traffic and revenue projections for toll roads

34
TRAFFIC AND REVENUE PROJECTIONS FOR TRANSPORT CONCESSIONS Luis Willumsen

Upload: citilabs

Post on 24-Apr-2015

115 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

TRAFFIC AND REVENUE PROJECTIONS FOR TRANSPORT CONCESSIONS

Luis Willumsen

Page 2: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

2

WHY?

Motivation

Real money is at stake Clear focus on specific outcomes Modelling and forecasting are immediately valued Some very bright people are involved Significant modelling challenges Short timescales, quick results Useful lessons for other modelling and forecasting applications

Page 3: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

3

CONTEN

TS

Contents

Context Revenue RiskModelling approaches Toll Roads Risk AnalysisWhat makes a good forecaster

Page 4: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

4

CONTEXT

Context: the concession process

Page 5: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

5

AGEN

TS

Agents

Government, Regulatory Offices Promoters, construction companies Financial Institutions Rating Agencies  Monoline insurers and other insurance companies Operators Rolling stock manufacturers Integrators Lawyers, Other Consultants

Page 6: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

6

PRO

JECTFINAN

CE

Project Finance

Risk  Cost of Finance How to reduce risk

• Better concession contracts• Insurance (several)• Guarantees (especially minimum revenue)• Good Revenue Projections (international level)

Financial close is paramount

Risk Cost of finance

Price of bid

Financial close

Page 7: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

7

RISK

PRO

FILES

Risks

General risks Country Currency Political risks

Project specific risks Construction Operating costs  Force Majeure Revenue

• Traffic volume, composition and abstraction• Ramp‐up• Growth• Future competition• Toll and fare adjustments (indexing and how)

Page 8: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

8

RISK

PRO

FILEOFTO

LLROAD

Typical risk profile of toll road over time

Operating cos ts

Traffic & Revenue

Construction cos ts

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

-2 0 2 4 10

Year

Ris

k (n

omin

al)

Handover

Opening

Pre completion Post completion

Operating cos ts

Traffic & Revenue

Construction cos ts

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

-2 0 2 4 10

Year

Ris

k (n

omin

al)

Handover

Opening

Pre completion Post completion

Page 9: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

9

TRAFFICPRO

JECTIONSMAY

BEUNRELIABLE

Past performance of revenue projections is poor

J P Morgan found in 14 Case Studies (USA) 2 underestimates (10 to 30% below actual) 4 moderate overestimates (12 to 25% over actual) 8 ‘blue sky’ overestimates (45 to 75% over actual)

Why? Ignored price and alternatives Ignored willingness to pay tolls Overestimated growth prospects

Page 10: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

10

IMPRO

VERELIABILITY

ANDREDU

CERISK

Improve reliability and reduce risk

How?

We need to provide

Confidence in the inputs, extensive and up to date Confidence in the methods Confidence in the results Risk Analysis and treatment Communicate to deliver trust in the Traffic and Revenue 

Advisors

Page 11: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

11

METHO

DOLO

GIES

Methodologies

• Early Risk Identification and evaluation• Review existing data and collect new, even if just to 

validate• Specify models carefully; classic 4/5 stage and AB models 

are almost never appropriate• Focus on what really matters!

In‐scope traffic Willingness to pay tolls/fares Growth Competition Contractual obligations Understanding the economic and social context

Page 12: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

12

USE

OFM

ODELS

Specification of models

Clients do not trust ‘black boxes’

Excessive complexity  high risk

Team more important than software

Excel may be enough

Avoid overlarge zoning systems and networks

Focus on what really matters and demonstrate it

Risk analysis and mitigation

Ability to explain process from input to output

Page 13: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

13

Compe

tition

IN SCOPE TRIPS

TRANSPORT MODEL

CAPTURE TRAFFIC AND

REVENUE

WILLINGNESS TO PAY

BENEFITS OFNEW FACILITY

MODELLIN

G

Generic model

Tren

ds

GROWTH

Page 14: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

14

WILLIN

GNESS

TOPAY

Willingness to pay

Drivers pay to save time and costs (comfort, security) Subjective Value of Travel Time Depends on Income, Purpose (group), quality of the driving task

Public transport travellers are also willing to pay money for a better journey Travel time, reliability, seat, how crowded, opportunity to 

read/work, comfort

Stated and Revealed Preferences Income distribution analysis Segmentation of demand is critical

Page 15: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

15

VA

LUESOF

TIME

Value of Time by Country

Chi

le

Arg

entin

a

UK

Swed

enSp

ain

Port

ugal

Net

herla

nds

Italy

Irela

nd

Ger

man

y

Fran

ce

Finl

and

Den

mar

k

Aus

tria

Bel

gium

Can

ada

Nor

way

USA

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

Country

GD

P p

er C

apita

$

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Val

ue o

f Tim

e $/

hr

"GDP per capita US$" VOT Business VOT General

Page 16: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

16

WILLIN

GNESS

TOPAY, TRU

CKS

Trucks and freight

Who chooses route/mode? Clients – shipper – haulier ‐ drivers Value of Time for Freight Depends on the value of the commodity and type of 

contract (JIT) Vehicle Operating Costs Savings (gradients, stops) Stated and Revealed Preferences Company maturity

Large and small operators Large and small trucks

Page 17: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

17

Sydney Orbital System: an example

39 km long15 junctionsToll 25 cents/km, all vehiclesToll capped at $5 (20 km)Two lanes each wayTolled using free‐flow ETC30 years concession  Completes orbital route around SydneyServes main area of expansion of Sydney

Page 18: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

18

Modelling capped tolls

55 5 5 5

5555 55 55 55 55 5 5 5V1

2020 20 20 2020

V2

V=V1+V2V

CUBE can do this and more general pricing schemes

Page 19: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

19

WSO Heavy Veh VTTS 2001

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0-5 5.01-10 10.01-20 20.01-30 30.10-40 40.01-50 50.01-60 60.01-70 70.01-80 80.01-90 90.01-100

100.01-110

110.01-120

120.01-130

130.01-140

140.01-150

VTTS ($/hour)

Freq

uenc

y

Heavy vehicle Free Flow Heavy vehicle Slowed Down Total time

WSO Heavy Veh VTTS 2001

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0-5 5.01-10 10.01-20 20.01-30 30.10-40 40.01-50 50.01-60 60.01-70 70.01-80 80.01-90 90.01-100

100.01-110

110.01-120

120.01-130

130.01-140

140.01-150

VTTS ($/hour)

Freq

uenc

y

Heavy vehicle Free Flow Heavy vehicle Slowed Down Total time

VALU

EOFTIM

EFO

RFREIG

HT

Willingness‐to‐Pay, heavy commercial vehicles

Page 20: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

20

MARKET

SEGMEN

TATION

Values of time in model

Category Level VTTS AUS$/hr % of users in category

Low 2.46 30%

Medium 15.90 48%

High 57.95 8%

Employer pays 50.50 14%

Commuters

Average 20.32 100%

Low 2.45 36%

Medium 13.26 36%

High 47.41 12%

Employer pays 50.50 16%

Non-Commuters

Average 19.40 100%

Low 3.79 50%

Medium-High 23.42 50%

Light Commercial

Average 13.55 100%

Heavy Commercial Low 13.96 52%

Medium-high 49.54 48%

Average 31.06 100%

Page 21: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

21

RAM

P‐UP

Ramp up forecasting

The transitional period from opening to stable (modelled) flows, or ramp up, is very important as early revenues are critical to the financial success of a concession (and banks look very closely to early revenues)

Sadly, the ramp up period is almost impossible to model using conventional tools It depends on how quickly can people become familiar with the 

advantages (and costs) of the new facility Therefore commuter traffic has a shorter ramp up than inter‐city Significant advantages result  in shorter ramp‐ups Complex pricing leads to longer ramp up periods Information and marketing can shorten the ramp up

The best guidance is other similar cases and judgement

Page 22: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

22

REVEN

UES

Revenue model

Traffic is never directly converted into revenue; there will be: Ramp up Seasonal variations and the need for annualisation Exempted vehicles Non‐payers, evasion Leakage Revenue sharing

In the case of public transport concessions Sharing of revenue with integrated fare systems is complex There are more discounted fares, season tickets

Usually a spreadsheet models take care of these issues

Page 23: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

23

LRT, BRT ANDM

ETRO

Public transport concessions

Increasing participation of private sector Infrastructure usually needs public sector contribution But revenue risk is often allocated to operations (fraud, 

fare collection and evasion, marketing, integration) Mode transfer from cars is an issue (policy and revenue) Assumptions about what the competition will do are key Mode Specific Constant, the inherent advantage of the 

new mode, is a problem Benchmarking is useful

Page 24: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

24

KEY

ISSUES

Risk analysis

Confidence that the model represents the present and future well Build different scenarios to cope with a changing future De‐construction of model outputs to show dependencies Stochastic risk analysis to provide envelope of uncertainty

Uncertainty about future 

inputs

Errors and imperfections 

in model

Uncertainty about 

forecasts

GDP, Population,Competitors,PricesPolicies

SegmentationBehavioural responsesSVTTrips/toursZones & Networks

TrafficRevenuestreams

Page 25: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

25

KEY

ISSUES

Model and future uncertainties

Update the model and forecasts to recent data and changes Check model produces sensible and defensible results Agree basis for scenarios with bidder and financial advisors Produce at least three scenarios: stressed (downside), expected (base)  and Optimistic (upside) forecastsMore scenarios may be needed if uncertainty about competitors responses or other factor is critical Undertake sensitivity tests Willingness to pay Revenue mix – joint tickets Evasion Different customer groupsGrowth in population and GDP Reorganisation of public transport, parking policy

Page 26: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

26

OUTPU

TMAKE

UP

Deconstruct the model in its components

Modelling Demand captured from other roads or PT Demand growth What is capturable from other modes Re‐distribution Pure generated traffic 

Demand segmentation By type of vehicles Urban and long distance travel Week day and week end ETC and conventional tolls Season ticket and single fare users Discounts

Page 27: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

27

PUBLIC

TRANSPO

RTDECO

NSTRU

CTION

Conceptual LRT forecasts

Page 28: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

28

STOCHASTIC

RISKAN

ALYSIS

Stochastic risk analysis

Beloved by Financial Institutions Generally based around Base Case Take  2‐3 key variables : GDP, SVT,  etc ..and look into their historical variability (standard deviation  ) The model is used to track variability in revenue resulting from variability in key inputs, usually via a simplification in Excel  FutureRevenue = RevenueFactor * Base Case Revenue A value for RevenueFactor of  1 indicates Base Case Also presented as the level of revenue that is likely to be exceeded 90 or 95% of the time (P90 and P95)

Page 29: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

29

TYPICALOUTPU

T

Example of output

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

Year

Rev

enue

Fac

tor

GDP variation σ: 0.5%

SVT variation σ : 2.5%*mean VST

Page 30: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

30

CASE

STUDY

A Mexico toll –road transaction

The main driver of future demand was GDP growthIt affects underlying (in‐scope via car ownership) demand and growth in willingness to payObservations on past variations of GDP growth suggested:

Normal distribution of variations (once outliers were removed) Standard Deviations around 1.5

Undertook the P90 analysis using 5000 Monte Carlo iterations with Normal Distribution and SD =1.5P90 is the level of demand that will be exceeded in practice with a probability of 90% (9 out of 10 times)

Page 31: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

31

FORECASTSC

ASE2P90 and P95 for toll road

'Four Roads- Case 2 WRe P90 sd 1.5

2

7

12

17

22

2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036

Mx$

Bill

ions

Page 32: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

32

PRACTICALASPECTS

Some recommendations

Bear in mind the need to reach financial close and still have a project that generates a profit to investors

Transparency and traceability are paramount You will be audited by financial institutions sooner or later If problem is very simple, use Excel; otherwise, use a well 

established software package: CUBE is good Use at least 6 user classes for cars and 4 for trucks with 

different willingness to pay Collect up to date data, at least counts and OD surveys Confirm willingness to pay Always model tolls as tolls and not as time penalties Beware of perverse incentives

Page 33: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

33

CLO

SURE: THE

TRANSPO

RTMODELLER

PROFESSIO

NAL

What makes a good modeller forecasting professional?

Curiosity: broad range of interests to enable you to understand the underlying reasons for demand beyond any model or theory

Good listening skills Communication skills Analytical ability Questioning mind, in particular of your own results Realism: all modelling projects take longer than you initially anticipate; plan accordingly

The final test: would you put your retirement fund on this project?

Page 34: Traffic and Revenue Projections for Toll Roads

Luis Willumsen Consultancy

THANK YOU