TRAFFICKINGTRAFFICKINGThe silent slaveryThe silent slavery

Slavery has been abolished in Slavery has been abolished in most countries in the 1800s, but it most countries in the 1800s, but it still exists in the world today in still exists in the world today in

different forms.different forms.

After drug trafficking, human trafficking is tied After drug trafficking, human trafficking is tied with the illegal arms trade as the second with the illegal arms trade as the second

largest criminal industry in the worldlargest criminal industry in the worldand and

is the fastest growing.is the fastest growing.

WHAT IS HUMAN TRAFFICKING?WHAT IS HUMAN TRAFFICKING?

Human trafficking is a form of modern day slaveryHuman trafficking is a form of modern day slavery

Sexual, Labour, forced Marriage, organ Transplant, Camel Sexual, Labour, forced Marriage, organ Transplant, Camel Jockey.Jockey.

Victims exploited for commercial sex or labor purposesVictims exploited for commercial sex or labor purposes

Traffickers use force, fraud, and coercionTraffickers use force, fraud, and coercion

Victims are young children, teenagers men and women. Victims are young children, teenagers men and women.

Trafficking in Persons Trafficking in Persons DefinedDefined The United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and The United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and

Children defines trafficking in persons as: Children defines trafficking in persons as:

The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or

other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of

vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control

over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of

the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices

similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.

DEFINITION OF "SEVERE FORMS OF DEFINITION OF "SEVERE FORMS OF TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS"TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS"

The Trafficking Victims Protection Act defines "The Trafficking Victims Protection Act defines "severe severe form of trafficking in personsform of trafficking in persons" as" as

(a) sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is (a) sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age; or18 years of age; or

(b) the recruitment, harboring, transportation, (b) the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.debt bondage, or slavery.

Definition of Terms Used in the Term "Severe Definition of Terms Used in the Term "Severe Forms of Trafficking in Persons"Forms of Trafficking in Persons"

""Sex trafficking"Sex trafficking" means the recruitment, harboring, means the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act. for the purpose of a commercial sex act.

"Commercial sex act""Commercial sex act" means any sex act on means any sex act on account of which anything of value is given to or account of which anything of value is given to or received by any person. received by any person.

""Involuntary servitude"Involuntary servitude" includes a condition of includes a condition of servitude induced by means of: servitude induced by means of:

(a) any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to cause (a) any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to cause a person to believe that, if the person did not a person to believe that, if the person did not enter into or continue in such condition, that enter into or continue in such condition, that person or another person would suffer serious person or another person would suffer serious harm or physical restraint; harm or physical restraint;

or or

(b) the abuse or threatened abuse of the legal (b) the abuse or threatened abuse of the legal process. process.

"Debt bondage“. "Debt bondage“. Victims trafficking are often Victims trafficking are often subjected to debt-bondage, usually in the context subjected to debt-bondage, usually in the context of paying off transportation fees into the of paying off transportation fees into the destination countries. destination countries.

Victims do not realize that their debts are often Victims do not realize that their debts are often legally unenforceable.legally unenforceable.

In many cases the victims are trapped into a cycle In many cases the victims are trapped into a cycle of debt because they have to pay for all living of debt because they have to pay for all living expenses in addition to the initial transportation expenses in addition to the initial transportation expenses.expenses.

Most victims rarely see the money they are Most victims rarely see the money they are supposedly earning and many they don’t know the supposedly earning and many they don’t know the specific amount of debt.specific amount of debt.

"Coercion""Coercion" means: means:

(a) threats of serious harm to or physical restraint (a) threats of serious harm to or physical restraint against any person; against any person;

(b) any scheme, plan or pattern intended to cause a (b) any scheme, plan or pattern intended to cause a person to believe that failure to perform an act person to believe that failure to perform an act would result in serious harm to or physical would result in serious harm to or physical restraint against any person; or, restraint against any person; or,

(c) the abuse or threatened abuse of the legal (c) the abuse or threatened abuse of the legal process.process.

Forms of exploitation Forms of exploitation in the country of destinationin the country of destination

Sexual exploitationSexual exploitation Economic exploitationEconomic exploitation Domestic workersDomestic workers Sweatshops (garment and textiles sectors, etc.)Sweatshops (garment and textiles sectors, etc.) Catering and services sectorCatering and services sector Begging and street peddlingBegging and street peddling SportsSports

Other forms…..?Other forms…..?

Illegal adoption, baby selling and traffickingIllegal adoption, baby selling and trafficking

Child sex touristChild sex tourist

(Each year more than a million children are (Each year more than a million children are exploited in the global commercial sex trade. Child exploited in the global commercial sex trade. Child sex tourism involves people who travel from their sex tourism involves people who travel from their own country to another and engage in commercial own country to another and engage in commercial sex acts with children) sex acts with children)

WHAT IS SEX TRAFFICKING?WHAT IS SEX TRAFFICKING?

The recruitment, harboring, transporting, provision or The recruitment, harboring, transporting, provision or obtaining of a person of a commercial sex act, in which the obtaining of a person of a commercial sex act, in which the commercial sex act is inducted by force, fraud or coercion, commercial sex act is inducted by force, fraud or coercion, or in which the person forced to perform such an act is or in which the person forced to perform such an act is under the age of 18 years under the age of 18 years

WHAT IS LABOR TRAFFICKING?WHAT IS LABOR TRAFFICKING?

The recruitment, harboring, transporting, provision or The recruitment, harboring, transporting, provision or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud or coercion for the purpose of subjection of force, fraud or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, debt bondage or slavery.to involuntary servitude, debt bondage or slavery.

Victims can be found in domestic situations as nannies or Victims can be found in domestic situations as nannies or

maids, sweatshop factories, construction sites, farm work, maids, sweatshop factories, construction sites, farm work, restaurants, etcrestaurants, etc

VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKINGVICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING Estimations of the number of people trafficked each year Estimations of the number of people trafficked each year

vary from vary from tens of thousands to millions.tens of thousands to millions. Such variation are due to the nature of trafficking and the Such variation are due to the nature of trafficking and the

methodological difficulties in collection data, statistics and methodological difficulties in collection data, statistics and information on the issue.information on the issue.

Some researches estimate that every year Some researches estimate that every year 1 to 2 million 1 to 2 million women – men and childrenwomen – men and children are trafficked worldwide, are trafficked worldwide, around 225,000 of them are from South Asia (India, Nepal, around 225,000 of them are from South Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Bhutan).Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Bhutan).

Other estimates show that over the last 30 years, trafficking Other estimates show that over the last 30 years, trafficking for sexual exploitation alone has victimized some for sexual exploitation alone has victimized some 30 million 30 million Asian women and children.Asian women and children.

VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKINGVICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING

12 million Africans slaves moved to America in 400 years12 million Africans slaves moved to America in 400 years 30 million trafficked women in South East Asia in the last 30 million trafficked women in South East Asia in the last

10 years10 years USA estimates that 75,000 women and children are USA estimates that 75,000 women and children are

illegally brought into the US annually for forced illegally brought into the US annually for forced prostitution and other forma of slave labor (from all over the prostitution and other forma of slave labor (from all over the world including Africa, Asia, India, Eastern Europe, Latin world including Africa, Asia, India, Eastern Europe, Latin America, Russia, Canada, etc).America, Russia, Canada, etc).

INDIA: Est. 2-3 million people traffickedINDIA: Est. 2-3 million people trafficked More than 17,000 women and children are victims of More than 17,000 women and children are victims of

trafficking in Greece today. Most victims come from trafficking in Greece today. Most victims come from Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Moldova, Bulgaria and Albania.Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Moldova, Bulgaria and Albania.

HOW VICTIMS ARE TRAFFICKED?HOW VICTIMS ARE TRAFFICKED?

Traffickers use force, fraud and coercion to compel Traffickers use force, fraud and coercion to compel women, men and children to engage in these women, men and children to engage in these

activitiesactivities

FORCEFORCE: Involves the use of rape, beatings and : Involves the use of rape, beatings and confinement to control victims.confinement to control victims.

Forceful violence is used especially during the early Forceful violence is used especially during the early stages of victimization, known as the “seasoning stages of victimization, known as the “seasoning process”, which is used to break victims resistant to process”, which is used to break victims resistant to make them easier to controlmake them easier to control

COERCION:COERCION:

Involves threats of serious harm to, or physical Involves threats of serious harm to, or physical restrain of, any person, restrain of, any person,

- any scheme plan or pattern intended to cause a - any scheme plan or pattern intended to cause a person to believe that failure to performer an act person to believe that failure to performer an act would result in serious harm to or physical restrain would result in serious harm to or physical restrain against any person or against any person or

- the abuse threatened abuse of the legal process.- the abuse threatened abuse of the legal process.

FRAUDFRAUD:: Involves false offers that include people Involves false offers that include people into trafficking situations.into trafficking situations.

For example women and children will reply to For example women and children will reply to advertisements promising jobs as waitresses, maids advertisements promising jobs as waitresses, maids and dancers in other countries and are then and dancers in other countries and are then trafficked for purposes of prostitution once they trafficked for purposes of prostitution once they arrive at their destinationsarrive at their destinations

Trafficking Vs. Migrant SmugglingTrafficking Vs. Migrant Smuggling

TRAFFICKINGTRAFFICKING Victims either do not Victims either do not

consent to their situationconsent to their situation Ongoing exploitation of Ongoing exploitation of

victims to generate illicit victims to generate illicit profits for the traffickers profits for the traffickers

Trafficking need not entail Trafficking need not entail the physical movement of a the physical movement of a person (entail the person (entail the exploitation for labor or exploitation for labor or commercial sex)commercial sex)

SMUGGLINGSMUGGLING Migrant smuggling Migrant smuggling

includes those who consent includes those who consent to being smuggledto being smuggled

Smuggling Is a breach of Smuggling Is a breach of the integrity of a nation's the integrity of a nation's bordersborders

Smuggling is always Smuggling is always transnational transnational

Factors for traffickingFactors for trafficking The factors underlying the decision to leave home may be The factors underlying the decision to leave home may be

classified into two groups.classified into two groups.

Firstly,Firstly, the role of the 'push' factors, in other words the role of the 'push' factors, in other words factors in the home country such as poverty, factors in the home country such as poverty, unemployment, repression, natural disasters and unemployment, repression, natural disasters and war, which should not be underestimated. war, which should not be underestimated.

Secondly,Secondly, there are 'pull' factors in Western there are 'pull' factors in Western countries that attract people, such as “democracy” countries that attract people, such as “democracy” “freedom” and “employment opportunities”. “freedom” and “employment opportunities”.

The causes of traffickingThe causes of trafficking

The causes of human trafficking are complex and often The causes of human trafficking are complex and often reinforce each other.reinforce each other.

povertypoverty the attraction of perceived higher standards of living the attraction of perceived higher standards of living

elsewhereelsewhere lack of employment opportunitieslack of employment opportunities organized crimeorganized crime violence against women and childrenviolence against women and children discrimination against womendiscrimination against women government corruptiongovernment corruption political instabilitypolitical instability armed conflictarmed conflict

Low levels of education Low levels of education Family and social pressures Family and social pressures Natural disasters (the case of Indian Ocean Tsunami,2004)Natural disasters (the case of Indian Ocean Tsunami,2004)

In the aftermath of December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean In the aftermath of December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, there were sporadic reports of sexual abuse, Tsunami, there were sporadic reports of sexual abuse, kidnapping, and trafficking in persons in the countries kidnapping, and trafficking in persons in the countries devastated by the tsunami.devastated by the tsunami.

Thousands of orphanage children where vulnerable to Thousands of orphanage children where vulnerable to exploitation by criminal elements seeking profite from their exploitation by criminal elements seeking profite from their misery.misery.

The victims and their problems …..The victims and their problems …..

They don’t speak the language of the country of destinationThey don’t speak the language of the country of destination

They are often confined to room or small space where they They are often confined to room or small space where they eat, work and sleep. eat, work and sleep.

They fear and don’t trust many providers, the government They fear and don’t trust many providers, the government or the police.  Often traffickers tell their victims that they or the police.  Often traffickers tell their victims that they are in the United States illegally, and they will be arrested are in the United States illegally, and they will be arrested and deported if they try to get help.  and deported if they try to get help. 

Victims may feel that their current situation is their fault, Victims may feel that their current situation is their fault, and they are guilty about it.and they are guilty about it.

TraffickingTrafficking victimsvictims may develop loyalties and positive may develop loyalties and positive feelings toward their trafficker as way to cope with their feelings toward their trafficker as way to cope with their situation – known as the Stockholm or Syndrome.  situation – known as the Stockholm or Syndrome. 

Traffickers frequently move their Traffickers frequently move their victimsvictims to escape to escape detection.  As a result, detection.  As a result, traffickingtrafficking victimsvictims may not even may not even know what city or country they’re in. know what city or country they’re in.

VictimsVictims of of traffickingtrafficking also fear for the safety of their also fear for the safety of their family members in their native country, who are often family members in their native country, who are often threatened by the traffickers. threatened by the traffickers.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

It is hard to imagine that in the twenty first century It is hard to imagine that in the twenty first century human beings could be exploited and force to work human beings could be exploited and force to work

in the sex industry and other industries.in the sex industry and other industries.

Human trafficking is a crime against the basic Human trafficking is a crime against the basic dignity and the rights of the human person.dignity and the rights of the human person.

All efforts must be expended to end it.All efforts must be expended to end it.