traduccion subsidencia

8/13/2019 TRADUCCION SUBSIDENCIA

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Table 9.2.2 So bsidence Fador and R atio of M2Ximom HoriUlntal Dis pJacement toMaximUm Possible So bsidenl'e . .

!oa" Field and Met#od of Pac$in%S&bsidence

Factor Raticf

004 5 . ( ).9 .()

. *+ .,+.. - . *+ ..+ .,+ / -*+..90 ' . .,+ .*+

.2+.'-' .,+ : .... .*

.*+ .++ .*.1 .9 ' .*

.(2 .

.3

.1 .,.1 .9 .,*.* .1 .,

.3+ .1+ .,

.1+ .9 .,+

.)+ .9 ., .+

.( 4)

.+ .)0.10-0040.,, .)+ .

5ritisb coa6 fields'716 .Solid stowing

8!a in% (' strip pac$in%RUM coal :eld4 ;ermant#er solid sto=in%?-. .!a i n%

@ort# and Pasode !al ais coAJ fBeld4France

H


2/31


3/31

288

: .

~I/


4/31

I"IJ

290 S tJRFA CE StJ BSJ1)EN CE

o1 0

20

30

'l O

F I.... a l f ac e poalllonI t\. '1', k::' R;~l d ~ 8 f 1 .1 1-s u s ldence -

1 I I I I1 0 . Su s ld e!ce lp! o f lle\01- #$en f ace stopp e%

& & \

F IJa l ' ul s& (e n~ ) b *~ I ...& h .~~ p!ot lle 2 .1 d e+ s: . ~ . \ \ af . te! fa ce s* o ppe &

-, . \ 1 I I I I&-~ I .J. ..d- .-l--

. &

-& s : 50E " 60

! , 7bE. : 80o . /~ 1//

2 .0 2 .01.0 - 1.0 0 .5 O 0 . 5 1 . 0 .1 . 5

Fa c e a d "8 c eept $

FIg. 9.2.7 Resid !l s bside"#e $%o&ile 12(. )o "es * + . . !lio"!l )o ! / o!%d.

s %&!#e - $o " !"d %ed #es o 2 o 3 i& b e &!#e h!s $ ! ssed be #% i i#!4id h. 2$ e . %!e' o& & !#e !d !" #e dete!3 n es t$e i e "eeded o $!ssh%o gh he #%ii#! 4i d h. 7s lo"g !s he &!#e is s i ll 4i h i" he #%i i#!4id h , & % he% s bside"#e is e $e# ed . .

o4 e ei, /%! "e% 13 (, #i i"g R ssi!" d! l! , s ! ed h! i" !#l di io " ohe %!e o& !d !"#e !"d s 4e o& #%ii#! !% e! , he d %! io" o & s %&!#es b side" #e de$e"ds o" s%!! #o"di io"s , de$ h o& e %!# o" , ki"d s o& $!#k "g s, !"d $%e io s e %!# io" !"d b ! i %!"ges &%o se e%!l d!*s tose e %! *e!%s. 2$ e d %! io" islo"ge% &o% t$"c5- edded o% s %o" ge% o5e%

b!%de", f o r

g%e! e% de$ bs, !"d &o% #o $le e #! "g . Fo% ! s !Il e %!eio" !% e! o .&! %el! i el* ob le.o e%b %de" i"ed i" ! e%* sbo% i e, h e%! e o ' s bside!#e is. $%o$o% io"!l o be d&& e% e" #e be 4e e" t$ e &i"!ls bside"#e ;, !"< he - "s =" !"eo s s bside" #e S r : . .

:. : . . . . : " " fJs~' .' ::.:. :' dJ' . * 6 ; * ~ ( S . - S ,) . 9 .

9.3 )Ol'o?b + IE E ) I ); G ORl ; 291

' , 0

10 0'-

1 0.6

o ?', < 8 9 s H :. & i" :-- ) 6 o BI h .? F";. 9.2.8 . Gi e ! ? E ) l l); 2@E=R~ ES

)o" i '" e #h!"i #s he


5/31

292StJ RPA ~ sBs IDENC B

", '"

: : : ~ C. . . . . .' ' .: . : ",

',.:: . :.....

3 , 'C om pl'et e 'C 'to s ur aFl e . 9.3. 1 Berry ', models oC surfac esu bs.idencc (15) .

seam. h is the de th of e! ca ation belo# surf ace, X is the hori$ontaldistance from th e center of the e! ca ati on, and % , and K . are t# ocharacteristic constants :

: : .

. K ,' ~ &l ' vl ) J1'l ( E :zJE" " . V:) -IIS . (9.3. )" . : .: -:, :' K s:" r E ;rl2M . - 11,,(1.) . v..,) (E ..,j E II . P :',) ' . (9.3.3)

.! ~ " #~ E ,,> v lI '; ; n d ' ,; ; ~ ~ are*.th.+ +un- ++:noduli ~$ . oisson *ia ti s' in '...+.:,:/" e+ici0 ( 'e 'r +ndicular (o beddiri-s ) .and.2 ori+o,ntal,( + ali l t o beddin-s) ': . : / d4recti ons, res ect 4ely , and M sthe sh ear modulus . 6be .r estriction on

.:.',.' .t" +e.,++:+o.ns ,iant s!s ' th7i, both %,:'l8nd X , ' .%K , must be , osit4 e . &is .. . seen 4rom + :9 .3'.1 thatsurface subsidence is li4-hly de endent on K , and'

K . 6+ erefor e, the determin 7tion of K, and % t is + r y criti ca1. Berry (s)su.--ested the c+n et io+' or;9' 9.3.1. +o a dimensi onless u antity , ":

" # S () ''< A (K, %K # ) J l 2

(9.3.0)

9.3 ! C* N)IN++, -'. ECBANICS '/0E*RlES

sueh that = ... 1at! > o or m7!imum subsiden ce occur s aboye the ce nter of the e! ca ati on. 6h en

. h ' $ a s " ) 1 1 (K, ::t (.r '' ?!, 8:r 1 .)I

(9.3.5)

./,. ..#. s, > > h : 5 5 ' % a s ]

@, 8:r ,....r ,# her e x - /8:@ are the o ints # here = ... t (i.e., .ha5f the ma!i mumsubsid ence). n d etermin in- K . and K " fir st findin th esubsid ence area the

oints A@ 2' # here= - , measure the s lo ea=


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elastic limit. ~s a m~er of fact, surface ore!oles rille i# t!e $% of alo#$&all roce.ID t e (tts ur$! coal seam i#"icate" t!at roc) mas s u* lo

+ ft a o e t e ~o~ seam &as su ecte to a /ertical stra(# ra#$i#$ from0 to 1. ,%%%2 *.I3 .4m. Dahl a# 5!oi t erefor e su$$este" a mo el t!at e!.a/es 1, ;~# elas~c-elaslo*last~c ma##er. 6 e mo el is li#earl elasticU~t11 ~e ~7%.tr %I55oul om yield or t!e anisotr o p e Voa 8ises ielcf9lter ~~1 sarisfie . ecause of t!e com*le=(t i# ou# ar co# itio#s,~e fi~te-eleme#t met o &as use &it! a# i#cr eme#tal co#stituu/e .rela-tio#s! ( *: :

(d U hx, = ?@.=s4a~>.=l 4.+.B@. &!ere < 4 t ! ) a# (d ~ ) c u :e s~ss a# strai# te#sors, res*ect(/el , a# [ E ] is. 2t!e mat#= of *ro*ortto#a!t co#sta#ts of stress a# stra(#. 6! e li#ear

Coo~~ r elat(c#s!(* 4?@ is use" elo& t!e iel" *oi#t, &!ereas for a**!~ stre~s aDo/e t!e iel *oi#t ?@ is stress. e *e# e#t as s *ecifie t!e ( el cr#e#a.2 .:.Usi~2.t!is mD el, .3a! :. a# 5!oi 4B@ re*o#e a case stu of t! e

lo#$&al *~el . ID l ac)s/i lle No. I 8i# E, lac)s/ille, West Vir$i#ia,&!ere t!e ltts ur$! coal seam F ft t!ic) &as mi#e. 6!e surface su siGe#ce22sur/e .is 7!%W3in Hi$. .+.+. 3otte li#es are surface to*o$r a *!(e

co#tours, soli ~ots are surv eying statio#s, soli cur/e Ii#es are su s(Ge #ce co#tour Ii#es, a# !ea/ r o)e# li#es are face locatio#s 6!ee~elo*me#t of su s~ e# ceas ~e lo#$&al retreat mi#i#$ *r ocee e fo r a

*~#~ ~f ~ ~ #t! 1 s!o I3 A to ?. 7u si e #ce is s mmetri.c &it!#uru#$ae%/ltles a# $eometr a# is #%Isi$#ifica#tl affecte suJaceto *o$ra *!~. ~6t!er more, it is time-i# e*e# e#t e cause su si e #cesmeasure lJl HI.$s.~.+.+3 a# ? .are esse#tial t!e same alt!ou$! t!e&ere measure.4 5 . a sa* rt ; U7I3$t!e t!r ee- ime#sio#al ti#ite-e eme#t :m.et!o , su sl e# ce *rofiles ID Hi$. .+.+? &as r e *r o uce as s! o i#H$. .+ .+H. Co&e/er, t!e material *ro *erties us%%a# s!o e o&&ere etermi#e trials a# errors u#til t e re*ro uce t e fie ata .

5a/e oe) I#tact oc) Mou#s's mo u us:4*si@oisso# ratio

6~#sile'str e#$t! 4*si@

N x l OP.0

24

0, x lOP.0

0P

Hro~ t!e t&o


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. % +, *~or a& o !s/ *ae0s.(or .&0re1- 2i e s o al . o2cl. A3 u 4er s:iri &0eIn ~ : A . fter Da0l :a 2 1 0ol (Tj..... ' . .' ' .: . " .: :...'. " .,


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, S :SUBSIOENCE

S .SUBSIOENCE ATBOTTO M

V: OISP~C E MENT

'F i i . 9.4.1 l-{oriZOntaland vertical components ~r gr ound oiovemenl (8 . !o urtcs" # .$ .:: ' % & (n a) ! o&l *oard.

" .:.

+, ,-T,% /O% .- : CONTRACTION"f : LlMtT ANC LE

' A gra.p0ic&1met0od oi predicting t0e complete su sidence protile 2asdeve/oped " t0e #.$. %ational !oa/*oard (13 ased on a large num er o ield o servation. For e5amp)e, the su sidence proti)e or a long2all!acew meters 2ide-6n a-seamm meters t0ic7 al a dept0 o h meters elo2t0e s r ace can e determined rom Fig. 9.4.3 as ol)o2s:

For w .. 1 , ); - 4 , and m ... 1.4.S / m - .


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l > : ~ ~ ~. . . .~ ~ s ::. . d 2-

. . .!:!;; . . .. . . . d . . .

~ S l ::l S. . . d

~2 . . . N~ d . . .d

~ . . .: : : : ;:; ". . . .~ ~ : : ! t ~< > C> < >

~ '" ~ ~~d < >

~ ! ;J, ~< > . .C> . . .

~ !!d ;Sd

:g . . .S~

;s : ee

~ S< > < > . . . . .

.:

. :

;~~~2Sooooooooooo0000000000000000000000000000000000ooodtSdo

. i"~~~~~~M":"M,,-_o oolSs..!e~';'~S"8 0~"""" ~"" """" """""" ~;""'i : d~~::~;~~~dd~~~6~oogo~~~~O~d~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~:~I .

S i " .~~"~~~aa~~~;~~~~~;S .~~~~ .~~~~~~~"!!~ .!!~!. t SM~"~"ft~M~ ~~-22.-~""""~ Mft"""""NN""NNN""ftM. """. I~l':#dd:;d:i~a~$lda ~ d; ~~%~~ dd;d;d;~;;;;;d;5 1 ~ l!: .~!&"."'~:!'~,..~ '~ . l h . . !" ts: :1!. - o ~ . .. e . . . ., . . .. . . . . . . . .nrn InV l\ftW 'l"''' ' ' ' ' ' ' '. ' '' ' '' ' lO""2 "" ~M! ~OOddd::QaOd9~~a~ada~dOdddd~ddddddddddddd~dddd~~Ol ~ . . ' . . ' . . ' . .! , i ~~5S95~535~S~a:~~S5a5aSa~~aa5;5;~5~~;~~~5

! ~ ~~ !~ '~~~a~!i~: :~a~ ~ ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~~((~~~~~~~~~1 S t . ,

!!~~~~!~ (~:~! a~~~)a~(~ ~ ~~~ ~~ ~a a~~aa ~ ~ (

5 1i! : ~~~!~ ! ~~ !SS~~~ 'a'~ 22*SS(~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,a ~;si~~! !!~ ~~~~~)S ~)!~~SS)~ .aa~ ~~~~)S)~~ ~~a~ ~S

3 1 ! S5~~5!~a;55~~~~~~~SS~~~~S;3~~SSS~SSSSI

~, i ;S55 5:=~~~5~~5!!~!!!~S;~5!!~~~~~~~5~5!5! I ~3~~!~~;3~~~53:5~gS5~~. ~~~~~~~~5~~~5. a

t; ! ' !+ ' ~ & , . . . . . . . . . ..: . J!J ,~.;:s~~..,.,-:&!~~~&;~ -~~ .:;~a~~ ~ '~~&/~~~:;;2 :t~~~:.&~0'~ So g t g f NN .. .__ e- __ . o ~ o 000'0 0


10/31

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o 50 100 200 300

SCA LE O F MET RES

FI. 9.4.3 Plouin a sub sidence proliJo (11).

Profil e and l '!ft uel}-ce' Pllnction s

These t o !ethods are based 00 principie s o" superp osition and e#ui$a %len ce (&3' 20). The principie o" superpo sition sta tes that t o ne *hborin*openin*s are e+ca$ated beoeath a sur"a ce point the total subsidence "or .the surfa ce point is the su! o" the sub s idenc es due to the "irst and secondopenin*s. Fi*ure 9.4.4 ,s,tes lhis prin ciple -ubsid ence -l is due toopenin* l and S s is due to openng A ,. Total subsid ence at P is tben S = s, T s..

cco r din* to ihe critical area concept subsidence is related to lhe ratioo" idlh to de ptb an d the sa!e idth /to/depth ratio i produce the sa!ea!oun t o"su bs dence ( Fi*. 9.4.5a ). Tbe prin cipIe o" e#ui$alence e+tendsthis .concept to s t ate that.an hori on tal e+ca$ation area bounded b thesa! e/r o strai* ht ) 'nesradiatin* "r ,! 4 sur"ace point produces lhe satne,o nr '6r su bsidence on that po nt 7 " or e+a!ple e+ca$atio 8 A ; (Fi*.9.4.5 b)prodncesthe sa! e ao!"# " of .su bside nce oo.p as e+ca$atio n A; .or . $ % % ' . . . .

. 1" :., t - " : '" : .: " Pr ofile Func t ions ., .Pro"ile "unctions ar e based on t o/ di!e nsi6nal c+ca /$aticnso"c ri i cal i dth (Fi*. 9., .:). The are e+ pr essed as

S (x) = f( B. x , S"""' . d) (9.4.1)

. .

'. JII*. 9.4.4 - uperpo ;i lion o" aun Ine?@'I \

A B I > ln 'C

I \

I \

I > lnecl B &I '

t i )

tb(

'Fi*. 9.11.- (a) D#ui$,ent ,bcriti cal area and ( b) p 7nciplc o" e#ul$alenee' (20).

"

30.3


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!;.:;, . . .. . T I " " , . ~ r ~ ~ . : - . : - ~ o. . . . . .G _ _ - : - ' 4 " " ; , . _ ~ _ O. . . .. 2 - : i - s " ' ~ - a - , , _ O '. . .2 _ z:4 - : : : 0 : : : : : . " G _ O. . . . _ h _ . X

II

" . ' . ' : ' : : : : ' ~ ' I I - - " " ' : ' _ -B -- ~ _ ~'1.. h

o," (:- . .

Fg. 9.4,6 .!ubsid #$o%i&' $ io (20).

* +~$ ! is -(+ ' $ i i a) $adus o$ o -+ % .' + $i i a! *i d b, Sm ~ic is +, : / 1i/u/ # s sib& subsid o $ + ' i $ o% + o# i g, x s &+

+o$i3o a&,dis a ' %$o/+ #oi o +a&% -/a1i/u/ subsid , d d is,(&&dis a b * + #oi o%'+a &% -/a 1i/ u/ sub sd a d + dg. o%o#~ i$ig.5 $a& ~ 'o%i%u io s +a b $i d &o# d %o$ a$ ous oa%i&ds i + .*o$&d(20). O o% + /, bas d o /od & a d + o$ i a&

i s iga io s, iss = ( - 7 ' / . . (& :_ t an h(2~ / B )] (9.4.2)

Th e .u 8 o* #a$a/ $ B a b ba 8 - a& u&a d %$o/ + / asu$ ds bsid ,:5 , b so& i gfoc B i . 9.4.2, di%% $ ia i g *i + $ s# o

x, a d s . ' ~ &g.1... O,~....

~ .- .

B-~S 'ma.

*+ $ S I,~ ~~'s + / 1i/u/ s &o# o bs $ d i t h e &i &d. < /us b o d. +a i n ;. 9. 4.2, d is assu/ d o ' b 3 $o; +a is, + #oi o%i%& ioo'sdi$ & abo &+ dg o% + o#i g.

Fo$ +' su# $ $i i a& as , = . .9..4.2 s i&&+o&ds, 1 # +a Sm a x .o u$so $ %&):()-- a ,&ii. + . % $ o% + subsid . $ oug+, $ a + $ +a a& a #oi .>o* '?i (, f r b sub $i i a& *id&+, the ua io .b o/ s / o$ i o& d .O / &@Ad: /# &o s + su# $#osi io o C * o $i i a&* i :i +#$o%& s. # !/!r , % 9r b! s&b ri * i h , t&e ! &*i#n.b! # !s' #r! in/#l/! .On! ! l ? : ! l? s h! s& r #si #n ! # r i i *l i h r#$l!s. -


13/31

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Therefor e, tbe subsidence inuence of an element dA on surf ace . .~:~~:~~n~~ d : i~uene~ function P ~r )whose rnagnitude is a n:::~~~~P (r } is such that i~:;ehr . etw~en pomt P and element dA. T be function b .. e es maximum when r = O or element dA' di tl .

eJo~ sl.!~ace ~~ntP. ~ta ted differentl , if Pis located at me ce:ler ~ ~o e~ . with c~tJca."w#dth.Jt is infiuenced b all elements and undergomaxrmum subsidence $ J" P . tb esone%half the maxi i n f l ! & & ' & "$ at e edge, it is sub ected () on.l

. mum uence and undergoes one half th .su bsidence. "n mathematica.l for m % e maxtmum

" '

Sm ~ = 2 1 T L B r p(r) (ir *+..-

. wher er is the rad ia l distance from a' su rfa ce . .< '$ubsid~nc~ occer s, and B i s' the critical radius. omt where maximum

$e~era.l inuen ce fun ctions ha/e been de/elo ed for the central 0uro1~ :aJ!eld$%*2) . "n these functions, r is usuaJl ex ressed in tenns of surfa ra :~. and P (r ) b S max/ ~ , wher e B = h 3Ol y , h is de th belowO afce, r u : ' '4 "~ the com lement of tbe angle of dr aw,', or y 5 +)0 - ,ne uncnon wtdel used in r actice is .

+. .2 ~or i6ontaJ 7is l acement or $train

Horiz onttd Displac~mt ll t b y Pro tl! and "," t#~nct Plmct$%/ ~

8 ori6ontal dis lacement al .slo e of the subsidence r ~~e a*~ ~~a~9 ~:ldence is r o or tional lo tbe

V = K I us (x)a x

*+. . .

where & i~ hori6ontal dis J cement K . . rofile functiori suc b as E


14/31

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+ ' , t i ' .r + . . . . . . . .I , o( wlh .. 0.4 6= >%= K ~ - 0.8 > o( +E 6= 5. > o( - E .M $ %7$B e 7(o e K ~ x S l h @w e(e S - 0. "8/ 6= h - 400/ B

e / $ %7$e >(6 %o= %= (ow 5 o o 6%= TO 2) ( 6= > e( % 6=e %= e(/OHh > o( wl h = 0.4 >( o/ T6 $e 9.4.2 >o( (ow 3) 6= / $ %7$B ( ow 3 B h ...400 o o 6%= (ow 4 > o( % 6=e >(o/ e e= e( o> e o7e=%= . U %= (ow2 6= 4, th e s train 7(o>%$e % 7$o e %=1%4. 9.4 .55.

9.4.3 $o7e 6= # U( 6 ( eo> $ e=e 1( o>%$e$o 7e o i tilt o> 6 %e=e 7( o> $e % > J)~ ' B ' : ~% :=$)I5e %>>e(~e %=

% e= e B e % 6= e e wee= wo 7o%= oc ' (?eB%= 6 %o= . T e .U.C . N6 %o=6$ '#o6$ !o6( ( e o(=/e= K$6% e % L= e. e wee= wo '

6 %o=, 6$$e 6B $e= , o $ =o e ee O.0G5Mo( o=e- we=%e o ,> &' e &$~ 7 $ow (>6 e. . ,. '& '

$o7e 7(o>%$e , $% e % e= e 6 P (6%= 7( o>$ , ?6(B w% I V I I I ~f e 'o7e=%= @F. 9.4.52 . T e /L %/ / . $o7e %= e6 7(o>%$e o ( 6 > e 7o%= o> %=Peo=, 6 o=e- 6$> '/6 %/ / % e= e . T e $o7e e ( e6 e .ow6( . e e= e ( 6= e e o> e % e= e 7(o>%$e whe r e e $o7e%/%=% e $o Qe ( o. T e / L %/o(


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. ~ ~~~ ~ :!~~~~o o ooc> o oo o ooo o oooooooo oo oo . ooo oc>oo C> O OOo.oo oo

~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~S o oooooo o ooo o ooo o ooooo o oo o ~o o ooo o o oo o ~o oo~ Ov6 .

~! '~~"~~5#~~!$~!~~$~ ~ ~i _000,0 000 . o 00 . : . ' .i! ~5~ ~ !!555~ ~ S!~!!~!25~~~ o ooo~oo o ~oo o oooooo o ooo o ooo o~ . . ' . ''8 . -!! li:~ "";~ "lil""~""""N -_ !l#I!$~ "l!Il!I%~.. !tI,-- . ' .1 . :%!:;&(&~()&~&&& &&&.&&.&&~&&& ~&~~*&)+~ " ~~ ~~~ 5:J;~~~5#~~5';:;~~ 1~5;;~~~::"!:~&~~e:!...~~;~~s- ~s.8*+*S~ll58~t.! :;~c

, 0 e !-"'o 0 0 0 ~ eSo ) &)~'&&))& Ci& ) ~()))&) 01$ 0 0 ~\~/ '.

! ;~5!!5!; !S~5(55~(((5(5~(~~~~~~~~~ ~55~~~~~~~~~~~~~.=1------.:. - _ & . , . ' ! . .""!(~_~).. _ _ "''''.;,'''tI>'"ct0 t..,.... _ "~

! ! ~~~~~=~d~a2a5~~a~dddda~o~~ad~dddddddddd~dd~ddddd~~~

~ 1. . ~~~Q~ ..

~~; - q ~-R~~~~=~~ ~~N__~_ ~ _ ~ _q~~~. i ~ ~oooo~oo~oo2dOOdOd~~OO~~~Oddddddddddd d ddO~oo~~tH , .o ! ~:!!5!!53~~~55~55~!~55~555~2S"S~~~~~~~~~!i!!~!5!S!:~5S55:~S~ ~5~((~S 5$+~S~55~5~ ~222255 3~~5 ~~

_! * ~~ ~~~5~;5!~~5+~S+S:S5S!~~(~~( ~~!ill~4 i(( ~55!i!i~5(( ~~i~i ~~5~S5~~!~~S5~~S5~~SS~+~ ~!+~S~!555~(~255~~~+5~ ~~~1 5 S3;5~555~!~=!5~S~~~~~5#!~S~ S3~33S3S33~! S! . 5+$+25SSS5!S!S5$$:!~~SS55~~S5S5S~55:~5~~5~:~~~#$$!S~ 5~~$S!5S!S(S25S~5(~5!!:5!~!:~$$~55!!!!!$5#~~5~5!5(

::l~:!::,:"! ~~~!6~~+~~~5~5~~!5!!~!!55~55;!55S~~ '!55S! 'd . .

li ~ + ': ~I:I#::l:!:!'~"~!'!!5;5!!5~~!25(~~!~!$2!~~~~+!!+ '+5~~~(~5J~ .~ ~ . . .' . ' .

1 . .

, -


16/31

o ' . ~ '.

O " .'

SUlO"ACK S UBS JD ENCE

T

o 100m

....._____.

h

jF,. . 9 .4 .U Predicted suaio proJe .

Curvatu r e c a n be ex presse d by the differ e ce i s!o pe bet" ee t" oei#h bori # statio s or radius oC curv a ir e, p:

t I p = d 1 S ='0

"h ere 1 is bay !e #th , dlS is t b. e seco d deriva tive of the su bsid e ce pr ofi!e, a d $ is the diff er e tia! sJo pe bet" ee two ei#bb or i # poi ts. '%trai ca a!so be predicted fro& curvat r es. ab!e 9.4 .( i!!u strates sucha exa&p!) *+ -.

*9.4.+4-

9 ( ' %U/ %01 23C2 25sU62 23 2C73 08U2%

9.,(. +.' e a%ut e :t o C %urfa ce o ve&e t. : : .

%ubside ce &easur e&e ts i vo!v e the dete i atio of vertica! a d hori ;


17/31

~ .:~

gz

-e

~ ~ir J I U ) ~ O O O O O Q ' f ~. . . + + + + l. _. 1

, -,': ,,=,

I~" . . . . " . p . '.. " < - ..: . ".,l'" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'f ' i ' . ' fl' j!1!~~~!j!~

~!!9!.J. . . . S:6 1 ~f . i~= iJ I ~ . .~5! !~ Q~ ~ O! !'~;i!~~ja~

.'.' .;; !oo~~o!~

}-~ ~~~~~~~~!!!2~!2!!!2!!!::'

.e~~~~~~~~~C. ,"~ . ~,~.':"",. " ' . ~!! !2 !!~ !2 ~ ~ !:

. . ':' ~.,.'. .' #' i.!i i~f$$.;# . . , ~% ~e :E :3 & ~

-iS ", bl ~ . . (()*+*S~)) ~. . . .

ti . .

,') . = .. . . . " l > :'CI $!!e " '~~::q '~!! . - ~ ' : : ! ~ . .- : . . .# ' .. ." * . !I::>' -&~ ooociOO9QO " -I!" /;-'" ij-i ~ 2.,; e.*. . e II ~:* .2 , #:~~ :; ' $l ~0; 0 \ 2 = ! : : ! ~:! . ~ ~ t : : ! ! ~~

9.S SIJ SI 3 4~ 536S 783 534 3 C 4I 73S 1. $) ea ? e>, Ae fi= eB i $C e aD$i D %&er Ae eF =a* e a=ea a>ea a ) . Ge>e=a$$E, ee$ = ) =i@e> 2 ) ti i> ) Ae

?=) a=e Hffi*ie> r % e=@e a ? a i)> B=)@i e >) =)ze>-*e & i( g )f t*e gr% ( i e pe#te i> e a=ea ? Ae < D i e>*e:

ea Be=i) . - )Ke@e= , f)= a=ea KAe=ef=)ze> Dea@i>? )**? a i)> A)eM %21N


18/31


19/31

318 S URFACl! SU BS lDRN CE

: .

. '

F I & . 9.~.3 Le ven", ~S BM,'tltme ter 'on a s s"#e.nee mon men $%1&. "ltm e ter s ((orl ..( late wl th atee! a Us 1 $ ~nen U) a a* +e#t o t e m on ment o .

then roof sag ~easu~~nt devices ar e installed for monitoring strata.)(es and methods o .C msta1lation o C various r oof sasdevices are similar to d~v.~esthat will be descri bed .in ha! ter 11. . ~

# ith the surface borebole techni$ue, %&'si().ed bor eholes are dr illed . *f r omthe surface al+ thewa d-#to lhe coa l seamto be mined. / ove0

.ment.ot(.strataat different hor )onsa bove the coal searn is then moriitor ed1n02mthe surface as af uncti34l offace location. 5hr ee methods 6 niol lit6~Ing stra~ movem~nt ar e described her e. . . . .,. .....

W ir e lin e M e lhod

5h+s ~ech~$ue ma7es use of lhe electr onic +ogsing devic~s comm~nlused ,n ollfield~.-n e of lhe conventional well com !letion techni$ues is bullet !erf~rallon. 5he bullet !erf orator is essential+ a m.ulti barreledfirearm deslgned to belowered into a well. !ositioned at the desir ed leve8,

9(: ; % > / e ? ; /> %5 5> A%lB; 319

and Clectricall f r ed into the wal+ oc the well b meuns of a surfacecontr ol. e !ending on the design of the bu+lets or !r oDectiles, the de !tb of

!enetration through casing and cement and into surr ouoding strata var es.Ifa small E ed amount of radioact ve material is ioserted in the bullet,when the bulletIs shot into the stratum surrounding the borehole andremains ther e, stratum movement can be followed. 5he bor ehole drilledfor subsidence rnonitoring is ' usuall, not cased. =ullets are shot intovGri ou s str ata along the borehole, and their !ositions are identified wit bhigh !ea7s Bf radioact ve intensit in a radioactivit log. 5he change in a bullet s .logati~nindicates the amount and dr ect on of movement Husualldownward in su bsidence s tud 8 of tbe str aturn in which the bullet -sinserted, Fre$uenc of(logging de!ends.. face location. #h en the facC iscloser to the .. bor ehole, it should be logged more f re$uentl b00 ausegreater and faster gr oJKldmovemem is e !ected. Figure ~. ,M shows an"e am!le of ground movement due to longwall mining as rh D(~ur ed b this,re *+n"/ e.

TD R M e th' od

5 @ , .1 ' time domain r eflectometr , wor 7s on the same !rinci !le asradar , ? good ca ble is grouted in the bor ehole allthe wa down t0 the coalsesmo a ving or se !aration of the'roof strata cut off or create sorne son o(".~ults" in the cable, #h en an ultrafast r ise time voltage ste! is sentdown the cable, each cable fa ultwillreftect the incoming signal and causeener g to tr avel bac7 towar d the cable in!ut, wher e a sam !ler !i c7 s u !voltage aod su!erim!oses it on the advancing initial ste!. 5he surnmationwill result in a ;te!u! or ste !down transition 3 3 the @ 5 Hcathode ratu !e or oscillosco!e8 dis!la de!ending on whether it is reflected in !haseor ' out of ! hase with r es!ect to the initial ste ! HFig. 9.:. 8.. =asicall , 5 @ de!eods on a disturbance in cable im !edance to "see"

afault. Im!edance HN8 is the !roducr o fcable r esistance and signa4 s!eed.Itcan be re+ated to the signal reflection coefficient P b .

Z = SQl + P' .. " _ . p H9.: . 8

wher e P is the ratio 6f inconi Oginitialvoltil.ge>P l- ~e ~efle~tedv.oltage~' .~na assumes a value belween 'Q and .P1. ? rise0 on the dis !lal- diCates !ositive P , the ma imKlm of w+lKch(Hi.e.,.(P l8'Ds ca.used b al1o!en'cir cuit cG ble fault, wher eas a di! r esRlts fr-I negaRve P , th4Qma i mum of whicl1Hi.e( .. 1 & is fr om .a sho41''cir cRitSl..cllble f aulL ?nvalue between Pl arid ' r corres !onds to a t !e of cable f ault that can becali~raled in the laborator .


20/31

:n.o SURFACE SUBS~DENCE

FAllS OFFAl l/F RE O .

FR EO UE NC E

1 " 1 & . 9.5.4 Principie of DR op!r lion. Co#r$e% e'$ronic( )nc(

*e +o,el 15- D R c /le 0$e%$er ,i%pl % rellec$ion coefficien$or i+pe, nce 2er%#% ,i%$ nce ,o3n $*e c /le. *e $i+e ,el /e$3een tbe:'ini$i l %i n n, $*e rri2 l of $*e reflec$e, %i n +#l$iplie, / $*e %i n lrr"2e6 2el oc i$& in,ic $e% $*e ,i%$"nce 3*er e $*e f #l$ occ#r%. / eref oreD R in,ic $e% no$ onl $*e $ pe% of f #l$% /#$ 1%o $*eir loc $ion%.

7o,el 15- DR c /le $e%$er *% + 8i+#+ $e %$in len $* of - (- - - f t.1$c n re%ol2e f #l$% lo 3i$/in -. i n. on %*or$( *6* # li$ c / le%. ; er$ic lcc#r c ( whch io,ic $e% /o3 preci%el i$ ,i%pl % P , l% :$ *ori?on$ l@cc#r c ( 3*ic/ i% n in,6c r6on of error in pre,ic$io ) #l$ loc"$ion( i%

:$ = of $*e ,i%$ nce +e %#re,. @ @*~+6ni+#+ c* n e i n@c / le i+pe, nce (for f #l$ ,e$ec$ion i% 0.5%, or ~ = 0.005. . '

(lf ec!ro ll icoJ Gr outin g M cl h f?d , ,

( Fi ~ 9 .5.5 in,ic ie% ~ec/ nic l ro#$in @$ec*oi e +o,+e, " i$o r. @ 3e11e$ l( G..A c#/ic 3eifi*$.i.%@*#n -- ( p. HUe(3i$* "1co#n$er3ei4*$. onl*e %#rf ce. )n or,er 1- %%#re l*e free +o2eineni of$*e 3ire n, $*#%@. $*e 3ei *~(t,h 3ire i% enclo%e, 6n *ollo3 pl %$ic $#/6n U( *e3 ,o3 n

$o@ f#e 3ei *$( *e c#/ic 3ei *$ i% lo3ere, 1- %peciIc )oc"$lon n,r o#$e, 3i$* ce+en$ ..7 2e+en$ of $*e.3e6 *$ or of $*e %$r $#+ $o 3*ic /

i$ i% oc*or e, i% + oni$ore, / +e %#rin $*e +o2e+en$ of $* e1 co#n$er J3ei *$ -- $*e %#rfce. Onl one nc*or or 3ei *$ i% 6ll#%$r $e, in Fi .9.5.5. A + 8 i+#+ of nine nc*or% c n /e in%$ lle, in NK *ole l,iff ~r enl *ori?on% $o +ooi$or n ,iffer en$il + o2e+en$.

SDEL E R

o a OUT

;' ,m '._ -- PLAS )CC A lll

U )E ME) )

.(NC HOR ,

F 6e. 9 . ~ . S 7e c* n6c ll &ro#lin&.+e$*~ (of ~~$ %#/%i,enee +onlLO~Qn~lc+.H*e co~n:$CNlci&*$*% /ecn r epl ce, / )~ ,e! ))f)n>$*e 1l)-; C(lllenl(-f.1"*lc*)Splo$$e, --(~ r o$ ~,r#+or recoroer (@ (. ( (

"

3 1 1


21/31

322 SORFACE SUBSIDE NCE

9.5.3 Subsur (ace G'r ound Move en!"Sunace subs#dence de $ends on !%e d!% and de$!% o under r oundo$en#n s and can be $r ed#c!ed " orvar#ous d!%"!o"de$!% ra!#os. In ' $r e)

*'d+C*!#nr ound ove en ! or s!ra!a be!&een !%e sur ace and !%e.+'o,-searn"&%er e !%e o$en#n e/#s!s0 a subs#dence $ro #e can be es!ab #s%ed or'.eac%.e eva!1on a bo2e !%e coa.sea bas ed on !%e d!%"!o"de$!% ra!#o' o !%e* $en#n or !%a! 4e eva!#on. be d#r ec!#onand' a n# !ude4o d#s $ acernen!

I. :o( eac% $.o#n!in eac% subs#dence $ro #e can !%en be de!er #ned b2

6 . !ee%n#7ues6 descr#bed #n $rev#ous sec!#ons. +..'. . 8*90*"*#6An'e/a $ : ..o ; .% .? ...

. .+a!#ona Coa Board (@3#n.&%#c% 5 O 4 r de on &a $ane &as usedl . o'= ' # n#n a coa%sea s :ft !%#c 2#n*@ *!'be o& !%e sur acerS!ra!a . movern e nts deduced r o subs#dence ' $ro es at - 5 " ! #n!er va s' areI

s%o&n #n cross"sec!#on a on $ane &1d!% #n F#* 9.5+ and a! OO" !, #n!erva s #n cross"sec!#on a on $ane en !% #nF# . 9.5. . In F# . 9 .S. 6A ,d#ver en! $a!%s o o ve en! are s%o&n or $o#n!s be2ond !%e ed e o !%e* $ane &%ere !ens#e s!ra#n .occurs. %e2 conver e as !%e2 ove do&n)&ar d. Movernen!s a ! !%e cen!er &%ere co $r ess#on occur s ar e ar er 6 bu!movernen t paths are mu chless d#veren!. Con!our #nes o e qual moveen! (F# . 9.5. B s%o& c ear 2 that !%e cen!er o !%e $ane e/$er#ences!%e ar es! ove e n! and a high ra d#en! o s!ra!a ove en! occur sabove !%e ed es o '!%e $ane 6 Be2ond !%e ed es #rned#a!e 2 abo2e !%ecoa searn6 s!ra!a ov e en! 1sa os! n one/1s!en!. Above !%#s Hone6 !%er e6 '6#s sorne ove en!6 !%e rad#en! o &%#c% decreases as #! oves u $&ard.

E'@S'E'5 9 9E'- - . \

~9CI3'S'[email protected] '+O O' I 1 . I 1;;:- -:.

~ .'. .'. . =s. ' O:0 5/ ' 0 ,2 S/0~ko '[email protected]#soos' KEEE' 8

. ' . ,\ ' \\\I 1 : 1 . , I , r .-E.E E@+O. 66C'%r0 3+3,@SEMS'*. e 6

.' ...... . l.I n ~. 9I'r 4=6I. K6' . * . s r.,'

--- ' fX> "" -- ; ""o s ! "# $ % .@.

E"5' E@5' EE5'III

III ,, :, .

I .., .

A. MO ' . .. . .. . , O C.lfilt.a..t _ J'C>a) w bI JC k nc . e $ N 'otU . ..a l ~ 1\ lnt.t u l.

'""" S' SE'A+ . UIM. ot c .qua.IC OftC C. !.c. al d&ler~:nt "...,#a .

F I . I.5. CrOINCC#on over KK5 4n &1de $ane 1n S4! Je3 KKK@ n d+ $ % (K@ .Co# r!e+2 U. . Na!#ona .Coa BO U'd.(A Movc cn o ? ra - #nd#ea!ed b2 .ubs1denee $6ro e+ KKK5 4K-.1n ervas..(B P nca ' o C e7ua ove en a d#CCcren!eve s.

.* .

9. SURFACE DAMAGE 323

w r. 46.Q (i I')*+, E@+ -- - soo'

' 1 1 1 1 .1 / -

. 6,J 2-l.o os' E'@S'C>OSAOri/ 0 II L' I f 1 . -

RE ' :1.- U E 5 E@5 O"O S 3 EE'= I H W I I I -

.c a e - '$%o&% ' 2 - d2 I2l II f ~s

GOA '""r'"*"..."*6.....6."0"".".+"**"+"+s4 " #$% S * N .SOR EE3EE @EE KEE O'

.* .' '. FACE

A . (M O'f..... t'ot ct a)c*a.la t*o+ fI!ub.l#enc). *CIIU!C'-. . UIIU ot / qw n)to.'C-I0 nI al c1)fc*nt lenl.ai JO O ti 2.attn-al . . alorc u.. eeete e f3 a !4a. J'&Ml .

F I . +.5. Po n #!ud#na'S+c##on over a' SOC . < de $ane #n a 5" !'sea O @O( ( .!de$!b (K @ A.(A Mov: en! o s!ra!a r o' subs1dence $ro!#es a I( ( " !#n er.v# s. (6T Unes o "e7uaove en!a! d# eren! eve s a on !%e cenu+r o6 KK&1de$ane .' !

F# ur e 9.5. s%o&s deduced round ove e n! in !%e on #!ud#na cross)sec!#on ar ound !%e ace ar ea. S!ra!a #n ron! o !%e aee ove a o nd#veren! $a!%s0 &%ereas !%ose* # ed#a!e 2 abo2e and be2ond !%e Caceove e ssen!#a 2 ver!#caU2 do&n&ard. %e a n#!ude o0 !%e ove en!#ncreases !o&ar d !%e ob.

9. ' SURFACE DAMAGE

Ground d#s!urbances #n !%e su bs#dence !rou % (K3can be e#!%er con!1nu". ous .or d sc ontinuous . Con!#nuous. round d#s!urbance "occur s"a! .eac% 8 $o## +*#n !%e !r ou % *an+ can b#s r eso ved 1n!o.'ti,:,: co $o nen!s* veLK*#c+'su b!=#dence. %or #Hon!a d s $Lac+ en!0 s o $e a$docur 2+!ur.e++su bs#dence!rou#%. and Co+$'r ess er !#cu subs#dence does no! cause n2 a as e !o SU acesruc!ur es # ##sun#o( !2 d#s!r# bu!ed. as #! #s a !%e cen!cr o(!%,*!rou % o2er a su$er cr#!". . . ,


22/31

ical excavaton . AU surface points in that ar ea sere verticaUyby me sameamount, and me subsidence will seldom damage any structural compo,nent . The only danger of subsidence troughs like mis s me possibility of ooding in low-Iyi ngareas ( !".

#n me contrary$ differential settlement between neighbor ing pointsalong me surface oC lile subs idence trough will form a slope and induce .tilti ng. This occurs in subsideoce trougbs caused by subcri tical .excava.tions and arouod me edges of those induced by critical and s u percritica%excavatio ns$ &ince sIopeis tbe change in vertical subsi dence be tween two points $ it is usuaIly expressed by 'me arnount of change per unit distance$that is $ in mmlm or in.lft . The maximum slope ranges from x )-' to )x )- *+ ,owever $ values as large as ) x )- ' have been foun d inmultiple-seam mining ( !".

hen mere is differential settlement $ me gradient of the ground surfacechanges and may disrupt and/or alte r drainag e systems$ the flow of creeks$ tbe gravity flow oC Ii0uids in pipeli nes$ and the grade of highways .

or railroad beds. 1i ff erential settlement will also i nduce tilting oC

tall buildings$ towers$ and chimneys a nd cause instability . .

H orizo nt al Displacement and S train

2ike uni f or m ver tical su bsidence$ unifor m hori3ont al displacement sel4dom causes di r ect damage to surface structures . , oweve r $ differentialdisplacement induces comp r essive or tensile strai ns along the surface of

56.he subsidence trough as described in the previ 7us sections. The.maximum strains in single troug h are on the order o C x )- ' to ) x )- '( !" .

8ost surface strucwral damage in a subsidence trough are cause d bystrains . &trains cause distortion $ crack ing$ and failure of b uildings$

pipelnes$ hi.ghways$ bridges$ ralroads$ and reservors. Te nsle strai noccu r s in 6.he convexo portien of fhe surface oC the su bsidence troirg h$

.causing tensile cracks lo deve lop 9rst in the lower portion o f the stroc tur e$and al weak points such as windows or door openi ngs. :ompress ive strain.occurs in 6.he concave portio n oC the tr ough and causes s0uee3i ng or buckling of : oundatio n slabs$ brick works$ r a9s$ and soen. ;igu r es


23/31

3U SURFACE SUB$IDENCE

, .~

flg. 9.6.2 ~vina ftaas lifted by a 1.35 l!"##~lIl%&'sl(!n )t&a*n +9,.

~.. -&file / ii0 &es -e't t t e 0 &i ntal distan' e) C &vat &e is s al4 e 7 -&es~ed" ~.~~e "&a~~~s f curv at ur e, Commo n vale s f t0e radiu s f ' & vat &a In as8 siden'e t& g0 a&e n#t0e &de& . f 32 : t 6 5 6:: feet t "~l ) ';s, .esst0an 16 age? dist &tin f t0e st& 't &e d e t s 0ea&

)st& ~~ an~)fI~=@&. &al ending f st& 't &es s ' fi as l ng) l ad# ea&ng /al4s.C n'ave.' &vat &e) f & e a> -le) ind 'es tensi n ai t0e tt &n and ' > #

))" -~essi~ at.=t0e t - f a ilding (9 ). ' .' ,== .' . ' . ' , ' : .'. " ) .... # )")==")= ,.6.~~"Di?s9:ntin ) ~) & ndDist~& an~" ) =

=l=&~'~~~"~~~ '' ~ al! ~ll~~~))~~~e .) ~e $U~S?den~~t& g0 /0en'e&ta n ele> ents dis' sse d in t0e '.&itAn3. 3s g& nd dist & an' es e6 'e ed ='e&tain val es#' 0a&a't e&isti' f the g& nd. G0& ee t -es f f&a' t & es a& e' >> nl seen +2:, = .

1. F issures or c r a c ks. G ese a&e -en '&a'H s & anging f & > a fe/in'0es L seve&al f eet / ide.

SURFACE !A AC E 3!"

2. Steps , l# -lanes oC / eaHness a&e &iented fav&a l ) g& nd /i l4slide al ng t0ese -l anes and f && ste-s n t0e s &fa'e . Ste -s als &angef & > a fe/ in'0es L a f'/ feet in /idt0 .

3. Cave-in piJs . $h ese res ult #r cm 4 'al ' lla-sing o# t0e g& nd. G0e>a e as la&ge as seve &al fee t / ide and dee-.

%round dist & an' es a& e i>>ediatel t&ans> itted l! sur#a ce st& 't &esand 'a se da>a ge f va&i s f &>s. C& ite& ia f s &fa'e st& ' t &al da>agevary f& > cou n try r o cou n try , - ssi l d e t diffe&e nl ildi ng ' des andst&' t &al >ate&ials. In &eat B& itain) f & e a> -le) 'lassifi'ati n f st& ' 7t &al da>age de-ends >ainl n '0ang es in st& 't &e lengt0. Ga le 9.6.1and Fig) 9.6.3 ' &&elate t0e deg&ee f ilding da>age) t e intensit f &r ound .s trai ns, and il ding l engt0 .

In t0J U .S.S.R .) 0 /eve& ) il is gene& all & e' g ni ed t0at > st s &f a'est& 't &es a&e saf e if g& nd dist & an' es d n t e ' eed t0e valKes f ' (

1:# f& sl - e) 16)et&e.,

Fig. 9.6.3 Rdati ns0i- f da>age te I'ngl f S IlUC1U") and 0 &i Mntlll at! nd sttain +12,)C n es, U. . Nali na, C!IIlB a&d.


24/31

Ch . "S. o .te:ng th01St l'uc tu r .

TabJe 9.6.1 Damage"iDRelation to lntensity o l Groun Str ain !1 #

Up 10 0 ,03 m

"

'ChlSS of .Dam. g .

"

1$'%ery&ighlor neg(igible

)aircraclts ' in *l asler +er ha*s isolal,. ighl raclurein h. buil ing . n- isibleon0/.llsi .

0$0 m 2 0 .06 m $Slighl

. ,

. :

'0$06 m - 0.1 m

0$1 m 2 0 .13 m

4or. han0 .13 m

Se eral '''ghl lracluressho5i"l ns i e h. buil ing $0007& a" 5in o5s may sloc8 sl'ghlly . R.*air. 10 e coralion *robablyn"eessary .

3, **teci a bleSlighl raclure Sho5ing ' ,n o lsl e 01 , buil ing!oronema in traerere) . 000" an5in o5s lticl;ng : ser ice ppes may".clur .

. Se ere S.4e. PIpes isru*tot .'-*en (racluresra


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'" :::! -~.! : . :< .. . . ~i g : : o "OlO . . . .::0 - !:. e-; I~

; 5i~ ~.i~.

". . .

~ o.. " o ;~ :s "' . . . . . .c-~ ~ ' .o -- . . .>


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332 o;, -, SURl' Att S UBSID ENCE.' '

9 .7. 1 Structural Pr otection

Tbe con truction lte !or ne" tructure #oul$ be care!ull%in&e ti ate$,e (eciall%t#e la%out o! od - un$er roun$ "or)in . T#ere are &ariou*et#o$ !or tabili+in roun$ !racture an$ *o&e* ent $ue to t#e ol$

, "or)in . Por e a*(le ; int#e Pitt bur # *etro(olitan arca o! "e tern,o..; ,' 'Penn %l&an a, con i$erable area "ereun$er*ine$-in t#eIate ,19t# an$/0, , ' earl% 2t# centurie b% #allo" "o r ) in a t $e(t# u( to / '22 !t, A t#e

, ,,- ,0;o', (o ("ation'o! t#e *etro(olitan area increa e 0contructior r i un$erta)en. - ': . . in t#e e (re&iou l% *ine$-out area , "bic# call ! or roun$. tabili+ation'::;' ta* t#e #on+ontal (o ition -o! t#e trucEUl'e,T#e !oun$ation, $e i n !or ri i$ %4te* i

.. i* ilar 1 2 t#al o! !le ible % te* e ce(t t#at it u e tron l% reln!orce$concr ete ra!t or bea* ca(able o! u ((JKrtin4t#e u (er tructur e .

T#e len t# o!a buil$in i i* (ortanJ 8Pi. 9,< / . A loner , buil$in * a%et on. roun$ t#at i in (art ubGect4 1 2 t#e *4 i* ,u* train 44ile a #ort*all ' buil$in i *ore Ei) el%to bein an ar ea oru4i!orIn 4r atn. I8.llL0lar 4e buil$in i reMuir e$, it i t#ere!ore $e irable to e (arat4 11 4to, *all urutan$ -(r o&i$e a a( o! al' lea t in" b,et" een e4%#' (ait o4,unit . , '!.#e, a( ,' boul$ b e!ree !ro* an% ob truciiorian$ 'e teo$ ioto t#e !oun$ata nAlte*ati&el%. t#e lon a i o! a lai e bl.6il$i* t0 #oul$ be, (araUel,l> t# e, ,ub i$ence cont>urline rat#er . h !!n ' (er(ei'i$ cular to t1ie* ,T bi '" #a $' a'0

, * ore uni!or* train i i*(o e$ o4 t#e buil$in .''',,', 0PoL.''>l$ buil$in locate$ in a 4u b i$enc'e ar ea, , e&4r al (r e&entl&4

*en ure are u e$ 89/ '

, 1. T re n c h i n g. A trenc#' i e ca4ate$ aroun$ 4e bUil$in l' % l!ro* 't#4 ,e ter nal "all 8 i , 9 ,7. / , T#e "i$t# ort#e lrenc# nee$ not be 4ore 4#anI#al reMuir e$ ,! or $i in , but il #oul$ e ten$ 12 t#e !oun$atloll. r#e


27/31

"

~. . . .


28/31

:. : .

. ' . :

, trench can be filled with compressible materials and covered with con-.crete slabs. A reduction of 50% in structural damage has been reporteawitb rrenching (12 , but it is mor e effective in coping with compressivegro un d strains !ban tensile ones , "

2, . ' Cuung uf walls (#$g. ,1.& . 'uilding and bric wal)sof structures, "lo*er than +0ft can be cut to reduce damage, be resulting gap sbould be

wideenougb to accommodate de ection, he cut shou)d also be e tendedto the foundation and $ncorporated $nto a trench if possible. "

: / . T a ping, ar ge glass windows shou)d be tap d to avoid - ing glass, that can r esult from compressive strain. "

":: .&. Banding and strapping. If structures are e tremel wea in ten".: 3lon, the can be r einforced b strapping or tie belting.

4 hen subsidence occurs, a completel fle ible pipeline will.de ect toassume tbe subsidence profile, but a rigid buried pipeline will becomeunsupported and be sub6ected to.an increasing load of the overl ing sollo 4

herefore, the principie of pipela ing involves the preventicnof e ces-si*e !oading. his can be accomplished b constructing a well"compactedsoil arcb over the pipe as 3h758 in #ig. .9.5. Anotber tecbni ne cal)ed.the imperfect ditcb method of ccnstruction ( uses straw, ha , sawdust,or cor nstal s for imperfect ditch baclcfi)l.1t is effective in greatl r educing

Sol d Foo t;no

J it e . :9.5 4 < =oncept ofcompacled so$l arch witb cush$en to relieve stress$n buried fle iblepipe (note 7ose soil cushio l (29 , " " >?rt in *e *ve*l*ingsoil @0d can be ap plied to both r igidand e ible pipelines. >lpelioe)o*ntsshou)d also be fle ible and telescop$c to provide sufficient deflecuon,stra$ght draw, @0d line displacement.

8rivewa pavements, par iog areas, and highwa s should beof as- phalt, macadam, or sorne other fle i ble material witb a granular founda-tion to .r educe the amount of strain transmitted frorn the gr ound to the pavement. 3in larl , surface water drainage s stems and cu)verts shou)dbe articulated 7reduce damage.

.9 .2 Bnderground< =ontroll d Ci niog

Bnder ground controlled mining involves tecbni *es th*. do n7 producesur$ace.subs$dence e ceeding the allowable val es and l* ther efore eff~-tive in reducing surface damage. 3everal methods,f r e uentl


29/31

I>UItFACE SUBSIDE NCIt

1 >:

I /./ I ,1/'\ ~ . I "

-iLIo- I -,/..~, ... 1 _ _ -,X ..,eL ._ - -11 ' 1- 1 _ ._...;.X ;..;.o,,___ _,; ......

_ ",,\0 , '1 --_ S" I I

-- :t_ _ _ _ _ _ _ +r ===~ -- - - --- - --

Mn.d U n mln. d M i n.d

F!. #.$.% De&i.o( .safety )i**+ &- / 0.

I e + 2+ 3i (+3e 45&t &to) &o I +t tot+*.&t +i +t t e &ite o( t e &5 (+3e&t 53t5 e i& *e&& i + t e +**o6+ 7*e 2~5e&. Fo e8+4) *e, F! . #.i.6 i**5&- "t +te& t7e &t +i ) o(i*e& i 53e 79-t6o o ) )o&i ( +3e&, +t + o i o t+*!&t+'3e X ~ ( o4 + &5 (+3e &t 53t5 e / 0. *e &t +i' ) o(i*e(o e+31+ 2+ 3i (+ee i& ete 4i e 79 i((e e ti+ti t6i3e t e !

~o

Fi . #.;.$ P3* o ,o( ~5))o ti &5 (+3e &t 53t5 e. A(te Q, +9+'Pe9e & %0, Co5 te,9A4e i3+ SRiet9 o( Ci2i*' B i ee ~. ' '.

. : .

I E~ o~e, o6e2e , t e )+ e*-+ - )i**+ &9&te i& ( e 5e T9 5&e.6it e*+ti2e*9 *o 75 4 \*;OU )+ +**e* )+e*& &e~+. +te~V )e + e t )i**+ &

Fi . #,.$.W0. + e*& + )i**+ & + e ~~ &+ e 6it , 6 i3 IS ~)) /:85 +te*9o e..(o7it7 o( te.&e+4 e )t . e o7&e 2e &5 (+3e &57&~ e3e, +~e&( o4 X tY1 / M o(t e &e+4 t i3Z e&&.[o6e2e , &57&ie 3e 43 ,\ +&e&6it

. e) t1o( 4i' i'" 5 et o e +t~ e ( ~ 4 +tio !' 35 e o 't 1e )i**+ &.

Ha rT n IlU :Bx tra cti on

e &t 53t5 e to ' e ) ote 3ie I& 5 e 4 i e 6it &t+ e e ~+~e& +&& o6 i ' Fi . #.$.#. e 547e & i t $ (i 5 e i i3+te t e 44*~ &eG0*e 3e.. e &t 53t5 e i& Io3+te o ,t e '33i44o e e o( t6o + +3e t

.2- . :

o': /, ]]- .

1 1 1 1 1" . . .",( " "


30/31

FI, . 9.7.9(~ ) .

". : panels, The right .side panel is mi~d rst .and kepr a . constant 'djstancea~ead of the lef~slde o l'.anelapp .ro!II~alel"e#$al lo one-fourth the critica%

. ~&ldt The tensile sttat ~ tra eh ng ':'Ith thefacefo r the right si de panel isrelatl ~l" sma* o er this edge, &hile the compressi e strain +ehind theface &il- to s ':lle e/tent +e .compensated +" the tra(eling tensile strain

o frorn the ~eftside panel. This &a " t+e strain ind$ced at the siteof theostr$ct$re 01 kept at a m2nim$m.

RapidM i n illg

T+e m3/im$m te nsile strai n (E f) tra eli ng &ith an ad anci ng face 4sgenerall" less than o t+~ ~a% o+ta2na+le tensile strain, 5m$ (Fig. 9.7.0 ),and the ~aster ~e mn$ng, the less 5, ois. F$ rthermore , the m3/im$m ocornpressi e stram accompan 2ed &ith th 6 tra el2ng ace is al& 3"s lessth~ the ~rrespondmg m~lm$m tensile strain, Et. Ther efore, there~!Istsa m-n~m$.mrate of minmg characteristic o2 each coa% field that &i*md$ce ma/lm$m tensile tra eling strain less than %he a*o&a+le 8 e .

-'

' . I~donci ng fa c.- . .file 9.7.i Tra4'e*ng n d final s$rface slrai.

(0; ). oUn rni ned


31/31

'l ~11.

'::' U A.r Jt,\"' .c. :JU .D:) U I~N l,; ,.K

16. M, 0 , O, Salamon. Elastic Analy,i, of Ois lsc!m!n" an# St$!ss!s ln#"c!# %y MI &!$ S!am o$ !!f D! ( '1( J S .r. 1 n na. o 1 , ) ) ",r . , 1 1 / . M in. M et .. N ov. 1*6+. . 1 - 1/* .

10. . I.. lman. A 2lsco!laslic Aoalysia oC Min! S"%si#!nc! in o$i tal LAm

St$ata. 34.D. #5sa!$ tation. Uni !nll7 oC Mion!.ota, 1*68. zon nat!#1- . MO.Sh' 9!$$ y. 1'11: ~Un# ;o nsi#!$!# as a 1*6/), . 18* 160.1*. . D. Oll4l.

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