traditional knowledge of adi tribe of arunachal pradesh on...
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Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge
Vol. 8(2), April 2009, pp. 146-153
Traditional knowledge of Adi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh on plants
R C Srivastava & Adi community
Botanical Survey of India, Arunachal Pradesh Circle, Post Box No 127, Itanagar 791111, Arunachal Pradesh
E-mail: [email protected]
Received 20 January 2008; revised 9 May 2008
Arunachal Pradesh, falling under Easter Himalayan region one of the global mega-diversity centers, is a botanical
paradise and the home of 110 ethnic communities (tribes) most of which are still forest dwellers and so diverse that they can
not understand each others language. Hindi is gradually becoming popular among the persons, who are near townships. The
paper throws light on different uses of 108 species of plants in day-to-day life of the people belonging to Adi ethnic
community of Arunachal Pradesh.
Keywords: Ethnobotany, Adi, Nyishi, Arunachal Pradesh
IPC Int. Cl.8: A61K36/00, A61P1/02, A61P1/04, A61P1/08, A61P5/00, A61P5/50, A61P9/00, A61P11/00, A61P21/00,
A61P29/00, A61P39/02
Ethnobotany is the study of the different uses of
plants in day to day life of the ethnic communities.
The word Ethnobotany was first used by Dr John
Harsberger of the University of Pennsylvania in an
address to the University Archeological Association
on December 04, 1895 to describe the study of plants
used by primitive and aboriginal people and was
widely accepted and first time adopted by J Walter
Fewnes in 1896. The subject ethnobotany is divided
into many sub-disciplines according to sub-groups of
plant kingdom, like, ethnoalgology, ethnomycology,
ethnobryology, ethnopteridology, ethnolichenology,
etc. and special aspects of botany, like classification
systems, medicinal uses, palaeobotany, ecology, etc.
are termed as ethnotaxonomy, ethnomedicobotany,
palaeoethnobotany and ethnoecology respectively.
Now a days the subject is emerging under specialized
titles like ethnopharmacology, ethnomedicine,
ethnogynaecology, ethnopaediatrics, ethnoagriculture,
ethnobiology, ethnomusicology, etc. and separate
journals have been published on some of these
subjects.
Arunachal Pradesh spread over an area of 83,743 sq
km has a rich biodiversity due to variations in altitude
from 150-6,500 m and the unique climatic conditions.
The original inhabitants of Arunachal Pradesh belong
to 26 major tribes and 110 sub-tribes. The tribes have
their own culture, tradition and medicinal system of
treatment and knowledge acquired through close
observation of nature. They are store house of
indigenous knowledge which is yet to be
documented. Only sporadic publications have been
brought out on ethnobotanical knowledge of some
tribes of Arunachal Pradesh1-7
. But comprehensive
and thorough study is yet to be made. People of
Arunachal Pradesh still solely depend up on forest
plants. They use many plants in their day to day life.
During the study, an attempt has been made to
document the traditional knowledge of Adi tribe about
various uses of plants in their day to day life
(Figs 1-17). A scrutiny of the literature and the field
surveys has revealed the information about 108
species. These are enumerated below. The text
includes Latin names (accepted names in bold letters
and synonyms or basionyms in italcs) followed by
family name (in parenthesis) and the vernacular
names in italics.
Abroma augusta (L.) L.f., (Sterculiaceae), Yadukh
Decoction of stem bark is given twice a day for
dysentery and vomiting.
Acacia rugata (Lamk.) Viogt, Acacia concinna,
(Willd.) DC. (Fabaceae), Riji
Paste of pounded stem is thrown into stream to
stupefy the fish.
SRIVASTAVA & ADI COMMUNITY: TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE OF ADI TRIBE OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH
147
Ageratum conyzoides L., (Asteraceae), Yabum
Leaf paste is applied on swollen parts to relieve
pain. Plant juice is applied twice daily in red eye
(conjunctivitis). All the three tribes apply leaf paste,
leaf juice on cuts and wound to check bleeding and
early healing. Plants are pounded and made into pills
of the size of pea. One pill thrice a day is
administered to cure blood dysentery (colitis).
Alpinia malaccensis Presl, (Zingiberaceae),
Puprere
Fruits are edible and aromatic. Rhizomes are eaten
as boiled vegetable.
Artemisia indica Willd., (Asteraceae), Laglin
Boiled leaves are eaten to get relief from asthma;
aromatic smell of plant clears the nose blockade,
when inhaled. Bath with diluted leaf juice gives relief
in itching and skin allergy. Fresh leaf juice is dropped
in eyes to cure redness of eyes but is painful. Leaf
paste is applied on back, or leaf spread over bed give
relief in back pain. Fomentation by leaves gives relief
in headache.
Arundinaria callosa Munro, (Poaceae), Bud-Buji
Rope made from bark is very hard and durable.
Asplenium phyllitidis D.Don subsp. malesicum
Holttum, (Aspleniaceae), Patatak
Plants used in festival for decoration.
Baliospermum calycinum, Muell. Arg.,
(Euphorbiaceae), Gilgal
Leaves (cooked) are eaten as vegetable.
Bambusa tulda Benth., (Poaceae), Tabbe
Stem is used for making flute locally called eloo. It
is used by priest during Dree festival. The sound is
believed to keep evil spirits away.
Bauhinea variegata L. (Fabaceae), Pacham
Tender leaves and flowers (cooked) are eaten as
vegetable.
Begonia griffithiana(DC.) Warb,.B.episcopalis
Clark, (Begoniaceae),Sudum Meku
Leaves (cooked) are eaten as vegetable, but the
taste is sour.
Blumea fistulosa Kurz. (Asteraceae), Rumdum
Leaves (cooked) are eaten as vegetable; boiled leaf
is given in diarrhoea.
Callicarpa arborea Miq. ex C.B.Clarke
(Verbenaceae), Tato,Yalu, Yahorin
Tender branches are used as tooth brush for relief
in toothache. Paste of leaf or bark is applied on
scorpion sting. Bark is used for skin diseases; also
used as substitute for Areca catechu by old people.
Campylandra aurantiaca Baker, (Liliaceae), Dipa
Talo
Pieces of rhizomes are taken as tonic and in
stomach disorders, considered to be aphrodisiac.
Carica papaya L., (Caricaceae), Omita
Three or four flowers are boiled and taken twice a
day to improve hearing capacity. Boiled raw fruits
with salt or ripe fruits are eaten to increase lactation.
Chenopodium album Bosc. ex Moq.
(Chenopodiaceae), Taye
Seeds are eaten; also used in preparing local drink,
Apong. Seed paste is added to boil rice and water;
mixture is kept for two days to increase the rate of
fermentation.
Chromolaena odoratum (L.), R M King &
H.Robinson, (Asteraceae), Telimbabo
Leaf juice and paste is applied in fresh cuts and
wounds to stop bleeding and to relieve pain.
Fomentation with young leaves gives relief in
headache and fever by Nyishi tribe.
Citrus medica L., (Rutaceae), Jipin
Ripe fruits (sweet tasted) are eaten.
Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp.,
(Verbenaceae), Tapen
Tender leaves are taken as vegetable; leaf-
decoction (3-4 teaspoonful) twice daily is considered
effective in reducing blood pressure.
Clerodendrum kaempferi (Jacq.) Siebold., C.
squamatum Vahl, (Verbenaceae), Tapen
Tender leaves are eaten as vegetable.
Coptis teeta Wall. (Ranunculaceae), Rinko;
Idu-Aro
Rhizomes with water are eaten as tonic; also taken
in fever, headache and gastric trouble.
Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore,
(Asteraceae), Hogegain
INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 8, NO. 2, APRIL 2009
148
Whole plant is eaten either fresh or boiled; leaf
juice is applied on cuts to prevent bleeding; pain is
relieved and the wound is healed up quickly.
Crepis japonica Benth (Asteraceae), Rum Dum
Entire plant is cooked as vegetable; fresh leaves are
eaten.
Cyathea andersonii (Schott. ex Bedd.) Copel,
(Cyatheaceae), Taste
Core is dried removing the stem bark and ground;
powder thus obtained is used as substitute of wheat
flour.
Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook.,
(Cyatheaceae),Tange
Stems (after removing bark) are fed to cattle.
Cyclosorus parasiticus (L.) Farewel
(Thelypteridaceae), Rukdik
Tender shoots (fronds) are used for giving
fomentation to the gout and rheumatism.
Debregeasia longifolia Wedd. (Urticaceae),
Jirepole
Tender leaves are boiled and taken; fruits are eaten
by birds.
Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees & Arn. ex Munro,
(Poaceae),Ea
Tender shoot is used to prepare hiyup, a sour-tasted
pickle. Stem is used in religious and marriage
ceremony; scape, locally called hipuk is particularly
used in marriage ceremony. Beotop, a kind of
umbrella is made from scape.
Dendrocalamus strictus Nees (Poaceae), Taok
This is planted in house and in places of worship. It
is believed to keep devil spirits away; plant is used in
Meoko festival for decoration. Stem is used for
making arrow. Bark is used as rope which is very
hard.
Dicranopteris linearis (N.Burm.) Underw,
(Gleicheniaceae), Ollo
Inner core of stem after removing bark are fastened
on chest and belly for protection against arrow.
Drymaria diandra Bl. (Caryophyllaceae), Kado
kairo
Leaf-juice is applied to skin diseases. Whole plant
paste mixed with bile of goat, boar or fish is applied
on ringworm. Vapour of stem and leaf juice gives
relief in sinus. Adi people mix 3-4 plants with fruits of
guava and eat in gastric problem.
Elatostema platyphyllum Wedd., (Urticaceae),
Sakobadha
Fresh root juice is used for vomiting.
Eleusine coracana Gaertn., (Poaceae), Tami
Country liquor Apung is made from the grains; ash
of grain (Tachoo) is taken twice in cough, cold,
congestion and for neutralizing wine.
Elsholtzia blanda Benth. (Lamiaceae), Bok Pomro
Tender leaf paste with common salt is applied to
old wounds of cattle to clear of pus and maggot.
Equisetum ramossissium var. debile (Roxb. ex
DC.)Hauke, E. debile Roxb. ex DC., (Equisetaceae),
Isstape
Plant is used by the local priest in religious
ceremony.
Erianthus rufipilus Griseb., (Poaceae), Pilu
Tender stem (culm) is eaten when one is thirsty
while working in the jungle; entire plant is used in
festivals for decoration.
Erigeron bonariensis Hort. ex Link (Asteraceae),
Daglentado
Vapour of leaves is inhaled in sinus problems.
Eryngium foetidum Forsk. (Apiaceae), Hariyo
Paste of stem and leaves is applied on forehead in
headache. Seed-powder is used in madness. Leaves
are used to make chutney with leaves of Centella
asiatica.
Fagopyrum esculantum Moench. (Polygonaceae),
Amintatek
Leaves are cooked and served as vegetable; ripe
fruits are eaten.
Ficus auriculata Lour. (Moraceae), Hote
Ripe fruits are eaten.
Ficus hirta Vahl, F.roxburghii Miq. (Moraceae),
Takchi
Fruits are given to pigs as food.
SRIVASTAVA & ADI COMMUNITY: TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE OF ADI TRIBE OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH
149
Forrestia mollissima Kood, (Commelinaceae),
Tachar Parin
Entire plant is crushed and the juice is applied to
the arrowhead to make the arrow poison.
Gerbera piloselloides Cass (Asteraceae), Pangnesir
Leaves are used for giving hot fomentation to
relieve rheumatic pain.
Gnaphalium affine D. Don (Asteraceae), Buli
Dried plants are used as fuel.
Grewia serrulata DC. (Tiliaceae), Hakobangi
Stem bark is used as rope.
Hedychium gracile Roxb. (Zingiberaceae), Bibu
Plant is offered to drive away evil spirit by local
priest called Dundai, when a person is suffering from
diseases.
Hydrangia robusta Hook.f. & Thoms.
(Hydrangeaceae), Takmi
Leaves are cooked and served as vegetable.
Limacia oblonga Miers, (Menispermaceae),
Titmilie
Ripe sweet fruits are edible.
Litsea citrata Bl., (Lauraceae), Taier
Both ripe and unripe fruits are edible; used as
substitute of spices during preparation of vegetables,
curry and meat. Pickle is prepared from the fragrant
fruit.
Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. (Lauraceae), Tayer
Pounded fruits and leaves mixed with water are
orally taken twice daily in blood dysentery, stomach
trouble and fever. Leaf paste is also applied on
forehead in case of headache. Fresh ripe or unripe
fruits are eaten as a remedy for cold and cough and
also for good sleep. Fresh fruits are edible and also
used as spice; fruits and seeds are used as condiment.
Seeds are chewed in case of thread worm infection.
Aqueous paste of bark is applied on bone fracture.
Lycopodium clavatum L. (Lycopodiaceae),
Dogomiri
Entire plant is used in marriage ceremony for
decoration.
Macaranga denticulata (Bl.) Muell.-Arg.,
(Euphorbiaceae), Yaduk
Leaves are used during religious and marriage
ceremony; leaf juice is applied on wounds.
Melastoma malabathricum L. (Melastomataceae),
Pudiraju
Fruits are edible; stem is used as toothbrush; fruits
cause shining of teeth; fruits are offered to God for
better yield of paddy.
Melothria heterophylla (Lour.) Cogn.,
(Cucrubitaceae), Kubumiku
Unripe and ripe fruits are eaten.
Metathelpteris gracilescens (Bl.) Ching,
(Thelypteridaceae), Rudtak
Frond juice is applied on itching. Fronds are also
useful in cuts for immediate healing. The pinnae are
warmed above fire and tied with the help of a cloth to
relieve body ache. Fronds are used in small quantity
in preparation of local drink (Apung) by ethnic
groups; fronds are kept over flame to make hot for
fermentation twice or thrice a day for two days to
relieve body pain.
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. (Fabaceae), Dimpa
Stem-juice is applied on eyes to relieve pain and to
cure diseases.
Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack. (Rutaceae),
Nyibumtarum
Ripe fruits are eaten.
Musa acuminata Colla (Musaceae), Kulu
Fruits are edible when ripe; unripe fruits are used as
vegetable.
Musa sapientum L. (Musaceae), Kulu
Fruits and stem are taken as food. Fruits are eaten
by pig. Entire plants are used in all festivals. Juice of
stem and leaves are applied over swollen feet and skin
disorders.
Mussaenda roxburghii Hook. f. (Rubiaceae),
Tangmeng
Leaves are cooked and served as vegetable.
Mycetia longifolia (Wall.) O. Ktze, (Rubiaceae),
Tangmge
Leaves are cooked and eaten as vegetable.
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150
Odontosoria chinensis (L.) J.Smith,,Trichomanes
chinense L., Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) Maxon,
(Lindsaeaceae), Getepatey
Paste of fronds is rubbed against swollen portion of
body and sprain of feet.
Osbeckia nepalensis Hook. f. (Melastomataceae),
Pudirasa
Ripe fruits are edible.
Osbeckia nutans Wall. ex C.B. Clarke
(Melastomataceae), Jikenemi
Ripe fruits are edible; important plant used in all
kind of festivals by Adi tribe.
Oxyspora paniculata (D. Don) DC.,
(Melastomataceae ), Porkejale
Stem is used as tooth brush (datoon), fruits are
eaten for shining of teeth, flowers are offered to
deities to get better yield of paddy; stem after
removing bark is eaten.
Perilla ocymoides L., Perilla frutescens Britton,
(Lamiaceae), Namdung
Seed paste is used to enhance the taste of curry-
soup; also used as a substitute of mustard oil or
spices. A sweet dish (Laddu) is prepared in Pasighat
area of East Siang district from its flour, which smells
like that of Alsi or Teesi (Linum usitassimum.).
Leaves are eaten as vegetable.
Physalis minima L., (Solanaceae), Bodopati
Juice extracted from crushed leaves and fruits are
administered with water twice daily for at least one
week as remedy for gastric troble by Adi and Apatani
people. Berries are edible.
Pilea bracteosa Wedd. (Urticaceae), Guge
Fresh or cooked leaves are used as vegetable.
Piper attenuatum Buch.- Ham. ex Wall.,
(Piperaceae), Dolopann
Fresh leaves are mixed with tobacco leaves and
used for smoking.
Piper sylvaticum Roxb., (Piperaceae), Rari
Leaves are used as vegetable.
Plantago erosa Wall. (Plantginaceae), Doni-
hankang
Leaves either raw or boiled are used as vegetable
and considered as remedy for constipation; also
improves digestion.
Polygonum chinensis var. ovalifolia Meissn.,
(Polygonaceae), Amintaktabe
Ripe sweet fruits are eaten.
Polygonum pubescens Bl. (Polygonaceae), Tamu
Whole plant paste is thrown into stream. This
stupefies the fish and makes them float up, helping an
easy catch.
Polygonum nepalense Meissn., (Polygonaceae),
Ruri
Entire plant is crushed and eaten as chutney.
Pouzolzia hirta Hassk. (Urticaceae), Oike
Stem and leaves are used as vegetable. It is
considered by Adi tribes to increase lactation in
women.
Pronephrium lakhimpurense (Rosenst.) Holttum,
Dryopteris lakhimpurense Rosenst,
Abacopterislakhimpurense (Rosenst.) Ching,
(Thelypteridaceae), Ruhra
Whole plant is used in worship of God during
illness.
Pseudocyclosorus tylodes (Kunze) Ching,
Thelypteris tylodes (Kunze) Ching,
Aspidium tylodes Kunze, (Thelypteridaceae), Rukdik
Dried fronds powder mixed with pounded rice and
water is kept for at least for two days for fermentation
to prepare local liquor Apong.
Pteridium aquilinum (L.)Kuhn, Pteris aquilina L.,
(Pteridaceae) Rukji
Whole plant is used by the local priest in religious
ceremony.
Quercus dealbata Hook.f. & Thoms, ex Miq.,
(Fagaceae), Rajap
Leaves and flowers are used in Apatani festivals;
woods are used for preparing poles and wooden
materials for house construction.
Rhaphidophora decursiva Schott. (Araceae),
Tachitali
Plant is used in festivals to keep the evil spirits
away.
Rhaphidophora lancifolia Schott., (Araceae),
Tachitale
Entire plant is used in religious ceremony to cure
disease.
SRIVASTAVA & ADI COMMUNITY: TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE OF ADI TRIBE OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH
151
Rhynchotechum calycinum C.B. Clarke
(Gesneriaceae), Jaro
Leaves are used in funeral ceremony. Leaves are
cooked as vegetable.
Rubia manjith Roxb. ex Flem. (Rubiaceae), Tamin
Plant is used as red dye; stem decoction is used to
dye yarn red; roots are also used as red dye for
colouring of clothes, articles, etc. Powdered root
mixed with water is taken orally against cold and
cough; often roots are chewed for the same purpose;
root powder is also applied on forehead in case of
headache.
Rubus insignis Hook. f., (Rosaceae), Taptere
Leaves are eaten with bark of Callicarpa arborea
var. ovalifolia as substitute of betel (Piper betel)
leaves; lip turns red. Ripe sweet fruits are eaten.
Rubus paniculata Smith, (Rosaceae), Taptara
Leaves are eaten by Adi children as substitute for
betel leaves. Ripe sweet fruits are eaten.
Rubus rosaefolius Smith, (Rosaceae), Kibo-lepum
Sour fruits are edible.
Sapium baccatum Roxb. (Euphorbiaceae), Shigum
Sweet fruits are edible.
Saurauia armata Kurz, (Saurauiaceae), Himpum
Ripe fruits are edible. Sweet crushed young twigs
and leaves are applied on cuts and wounds to stop
bleeding and for healing.
Saurauia roxburghii Wall., (Saurauiaceae), Hinche
Leaves are used for preparing country liquor.
Bamboo basket is wrapped with leaves, boiled with
water and kept within the pot for few days. Leaves
promote quick fermentation. Ripe fruits are eaten.
Scoparia dulcis L. (Scrophulariaceae)
Paste of three to four plants with rhizome of
Curcuma longa paste is taken twice daily for the
treatment of jaundice and diabetes.
Selaginella wallichii (Hook. et Greve) Spring,
(Selaginellaceae), Hojum
Tender leaves are cooked and served as vegetable.
Sida acuta Burm. f. (Malvaceae), Holap
Tender leaves are cooked and taken as vegetable.
Silene heterophylla Freyn., (Caryophyllaceae),
Kubumeku
Sweet fruits are edible.
Solanum indicum L., (Solanaceae), Sotabayom
Fried fruits are eaten; bitter in taste.
Solanum kurzii Brace ex Prain, (Solanaceae), Tita
Baigun
Fruits are cooked as vegetable.
Solanum nigrum L., (Solanaceae)
Stem and leaves are used as vegetable and
considered digestive and as liver tonic. Berries are
eaten raw; raw/cooked leaves are eaten.
Solanum torvum Swartz, (Solanaceae), Byako
Fruits are cooked as vegetable.
Spilanthes paniculata Wall., (Asteraceae), Marsang
Flowers are chewed to cure toothache.
Spiradiclis bifida Wall. ex Kurz (Rubiaceae),Sokho
Leaves are boiled and taken as vegetable.
Styxis suaveolens Pierre Roydsia suaveolens Roxb,
(Capparaceae), Titegille
Sweet fruits are edible.
Symplocos racemosa Grah, (Styraceae), Tumle
Plants are used in religious ceremonies.
Tacca integrifolia Ker-Gawl. (Taccaceae), Tagoon
Rhizome paste is applied in wounds and in cracks
of heels for healing. Berries pounded and mixed with
water are taken in dysentery. It is also effective in
stomach disorder and stomach pain; decoction of
leaves along with normal salt is prescribed orally to
the patients suffering from blood dysentery and acute
diarrhoea. Overdose acts as poison; taste is bitter;
stem is cut into pieces, made into bundles, wrapped
with leaves and roasted on fire; juice thus extracted is
used to poison arrow heads.
Terminalia myriocarpa Van Heurck. & Muell.-
Arg., (Combretaceae), Gilak
Plants yield timber.
Thelypteris glanduligera (Kunze) Ching,
Thelypteris gracilescens var. glanduligera Kunze,
(Thelypteridaceae), Rukdik
Entire plant is used for preparing country liquor.
Leaves are used for giving hot fomentation to get
relief from pain.
INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 8, NO. 2, APRIL 2009
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SRIVASTAVA & ADI COMMUNITY: TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE OF ADI TRIBE OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH
153
Thunbergia coccinea Wall. ex D.Don,
(Acanthaceae), Pakrega
Flowers are used in festivals for decoration.
Trevesia palmata (Roxb.)Vis., (Araliaceae), Tago
Fruits are used as fish poison. Fruit paste mixed in
the water stream or pond stupefies the fish, facilitating
an easy catch.
Villebrunea frutescens Bl. (Urticaceae), Tappen
Dried leaf paste is applied as on skin diseases and
the wounds due to burn. Fresh leaves are used as a
poultice over cuts to relieve pain and to cure wounds.
Villebrunea integrifolia Gaudich., (Urticaceae),
Tane
Bark is used as rope; sometimes used as a substitute
of cotton thread for preparing fishing net.
Acknowledgement Author is grateful to the Director, Botanical Survey
of India, for facilities.
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