $ill not affect users* but system

builders need to upgrade soft$are to accommodate the ne$ standard; A standardfor AIS base stations has been long a$aited; %urrently ad5hoc net$or2s e4ist $ithclass A mobiles; ,ase stations can control the AIS message traffic in a region*$hich $ill hopefully reduce the number of pac2et collisions;

+etailed description& AIS receivers

A number of manufacturers offer AIS receivers* designed for monitoring AIS traffic;

'hese may have t$o receivers* for monitoring both fre8uencies simultaneously* or they may s$itch bet$een fre8uencies 9thereby missing messages on the other channel* but at reduced price:; In general they $ill output RS C * (MEA* US, or U+P data for display on electronic chart plotters or computers;

Security





+ue to the unauthenticated and unencrypted nature of AIS* recently ,aldu))i et al;sho$ed that AIS is vulnerable to different threats li2e spoofing* hi=ac2ing andavailability disruption; 'hese threats affect both the implementation in onlineproviders and the protocol specification* $hich ma2e the problems relevant to alltransponder installations 9estimated at C!!*!!!Q:

Automatic Identification System 1AIS2 Norway

AIS 9Automatic Identification System: $as introduced by the U(Js InternationalMaritime -rganisation 9IM-: to increase the safety of ships and the environment*and to improve traffic monitoring and maritime traffic services;

'he (or$egian %oastal Administration established AIS (or$ay in !!>* $hichtoday consists of appro4imately >! base stations that receive information about allships over C!! gross tons in international traffic

AIS (or$ay registers three types of information&

5 +ynamic 9position* course* speed:5 Static 9identity* vessel type* dimensions:5 +etails on the sailing 9destination* estimated time of arrival* cargo* draught:

AIS range is limited by V1F range* $hich is determined primarily by the height of the antenna; AIS (or$ay covers* $ith some e4ceptions* the area from the(or$egian baseline to B!5#! nautical miles from the coast;

AIS is an important tool in the national preparedness against marine accidents andacute pollution along the coast;

'he (or$egian %oastal Administration administers AIS (or$ay and is responsiblefor distributing AIS data to other governmental agencies; 'he Rescue %oordination%entres* the %oast .uard and the police are some of the users of AIS data;

AIS data received by AIS (or$ay is stored over several years* ma2ing it a valuabletool for mapping transport patterns and trends in relation to transport planning andanalysis in the maritime sector;



5 'he (or$egian %oastal AdministrationJs land5based AIS net$or2 consists of AIS base stations at around >! locations along the (or$egian coast;

5 'he AIS net$or2 is one of the measures presented in the .overnmentJs Planof Action for Increased Safety and Emergency Preparedness along the %oast

in !!" in order to improve the monitoring of ship traffic; 'he (or$egianParliament allocated (-N B! million to this pro=ect over the period from !! to

!!B;5 'he AIS messages are collected by the net$or2 and made available to the

different governmental agencies; 'he net$or2 also contains databases for thestorage of AIS data for several years;

can determine at an early stage $hether it is safe to travel in the areas or if alternative land5based transport is re8uired;'he $ave models are 8uality assured daily by the (or$egian MeteorologicalInstitute;'he $ave and current notification service is an important measure for safetyat sea* especially for high5speed boats and ferries; 'his service $asestablished after the loss of the high5speed boat the MS Sleipner in "???*$hen the .overnment recommended the deployment of $ave notificationsystems at e4posed locations along the coast $here there is a lot of high5speed boat traffic 9-fficial (or$egian Report !!!&C":;See the lin2 belo$ for $ave and current notifications for e4posed stretchesalong the (or$egian coast and other $eather data;L 6ave forecast for fair$aysE4ternal lin2sL 6ave notifications andegode (VL ,arents$ebL ,arents Sea 6avescan 9acutal measurements:L Sea and %oast 9yr;no:L Svinesund 9'riangel:Ports

L Port of N_rstG 9Aanderaa +ata Instruments:L Port of +rammen 9'riangel:L Port of 'rondheim 9'riangel:L Port of Sirev_g 9yr;no:

NO (A* EG LATIONPlease note that this document is an English translation of the (or$egianregulation; Should there be any conflict bet$een the (or$egian regulation



and this translation* the $ording in the (or$egian regulation $ill haveprecedence;

Regulations relating to use of vessel traffic service areas and use of specific

$aters 9Maritime 'raffic Regulations:Statutory authority& aid do$n by the Ministry of 'ransport and%ommunications on C September !"> pursuant to sections "C* "@ and " *of Act no; "? of "@ April !!? relating to harbours and fair$ays* etc; 9the1arbour Act:* cf; Royal +ecree of "@ +ecember !"! no; "#!@;

%hapter "; Introductory provisions

Section "; 9+efinitions:

For the purposes of these regulations* the follo$ing definitions shall apply&

a: particularly ha)ardous or no4ious cargo&

5 cargo as mentioned in chapter "? of the International %ode for the%onstruction andE8uipment of Ships %arrying i8uefied .ases in ,ul2 9I.% %ode:

5 cargo in pollution category T* cf; the International %onvention for the

Prevention of Pollution from Ships* "?@C* as modified by Anne4 II of the Protocol of "?@relating thereto 9MARP- :; 'his also applies to cargoes that areprovisionally categorised as such substances;

5 cargo that re8uires vessel type " or vessel type * cf; chapter "@ of the International%hemical %ode for the %onstruction and E8uipment of Ships %arrying+angerous %hemicals in ,ul2 9I,% %ode: or the %ode of Safe Practice for

Solid ,ul2 %argoes 9,% %ode:

b: ha)ardous or no4ious cargo&

5 cargo defined as particularly ha)ardous or no4ious in letter a:*provided stricter rules have not been stipulated for these cargoes



5 oil cargoes as mentioned in MARP- * Anne4 I; 'his also applies tocargoes that are provisionally categorised as such substances;

5 cargo that re8uires vessel type C* cf; the I,% %ode or ,% %ode

5 li8uids $ith a flash point belo$ C degrees %elsius

c: regular service& a series of voyages bet$een the same t$o or moreports* either in accordance $ith a published timetable or $ith such regularityand fre8uency that the voyages are perceived as a systematic series of voyages

d: transit& that the vessel does not call to port* moor or anchor in the$aters

e: position coordinates& position coordinates are given in accordance$ith the 6orld

.eodetic System "? B 96.S5 B:

f: daylight& $hen the centre of the sun is higher than # degrees belo$the hori)on

g: escort vessel& a tugboat that is classified as an escort vessel

h: traffic separation scheme& a geographically defined area in the seaconsisting of traffic lanes for traffic flo$s in opposite directions* separated bya separation )one

i: t$o5$ay fair$ay& a geographically defined area in the sea establishedfor t$o5$ay traffic;

Section ; 9+ispensations:

'he (or$egian %oastal Administration may* on application from the master of the vessel* grant dispensation from the provisions laid do$n in chapter Cof these regulations $hen it is safe and there are special grounds for doingso;



Section C; 9E4ceptions from the Public Administration Act:

Section B of the Public Administration Act relating to grounds and section relating to appeals do not apply to individual decisions made by the

vessel traffic service centres* provided the individual decision is notparticularly burdensome or intrusive; 'his e4ception does not apply toindividual decisions that vessels must use a tugboat;

Section B; 9(ational coordinator for navigational $arnings:

'he (or$egian %oastal Administration is the national coordinator for navigational $arnings and must be notified of any ha)ards of significance tosafe navigation or passage;

%hapter ; Use of the $aters in vessel traffic service areas 9V'S areas:

Section >; 9Vessel traffic service areas V'S areas:

'he geographical areas regulated by the vessel traffic service centres vessel traffic service 9V'S: areas are defined in the (or$egian %oastal

AdministrationJs electronic navigational charts* $hich are available online atNystinfo and are part of these regulations&

a: 1orten V'S areab: ,revi2 V'S area

c: NvitsGy V'S area

d: Fed=e V'S area

e: VardG V'S area;

Section #; 9Substantive scope:

'he provisions in this chapter apply to the follo$ing vessels&

a: vessels $ith a ma4imum length of B metres or more

b: vessels that push a vessel and vessels that are pushed* $ith a totalcombined length of B metres or more



c: vessels that to$ an ob=ect $ith a length of B metres or more

d: vessels that to$ one or more ob=ects $ith a total combined length of the vessel and the ob=ects of C> metres or more

e: vessels that to$ one or more ob=ects $ith a total combined $idth of the vessel and the ob=ects of B metres or more

f: vessels carrying particularly ha)ardous or no4ious cargo;

'he provisions in sections @ and "" also apply to fishing and hunting vessels$hen they are engaged in commercial fishing* hunting or sea$eed and 2elptra$ling; Similarly* the provisions in section apply $hen such vessels are

engaged in commercial fishing* hunting or sea$eed and 2elp tra$ling in atraffic separation scheme;

Section @; 9%ommunication in the V'S area:

%ommunication bet$een a vessel traffic service centre and a vessel mustta2e place over the V'S centreJs V1F $or2ing channels;

%ommunication bet$een vessels concerning passing or other coordinationof voyages must ta2e place over the V'S centresJ V1F $or2ing channels;

'he master of the vessel or $hoever is in command in his place must beable to communicate in a Scandinavian language or English if the vessel isnot using a pilot;

Vessels under military command may communicate $ith the V'S centre viamobile telephone $hen necessary;

Section ; 9Re8uirement for clearance:

Use of the V'S area re8uires clearance from the vessel traffic servicecentre; Vessels pushing or to$ing a vessel that has clearance to use theV'S area do not need separate clearance;



For use of the VardG V'S area* clearance is only re8uired for vesselscarrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo and vessels $ith a length greater than">! metres;

For use of the NvitsGy V'S area* clearance is not re8uired for vessels $ith alength less than "!! metres if the vessel is only using the $aters east of aline from the 'oftGy beacon Storholmen lantern Plentinggrunnen lanterndirectly south to shore at Ryfyl2e2aien; 'his e4ception does not apply tovessels that are going to use the $aters inside a straight line bet$eenVardneset lantern and 1oleneset 9>?W !* `( !!#W!"*C"`E:;

Section ?; 9Re8uests for clearance:

%learance must be re8uested via the V'S centreJs V1F $or2ing channelsbefore entrance into the V'S area or $hen leaving a doc2 or anchorage siteand must include the vesselJs international call sign* name and intendedsailing route;

Re8uests for clearance from vessels $ith a length greater than "!! metresor vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo must be made at least onehour before e4pected departure from the port* mooring site or anchorage

site; 'he second paragraph does not apply to passenger vessels in regular service;

Section "!; 9%onditions for clearance:

6hen necessary to ensure safe passage and safe use of the $aters*conditions may be set for clearance* including&

a: that the voyage ta2es place at a specified timeb: that a specific route must be follo$ed

c: that other vessels must be passed in a specified order

d: that a specified distance must be 2ept from other vessels



e: that a tugboat must be used

f: that machinery must be ready $hen anchoring

g: that the anchorage site must be left if strong $inds are forecast;

Section ""; 9+uty to listen and duty of disclosure:

Vessels that use a V'S area have a duty to listen to the V'S centreJs V1F$or2ing channels;

Vessels that use a V'S area must inform the V'S centre about any mattersthat may be of significance to safe passage and efficient traffic flo$*including that the vessel is departing from the doc2 or anchorage site or isma2ing changes to its cleared sailing route;

%hapter C; (avigation rules in specific $aters

Section " ; 9.eographic scope:

'he provisions in chapter C apply in those specific $aters indicated in thechapter;

I (avigation rules in -slo* A2ershus* ,us2erud* Vestfold and stfold

Section "C; 9-bligation to use the traffic separation scheme in the -slof=ord:

Vessels $ith a length of B metres or more must use the traffic lanesdefined in the (or$egian %oastal AdministrationJs electronic charts* $hichare available online at Nystinfo and are part of these regulations;

Section "B; 9,an on use of the $aters on the stretch Singlef=ordenSvinesund Ringdalsf=orden:

Vessels $ith a length greater than "#! metres* a $idth greater than !metres or a draught greater than @;C metres must not use the $aters east of Sponvi2s2ansen beacon;

Section ">; 9Re8uirement that voyages on the stretch Singlef=ordenSvinesund Ringdalsf=orden ta2e place in daylight:



Vessels $ith a length greater than " > metres* a $idth greater than "?metres or a draught greater than #;> metres shall only use the $aters eastof Sponvi2s2ansen beacon in daylight;

Section "#; 9Visibility re8uirements on the stretch Singlef=orden SvinesundRingdalsf=orden:

Vessels $ith a length greater than ! metres* a $idth greater than ">metres* a draught greater than > metres and vessels carrying particularlyha)ardous or no4ious cargo must not use the $aters east of Sponvi2s2ansen beacon $hen visibility is less than !;> nautical mile;

Section "@; 9,an on passing on the stretch Singlef=orden SvinesundRingdalsf=orden:

Vessels must not pass other vessels in the $aters bet$een Sponvi2s2ansenbeacon and Nr_2enebbet lantern or in the sound south of NnivsGyholmenbeacon;

In the instances mentioned in the first paragraph* vessels must maintain adistance of at least !;> nautical mile from other vessels sailing in the same

direction;Section " ; 9,an on passing in Gperen* sterelva and .lomma:

In the $aters inside a straight line dra$n from the southern brin2 of Vi2ertangen lantern via the Vidgrunnen lantern to RGdshuet* vessels mustonly pass other vessels in the follo$ing areas&

a: bet$een Nverns2= rgrunnen beacon and ubbegrunnen beacon

b: at Gperungen beacon* $hen the vessels are sailing on either side of Gperungen

c: at Vestre Fugles2= rgrunnen beacon* $hen the vessels are sailing oneither side of VestreFugles2= rgrunnen



d: bet$een Vestre Fugles2= rgrunnen beacon and ,elgen lantern

e: in the $aters bet$een Nallera beacon in the south and MGlleroddenlantern in the north

f: on .lomma* north of Fredri2stad bridge to 'angen and from .re_2er to Vestenodden lantern;

In the instances mentioned in the first paragraph* vessels must maintain adistance of at least !;> nautical mile from other vessels sailing in the samedirection;

Section "?; 9,an on use of the $aters in Gperen and sterelva:

Vessels $ith a draught greater than "!;> metres must not use the $aters onthe stretch bet$een Vidgrunnen lantern in the south and Flyndregrunnenlantern in the north;

Section !; 9Visibility re8uirements on Gperen and sterelva:

Vessels carrying particularly ha)ardous or no4ious cargo and vessels $ith alength greater than " > metres or a draught greater than @ metres must notuse the $aters north of Vidgrunnen lantern $hen visibility is less than "

nautical mile;Section "; 9Re8uirement that voyages on Gperen and sterelva ta2eplace in daylight: Vessels $ith a length greater than "@! metres or a draught greater than ?metres shall only use the $aters north of Vidgrunnen lantern in daylight;

Section ; 9,an on use of the $aters in sterelva and .lomma:

Vessels $ith a length greater than ">! metres must not use the $aters northof MGllerodden lantern;

Section C; 9Visibility re8uirements in the $aters on sterelva and .lomma:



Vessels carrying particularly ha)ardous or no4ious cargo and vessels $ith alength greater than ! metres must not use the $aters north of MGlleroddenlantern $hen visibility is less than !;> nautical mile;

Section B; 9Re8uirement that voyages on sterelva and .lomma ta2eplace in daylight:

Vessels $ith a length greater than "C> metres* a draught greater than @metres or $ith particularly ha)ardous or no4ious cargo shall only use the$aters north of MGllerodden lantern in daylight;

'he calculation of the vesselJs draught must ta2e into account the fact thatthis stretch is fresh$ater;

Section >; 9,an on use of the $aters in .lomma:

Vessels $ith a length greater than "!! metres or a draught greater than>;#> metres must not use the $aters north of ,erggrenodden 9>?W"#*"@`(!""W!>*C>È:; 6hen the $ater level is belo$ the ! mar2 at the ,org Port

AuthorityJs $ater level meter* the permitted draught is reduced by thenumber of centimetres that the $ater level is belo$ !;

'he calculation of the vesselJs draught must ta2e the fact that this stretch isfresh$ater into account;

Section #; 9Visibility re8uirements on .lomma:

Vessels must not use the $aters north of ,erggrenodden 9>?W"#*"@`(!""W!>*C>È: $hen visibility is less than !;> nautical mile;

Section @; 9-bligation to use a tugboat on .lomma:

Vessels must have a tugboat attached in the $aters bet$een,erggrenodden 9>?W"#*"@`( !""W!>*C>È: and MellGs 9>?W"#* " (̀!""W!>*??È:;

Section ; 9Visibility re8uirements in SGsterlGpet era Rauerf=ordenar2ollsundet:



Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo and vessels $ith a lengthgreater than ?! metres must not use the $aters from the southern brin2 of .uttormstangen on VesterGy via the C;> metre shallo$s at Sei2ra22* the$estern edge of Struten* the $estern edge of southern Missingen* the$estern edge of EldGya and the northern brin2 of Nollen to ,rentetangen$hen visibility is less than " nautical mile; Section ?; 9,an on use of the $aters on the stretch 'ennes2= retN=G2Gysundet:

Vessels $ith a length greater than "!! metres* a $idth greater than "#metres or a draught greater than >; metres must not use the $atersbet$een 'ennes2= r beacon and 'Gmmerhella lantern;

Section C!; 9,an on passing on the stretch 'ennes2= ret N=G2Gysundet:

Vessels must not pass other vessels on the stretch bet$een Stanges2= r lantern and Flyndregrunnen lantern;


Section C"; 9Visibility re8uirements on the stretch 'ennes2= retN=G2Gysundet:

Vessels must not use the $aters on the stretch bet$een Stanges2= r lantern and 'Gmmerhella lantern $hen visibility is less than " nautical mile;

Section C ; 9,an on passing on the stretch era and Vesterelva toFredri2stad:

Vessels must not pass other vessels on the stretch from the Vesterelva river to Fredri2stad* north of ._sungane beacon;

'he first paragraph does not apply to vessels that agree to pass oneanother on either side of 1uthholmen and N=erringholmen;




Section CC; 9,an on use of the $aters on the stretch era Vesterelva:Vessels $ith a draught greater than @;C metres must not use the $aters inthe Vesterelva river* north of ._sungane beacon;

Section CB; 9Re8uirement that voyages on the stretch era Vesterelva ta2eplace in daylight:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo $ith a length greater than "!!metres or a draught greater than # metres shall only use the $aters in theVesterelva river* north of ._sungane beacon* in daylight;

Section C>; 9,an on use of the $aters Vesterelva Fredri2stad:

Vessels $ith a draught greater than >;> metres must not use the $atersnorth of the southern brin2 of 1uthholmen 9>?W" * #`( !"!W>B*! È:;

Vessels $ith a length greater than > metres* a $idth greater than ">metres or a draught greater than > metres must not use the $aters north of

sg_rdsGra 9>?W" *@!`( !"!W>B*@ È:;Section C#; 9Visibility re8uirements on the stretch Vesterelva Fredri2stad: Vessels must not use the $aters in the Vesterelva river* north of the._sungane beacon* $hen visibility is less than !;> nautical mile;

Section C@; 9,an on use of the $aters in Rauerf=orden Nro2stadleiraar2ollsundet:

Vessels $ith a draught greater than @ metres must not use the $aters eastof Rauer andEldGya* from .arnholmen beacon in the south to the northern brin2 of Nollen 9>?W !*"@`( !"!WC *?#È: in the north;

Section C ; 9Visibility re8uirements in the $aters around 'Gnsberg:



Vessels $ith a length greater than ?! metres and vessels carryingparticularly ha)ardous or no4ious cargo must not use the $aters inside astraight line from the eastern brin2 of Slagentangen via the Fulehu2lighthouse* F rder lighthouse and '=Gmeboen to the southern brin2 of landat 'Gnsberg 'Gnne $hen visibility is less than !;> nautical mile;

Section C?; 9,an on use of the $aters on the stretch Sydostgrunnen'=Gme2= la 'Gnsbergf=orden and Vestf=orden to 'Gnsberg:

Vessels $ith a $idth greater than B! metres or a draught greater than @metres must not use the fair$ay through '=Gme2= la or the $aters north of Nausen beacon;

Vessels $ith a $idth greater than B! metres or a draught greater than ?metres must not use the fair$ay $est of Veierland;

Section B!; 9Re8uirement that voyages on the stretch Sydostgrunnen'=Gme2= la 'Gnsbergf=orden and Vestf=orden to 'Gnsberg ta2e place indaylight:

Vessels $ith a length greater than "!! metres* a $idth greater than "#metres or a draught greater than >;> metres shall only use the fair$ay

through '=Gme2= la and the $aters north of Nausen beacon in daylight;

Vessels shall only use the fair$ay $est of Veierland in daylight;

Section B"; 9,an on passing on the stretch Sydostgrunnen '=Gme2= la'Gnsbergf=orden and Vestf=orden to 'Gnsberg:

Vessels must not pass other vessels in the $aters north of Nausen beacon;

In the instances mentioned in the first paragraph* vessels must maintain a

distance of at least !;> nautical mile from other vessels sailing in the samedirection;

Section B ; 9,an on use of the $aters in eisteinslGpet:



Vessels $ith a length greater than ">! metres* a $idth greater than !metres or a draught greater than >;> metres must not use the $aters in

eisteinslGpet north of latitude >?W!#*>!`( and $est of eistein beacon;

Section BC; 9Re8uirement that voyages on eisteinslGpet ta2e place indaylight: Vessels $ith a length greater than "!! metres* a $idth greater than "#;>metres or a draught greater than > metres shall only use the $aters in

eisteinslGpet* north of latitude >?W!#*>!`( and $est of eistein beacon* indaylight;

Section BB; 9Re8uirement that voyages on the $aters near +rillen ta2e place

in daylight:Vessels shall only use the $aters on the stretch bet$een Svarten mar2er inthe east and .aliotb_en in the $est in daylight;

Section B>; 9,an on use of the $aters on the stretch .ranab_sundetM_2erGyfla2et:

Vessels $ith a length greater than ">! metres* a $idth greater than !metres or a draught greater than >;> metres must not use the $aters fromthe beacon on 'GrgersGy in the north to rGyb_en in the south;

Section B#; 9Re8uirement that voyages on the stretch .ranab_sundetM_2erGyfla2et ta2e place in daylight:

Vessels $ith a length greater than "!! metres* a $idth greater than "#;>metres or a draught greater than > metres shall only use the $aters from thebeacon on 'GrgersGy in the north to rGyb_en in the south in daylight;

Section B@; 9,an on use of the $aters on the stretch M_2erGyfla2et'=Gme2= la:

Vessels $ith a length greater than ">! metres* a $idth greater than !metres or a draught greater than >;> metres must not use the $aters fromM_gerGtangen beacon in the east to Saltbuflua lantern in the $est;



'he follo$ing vessels must not use the $aters through Svelvi2strGmmen*north of RGdtangen beacon&

a: vessels $ith a length greater than >! metres* a $idth greater than

B! metres or a draught greater than "! metres

b: vessels $ith a length greater than > metres and a draught greater than ? metres

c: vessels $ith a length greater than !! metres and a draught greater than ?;> metres;

Approaching vessels $ith a draught greater than ?;> metres shall only use

the $aters mentioned in the first paragraph during rising $aters;'he calculation of the vesselJs draught must ta2e the fact that this stretch isfresh$ater into account;

Section > ; 9Re8uirement that voyages on Svelvi2strGmmen ta2e place indaylight:

Approaching vessels $ith a length greater than !! metres or a draughtgreater than ? metres shall only use the $aters through Svelvi2strGmmen indaylight;

Section >?; 9Visibility re8uirements in Svelvi2strGmmen:

Vessels carrying particularly ha)ardous or no4ious cargo* vessels carryingha)ardous or no4ious cargo that have a length greater than ?! metres* andvessels $ith a length greater than " > metres or a draught greater than @metres must not use the $aters on the stretch bet$een RGdtangen beacon

in the south and ,lindes2= ra beacon in the north $hen visibility is less than!;> nautical mile;

-utside of daylight hours* restrictions corresponding to those in the firstparagraph apply $hen visibility is less than " nautical mile;

Section #!; 9,an on passing on the stretch Svelvi2strGmmen +rammen:



Vessels must not pass one another in the $aters on the stretch bet$een,=Grnes2= r beacon in the south and ,lindes2= r beacon in the north or in'angenrenna $est of Risgarden molo lantern;

Vessels must not pass one another on the stretch bet$een RGdtangenbeacon in the south and ,=Grnes2= r beacon in the north $hen visibility isless than !;> nautical mile;

In the instances mentioned in the first and second paragraphs* vessels mustmaintain a distance of at least !;> nautical mile from other vessels sailing inthe same direction;

Section #"; 9-bligation to use a tugboat in Svelvi2strGmmen:

Vessels $ith a length greater than "@! metres or a draught greater than ;>metres must have a tugboat attached in the $aters bet$een ,=Grnes2= r beacon in the south and ,lindes2= ra beacon in the north;

Vessels $ith a length greater than !! metres or a draught greater than ?;>metres must have t$o tugboats attached in the $aters mentioned in the firstparagraph;

Section # ; 9,an on use of +rGba2sundet: Vessels $ith a draught greater than "" metres must not use the $aters northof Stors2= r 9>?WC?*>!`( !"!WC#*> `E:;

Section #C; 9Visibility re8uirements on the stretch Naholmen Engene:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo must not use the $atersbet$een Naholmen and 1_Gya or the $aters in 1_Gyf=orden bet$een1_Gya and Engene $hen visibility is less than " nautical mile;

Section #B; 9,an on use of the $aters on the stretch Steilene Sandvi2a:

Vessels $ith a draught greater than > metres must not use the $aters northof 1araholmen lantern;



Section #>; 9Visibility re8uirements on the stretch Steilene Sandvi2a:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo must not use the $aters northof 1araholmen lantern $hen visibility is less than !;> nautical mile;

Section ##; 9,an on use of +ynalGpet:

Vessels $ith a draught greater than "! metres must not use the $atersbet$een ,ygdGy and (a2holmen;

Section #@; 9,an on use of 1eggholmlGpet:

Vessels $ith a draught greater than >;> metres must not use the $atersbet$een 1eggholmen and indGya;

Section # ; 9,an on use of S=ursGylGpet and Springeren:

Vessels $ith a length greater than "#! metres or a $idth greater than >metres must not use the $aters bet$een S=ursGya and ,lei2Gya or the$aters bet$een indGya and 1ovedGya and bet$een .ressholmen and,lei2Gya;

Section #?; 9,an on passing on the stretch +rGba2sundet -slo:

Vessels must not pass other vessels on the stretch bet$een Sm_s2= renebeacon in the south and Aspond beacon in the north if&

a: visibility is less than " nautical mile*

b: the vessel has a draught greater than @ metres*

d: the vessel is carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo* or

e: the vessel is using the fair$ay $est of As2holmgrunnen lantern and$est of 'ors2e2ra22en lantern;




II (avigation rules in 'elemar2

Section @!; 9,an on use of the $aters on the stretch FuglGya PorsgrunnS2ien:

Vessels $ith a length greater than C!! metres or a draught greater than ""metres must not use the $aters north of FuglGys2= r lantern;

Section @"; 9Visibility re8uirements on the stretch FuglGya PorsgrunnS2ien:

Vessels carrying particularly ha)ardous or no4ious cargo or vessels $ith alength greater than "#! metres must not use the $aters north of FuglGys2= r lantern $hen visibility is less than " nautical mile;

'his does not apply to vessels calling at angesund or vessels manoeuvringbet$een an anchorage site* mooring installation or doc2 that have anuninterrupted vie$ of the destination site;

Section @ ; 9,an on passing on the stretch FuglGya Porsgrunn S2ien:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo must not pass other vessels inthe $aters bet$een FuglGys2= r lantern in the south and vre Ringsholmen

lantern in the north;'he first paragraph does not apply in the $aters bet$een ,=Gr2Gyb_enlantern in the east and .=ermundsholmen beacon in the $est;


Section @C; 9-bligation to use an escort vessel on the stretch FuglGyaPorsgrunn S2ien:

Vessels carrying particularly ha)ardous or no4ious cargo $ith a grosstonnage in e4cess of >!! tonnes and vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4iouscargo $ith a gross tonnage in e4cess of >*!!! tonnes must have an escortvessel attached on the stretch from FuglGys2= r lantern in the south to vre



Ringsholmen lantern in the north; 'hese vessels must be assisted by anescort vessel north of vre Ringsholmen lantern;

Vessels $ith a length greater than "?> metres* a $idth greater than C!

metres or a draught greater than "! metres must have an escort vesselattached in the $aters from .=ermundsholmen beacon in the east toMidtf=ords2= r beacon in the $est;

'he first paragraph does not apply to approaching vessels that are going touse the $aters in 1elgerof=orden south of mlirogna beacon or to departingvessels that have passed N=GrtinglGpet and are on course out of +ypingen;

Section @B; 9Re8uirement that voyages on 1elgerof=orden* 1_Gyf=orden and

Nalvsundet ta2e place in daylight:

Vessels $ith a length greater than !> metres shall only use the $aters eastof FuglGys2= r lantern in the south and ,=Gr2Gyb_en lantern in the north indaylight; 'he first paragraph does not apply to vessels in regular service;

Section @>; 9,an on transit in the $aters bet$een angesund to$n andangGya:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo or $ith a $idth greater than "Bmetres or a draught greater than > metres must not use the $aters bet$een

angesund to$n and angGya for transit;

Vessels mentioned in the first paragraph that are calling at or departing fromangesund must use the southern entrance; 'his does not apply to

tugboats* barges or crane barges;

Section @#; 9Visibility re8uirements in the $aters bet$een angesund to$nand angGya:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo must not use the $atersbet$een angesund to$n and angGya north of 'angens2= r lantern $henvisibility is less than !;> nautical mile;



Section @@; 9,an on passing on the stretch angesund to$n and angGya:

Vessels $ith a gross tonnage in e4cess of *!!! tonnes must not pass other vessels in the $aters bet$een angesund to$n and angGya north of 'angens2= r lantern;

Section @ ; 9,an on transit in the $aters bet$een angGya and .eiterGya:

Vessels must not use the $aters bet$een angGya and .eiterGya for transit;

Section @?; 9,an on use of N=Grtingen:

Vessels $ith a length greater than !! metres* a $idth greater than C!metres or a draught greater than "!;> metres must not use the $atersbet$een ArGy beacon in the south and R_holmb_en lantern in the north;

Section !; 9Visibility re8uirements in N=Grtingen:

Vessels must not use the $aters bet$een ArGy beacon in the south andR_holmb_en lantern in the north $hen visibility is less than !;> nautical mile;

Section "; 9,an on passing in N=Grtingen:

Vessels $ith a length greater than "!! metres must not pass other vesselsin the $aters bet$een ArGy beacon in the south and R_holmb_en lantern inthe north; Vessels must not pass one another in the $aters bet$eenN=Grtingen (6 beacon and N=Grtingen SE beacon;

Section ; 9,an on passing in Nalvsundet:

Vessels $ith a length greater than @! metres or a $idth greater than !metres must not pass other vessels in the $aters bet$een Nisteholmenlantern in the east and ,=Gr2Gyb_en lantern in the $est;

Section C; 9,an on use of ,revi2strGmmen:



Vessels $ith a length greater than C> metres must not use the $atersbet$een .=ermundsholmen beacon in the east and Midtf=ords2= r beacon inthe $est;

Section B; 9Re8uirement that voyages on ,revi2strGmmen ta2e place indaylight:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo $ith a draught greater than"!; metres and vessels $ith a length greater than !> metres shall onlyuse the $aters bet$een .=ermundsholmen beacon in the east andMidtf=ords2= r beacon in the $est in daylight;

Section >; 9,an on passing in ,revi2strGmmen:

Vessels $ith a length greater than "!! metres must not pass other vesselsin the $aters bet$een .=ermundsholmen beacon in the east andMidtf=ords2= r beacon in the $est;

Section #; 9Visibility re8uirements on the stretch 'orsbergrenna S2ien:

Vessels must not use 'orsbergrenna or the S2ienselva river $hen visibility isless than !;> nautical mile;

Section @; 9,an on use of 'orsbergrenna:Vessels $ith a $idth greater than ;> metres must not use the $aters in'orsbergrenna;

Section ; 9,an on use of the $aters north of Frednesbrua bridge:

Vessels $ith a length greater than ""! metres* a $idth greater than "#metres or a draught greater than >;> metres must not use the $aters northof Frednesbrua bridge;

Section ?; 9,an on use of .r_tenlGpet:

Vessels $ith a length greater than > metres* a $idth greater than "Bmetres or a draught greater than > metres must not use the $aters in.r_tenlGpet;



III (avigation rules in Rogaland

Section ?!; 9-bligation to use the traffic separation schemes in Rogaland:

Vessels $ith a length of B metres or more must use the traffic separation

schemes in Rogaland defined in the (or$egian %oastal AdministrationJselectronic charts* $hich are available online at Nystinfo and are part of these regulations;

Section ?"; 9-bligation for vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo touse S2udenesf=orden:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo that are to call at or departfrom the gas terminal at N_rstG must use the traffic separation scheme inS2udenesf=orden on voyages bet$een the gas terminal and the seaboundary;

'he first paragraph applies regardless of $hether the vessel is calling at adoc2* mooring installation or anchorage site en route; Section ? ; 9,an on use of the fair$ay north of Arsgrunnen:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo must not use the $aters

bet$een Arsgrunnen lantern and +rivsund beacon on voyages bet$een thegas terminal at N_rstG and the sea boundary;

Section ?C; 9,an on use of the $aters on the stretch Feistein Sveinane:

Vessels $ith a draught greater than "! metres must not use $aters east of Midtf= ra lantern in the $aters bet$een Fladholmen beacon in the southand 'ananger beacon in the north;

Section ?B; 9,an on transit on the stretch Feistein Sveinane:

'he follo$ing vessels must not use the fair$ay through Rottsf=orden* fromFeistein beacon in the south to Sveinane lantern in the north* for transit&

a: vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo $ith a length greater than "B! metres or a draught greater than metres



b: vessels $ith a length greater than " ! metres or a draught greater than ;> metres

c: passenger vessels $ith a length greater than "! metres;

Section ?>; 9Visibility re8uirements on the stretch Feistein Sveinane:

Vessels $ith a draught greater than "! metres must not use Rottsf=ordenbet$een Nolnesholmane beacon and -2safots2= r beacon $hen visibility isless than !;> nautical mile;

'he first paragraph does not apply to vessels that are calling at or departingfrom the doc2 in Risavi2a;

Section ?#; 9,an on use of the $aters in Risavi2a:

Vessels $ith a draught greater than ">; metres must not use the $aters inRisavi2a east of a2sholmb_en lantern;

Section ?@; 9,an on passing in the approach to Risavi2a:

Vessels must not pass other vessels in the $aters bet$een 'ananger beacon in the $est and Melingholmen lantern in the east if&

a: visibility is less than !;> nautical mile

b: the vessel has a length greater than " ! metres or a draught greater than @ metres


Section ? ; 9,an on use of the $aters on the stretch 'ungeneset

,yf=orden Stavanger: Vessels $ith a draught greater than @ metres must not use the $atersbet$een SGre Plentinggrunnen lantern and ,ybrua bridge;

Section ??; 9,an on use of Straumsteinsundet:



Vessels $ith a length greater than @! metres must not use the $aters under ,ybrua bridge; 'his does not apply to vessels in regular service or passenger vessels $ith a length less than ?! metres;

Section "!!; 9,an on transit on the stretch 'ungeneset ,yf=ordenStavanger:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo and vessels $ith a lengthgreater than >! metres must not use the $aters bet$een +usavi2a beaconin the north and ,ybrua bridge in the south for transit;

'he first paragraph does not apply to vessels in regular service;

Section "!"; 9,an on passing on the stretch 'ungeneset ,yf=ordenStavanger:

Vessels must not pass other vessels in the $aters bet$een Ulsneset9> W>?*B>`( !!>WB *@!`E: in the $est and ,ybrua bridge in the east if&

a: the vessel is carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo

b: the vessel has a length greater than " ! metres or a draught greater than @ metres;

'he first paragraph does not apply to high5speed passenger vessels inregular service that have clearance from the vessel traffic service centre;


Section "! ; 9Re8uirement that voyages on the stretch 'ungeneset,yf=orden Stavanger ta2e place in daylight:

Vessels $ith a length greater than " ! metres or a draught greater than "!metres shall only use the $aters bet$een Ulsneset 9> W>?*B>`(!!>WB *@!`E: in the $est and ,ybrua bridge in the east in daylight;

'he first paragraph does not apply to passenger vessels;



Section "!C; 9Visibility re8uirements on the stretch 'ungeneset ,yf=ordenStavanger:

Vessels must not use the $aters bet$een Ulsneset 9> W>?*B> (̀

!!>WB *@!`E: in the $est and,ybrua bridge in the east $hen visibility is less than !;> nautical mile if&

a: the vessel is carrying particularly ha)ardous or no4ious cargo

b: the vessel is carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo and has a lengthgreater than ?! metres

c: the vessel has a length greater than " ! metres or a draught greater than "! metres;

Section "!B; 9,an on passing in V_gholmsundet:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo and vessels $ith a lengthgreater than " ! metres or a draught greater than @ metres must not passother vessels in the $aters bet$een a straight line directly south from the$estern edge of V_gholmen and a straight line directly south from .altenmar2er


Section "!>; 9,an on passing in indGysundet:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo and vessels $ith a lengthgreater than " ! metres or a draught greater than @ metres must not passother vessels in the $aters bet$een a straight line directly $est from

indGysund beacon to shore at VassGy and a straight line from the $esternbrin2 of indGy to the southern brin2 of VassGy2alven;




Section "!#; 9,an on passing in the $aters $est of MarGyane:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo and vessels $ith a lengthgreater than " ! metres or a draught greater than @ metres must not passother vessels in the $aters bet$een a straight line from the northern brin2 of

ille MarGy to shore at Sirigrunnen and a straight line from the southernbrin2 of Store MarGy via .ansflu beacon and directly $est to shore at1illev_gneset;


Section "!@; 9,an on use of the $aters in NlovninglGpet:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo* vessels $ith a length greater than "!! metres and vessels $ith a draught greater than # metres must notuse the $aters bet$een SandGyvarden in the south and Nlovningen beaconin the north;

Section "! ; 9,an on use of the $aters in angGyosen:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo* vessels $ith a length greater than "!! metres and vessels $ith a draught greater than >;> metres mustnot use the $aters bet$een a straight line from Sandnes 9>?W!!*#?`(!!>WB>*"?È: to the $estern brin2 of angGy 9>?W!!*>?`( !!>WB>*@@È: anda straight line from the southern brin2 of VassGy 9> W>?*C>`( !!>WB@* BÈ:to Nobbstein 9> W>?*C@`( !!>WB#* CÈ:;

Section "!?; 9,an on use of the $aters on the stretch Fognaf=orden to rdal:

Vessels $ith a length greater than " ! metres or a draught greater than @metres must not use the $aters inside a straight line from SGr S2orneset tothe eastern headland at Ei2eli; Section ""!; 9,an on passing on the stretch Fognaf=orden to rdal:



Vessels must not pass other vessels in the $aters on the stretch bet$een astraight line from SGr S2orneset to Ei2eliodden and a line fromNvannholmen to indet_ni;


Section """; 9Visibility re8uirements on the stretch Fognaf=orden to rdal:

Vessels $ith a length greater than ?! metres must not use the $aters on thestretch bet$een a straight line from SGr S2orneset to Ei2eliodden and a linefrom Nvannholmen to indet_ni $hen visibility is less than !;> nautical mile;

Section "" ; 9,an on use of the $aters on the stretch (edstrandsf=ordenSandsf=orden Saudaf=orden to Sauda:

Vessels $ith a length greater than " ! metres must not use the $aters eastof Nviteholmen beacon;

Section ""C; 9Re8uirement that voyages on the stretch (edstrandsf=ordenSandsf=orden Saudaf=orden to Sauda ta2e place in daylight:

Vessels $ith a gross tonnage in e4cess of @*!!! tonnes shall only use the$aters on the stretch bet$een Nviteholmen beacon in the $est and (evGyabeacon in the east in daylight;

Section ""B; 9,an on passing on the stretch (edstrandsf=ordenSandsf=orden Saudaf=orden to Sauda:

In the $aters bet$een a straight line dra$n from the $estern brin2 of '=Grnaneset to the southern brin2 of Reiphammarodden and a straight line

dra$n from ynestangen in a C"!W direction to shore at ,rattberg* vesselsmust only pass other vessels on the follo$ing stretches&

a: in Nallvi2havet on the stretch S2orpes2= ret -ttGya beacon;

b: Fureholmen sarGyholmen;



c: from 1amborgneset to the south5$estern brin2 of (evGyna;

In the instances mentioned in the first paragraph* vessels must maintain adistance of at least !;> nautical mile from other vessels sailing in the same

direction;Section "">; 9Visibility re8uirements on the stretch (edstrandsf=ordenSandsf=orden Saudaf=orden to Sauda:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo and vessels $ith a grosstonnage in e4cess of @*!!! tonnes must not use the $aters on the stretchbet$een a straight line from the $estern brin2 of '=Grnaneset to thesouthern brin2 of Reiphammarodden and a straight line from ynestangen

in a C"!W direction to shore at ,rattberg if visibility is less than !;> nauticalmile; Section ""#; 9,an on use of the $aters on the stretch S2udenesf=ordenNarmsundet Sletta:

Vessels $ith a draught greater than "" metres must not use the $aters onthe stretch bet$een a line directly east from ,Gneset to shore at Mo2sheimand a line directly $est from (ordheims2= r to shore at NarmGy;

Section ""@; 9,an on passing on the stretch S2udenesf=orden NarmsundetSletta:

Vessels must not pass other vessels under Narmsundbrua bridge* in the$aters C!! metres north and south of the bridge or in the strait at ,u22Gy onthe stretch bet$een a line in a !>!W direction from the northern brin2 of ,u22Gy to shore north of Vormedal and a straight line from the south5eastbrin2 of ,u22Gy to the Sni2spynten beacon if&

a: the vessel is carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo and has a lengthgreater than "!! metres

b: the vessel has a length greater than " ! metres

c: visibility is less than !;> nautical mile;




Section "" ; 9,an on transit on the stretch S2udenesf=orden NarmsundetSletta:

'he follo$ing vessels must not use Narmsundet for transit&

a: vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo $ith a length greater than "B! metres or a draught greater than metres

b: vessels $ith a length greater than " ! metres or a draught greater

than ;> metres

c: passenger vessels $ith a length greater than "! metres or a draughtgreater than ;> metres

Section ""?; 9Visibility re8uirements on the stretch S2udenesf=ordenNarmsundet Sletta:

Vessels $ith a length greater than " ! metres or a draught greater than @metres must not use Narmsundet for transit $hen visibility is less than !;>nautical mile;

Section " !; 9Visibility re8uirements at Fal2eidfl et on the stretch ,illingenN_rstG terminal:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo must not use the $aters insidestraight lines dra$n from ,illingen lantern in a direction directly north toshore at N_rstG and from ,illingen lantern in a C>W direction to shore at

Austre ,o2n $hen visibility is less than !;> nautical mile;Section " "; 9,an on use of the $aters on the stretch ,illingen N_rstGterminal:

In the $aters inside straight lines dra$n from ,illingen lantern in a directiondirectly north to shore at N_rstG and from ,illingen lantern in a C>W



Section " ; 9,an on transit in the $aters on the stretch Vatlestraumen toSotra bridge:

'he follo$ing vessels must not use the $aters from 1illeren beacon in the

south to Sotra bridge in the north for transit&a: vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo $ith a length greater than ">! metres

b: vessels $ith a length greater than !! metres

c: passenger vessels $ith a length greater than >> metres;

%alling at or departing from doc2s* anchorage sites or mooring sites in allthe $aters bet$een 1illeren beacon in the south and S2=elanger beacon inthe north is not considered transit traffic;

Section " ?; 9,an on transit in the $aters on the stretch +et nauaS2=el=anger:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo $ith a length greater than @!metres and vessels $ith a draught greater than # metres must not use the$aters from +et naua lantern in the south to S2=el=anger beacon in the north

for transit;'he first paragraph does not apply to passenger vessels in regular service;

Section "C!; 9,an on passing in +et naua:

Vessels $ith a length greater than >! metres must not pass other vessels inthe $aters bet$een +et naua lantern and Parisholmen lantern;

Section "C"; 9,an on passing in Ringholmsundet:

Vessels $ith a length greater than "!! metres must not pass other vesselsin the $aters from Ringholmen beacon in the south to S2=el=anger beacon inthe north;

Section "C ; 9,an on use of the $aters near Sture terminal: Vessels shall not use the $aters $ithin the follo$ing positions&



a: #!WCC*>?J ( !!BWB?*>?J E

b: #!WC *@?J ( !!BWB?* "J E

c: #!WC *#>J ( !!BWB?*C>J Ed: #!WC *B#J ( !!BWB?*?>J E

e: #!WC *B"J ( !!BW>!* J E

f: #!WC * "J ( !!BW>"*!BJ E

'he first paragraph does not apply to vessels that are to call at or departfrom Sture terminal and vessels that assist during arrival and departure;

Section "CC; 9,an on use of the $aters near Rongev rosen:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo and vessels $ith a lengthgreater than "!! metres must not use the $aters bet$een Rongev r beacon in the south and Rongev rsund beacon in the north;

Section "CB; 9,an on use of the $aters near Rongev rs2allen:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo must not use the $atersbet$eenRongev rs2allen 9#!W>!*! `( !!BWB>*@ `E: and RGvels2= ret mar2er;

Section "C>; 9,an on use of the $aters near Mongstad oil refinery:

(avigation in the $aters that stretch from the shore at +yrGy and directlynorth to !! metres north of the refineryJs $esternmost point 9doc2 no; @:*and on$ards for a distance of !! metres from the refineryJs doc2 area upto !! metres east of the easternmost point of the doc2 area 9doc2 no; "B:is not permitted for any vessel* $ith the e4ception of vessels that are to callat or depart from Mongstad oil refinery and vessels that assist during arrivalat and departure from the refinery;

Section "C#; 9,an on transit in 1illesGyosen:



Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo that are sailing bet$een(yhamna and the anchorage sites in NarlsGyf=orden and Midf=orden mustuse the $aters through 0ulsundet;

Section "B ; 9,an on use of the $aters near the terminal at (yhamna:Vessels must not use the $aters $ithin an area defined by straight linesdra$n bet$een the follo$ing positions&

a: # W>"*>!̀ ( !!#W>#*@C`E 9Selsneset:

b: # W>"* !J ( !!#W> *!!J E

c: # W>"*!>`( !!#W>@*?#`E 9Steinneset:;

'he first paragraph does not apply to vessels that have clearance from theterminal at (yhamna and vessels that assist other vessels that have suchclearance;

Section "BC; 9Visibility re8uirements in the $aters around (yhamna:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo $ith a length greater than "@!metres must not use the caution area indicated on the (or$egian %oastal

AdministrationJs electronic charts Nystinfo $hen visibility is less than "

nautical mile;

Section "BB; 9-bligation to use an escort vessel in the $aters at (yhamna:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo must have an escort vesselattached $hen the vessel is en route in the caution area sho$n in the(or$egian %oastal AdministrationJs electronic charts Nystinfo ;

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo that use 1arGyf=orden or

Midf=orden on voyages bet$een the caution area sho$n in the (or$egian%oastal AdministrationJs electronic charts

Nystinfo and the pilot embar2ation area in ,reisundet must be assisted byan escort vessel east of 1ogsteinen lighthouse;



Section "B>; 9-bligation to use anchorage sites for vessels carryingha)ardous or no4ious cargo en route to or from (yhamna:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo en route to or from (yhamna

that need to anchor must use one of the follo$ing anchorage sites&a: the anchorage site in NarlsGyf=orden* $hich is indicated by straightlines dra$n bet$een the follo$ing positions&

# WB *#"J ( !!@W * #J E

# WB"*?>J ( !!@W"@*B!J E

# WB *?#J ( !!@W"@*B!J E

# WBC*##J ( !!@W * #J E

b: the anchorage site in Midf=orden* $hich is indicated by straight linesdra$n bet$een the follo$ing positions&

# WC?*B"J ( !!#W>#* J E

# WC * CJ ( !!#W>C*>BJ E

# WC?*#!J ( !!#W>C* !J E

# WC?* J ( !!#W>>*# J E

VI (avigation rules in Finnmar2

Section "B#; 9Re8uirements regarding use of the $aters in the entrance toMel2Gya:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo* that are to call at or departfrom the gas terminal at Mel2Gya* or anchor or depart from the anchorage

site in these $aters* must use the $aters $est of RolvsGya and east of SGrGya $hen navigating bet$een Mel2Gya and the pilot embar2ation area$est of Fruholmen;

Section "B@; 9,an on use of the $aters near the terminal at Mel2Gya:



Vessels must not use the $aters $ithin a radius of !! metres aroundMel2Gya; 'his does not apply to vessels that have clearance from theterminal at Mel2Gya;

Section "B ; 9,an on use of the $aters around the terminal at Mel2Gya:Vessels must not use the $aters inside a straight line dra$n from Meland9pos; @!WB!*#C`( ! CWC *B!`E: in a !W direction to the coordinates@!WC?*C!`( and ! CWCB*>!`E and then $ithin a radius of ";> nautical milesfrom the south5$estern brin2 of Mel2Gya* $hen the VardG V'S centre issuesa ban on use of the $aters in connection $ith arrival at or departure from theterminal at Mel2Gya;

'he first paragraph does not apply to vessels that have clearance from theterminal at Mel2Gya and vessels that assist vessels that have clearance; Section "B?; 9Visibility re8uirements on the stretch opphavetSGrGysundet Fruholmen:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo must not use the $atersbet$een Nar2en beacon in the south and Fruholmen beacon in the north$hen visibility is less than " nautical mile;

Section ">!; 9-bligation to use an escort vessel at the terminal at Mel2Gya:

Vessels carrying ha)ardous or no4ious cargo must use an escort vessel onarrival at or departure from the terminal at Mel2Gya;

-n voyages in the VardG V'S area* vessels as mentioned in the firstparagraph must have an escort vessel attached in the $aters bet$eenNar2en beacon in the south and itlen ringen beacon in the north; An

escort vessel must be attached before the vessel leaves the doc2 or anchorage site;

VII (avigation rules in Svalbard

Section ">"; 9Re8uirements for vessels that use A2selsundet:



Vessels that use A2selsundet must have their anchors ready for immediateuse; %re$ must be in position by the anchor;

Section "> ; 9,an on use of A2selsundet:

Vessels $ith a length greater than "#! metres must not use the $aters in A2selsundet east of Millarodden 9@@WBB*!>`( !"BW C*@#`E: $hen the speedof the current through the sound is greater than ";> 2nots or the $ind speedis in e4cess of "B metres per second;

'he $aters mentioned in the first paragraph must not be used by vessels$ith a length greater than >! metres or a draught greater than "> metres;

Section ">C; 9Visibility re8uirements in A2selsundet:

Vessels $ith a length greater than "#! metres must not use the $aters in A2selsundet east of Millarodden 9@@WBB*!>`( !"BW C*@#`E: $hen visibility is less than " nauticalmile;

Section ">B; 9,an on passing in A2selsundet:

Vessels $ith a length greater than >! metres and vessels carryingha)ardous or no4ious cargo must not pass other vessels in A2selsundet;


Section ">>; 9-bligation to use tugboats in A2selsundet:

Vessels $ith a length greater than "#! metres must be assisted by t$otugboats $hen passing A2selsundet* one of $hich must be attached before

the vessel passes A2selsundet and throughout the entire passage throughthe sound; Vessels must not commence their approach before confirmation has been obtained that the position of the light buoys inthe $aters has been chec2ed;

%hapter B; Routeing measures in the (or$egian economic )one



Section ">#; 9.eographic scope:

%hapter B applies in (or$ayJs economic )one and the affected parts of (or$ayJs territorial $aters $ith the restrictions that follo$ from internationalla$; 'he routeing measures apply to areas specified in the chapter;

Section ">@; 9'o $hom sections "> and "#? apply:

Section "> applies to the follo$ing categories of vessels&

a: oil tan2ers as defined in MARP- %onsolidated Edition !""* Anne4 I*

chemical tan2ers carrying no4ious li8uid substances in bul2 $hen thesubstances are

b: assessed or provisionally assessed as %ategory T or 3 in accordance$ith MARP- %onsolidated Edition !""* Anne4 II* and

c: vessels of >*!!! gross tonnes or more that transit or are involved ininternational voyages to and from (or$egian ports;

Section "> does not apply to any si)es or categories of vessels in domesticvoyages $ith passengers or cargo bet$een (or$egian ports;

Section ">? applies to all tan2ers regardless of si)e* including gas andchemical tan2ers* as $ell as all other cargo vessels of >*!!! gross tonnes or more* in international voyages on the stretch from VardG to RGst* $ith thee4ception of vessels that sail outside of (or$ayJs territorial $aters andeconomic )one;

Section "> ; 9Use of traffic separation schemes* routes and route systemsfor the stretch bet$een Egersund RisGr and the stretch bet$een Runde and

Utsira:

Vessels mentioned in section ">@* first paragraph* that operate on thestretches Egersund RisGr and Runde Utsira must use the trafficseparation schemes described in the (or$egian %oastal AdministrationJselectronic charts Nystinfo * $hich are part of these regulations;



Vessels must as far as practible follo$ the recommended routes for thestretch bet$een the traffic separation schemes;

Vessels involved in international voyages to (or$egian ports on the stretchfrom Runde to Utsira must as far as practicable follo$ the route systems upto the location $here a safe course can be set directly to the port;%orrespondingly* such vessels should on departing from a (or$egian portset a safe course directly to the closest traffic separation scheme and follo$the route systems from there; 'his applies also to vessels that call at(or$egian harbours for supplies or services; Section ">?; 9Use of traffic separation schemes* routes and route systems

for the stretch from VardG to RGst:

Vessels mentioned in section ">@* third paragraph* that operate on thestretch VardG RGst must use the traffic separation scheme described in the(or$egian %oastal AdministrationJs electronic charts Nystinfo * $hich arepart of these regulations;

Vessels must as far as practicable follo$ the recommended routes for thestretch bet$een the traffic separation schemes;

Vessels involved in international voyages to (or$egian ports on the stretchfrom VardG to RGst must as far as practicable follo$ the route systems up tothe location $here a safe course can be set directly to the port;%orrespondingly* such vessels should on departing from a (or$egian portset a safe course directly to the closest traffic separation scheme and follo$the route systems from there; 'his applies also to vessels that call at(or$egian harbours for supplies or services;

Section "#!; 9Supervision:

'he (or$egian %oastal Administration supervises that the provisions in thischapter are complied $ith;



Vessels that do not follo$ the routeing measures $ill be re8uested to follo$the measures by the (or$egian %oastal Administration; Vessels thatnevertheless do not follo$ the routeing measures upon a re8uest $ill bereported to their flag state;

%hapter >; %riminal liability;

Section "#"; 9%riminal liability:

Violation of the provisions in chapters and C of the regulations or individualdecisions made pursuant to these regulations are punishable pursuant tosection # of Act no; "? of "@ April !!? relating to harbours and fair$ays*etc; 9the 1arbour Act:;

%hapter #; Entry into force; Repeal of other regulations

Section "# ; 9Entry into force:

'hese regulations enter into force on " -ctober !">;

Regulation no; "# B of "> +ecember !!? relating to maritime traffic inspecific $aters is repealed on the same date;

'onclusion



Ma2ing this assignment $e reali)ed that the V'S is more than =ust acommunication system* is a completed and comple4 tool for our maritime industry*bet$een more $e learn about it* more $e understand capacity of this system;

6e understood that is our responsibility to ta2e $iliness to search and go beyond

of this information because this is something that $e $ill use in our career asseafarers beside it is our duty to learn all the re8uirements and regulations by thela$ in order to be up date $ith this important matter;

Finally I may conclude that (or$ay is a country $ith a good record profile in hismaritime legacy* no$ todays they =ust see the result of good decisions andmanagement; 'hat is $hy $e see them as a small country obtaining greatestprofits in the maritime aspect;



Glossary

"; Accredited Training Institute3 An establishment approved by a competentauthority for the purposes of training V'S personnel and is in possession of avalid %ertificate of Accreditation;

; Advice3 SM%P defines A+VI%E as a communication $here by the messageimplies the intention of the sender to influence the recipient by arecommendation;

C; Aid to Navigation3 Any device or system* e4ternal to a vessel* $hich isprovided to help a mariner determine position and course* to $arn of dangers or of obstructions* or to give advice about the location of a best or preferred route;

B; Allied Services3 Allied Services are services actively involved in the safe andefficient passage of the vessel through the V'S area;

>; A00roved Training +rogramme3 A course of study* follo$ing IA A V"!Cstandards* for prospective and currently engaged V'S personnel at an

Accredited 'raining Institute andOor -n5the50ob training carried out at theappropriate V'S %entre;

#; Automatic Identification System 1AIS23 AIS is an autonomous and continuousbroadcast system* operating in the V1F maritime mobile band that ma2es itpossible to monitor ships from other ships* and from shore based stations;

@; Shi0s eKui00ed with AIS3 meeting any$here on earth $ill be able to identifyand trac2 each other $ithout being dependent on shore stations;

; 'om0etence3 'he ability to perform defined tas2s or duties effectively;



?; 'om0etent Authority3 'he authority made responsible* in $hole or in part* bya .overnment for the safety* including environmental safety* and efficiency of vessel traffic and the protection of the environment;

"!; Automatic Identification System 1AIS23 is a radio transponder beacon

designed as a navigational aid to provide maritime information e4change; 'heimplementation of this system is e4pected to substantially enhance safety atsea;

""; 'OL EGS3 International Regulations for Preventing %ollisions at Sea* "?@ asamended; 'hey enhance safe navigation by prescribing the conduct of vesselsunder$ay* specify the display of internationally5understood lights and soundsignals and set out collision avoidance actions in close 8uarters situations;

" ;A +A3 is automatic radar plotting aid that allo$s manual and automatic target

ac8uisition and trac2ing;"C;E'"IS3 is an electronic chart display and information system* type approveddisplaying approved vectorised or raster electronic charts;

"B;"ata recording devices & are systems capable of recording all operational dataconcerned $ith the compilation of the traffic image; 'his $ill typically includeradar O AIS data and all communications and $ill permit the replay of data insupport of incident analysis;

">; "istance Se0aration3 is a 'raffic -rganisation and Management techni8ue in$hich vessels allocated a minimum distance bet$een each other in order totransit the $hole or certain areas and restricted passages; Allocated* institutedand monitored by the V'S; -verta2ing restrictions andOor minimum passingdistances may apply;

"#; Incident3 An event* such as a non5compliance* $hich is not considered seriousenough to be classified as an accident;

"@;Instruction3 SM%P defines I(S'RU%'I-( as a communication $here by themessage implies the intention of the sender to influence the recipient by aRegulation;

" ;Maritime Assistance Service 1MAS23 MAS means a service responsible for receiving reports in the event of incidents and serving as the point of contactbet$een the shipmaster and the authorities of the coastal State in the event of an incident 5 IM- Resolution A;?>!9 C: refers;



"?; +lace of efuge3 A place $here a ship in need of assistance can ta2e action toenable it to stabilise its condition and reduce ha)ards to navigation* and toprotect human life and the environment;

!; efresher Training3 'raining re8uired by the %ompetent andOor V'S Authority

in order to ensure that the level of competence is maintained appropriate to thetype9s: of service provided by the particular V'S %entre $hen* for e4ample*there has been a brea2 in service* ne$ e8uipment installed or ne$ operatingprocedures have been introduced;

"; evalidation Training3 'raining re8uired by the %ompetent andOor V'S Authority in order to revalidate a V'S -perator %ertificate; 'he period of revalidation training is determined by the %ompetent andOor V'S;,essel Traffic Service3 A service implemented by a %ompetent Authority*

designed to improve the safety and efficiency of vessel traffic and to protect theenvironment; 'he service should have the capability to interact $ith the trafficand respond to traffic situations developing in the V'S area 5 IM- Resolution;

C;,TS Authority3 'he authority $ith responsibility for the management* operationand co5ordination of the V'S* interaction $ith participating vessels* and the safeand effective provision of the service;

B;,TS Area3 'he delineated* formally declared service area of the V'S; A V'Sarea may be subdivided in sub5areas or sectors;

>;,TS 'entre3 'he centre from $hich the V'S is operated; Eachsub5area of the V'S may have its o$n sub5centre;

#;,TS Manager3 Some V'S organi)ations may re8uire the appointment of amanager to administer and interface $ith regional or port managementauthorities; In such circumstances the manager should possess managerial8ualifications to satisfaction of the %ompetent Authority;



A)) E,IATIONS

78 AIS Automatic Identification System58 A +A Automatic Radar Plotting Aid>8 'AS %ollision Avoidance System

8 ')A %ost ,enefit Analysis8 ''T, %losed %ircuit 'eleVision 9Surveillance:8 'OL EGS International Regulations for Preventing %ollisions at Sea

C8 'OG %ourse -ver the .roundD8 '+A %losest Point of Approach;8 "'+A +istance to %losest Point of Approach768"GNSS +ifferential .lobal (avigation Satellite System778 "G+S +ifferential .lobal Positioning System758"+ +ynamic Positioning7>8"S' +igital Selective %alling7 8E'"IS Electronic %hart +isplay and Information System7 8E'S Electronic %hart System7 8E"I Electronic +ata Interchange7C8EN' Electronic (avigation %hart7D8E+I ) Emergency Position Indicating Radio ,eacon7;8ETA Estimated 'ime of Arrival568ET" Estimated 'ime of +eparture578GALILEO .lobal (avigation Satellite System* EU558GLONASS .lobal (avigation Satellite System* Russia5>8GLOSS .lobal Sea evel -bserving System5 8GM"SS .lobal Maritime +istress and Safety System5 8G+S 'he .lobal Positioning System5 8$A MAT 1a)ardous Material5C8$MI 1uman5Machine Interface5D8IA'S International Association of %lassification Societies5;8IAMSA International Aeronautical K Marine Search K Rescue Manual>68I" Identification>78IMO International Maritime -rgani)ation>58IM+A International Maritime Pilots< Association>>8IMSO International Mobile Satellite -rgani)ation> 8INMA SAT International Maritime Satellite -rgani)ation> 8IN! Irradiated (uclear Fuel on board Ships %ode> 8INS Integrated (avigation System>C8INS Information Service 9V'S:>D8ISO International -rgani)ation for Standardi)ation>;8L+S ocal Port Services

68L IT ong Range Identification and 'rac2ing



78MA +OL International %onvention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships"?@CO"?@

58MAS Maritime Assistance Service>8ME"E,A' Medical Evacuation

8ME+' Marine Environment Protection %ommittee 9%ommittee of IM-:8ML' Maritime abour %onvention8MMSI Maritime Mobile Service Identity

C8M '' Maritime Rescue %o5ordination %entreD8MS' Maritime Safety %ommittee 9Standing %ommittee of IM-:;8MT)! Mean 'ime ,et$een Failures68MTT Mean 'ime 'o Repair78NAS (avigational Assistance Service 9V'S:58+LA Prior earning Assessment>8+LA Prior earning Assessment and Recognition

8+SSA Particularly Sensitive Sea Area8 A'ON Radar Response ,eacon8 '' Rescue %o5ordination %entre

C8 '"S Raster %hart +isplay SystemD8 "! Radio +irection Finder;8 IS River Information Service68SM'+ Standard Marine %ommunication Phrases78SOLAS %onvention on the Safety -f ife At Sea58S+A Special Protection Area>8S S Ship Reporting System

8ST'( Standards of 'raining* %ertification K 6atch2eeping for Seafarers8ST"MA Self -rganising 'ime +ivision Multiple Access8TOS 'raffic -rgani)ation Service 9V'S:

C8TSS 'raffic Separation SchemeD8 N'LOS United (ations %onvention on the a$ of the Sea;8," Voyage +ata Recorder

C68," Visual +isplay UnitC78,$! Very 1igh Fre8uency 9radio in the C!5C!! M1) band:C58,TMIS Vessel 'raffic Management and Information SystemC>8,TS Vessel 'raffic ServicesC 8,TSO Vessel 'raffic Services -peratorC 8(MO 6orld Meteorological -rgani)ation



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http&OO$$$;nor$ay;grO(e$s and eventsO,usinessO'he5(or$egian5maritime5industryO

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Services;asp4

http&OO$$$;terma;comOsecurity5surveillanceOradar5systemsOvessel5traffic5servicesO

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services5vtsO

http&OO$$$;pmo;irOpso contentOmediaOfilesO !"CO"O "@#;pdf

http://www.norway.gr/News_and_events/Business/The-Norwegian-maritime-industry/


http://www.nortrade.com/sectors/view/?sectorName=Maritime


http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Navigation/Pages/VesselTrafficServices.aspx


http://www.terma.com/security-surveillance/radar-systems/vessel-traffic-services/


http://www.frequentis.com/fr/us/solutions-portfolio/maritime/products-and-solutions/maritime-communication-systems-mcs/vessel-traffic-services-vts/



http://www.pmo.ir/pso_content/media/files/2013/1/22176.pdf



http://www.nortrade.com/sectors/view/?sectorName=Maritime









http://www.pmo.ir/pso_content/media/files/2013/1/22176.pdf

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