train accident aviodance system document tcas

8/13/2019 Train Accident Aviodance System Document TCAS

1/84

RFID based Train Accident Avoidance System

Contents..

1. Introduction

2. Block diaram

!. Circuit Diaram

". Function o# t$is %ro&ect.

'. A%%lications

(. )ard*are Details

+. So#t*are Details

,. So#t*are %rorams

-. CB desin

1/. Conclusion

11. Bibliora%$y


2/84

Abstract0

This project utilizes the Atmel AT89C52 micro

controller the project control the rail gate at any time. The sensor used here is

a Magnetic readers, the micro controller is so programmed such that it control

the synchronous motor to drive the rail gate. Thus increasing the security o

rail gate control. This micro controller is used to control the automatic rail

gate or unmanned gate control. This project also chec! the vehicle and

human any one inside o this trac! is detected rom inside o this trac! it does

not allo" to cross the train on that trac! it automatically stop the train #y

using $%&' transmitter, it "as placed on

that rail"ay station. (hen the person or vehicle is move orm that trac! thenit auto close the rail gate. then it allo" crossing the train. &n this same time it

detect the train crossing "hen the train also leave rom that area then it

automatically open the door Then ready to scan the ne)t vehicle.

This project is designed, using Atmel AT89C52Micro

controller, 2*+ -C' 'isplay, Magnet sensor modules, 'oor Automation,

$%&' Transmitter And $eceiver, uzzer indicator.

Base Tec$noloy0

/ynchronous motor,'igital -ogic, Micro Controller 0815+ #ased3m#edded technology.


3/84

ain Blocks0

-C' 'isplay.

Micro controller.

Magnet sensor

$ail gate Automation.

FAT3RS0

4ess o%eratin %o*er

4o* cost to desin

asy to im%lement

4nmanned Automaton

$educed the cro"d

$educed the time delay

A4ICATI560

C$eck %ost Automation

Security Automation

Automatic ate control system


4/84

RFID Transmitter Station Control 3nit

Train

o6/top

/i nal

Micro Controller

AT 89C52

2*+ -C' display

'river circuit

$ail"ay gate

$/ 272

Converter

uzzer &ndicator

o"er /upply

Magnet /ensors

Magnet ar

&$ /ensors77.92MhzTransmitter


5/84

RFID Receiver Train Control 3nit

Traino6/top

/i nal

Micro Controller 89C52

2*+ -C' display

'river circuit

Train Motor

$/ 272Converter

attery

o"er /upply

77.92M:z

$eceiver

:T;+2''ecoder

9 M:z

$eceiver


6/84

ilot Control Block Diaram

Function o# t$is %ro&ect

:T+23 3ncoder

'river Controls

A/< Transmitter

9 M:z oscillator

attery o"er /upply


7/84

The entire project is spilt into sections and each

section is e)plained in suicient detail to a#ricate present design

and these principles.

The major #loc!s o the system are

+. Micro Controller 89C52.

2. -C' display.

7. $/ 272 Converter

. 77.92M:z Transmitter6$eceiver

5. :T+23 encoder 6'ecoder

. o"er /upply 4nit.

icro controller AT ,-C'2

y com#ining a versatile 8;#it C4 "ith lash on a

monolithic chip, Atmel AT89C52 is a po"er ull, highly le)i#le

and cost eective solution to many em#edded control

applications.

At the heart o the mo#ile handsets module and central unit

are lash;#ased micro controller &C AT89C52. AT 89C52 is a

lo" po"er high perormance CM=/ 8;#it micro controller "ith

8s high;density, non;

volatile memory technology and compati#le "ith the industry

standard MC/;52 instruction set.


8/84

The on chip lash allo" the program memory to #e

reprogrammed in;system or #y a conventional non;volatile memory

programmer.

This "hole unction "ill #e control on micro

controller sot"are programming. This sot"are "ill #e "ritten

on 3m#edded programming -anguage.

Intellient 4CD Dis%lay

This project each unction is display on that -C' screens. &t "ill

#e connected to this micro controller unit. (hen the micro controller

send the command to this unit. Then it ready to display the Alpha

?umeric data se@uentially depends on its input data.

&n this section "e e)amine an intelligent -C' display o t"o

lines, + characters per line, "hich is interaced to the 89C52.

The display contains t"o internal #yte "ide registers, one or

commands 0$/1 and the second or characters to #e displayed

0$/+. &t also contains a user programmed $AM area 0the character

$AM that can #ee programmed to generate any desired character that

can #e ormed using a dot matri). To distinguish #et"een these t"o

data areas the he) command #yte 81 "ill #e used to signiy that the

display $AM address 11h is chosen.

ort + is used to urnish the command or data #yte, and ports 7.2

to 7. urnish register select and read6"rite levels. -C' #it B is

monitored or logic high 0#usy to ensure the display is not over"ritten.


9/84

A slightly more complicated -C' display 02lines)+ characters is

currently #eing used in this project to run a very similar program.

7ireless transmitter 8 Receiver

(e have used :olte! encoderdecoder pair o :T+23 and

:T+2' employing $% principles. oth o these +8pin '& &Cs. This $%

transmitter is used to transmit the vehicle command signal and it also

received #y this :olte! decoder or to drive the vehicle depend on its

particular operation. This transmitter unit is control the vehicle

movement. The $eceiver unit is placed on this inside o "ireless

vehicle unit.

5%eration o# )oltek )T12 and )T12D

:T+23 and :T+2' are CM=/ &Cs "ith "or!ing

voltage ranging rom 2.D to +2D. 3ncoder :T+23 has eight address and

another our address 6data lines. The data set on these t"elve lines is serially

transmitted "hen the transmitter ena#le the pin T3 is ta!en lo". The data

output appears serially on the '=4T pin. The data is transmitted our times in

succession. &t consists o diering length o positive going pulse or E+>andE1>.the pulse "idth or E1> #egin t"ice the pulse "idth or E+>.The re@uency

o this pulse may lie #et"een +.5 and B


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crystal connected #et"een =/C+ and =/C2 pins o :T+23 and :T+2', or

the given supply voltages, can #e ound out rom the graphs given in the

datasheet o respective chips.

RS2!2 Converter0

(e have used $/272 3ncoder'ecoder pair o MA*272

employing $/272 principles. oth o these +pin '& &Cs. This

$/ 272 encoder is connected to central unit, its used to transmit

the decoder num#er and device num#er "ith its status to $/ 272

ca#le and also received #y this MA*272 decoder or to compare

the decoder num#er and it device num#er "ith it status to the

receiver unit. This encoder is convert the CM=/ transmitted

signal into $/272 signal it "as placed on central 4nit. This

decoder is reconverting this $/272 signal into C=M/ signal it

"as placed on receiver 4nit.

"!!.-2 )9 RF transmitter and RF receiverThe $% transmitter T* 77is an AM and A/< transmitter .&ts

eature includeF

+. 5D +2D single supply operation

2. =n = !eying 0==


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arameter Dalue

and "idth +2M:z

/ensitivity ;+17dm

'ata rate 811#ps

Ma) data rate 911#ps/tand#y current +.2mA

Antenna (hip, strip line or helical

Doltage .5D;5.5D 'C

55: Transmitters

==< is the modulation method o choice or remote control

applications "here po"er consumption and cost are the primary actors.

ecause ==< transmitters dra" no po"er "hen they transmit a E1>,

these e)hi#it signiicantly lo"er po"er consumptions than %/0lo" data line is #eing sent, the transmitter is Eo>, ully

suppressing the carrier. &n this state, the transmitter current is very lo"

0less than + mA "hen logic is E+> is #egin sent, the carrier is ully Eon>.

&n this state the current consumption o the module is at its highest

;a#out .5mA "ith a 7Dolt po"er supply.


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ec$anical assembly

The "or!ing prototype has #een a#ricated using

readymade sheet metal parts, and availa#le components.

Com#ined actual size, single size C or the transmitter

encoder and the receiver decoder driver are manuactured on it

circuit connections. This entire project can easily come out rom

the integrated C. A suita#le $MC connector arrangement has

#een made on the receiver decoder driver C or e)tending

connections to the driver circuits, regulator &C and step do"n

transormer mounted on the chassis o the project.

o*er Su%%ly

The a#ove circuit sho"s the po"er supply circuit or G5D

supply using B815 &C regulator. This mo#ile handset unit is

ta!ing the po"er supply orm this #attery and this central unit is

ta!ing the po"er orm step;do"n transormer.

The main components o the po"er supply unit are,

+. The transormer.

2. The rectiier unit.

7. The %ilter Capacitors.


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. The Doltage $egulator units.

Trans#ormer

The unction o the transormer is to step do"n the availa#le ac

source o 271 volts. The transormer selected is a 1;+2v transormer.

The current rating o the transormer is + A on the lo" voltage side.

/ince "e re@uire G5D 'C sources "ith a common ground. The 271 AC

voltages are stepped do"n using this step do"n transormer. At the

secondary the 271v AC it is reduced to +2D $M/ outputs measured

"ith respect to ground.

Recti#ier 3nit

4sing a ull "ave #ridge rectiier then rectiies the reduced AC

source o +2 volts $M/ and it is converted into pulsating 'C availa#le

in three outputs. The three outputs are the positive, negative and the

ground. This 'C is pulsating and it needs iltering. This unregulated

'C is applied to the B815 &C voltage regulators and at the output "e

can o#tain G5D;regulated output.


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Filter Ca%acitors

The positive and the negative 'C outputs have ripple in them and

they are called pulsating 'C. The ripple coming along the 'C has to #e

removed. The ripple #eing the com#ined eect o the high re@uency

components has to #e removed and this is done #y the t"o capacitors.

These t"o capacitors are essential or the positive and the negative #us.

The capacitors selected are o the electrolytic type and are rated 25

volts 2211 M%'.

=nce the iltering is done the #us #ar voltage is steady 'C and is

no" not pulsating and it is ree rom ripples. :o"ever the capacitor

gets charged to the pea! value and thereore the voltage across the

capacitor "ill #e 9 H +.+ volts. %rom this iltered pure 'C source "e

have to get the operating B815;voltage regulator &C.

;oltae Reulator 3nits

The unction o the voltage regulator units are that "hen the

output o the ilters provide 'C o a higher value than that is re@uired

the output o the regulator r is constant o say G 5 volts. &n spite o the

variations in the supply voltage the output remains constant at the

stipulated level.

+,/' IC Reulator

The B815 is a three terminal positive regulator. &t is a compact

easy to use i)ed voltage regulator pac!aged in a single &C. This &C

voltage regulator has only 7 pins one or the unregulated input voltage,


15/84

one or the regulated output voltage and one or ground. This device

can supply load current rom +11mA to more than 5A. The three

terminal regulators have #ecome e)tremely popular so #ecause they are

so ine)pensive and easy to use. This &C B815 is a G5D regulator. The

circuit o B815 incorporates a zener diode as an internal voltage

reerence.

The t"o eatures o B815 i)ed voltage regulator is current

limiting and thermal shutdo"n. Thermal shutdo"n means that the chip

"ill automatically turns itsel o i the internal temperature #ecomes

dangerously high around +B5degree Celsius. This is a precaution

against e)cessive po"er dissipation, "hich depends on the am#ient

temperature type o heat sin! and other varia#les. ecause o thermal

shutdo"n and am#ient limiting, B815 is almost indestructi#le.

The &C B815 needs a minimum input voltage at least 2D to 7D

greater than the regulated output voltage, other"ise it stops regulating.

%urthermore the unregulated 'C input voltage should not #e allo"ed to

e)ceed the nominal regulated output voltage #y more than a#out +5D,

other"ise regulator dissipation "ill #ecome e)cessive, this causes

thermal shutdo"n. The pin diagram o &C B815 is sho"n #elo".

:ere pin + is the input, 2 is the ground, and 7 is the output. The

capacitor at pin + is used to avoid the internal oscillations "ithin the &C.

This capacitor is also a ilter capacitor. To improve the transient

response o the regulated output voltage a #ypass capacitor is used at

pin 7.


16/84

ro&ect Features 8A%%lications

FAT3RS0

4ess o%eratin %o*er

4o* cost to desin

asy to im%lement

Small si9e

4ess 7i$t

A4ICATI560


17/84

Automatic t$e#t detection system

Industrial mac$ine automation

Domestic ac$ine Automation

)ard*are Details

AT,-C'2 Details

Features0

I Com%atible *it$ CS


18/84

I Si@ Interru%t Sources

I rorammable Serial C$annel

I 4o* o*er Idle and o*er Do*n odes

Descri%tion

The AT89C52 is a lo";po"er, high;perormance CM=/ 8;

#it microcomputer "ith 8s high;density nonvolatile memory technology and is compati#le

"ith the industry standard MC/;52J instruction set and pin out. The

on;chip %lash allo"s the program memory to #e reprogrammed in;

system or #y a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. y

com#ining a versatile 8;#it C4 "ith %lash on a monolithic chip, the

Atmel AT89C52 is a po"erul microcomputer, "hich provides a highly

le)i#le and cost eective solution to many em#edded control

applications.


19/84

AT,-C'2 in Con#iurations


20/84


21/84

AT,-C'2 in Con#iurations

The AT89C52 provides the ollo"ing standard eaturesF s 2+2series o

encoders 0reer to the encoder6decoder cross reerence ta#le.%or proper

operation, a pair o encoder6decoder "ith the same num#er o addresses

and data ormat should #e chosen.The decoders receive serial addresses

and data rom a programmed 2+2series o encoders that are transmitted

#y a carrier using an $% or an &$ transmission medium. They compare

the serial input data three times continuously "ith their local addresses.

& no error or unmatched codes are ound, the input data codes are

decoded and then transerred to the output pins. The DT pin also goes

high to indicate a valid transmission. The 2+2series o decoders are

capa#le o decoding inormation that consist o ? #its o address and

+2;? #its o data. = this series, the :T+2' is arranged to provide 8


55/84

address #its and data #its, and :T+2% is used to decode +2 #its o

address inormation.

5%eration

The 2+2series o decoders provides various com#inations o

addresses and data pins in dierent pac!ages so as to pair "ith the

2+2series o encoders. The decoders receive data that are transmitted #y

an encoder and interpret the irst ? #its o code period as addresses and

the last +2U? #its as data, "here ? is the address code num#er. A

signal on the '&? pin activates the oscillator, "hich in turn decodes the

incoming address and data. The decoders "ill then chec! the received

address three times continuously. & the received address codes all

match the contents o the decoders local address, the +2U? #its o data

are decoded to activate the output pins and the DT pin is set high to

indicate a valid transmission. This "ill last unless the address code is

incorrect or no signal is received. The output o the DT pin is high only

"hen the transmission is valid. =ther"ise it is al"ays lo". =utput type

o the 2+2series o decoders, the :T+2% has no data output pin #ut its

DT pin can #e used as a momentary data output. The :T+2', on the

other hand, provides latch type data pins "hose data remain

unchanged until ne" data are received.

Flo*c$art


56/84

The oscillator is disa#led in the stand#y state and activated "hen

a logic UhighU signal applies to the '&? pin. That is to say, the '&?

should #e !ept lo" i there is no signal input.


57/84

Decoder Timin Diaram0

Circuit Diaram0


58/84

Datas$eet o# DT "!!.-2 Transmitter

M'T 77 is a AM6A/< transmitter module "hich can

acilitate to design remote control application in shortest "ay.

-o" po"er consumption and "ide operating voltage ma!es the

module ideal or #attery operated lo" po"er application. &t is

also small enough to it in almost any ca#inet.

The igure given #elo" sho" pin description and connections o M'T.

+; Antenna

2; 'ata input

7; round

; Dcc

Technical speciications

+ 2 7

Dcc

'ata in


59/84

Ma) supply voltage 0DccF; +2 D HH

Ma) output o"erF; G5 d#m

Ma) data rateF; 911 #ps

Ma) operating distanceF; 51 mtH

H "ith 5 cm "ire antenna

HH typical operating voltage rom 5 +2 D


60/84

Technical speciications

Ma) supply voltage 0DccF; 5 D

Ma) data rateF; 811 #ps

/ensitivityF; ;+15 d#m

=perating currentF; 7 mA

Ma) operating rangeF; 51 mtH

H (ith 75;1 cm "ire antenna

?oteF; antenna should #e made up o 22 /( "ire. =ne

can use telescopic antenna also

Applications

(ireless data lin!

/ecurity systems

Automo#ile security

+ 2 7 5

Dcc

'ata out

1 Antenna

2 nd

! nd

" ;cc

' Diital data out


61/84

:ome 6 industrial automation

57R S34 36IT

As "e all !no" any invention o latest technology cannot #e activated

(ith out the source o po"er. /o it this ast moving "orld "e deli#erately

?eed a proper po"er source "hich "ill #e apt or a particular re@uirement. All

the electronic components starting rom diode to &ntel &C>s only "or! "ith a

'C supply ranging rom UG5v to UG+2. (e are utilizing or the same, the

cheapest and commonly availa#le energy source o 271v;51:z and stepping

do"n, rectiying, iltering and regulating the voltage. This "ill #e dealt #riely

in the orth;coming sections.

ST D576 TRA6SF5RR

(hen AC is applied to the primary "inding o the po"er transormer it

can either #e stepped do"n or up depending on the value o 'C needed. &n our

circuit the transormer o 271v6+5;1;+5v is used to perorm the step do"n


62/84

operation "here a 271D AC appears as +5D AC across the secondary

"inding. =ne alteration o input causes the top o the transormer to #e

positive and the #ottom negative. The ne)t alteration "ill temporarily cause

the reverse. The current rating o the transormer used in our project is 2A.

Apart rom stepping do"n AC voltages, it gives isolation #et"een the po"er

source and po"er supply circuitries.

RCTIFIR 36IT

&n the po"er supply unit, rectiication is normally achieved using a

solid state diode. 'iode has the property that "ill let the electron lo" easily

in one direction at proper #iasing condition. As AC is applied to the diode,

electrons only lo" "hen the anode and cathode is negative. $eversing the

polarity o voltage "ill not permit electron lo".

A commonly used circuit or supplying large amounts o 'C po"er is

the #ridge rectiier. A #ridge rectiier o our diodes 0H&?11B are used to

achieve ull "ave rectiication. T"o diodes "ill conduct during the negative

cycle and the other t"o "ill conduct during the positive hal cycle. The 'C

voltage appearing across the output terminals o the #ridge rectiier "ill #e

some"hat lass than 91R o the applied rms value. ?ormally one alteration o

the input voltage "ill reverse the polarities. =pposite ends o the transormer

"ill thereore al"ays #e +81 deg out o phase "ith each other.

%or a positive cycle, t"o diodes are connected to the positive voltage at

the top "inding and only one diode conducts. At the same time one o the

other t"o diodes conducts or the negative voltage that is applied rom the

#ottom "inding due to the or"ard #ias or that diode. &n this circuit due to

positive hal cycle'+ V '2 "ill conduct to give +1.8v pulsating 'C. The 'C

output has a ripple re@uency o +11:z. /ince each altercation produces a


63/84

resulting output pulse, re@uency 2H51 :z. The output o#tained is not a pure

'C and thereore iltration has to #e done.

FI4TRI6 36IT

%ilter circuits "hich is usually a capacitor acting as a surge arrester

al"ays ollo" the rectiier unit. This capacitor is also called as a decoupling

capacitor or a #ypassing capacitor, is used not only to Eshort> the ripple "ith

re@uency o +21:z to ground #ut also to leave the re@uency o the 'C to

appear at the output. A load resistor $+ is connected so that a reerence to the

ground is maintained. C+$+ is or #ypassing ripples. C2$2 is used as a lo"

pass ilter, i.e. it passes only lo" re@uency signals and #ypasses high

re@uency signals. The load resistor should #e +R to 2.5R o the load.

+111625v F or the reduction o ripples rom the pulsating.

+1625v F or maintaining the sta#ility o the voltage at the load side.

=,+ F or #ypassing the high re@uency distur#ances.

;54TA R34AT5RS

The voltage regulators play an important role in any po"er supply unit.

The primary purpose o a regulator is to aid the rectiier and ilter circuit in

providing a constant 'C voltage to the device. o"er supplies "ithout


64/84

regulators have an inherent pro#lem o changing 'C voltage values due to

variations in the load or due to luctuations in the AC liner voltage. (ith a

regulator connected to the 'C output, the voltage can #e maintained "ithin a

close tolerant region o the desired output. &CB815 is used in this project or

providing G5v 'C supply.

/peciications F

$esistors $+ and $2 maintain line load regulation.

At the secondary side o the transormer,

Applied voltage +5v

Conducting drop across the diodes 2H1.

+.2v

"ithout capacitorF

Davg 0+5;+.2v +7.8c pulsating 'C

%re@uency +11:z

(ith capacitorF

DDavg H+.+0ormactor

+9.52v

%re@uency o:z

(ith B815 voltage regulatorF

D1 G5v

;54TA R34AT5R IC+,/'E

Features0

I =utput Current up to +A


65/84

I =utput Doltages o 5, , 8, 9, +1, +2, +5, +8, 2D

I Thermal =verload rotection

I /hort Circuit rotection

I =utput Transistor /ae =perating Area rotection

Block Diaram0

Descri%tion0


66/84

The MCB8**6-MB8**6MCB8**A series o three

terminal positive regulators are availa#le in theT=;2216';As are three terminal positive voltage

regulators. :ere the meaning o irst t"o digits 0B8 reers to positive

regulation and the last t"o digits represent the output voltage.


67/84

&C B815 is a three terminal, positive voltage regulator. &t provides

a i)ed positive voltage o 5 volts a "ide range o load currents. &t has

internal thermal over load protection and internal short circuit

protection. The unregulated input voltage is applied to the input pin0pin

no. + o the &C regulator. The regulated output voltage is o#tained rom

output pin0pin no .7 o the &C regulator. The pin no.2 is the &C ground.

The load is connected #et"een pin no.7 and ground. The capacitor C,is

re@uired i the regulator is located at apprecia#le distances rom a

po"er supply ilter. 3ven though C2 is not needed it may #e used to

improve the transient response o the regulator.

The T=;221 case version o the B815 5;Dolt $egulator can

supply up to +111ma 0+ amp o current at 5 Dolts. A hole is provided

at the top o the regulator to mount a heat sin!. A heat sin! is re@uired

to dissipate any heat that the regulator generates "hen regulating large

amounts o po"er.

So#t*are Details

Instruction Set Summary

nemonic Descri%tion Byte 5scillator eriod

A$&T:M3T&C =3$AT&=?/

A'' A,$n Add register to Accumulator + +2

A'' A,direct Add direct #yte to Accumulator 2 +2

A'' A,K$i Add indirect $AM to Accumulator + +2

A'' A,Wdata Add immediate data to Accumulator 2 +2


68/84

A''C A,$n Add register to Accumulator "ith Carry + +2

A''CA,direct Add direct #yte to Accumulator "ith Carry 2 +2

A''C A,K$i Add indirect $AM to Acc "ith Carry + +2

A''CA,Wdata Add immediate data to Acc "ith Carry 2 +2

/4 A,$n /u#tract $egister rom Acc "ith #orro" + +2

/4 A,direct /u#tract direct #yte rom Acc "ith #orro" 2 +2

/4 A,K$i /u#tract indirect $AM rom ACC "ith #orro" + +2

/4 A,Wdata /u#tract immediate data rom Acc "ith #orro" 2 +2

&?C A &ncrement Accumulator + +2

&?C $n &ncrement register + +2

&?C direct &ncrement direct #yte 2 +2

&?C K$i &ncrement direct $AM + +2

'3C A 'ecrement Accumulator + +2

'3C $n 'ecrement $egister + +2

'3C direct 'ecrement direct #yte 2 +2

'3C K$i 'ecrement indirect $AM + +2

&?C 'T$ &ncrement 'ata ointer + 2

M4- A Multiply A V + 8

'&D A 'ivide A #y + 8

'A A 'ecimal Adjust Accumulator + +2

45ICA4 5RATI56S


69/84

A?- A,$n A?' $egister to Accumulator + +2

A?- A,direct A?' direct #yte to Accumulator 2 +2

A?- A,K$i A?' indirect $AM to Accumulator + +2

A?- A,Wdata A?' immediate data to Accumulator 2 +2

A?- direct,A A?' Accumulator to direct #yte 2 +2

A?- direct,Wdata A?' immediate data to direct #yte 7 2

=$- A,$n =$ register to Accumulator + +2

=$- A,direct =$ direct #yte to Accumulator 2 +2

=$- A,K$i =$ indirect $AM to Accumulator + +2

=$- A,Wdata =$ immediate data to Accumulator 2 +2

=$- direct,A =$ Accumulator to direct #yte 2 +2

=$- direct,Wdata =$ immediate data to direct #yte 7 2

*$- A,$n 3)clusive;=$ register to Accumulator + +2

*$- A,direct 3)clusive;=$ direct #yte to Accumulator 2 +2

*$- A,K$i 3)clusive;=$ indirect $AM to Accumulator + +2

*$- A,Wdata 3)clusive;=$ immediate data to Accumulator 2 +2

*$- direct,A 3)clusive;=$ Accumulator to direct #yte 2 +2

*$- direct,Wdata 3)clusive;=$ immediate data to direct #yte 7 2

C-$ A Clear Accumulator + +2

C- A Complement Accumulator + +2

$- A $otate Accumulator -et + +2

$-C A $otate Accumulator -et through the Carry + +2

$$ A $otate Accumulator $ight + +2


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$$C A $otate Accumulator $ight through the Carry + +2

/(A A /"ap ni##les "ithin the Accumulator + +2

DATA TRA6SFR

M=D A,$n Move register to Accumulator + +2

M=D A,direct Move direct #yte to Accumulator 2 +2

M=D A,K$i Move indirect $AM to Accumulator + +2

M=D A,Wdata Move immediate data to Accumulator 2 +2

M=D $n,A Move Accumulator to register + +2

M=D $n,direct Move direct #yte to register 2 2

M=D $n,Wdata Move immediate data to register 2 +2

M=D direct,A Move Accumulator to direct #yte 2 +2

M=D direct,$n Move register to direct #yte 2 2

M=D direct,direct Move direct #yte to direct 7 2

M=D direct,K$i Move indirect $AM to direct #yte 2 2

M=D direct,Wdata Move immediate data to direct #yte 7 2

M=D K$i,A Move Accumulator to indirect $AM + +2

M=D K$i,direct Move direct #yte to indirect $AM 2 2

M=D K$i,Wdata Move immediate data to indirect $AM 2 +2

M=D 'T$,Wdata + -oad 'ata ointer "ith a +;#it constant 7 2

M=DC A,KAG'T$Move Code #yte relative to 'T$ to Acc + 2

M=DC A,KAGC Move Code #yte relative to C to Acc + 2

M=D* A,K$i Move 3)ternal $AM 08;#it addr to Acc + 2

M=D* A,K'T$ Move 3)ternal $AM 0+;#it addr to Acc + 2


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M=D* K$i,A Move Acc to 3)ternal $AM 08;#it addr + 2

M=D* K'T$,A Move Acc to 3)ternal $AM 0+;#it addr + 2

4/: direct ush direct #yte onto stac! 2 2

= direct op direct #yte rom stac! 2 2

*C: A,$n 3)change register "ith Accumulator + +2

*C: A,direct 3)change direct #yte "ith Accumulator 2 +2

*C: A,K$i 3)change indirect $AM "ith Accumulator + +2

*C:'A,K$i 3)change lo";order 'igit indirect $AM "ith Acc + +2

B554A6 ;ARIAB4 A6I34ATI56

C-$ C Clear Carry + +2

C-$ #it Clear direct #i t 2 +2

/3T C /et Carry + +2

/3T #it /et direct #it 2 +2

C- C Complement Carry + +2

C- #it Complement direct #it 2 +2

A?- C,#it A?' direct #it to CA$$L 2 2

A?- C,6#it A?' complement o direct #it to Carry 2 2

=$- C,#it =$ direct #it to Carry 2 2

=$- C,6#it =$ complement o direct #it to Carry 2 2

M=D C,#it Move direct #it to Carry 2 +2

M=D #it,C Move Carry to direct #it 2 2

XC rel Xump i Carry is set 2 2


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?= ?o =peration + +2

I6TRR3T S53RC ;CT5R ADDRSS

&31 0e)ternal &?T 1 1117:

T%1 0Timer 1 111:

&3+ 0e)ternal &?T 1 11+7:

T%+ 0Timer + 11+:

$& V T& 0/erial 1127:

Reisters


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Clean the rac!ed #oard "ith ine pumice in

al!alic or copper cleaner "ith a ine #rustle #rush or

at least T"o minutes.

The #oard is dipped into the solution o erric

Chloride 0eci2 or speeding up the process the solution

may #e :eated gently. &t "ill #e ormed that all

copper laminates 0e)cept the portion "ith paint has

dissolved in the acid.

The #oard in ta!en out and the paint is removed "ith

!erosene and "ashed cleantly "ith tap "ater.

%inally necessary holes or mounting the components

Are made #y the hand drill. Thus the printed circuit

#oard is Made or the integrated circuit regulated po"er

supply.

Bibliora%$y


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+. A te)t #oo! o 3lectrical Technology - Theraja.

2. 3lectrical Machines M /ay.

7. The 8152 Micro Controller

and 3m#edded /ystems. Mohammad Ali.

. rogramming and customizing the

8152 Micro Controller. My!e red!o

5. Micro Controller -a# manual $ opalsamy

. The 8152 Micro ControllerArchitecture rogramming and Applications.


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Conclusion

The project "or! has #een completed successully.

The project "or! unctions satisactorily as per the design. The

project "or! "as developed ater conducting a num#er o

e)periments #eore inalizing the design "or!, this reduced the

#ottle nec!s and "e did not ace much diiculty in the inal

integration process.

&n general the entire development o the project "or! "as

educative and "e could gain a lot o e)perience #y "ay o doing

the project practically. (e could understand the practical

constraints o developing such systems a#out "hich "e have

studied #y "ay o lectures in the theory classes.

&t "as satisying to see so many theoretical aspects "or!

#eore us in real lie practice o "hich "e have heard through

lectures and o "hich "e have studied in the #oo!s.


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