DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 095 682 EC 062 782

TITLE Training and Employment Opportunities for theVisually Handicapped. A Survey.

INSTITUTION Interrational Labour Organisation, Geneva(Switzerland).; National Swedish Labour Market Board,Stockholm.; World Council for the Welfare of theBlind, Stockholm (Sweden).

PUB DATE 73NOTE 123p.

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.75 HC-$5.40 PLUS POSTAGEDESCRIPTORS Blind; Educational Facilities; *Employment

Opportunities; *Exceptional Child Research; ForeignCountries; Incidence; International Organizations;Partially Sighted; *Surveys; *Visually Handicapped;*Vocational Education

ABSTRACTReported is an international survey cn training and

employment opportunities for the visually handicapped. Described areresponses to a questionnaire carried out jointly by the Committee onProfessional and Urban Employment of the World Council for theWelfare of the Blind, The International Labor Organization and theSwedish National Labor Market Board. Provided is data obtained fromorganizations in 31 industraialized countries such as Argentina,Denmark, the United Kingdom, and the United States concerning thefollowing Areas: basic education, vocational training, servicesrequired during training and employment, qualifications for admissionto occupations, and the number of blind and partially sighted intraining and actually employed. Provided are a statistical analysis,comments on survey replies, and a summary of replies in alphabeticalorder by country. Appended are a statistical supplement and thequestionnaire, itself. (LH)

U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.EDUCATION A WELFARENATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

EDUCATIONTHIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPROOUCEO EXACTLY AS RECEivE0 FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG.NATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONSStATE0 DC NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFEOUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

,Opportunities for theTraining and Employment

Visually HandicappedA Survey

0411.1101,100",Wr

4

The World Council for the Welfare of the Blind

The National Swedish Labour Market Board

in collaboration with

The International Labour Office

TRAINING AND EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR THEVISUALLY HANDICAPPED

A survey onThe qualifications for admission to occupations and requirements on training andservices for employment in professional and non-professional occupations held by visu-ally handicapped persons.

This survey is based upon information from thirty countries to a question-naire sent out by the Swedish National Labour Market Board in collabora-tion with the International Labour Organisation and the Committee onProfessional and Urban Employment of the World Council for the Welfareof the Blind. The questionnaire was sent to 36 industrialized countries.The main data collected concern various aspects of the basic education re-quired, types of vocational training needed, services required during trainingand in employment, qualifications for admission to certain occupations, andthe number of blind and partially sighted, respectively, in training and actual-ly employed.PART 1 consists of a statistical analysis and comments to the replies.PART 11 summarizes the replies of each of the organisations participating inthe survey.PART III is a specification of both professional and non-professional oc-cupations, showing that a total of 204,680 blind and partially sighted wereworking in the 165 different fields of employment reported from twentyone countries.APPENDIX A: Statistical supplement to PART III.APPENDIX B: Questionnaire.

Published and distributed by:The World Council for the Welfare of the Blind andThe Swedish National Labour Market Board, with the collaboration ofThe International Labour Organisation

Stockholm. 1973.

INTRODUCTION

International Co-operation

The broad international approach to blind welfare dates from 1931, when a conference,attended by delegates from more than 30 countries was held in New York. That confer-ence led to a desire for a permanent international organisation, which would maintainliaison between all those working in the field of blind welfare. After the Second WorldWar, another conference on "The Place of the Blind in the Modern World" was held atOxford in 1949. Once again, the desire for a permanent council was strongly expressed.In 1951, in Paris, a draft constitution for an international organisation was adopted,bringing into being the World Council for the Welfare of the Blind (WCWB). Since thenfour General Assemblies have been held:

In 1954 in Paris on the various aspects of blindnessIn 1959 in Rome on "The Employment of the Blind"In 1964 in New York on "The Problems of the Blind in a Changing World"In 1969 in New Delhi on "The Blind in an Age of Science"

At the end of 1972, 61 countries were holding representative membership of theWorld Council for the Welfare of the Blind (WCWB) and 14 more held associate mem-bership.WCWB aims at providing a broad forum for discussion between organisations of andfor the blind the world over, and at building up a central store of information on modernpractises and techniques in rehabilitation. It stlso endeavours to provide guidance in thefields of education, vocational training and employment, and to keep its members in-formed about all social and legislative matters relating to blindness and its prevention.It should be noted that WCWB enjoys consultative relationship with the Economic andSocial Council of the United Nations, with the International Labour Organisation, withUNESCO, UNICEF, and WHO.At the 4th General Assembly in New Delhi, one of the seven adopted resolutions (No.4)urged that "the United Nations, ILO, UNESCO and other specialised Agencies with re-sponsibilities in this field, should review their respective programmes with the intentionof ensuring that adequate priority is gi 'en to the needs of the blind and that they shouldact, together with the Non-Governmental Organisations concerned, in conducting re-search into problems affecting the blini p.td into determining the best means of collect-ing, collating, classifying and distributif.g information in this field,"

Committee on Professional and Urban Employment

With the aim to follow development and influence progress within special fields of inter-est, a number of expert committees, so-called "standing committees" were formed byWCWB already in 1954. One of them is the Committee on Professional and Urban Em-ployment whose main objective is to collect information and material referring to the em-ployment of the blind within modern economic life and to make it available to organisa-tions and institutions all over the world.With reference to the above-mentioned resolution, it seemed logical to ask the Committeeto take the initiative in a world-wide survey on the training and employment situation ofthe blind and partially sighted.To begin with, the Committee initiated a meeting in Stockholm on December 1st, 1970,

with representatives from the Committee, ILO, the European Office of the UnitedNations, and the Swedish Labour Market Board, with the object of carrying out an in-ternational survey.

The Survey

The meeting drew up the general outlines of a mail inquiry with the following aim viz.to investigate

a. the scope of vocational activities of the visually handicapped;b. the vocational training in new fields of employment;c. the need of services in training and employment.

The investigation should collect relevant and up-to-date information from a number ofindustrialized countries on basic education, training, services required during trainingand in employment, the number of blind and partially sighted in training and actuallyemployed in professions and trades. The collected information would then be placed atthe disposal of all governments and organisations interested in widening the vocationalopportunities for the blind.Since neither the Committee itself nor any of its members had the means needed to carryout the inquiry, it was decided to entrust it to the Swedish Labour Market Board whichworked out a Draft Questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into the following sixchapters:

Chapter 1: Educational FacilitiesChapter 2: Pre-Vocational Preparation and Vocational GuidanceChapter 3: Vocational Training for Specific OccupationsChapter 4: Placement and Employment ServicesChapter 5: Information and ResearchChapter 6: Definitions of Blindness

Early in July 1971, questionnaires in English, as well as in French, Spanish, and Germanwere sent to WCWB member organisations of the following thirty-six countries:

Algeria IrelandArab Republic of Egypt IsraelArgentina ItalyAustralia JapanAustria New ZealandBelgium NorwayBrazil PolandBulgaria PortugalCanada RoumaniaCzechoslovakia SpainDenmark SwedenFederal Republic of Germany SwitzerlandFinland The NetherlandsFrance TunisiaGerman Democratic Republic United KingdomGreece United States of AmericaHungary Russian Soviet Federated Socialist RepublicIndia Yugoslavia

Chapter 3 of the questionnaire was linked to the "International Standard Classification

4

of Occupations" (ISCO(, published by ILO (Geneva, 1969), and, as an aid to the in-formants in completing the questionnaire supplement, a copy of this book was eithersent to the addressee of the accompanying letter, or referred to as a necessary imple-ment in the case where the addressee was thought to have access to the book already.Moreover, the 11.0 supported the survey by simultaneously dispatching letters to theappropriate Ministries of the selected countries, advising them to give every help the or-ganisations might request in order to provide accurate information.

Results

Replies were received from thirty national organisations. The information recorded inthe following chapters and upon which the national reports are based refers to the situa-tion in 1971 -72. Summaries of the replies in this report were later sent out to theGovernment Departments of the countries concerned, to enable them to make eventualcorrections of the figures. Use has also been made of information contained in a study onthe present situation of special education presented in a UNESCO publication with thesame title the results of an inquiry made to Ministries of Education in 38 countries in1970.Although great efforts have been made to corroborate the statements given, some lacunasare unavoidable. It is well-known that there is a dearth of information on many condi-tions relating to the handicaps arising from visual impairments. There is no clear line ofdemarcation between the blind and the partially sighted sometimes resulting in the ab-sence of a legal definition of blindness. In all probability, the conditions of the partiallysighted are too inadequately known to be available to the informants.On the other hand, the techniques of mail surveys entail several problems. They are opento misinterpretations on account of terminology and the difficulty of communicatingquestions and answers over long distances.The rapid technical and economic evolution in our time has brought about importantchanges in the labour market situation. The blind and the partially sighted form such asmall group in each country that they will often be neglected in the general process ofdevelopment. However, new initiatives are constantly undertaken in the different count-ries, and by making international comparisons of ideas on new training methods andimproved programmes, it will be possible to make the visually impaired more attractiveon the labour market.

5

PART I

COMMENTS ON THE SURVEY

Introduction

The present report was originally only meant to include education, training and employ-ment in the professions. As an extensive study of the training and employment situationof the visually handicapped was not previously undertaken, it was logical to include inthe same questionnaire all occupations in which visually handicapped are being trainedor work. The definition of blindness varies between the countries and, as in most count-ries there is a very slight difference in services for the blind and for the partially sighted,it was equally natural to include both these groups in the survey.The basic requirements may in many respects be identical for the visually handicappedin professional and non-professional occupations, yet there is quite a difference betweenthese two groups with regard to qualifications and service requirements during trainingand employment.This report deals, however, mainly with the qualifications needed to enable the visuallyimpaired to work in professions requiring longer training.

1. Education Facilities

A study of the replies to the questionnaire reveals a basic fact, namely that educationabove primary school level is required for occupations considered as professional. Thescope of this education varies between different professions and countries, but it mayanyhow be concluded that unless the visually handicapped are assured of opportunitiesto receive a high standard education, there is no possibility of introducing them intohigher professions.The answers to the question on Educational Facilities (1:1) in the questionnaire showthat in nine of the thirty countries who replied, blind children are not admitted to nor-mal primary schools, that in two of the countries all children attend normal schools, andthat in 17 they attend both, or either special and normal schools. Two countries did notanswer this question. The total number of visually handicapped (blind and partiallysighted) students at colleges and universities is reported to be about 4,000 in 26 countries,of which 2,000 are to be found in the United States, 612 in the RSFSR, 275 in Canada,250 in the United Kingdom, and 100 in India. The rest of the countries report varying fi-gures, all below 100.The following subjects have been reported under (1:2) among those studied by the blindat university level:

LawLiteratureLanguagesMathematicsEconomicsPhilosophyMusicHistoryPhysicsPsychologyPedagogics

14 countries11 "9 "9 "9 "7 "7 "7 "6 "6 "6

SociologyPhysiotherapyPolitical SciencesHumanitiesTheologyMechanicsIndustrial EconomyCommercial CoursesComputer ProgrammingEthnography

6 countries5

0

4 0

30

20

20

2..

20

2 et

10

6

2. Pre-Vocational ['reparation and Vocational Guidance

The questionnaire asked about pre-vocational facilities existing for the blind childrenwho attend special and normal schools (2:1 ). 24 countries reported facilities, such astraining of the pupils, usually at the workshops of the special school, examination by a

panel of specialists, and counselling by vocational guidance officers. 4 countries had nofacilities. 2 did not reply. 26 countries stated that they had "special vocationalassessment and guidance centres which blind young persons and newly blinded adultscan attend" (2:2). 19 countries said that they use general psychological tests (2:3). Out ofthe 19, only India and Israel do not use tests adapted to the blind, because, as they state,adaptation is not required.Examples of other types of rehabilitation sell k !s for blind persons (2:4) were:

a) within existing services for other categories of disabled:industrial rehabilitation sell ices.medical services, physical restoration services

h) within specialized services:social and professional rehabilitation services,various job-teaching services (massage, telephone operators, sheltered work-shops)

24 countries out of the 30 answered the last question of this section (2:5) "Are thereany legal provisions which recognize the right of blind persons to receive rehabilitationservices?". The answers here may be compared with question 4: 1: "Is there any legalprovision for reserving certain occupations for blind persons?", to which 12 countriesgave an affirmative reply.

3. Vocational Training for Specific Occupations

Section 3 of the questionnaire should be answered by a specification of appropriate al-ternatives with regard to a number of factors influencing the training and employmentsituation for each of the professions listed. Part III of this report contains theanswers and an example of how they should he interpreted.

Basic Education Required

The information under this heading is intended only to state the level of basic educationrequired to qualify the blind person for admission to the vocational training he wants topursue.

Type of Vocational Training

Evidently, the number of visually handicapped entering training for the professions islimited primarily to those having received a secondary education, which will enablethem to choose from a larger array of occupations. In smaller countries the yearlytraining for each profession will comprise only a few visually handicapped. As a result,it is only in exceptional cases possible to arrange special courses or schools in thesmaller countries, whereas the larger countries have a completely different basis for thearrangement of special training. Tntegrated education is. therefore, the method in thesmaller countries in case of professions with a small number of students. Many timesthis is not a disadvantage, since the students will he workkg in the sighted people'sworld when they have completed their training. The difficulty lies, however, in givingthe students the services they need during the training period. :.he example found inPart III of this report shows how in the case of the profession of physiotherapist two

7

countries, Norway and Sweden, have tried to solve the problem by letting the studentsattend a course for the sighted, although with special provisions, such as the assistance

of special instructors trained in supervising the visually handicapped.Part III also shows that the integrated form of education dominates in some less com-mon professions, while there are special schools for other professions whip attractmore blind, or which by tradition are considered as natural occupations for the blind andwhich all have a large number of applicants. This applies to physiotherapists, masseurs,instrumentalists, stenographers, typists and telephone switchboard operators, Inte-grated training is in some professions supplemented by on-the-job training. See furtherunder "Social workers". Training in the teaching professions seems to be integrated to alarge extent, while training of computer programmers a comparatively new professionfor the blind in four of the seven responding countries is provided in special schools orcourses.

Occupational Openings Dependent on ...

In addition to the requirements which a sighted person has to meet in different profess-

ions, special demands are often set on a visually handicapped person. For instance,to practise a profession he might be required to have some residual vision, have good orfair knowledge of Braille and perhaps know how to type. Good mobility is essential in

some professions. Finally, there are sometimes aptitude tests for a certain profession,through only in a few rare cases have these tests been designed so that they can be used

for the blind as well.Remarkably enough, "some degree of visual acuity" has been mentioned to a very small

extent for the professions reported in Part III. In most countries it does seem to be re-quired only for economists, accountants, primary and secondary educators and commer-cial professions. A proficiency or basic knowledge of Braille is evidently required formost of the professions. Moreover, typing skill is not mentioned as often as know-ledge of Braille. Good mobility is considered a pre-requisite in a few professions,such as physiotherapists, masseurs, teaching, social work and commercial professions.Aptitude tests are apparently used much more widely than was expe"ted. They are used

for civil engineers, electronics engineering, technicians, physiother.p. ts, computer pro-grammers, economists, accountants. lawyers, university teachers and Liss frequent pro-fessions. The column for other factors influencing admission to a professiors lists a large

number of remarks, although it is uncertain what they refer to.

Services Required during Training and Occupation

Access to textbooks and instructions in Braille or by talking books is clearly an absolutecondition for the blind person's possibility to train for higher professions. Practically allcountries report the need for this form of service in all higher professions. The access tohandbooks for those already employed is not nearly as pronounced. This is perinps inpart due to the fact that there is a general progress, and that we set a higher goal now for

those who receive their education than we did in the past. Furthermore, the great pro-duction difficulties may deter people from demanding such services.

Textbooks with reading assistance supplement the services in many countries, mostnoticeably in such professions as law, teaching, journalism and writing, and social work.

The need for secretarial assistance during occupation concides largely with the need for

reading assistance during training. Obviously, special instructors are required at special

schools or courses for the blind, and we can, therefore, leave out the connection between

special schools and special teachers. Much more apparent is the need for special teach-

ers in integrated education and integrated education with special provisions. The need

for access to technical aids during training and during employment coincides rather well.

8

It has, unfortunately, not been possible in this investigation to find out what types ofequipment are involved, though it probably principally refers to Braille writers, tape re-corders and Braille shorthand machines, to name a few general aids. The need for spe-cial technical aids in particular professions is seen mainly with reference to civil engi-neers, physiotherapists, masseurs and telephone switchboard operators. These resultsmay he compared with the almost parallel answers to the question concerning the needfor special adjustments in occupation.There are also some stray remarks under "other services both in training and occupa-tion".

4. Placement and Employment Services

While it is important to educate and train the visually handicapped for different pro-fessions, it is equally important to help them find an employer who is prepared to hirethem. Some countries have legislation specifically reserving for the blind the right tocertain professions. Asked if there is "any legal provision for ..serving certain occupa-tions for blind persons" (4:1), 12 countries said that they had such provisions. Thefollowing occupations were mentioned:

Telephone operatorsPhysiotherapistsSale of traditional articles (baskets, brooms, brushes, mats etc.) made by blindpersonsSale of lottery-ticketsStreet vendors (kiosks and stalls)Administrative jobs within the organisations of the blind

All countries said that they have "specialized placement services" (4:2). These serviceswere integrated with the ordinary placement services in 17 countries. In I I countriesthey were maintained by the State alone, in 5 only by organisations of and for the blind.In the other K. there were combinations of services by the government, local authori-ties. organisations of and for the blind and other voluntary bodies.Experience shows that far from all visually impaired actually can obtain employment inthe open labour market. Consequently. the principal means for the blind towardmeaningful occupation will often he some form of sheltered employment. The question-naire included. therefore, also some questions on co-operative schemes: workshops.14 countries stated that they have "co-onerative schemes workshops for the normal po-pulation or other categories of disabled people to which blind persons have admittance"(4:5) and that the following trades are represented:

1 raditional crafts (making brushes, mats, chairs, baskets, brooms etc.)Machine repairs Electric motor repairsFilling mattressesManufacturing soaps or fruit preservesAssembly work PackingShoe makingTextilesManufacturing plastic oductsUpholstery

Asked if "special co-operative schemes and or workshopk for the blind" (4:6) exist, 12countries answered yes and stated that a total of 13,821 blind persons were occupiedin producing

traditional crafts (predominant)

9

textilestravel goodsnylon netscork topsplastic productscandles

or doingassembly workpiano-tuningupholsterymachine repairslight engineeringtailoring

With regard to "sheltered workshop facilities" (4:7), 23 countries reported that they have244 sheltered workshops though the actual number seems to be much higher, as manycountries stated only "a number of sheltered workshops" instead of giving the actualnumber. There are 8,603 blind workers in all, engaged in the traditional crafts whichpredominate, typing and printing Braille texts, textiles, filling mattresses, farm work(sheltered), labelling and filling bottles, weaving, cardboard making, book binding,packing (hand/ machine), metal and wire work, plastic products manufacturing, moderntrades of engineering, assembly work, furniture (cane).The following "homeworking facilities" (4:7) were available according to the answers:

Supplying materials and providing equipmentFinancial help for small home undertakings (Arab Republic of Egypt)Sale of home-made products

"Blind home-workers have, almost, the same rights and privileges as the workers of thecooperative workshops." (Poland).

The last two questions (4:9 and 4:10) of this section dealt with the introduction andfollow-up arrangements. 23 countries said that they had some form of introduction and22 had follow-up arrangements.

5. Information and Research

The question of "how are the general public, employers etc. informed about the poten-tialities of the visually handicapped" (5:1) was answered with the following examples:

Mass mediaF iblications (periodicals, brochures) of the organisations of the blindFilms and lectures given by the organisations of the blindExhibitions of products made by blind personsVisits to prospective employers by officers of the placement services, or of the orga-nisations of the blindAnnual reports of the organisations of the blind

Recent publications giving information on the conditions of visually handicapped arepresented in the statements from Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, German Demo-cratic Republic, German Federal Republic, India, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, theRussian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, the United States and Yugoslavia.Question 5:3, "Is any special research at present being undertaken in your country witha view to widening employment opportunities for the blind?," was answered as follows:

:0

a. Research study on the needs and abilities of the blind operating industrialmachines and processes, to identify machine tools and processes which may beadapted for blind people, with particular emphasis on new forms of conventionalmachines and processes. (United Kingdom)

b. Research on the development and increase off mployment opportunities forthe blind. (Reported by most countries who answered this question)

c. Research concerning the integration of the blind on the open labour market.(Also reported by most countries who answered this question)

d. Research on the defects oC vision and the choice of professions open to theblind. (Czechoslovakia)

f. Research and study of medical recommendations and counter-indications for theemployment of the blind. (RSFSR)

6. Definition of Blindness

The question concerned with Definition of Blindness included in this investigation show-ed that a large number of different definitions are in use. The investigation conducted byWHO in 1966 gave the same result. The variations are probably not large enough,however, to influence the conception of which professions can be practised by the blindand partially sighted, respectively.

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Table 1. Percentage of blind and economically active population resr, in two occupa-tional fields.

Production andRelated Workers.and Labourers

Professional. Tech-nical and RelatedWorkers

Blind Economi-popu- callylation active

popu-lation,

Blindpopu-lation

Economi-callyactivepopu-lation

Belgium 41,0 47,0 26,8 8,0Sweden 58,1 41,4 25,2 15,3Finland 53,5 34,2 24,2 8,2.India 45,4 15,9 17,3 1,7Czechoslovakia 46,8 42,5 15,1 14,0New Zealand 46,4 41,0 13,3 10,2Federal Republic of Germany 435 44,6 11,1 7,6Yugoslavia 37,2 23,3 9,0 5,6Hungary 45,5 50,5 5,2 11,2Ireland 35,2 33,1 1,2 7,8Norway 63,8 44,9 13,3 8,0Switzerland 69,7 47,5 8,7 8,9United Kingdom 61,1 46,8 7,9 9,6Tunisia 70,9 36,5 4,4 4,0

(According to Year Book of Labour Statistics 1971. published by the International Labour Office.

Table 2, Total population and blind/ partially sighted population in selected countries

Country

BelgiumSwedenFinlandIndiaCzechoslovakiaNew ZealandFederal Republic of GermanyYugoslaviaHungaryIrelandNorwayGerman Democratic RepublicSwitzerlandUnited KingdomTunisiaPolandRSFSR

Totalpopulation,

9 690 9917 766 4244 688 000

439 234 77114 362 0002 808 590

61 425 00018 549 29110 315 6002 944 4003 851 000

17 003 6315 825 000

53 788 4954 533 531

29 405 729117 500 000

5

Blind partially sightedpopulation " (X) of totalNumber= population

8 000 0,815 000 1,930 0003 6,4

000 000 11,412 000 0,84 112 1,5

60 000 1,021 000 1,1

9 500 0,98 000 2,76 000 1,6

28 500 1,79 000 1,5

113 182 2,117 000 3,723 015 0,8

179 300 1,5

ri of blindpartiallysightedpopulationactuallyoccupied

7,84,36,20,06

14,611,715,413,814,92,1

9,516,47,29,35,5

41,737,6

According to Year Hook of Labour Statistics. 1971. published by the International Labour OfficeAccording to the present investigation01 ssich 515x1 Hind and 25 000 pal tially sighted persons

13

COMMENTS ON THE DIAGRAM AND ADJOININGTABLES

the information reported in the Stir%ey has been condensed into the diagramme onpage 12 showing the distribution of the blind by occupations in most of the countriescovered by the investigation.The countries are indicated in the diagramme by their nationality codes at the top of thecolumns which also show the number of each reporting country's employed blind visual-ly handicapped.The individual countries have been arranged, according to percentages, in three groupsin the diagramme in the following manner. The first ten countries seen from the leftform Group 1. the ratio of blind people working in the occupational group Productionand related workers and labourers varies in these countries between 35 and 58 percent. Group 2 consists of five countries which have between 60 and 71 per cent Oc-cupied in Production and related workers and labourers, while Group 3 the RSFSRand Poland report that 79 and 74 per cent respectively were working in these occupa-tions.The quota of those employed in the occt pational group Production and related workersand labourers has determined the distribution of the individual countries among thethree groups. the countries have been ranged within each of the three groups accordingto the quota of those reported as Professional, technical and related workers.Since there were fewer people found in Production and related workers and labourersin the countries belonging to Group I than in those of the other two groups, there musthe more people working in other occupations in the former group than in the countries01 Group 2 and 3.The reports show that the proportion of those working in the occupational groupsProfessional. technical and related workers. Administrative and managerial workersand Clerical and related workers in the countries of Group 1 except India in generalconsiderably exceeds the number in corresponding groups in other countries. Finlandand India reported rather significant proportions of people employed as Agricultural,animal hnshandry workers. etc. (16 and 21 per cent resp.)The diagram also shows that the proportion of those occupied as Clerical and relatedworkers was increasing generally in the countries of Group I. at the same time as theproportion of those in Professional, technical and related workers was decreas-ing. The most notable exceptions to this are India. Finland and New Zealand. The occu-pational group Production and related workers and labourers has been split up in thediagramme into two Sub-divisions: Industrial workers and Workers in traditionalcrafts. With the exception of those occupied tn C/echoslovakia, New Zealand and Yugo-slavia. the Industrial workers amount to less than half of all those occupied as Pro-duction and related workers and labourers in the countries of Group I. In this respect,there can hardly he any correlation with the difference in industrial development stand-ards of the countries.Physiotherapist and or masseur (in 5 countries) are the most common occupations inProfessional, technical and related workers in the countries of Group I. Other occupa-tions are teachers of different kinds (teacher of the blind, primary and secondary edu-cation teacher), computer programmer. instrumentalist, social worker, etc. telephoneswitch-hoard operator (in 8 countries) and typist (in 4 countries) arc common occu-pations among Clerical and related workers. Production and related workers andlabourers most often denotes brush-maker (in 6 countries) or basket-maker (in 3 coun-tries), but other occupations are also reported, for instance, musical instrument tuner,net maker, rubber and plastic products maker, machine tool-operator.Occupations not distributed by major group include i.a. sales and services: Sales work-ers is a relatively large group in India (15 per cent), consisting of shop assistant demon-strators. Clerical and related workers do not increase to such a pronounced degree in

14

the countries of Group 2 as they did in those of Group 1, while at the same time thenumber of people decreased in Professional, technicaland related workers. A certainincrease will be seen, though, in the proportion of people occupied as Agricultural, ani-mal husbandry workers, etc.The separation of Production and related workers and labourers into two sub-divisionsshows that in four out of five countries industrial workers total more than half ofthe number of people occupied in this main group. The exception is Tunisia which isconsiderably less industrially developed than the four other countries in the group (Nor-way, the German Democratic Republic, Switzerland and Great Britain).Physiotherapist is the most common occupation in Professional, technical and relatedworkers in these countries, as it was in those of Group I. All the countries in Group 2mention telephone switchboard operators in the occupational group Clerical and relatedworkers. Machine-tool operator is reported as the most important occupation (in 3countries) in Production and related workers and labourers. Other occupations werebrush-maker, basket-maker, broom-maker, industrial weaker, carpet weaver, etc.Poland and the RSFSR, the two countries in Group 3, report the largest ratio of oc-cupied as Production and related workers and labourers (74 and 79 per cent resp.),while at the same time the lowest ratios are reported as Professional, technical and re-lated workers and Clerical and related workers. Between 10 and 20 per cent are occupiedas Agricultural, animal husbandry workers, etc. Poland reports that a good half of thepeople in Production and related workers and labourers are Industrial workers. Nearlyall those in this occupational group in the RSFSR are workers in manufacturing in-dustries.Among those occupied as Professional, technical and related workers are secondaryeducation teachers and computer programmers (both countries mention this last oc-cupation). All those working in the group Agricultural, animal husbandry workers, etc.in Poland are farm workers, while the people in the RSFSR are agricultural and animalhusbandry workers. Machinery fitter, machine assembler, brush-maker and electricalfitter (the latter in the RSFSR and the other ones in Poland) are common occupationsin Production and related workers and labourers.As seen by the individual order of the countries in the diagramme and by the previousreport, there is generally no correlation between the distribution of the blind among themain occupational groups and the development of trade And industry in the differentcountries. Consequently, a comparison between the ratio of blind occupied in Produc-tion and related workers and labourers and Professional, technical and related workersand the corresponding ratio of the economically active population') also shows thatthere is no clear connection between the distribution of the blind by occupation andthe breakdown by occupation of the entire labour force (Table I). The distribution ofthe blind among the occupational groups is evidently governed by other factors.Aim and direction of the vocational training as well as proportion of occupied blindis probably of importance in this context. A high rate of employment among the blindhas apparently in some countries resulted in a larger ratio of people occupied as Pro-duction and related workers and labourers. According to Table 2, there is a high rateof employment in the German Democratic Republic, in Poland and in the RSFSR 16,42 and 38 per cent resp. These countries also report large ratios of blind (60, 74 and79 per cent resp.) working in this occupational group.On the other hand, the rate of employment in India arid Ireland is only 0.06 and 2 percent resp. At the same time, the ratio of blind occupied in these two countries inProduction and related workers and labourers was as low as 45 and 35 per cent resp.Established practice and legislation might also be of some significance in the distributionof the blind among the occupational groups.However, from the above it seems that the direction of trade and industry and theirgeneral level of development has a definite influence on the actual individual occupa-tions in which the majority of the blind are working.According to Year Hook of Labour Statistics. 1971. published by the International Labour Office.

15

THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT

informant: Demonstration Center for the Rehabilitation of the Blind,302, Terret El Gahal Street,Zitoun Cairo

I: Educational facilities

Blind and partially sighted children are admitted to normal schools at all levels. Thereis also a number of primary and secondary special schools and classes for the blind,'partially sighted children. In 1972, the number of blind pupils was 700.Higher education at colleges universities is open to blind students.

2: Pre-Iocational preparation and vocational guidance

Pre-vocational preparation facilities for blind children include medical, psychological,and social examinations. For blind young persons and newly blinded adults psychologi-cal guidance, counselling, vocational training, adjustment, courses etc. are provided.Psychological tests adapted to the blind are used (sensory and motor).Special legislation on the education and training of the blind contains provisions re-cogni/ing their right to rehabilitation services.

4: Placement and employment services

The law reserves the occupations of telephonist, packer, machinery assembler, broom-,basket-, brush-, mat-, carpet and handicrafts maker for blind persons.Specialized placement services, integrated with the ordinary ones, are organized andmaintained by the State.Blind persons can work in vending stands or workshops belonging to co-operatives forthe normal population, and there is a;::0 a co-operative society for the blind at Shoubra.There Is a sheltered workshop for the blind (traditional crafts) at Hammamat El Kohba.Blind }mineworkers are provided with raw materials and, occasionally, with sums ofmoney for the launching of small projects. The State also undertakes the selling of theirproducts.

he induction arrangements include monthly visits of social workers to the place ofolk of a new ly resettled blind.

5: Information and research

The general public and employers are informed about the blind through various publi-cations and reports and %isits to prospective employers. Both the "Demonstration Cen-ter for the Rehabilitation of the Blind" and the "General Administration for the Re-habilitation of the Handicapped" publish annual reports.Specialists of the Demonstration Center and the Ministry of Social Affairs conductedrecently a research on the development and increase of new employment opportunitiesfor the blind.

16

6: Definition

In the legal sense blind is a person who retains no vision at all, or retains a degree ofvision below 3/60; it aims at including those who are economically unable to earn aliving by means of vision. This puts a demarcation line between the blind and thepartially sighted.The estimated number of blind persons is 15,000.

NOTE: The headings above, numbered from I to 6, will not be reiterated for the countries to follow. Theseheadings represent the chapters of the questionnaire, which is reprinted at the end of the report.If heading 3. is left out in a statement, this is an indication that no statistical attachment was givenfrom that country.

ARGENTINA

Informant: Asociacion de Editoras pant Deficientes Visuales de Iberoamerica,Hipolito Yrigoyen 2850,Buenos Aires.

I: Educational facilities

Blind children are admitted to normal schools; there are also eight special schools forchildren with sensory handicaps. This education is in principle from 3 to 14 years of age.However, education is not compulsory for handicapped children.Higher education at colleges and universities is available to blind students. In 1971,20 students were enrolled in Law, Natural Sciences, Humanities, Psychology and PublicRelations courses.

2:

Pre-vocational preparation for visually handicapped children is provided in the specialschools and classes. There is a medical and psychological service examining the blindchild before it is admitted to the special education which consists of special classes (66pupils) and complementary lessons (48 pupils). Upon termination of studies the re-habilitation service, that exists in each of these schools, contacts the employment ex-change in order to find jobs.

4:

The specialized placement services are mainly the work of private institutions, whichwith varying success try to place blind persons in the industry. Technical education andvocational training is available, although in a limited scope. At ?resent there are about150 blind workers employed in different private undertakings.The State has set up a number of sheltered workshops, which employ 80 blind workersproducing mattresses, brushes, brooms, baskets, card-boards. Also weaving (machine),looming, book-bindning are used. A number of blind people work at home as radiotechnicians, piano tuners, physiotherapists, mattress-makers and teachers.A special law reserves the sale of delicacies, cigarettes, newspapers and magazines inkiosks for blind persons.

5:

The general public, through the different media of publicity, is regularly informed aboutthe potentialities of the blind.

6:

There is no legal definition of blindness in Argentina.The number of blind people is estimated at about 24,000.

18

BELGIUM

Informant: Union Beige des Organismes Neutres pour Handicapes de la Vue,16, Rue de la Paix,6510 Morlanwelz Mariemont.

There are very few visually handicapped children attending primary schools, althoughthe normal schools are accessible to them. In the normal secondary schools there aresome visually handicapped pupils.Concerning higher education, the decision to admit blind students rest: iththe university authorities. In 1971 there were 20 students attending courses in 21tys-iotherapy (the majority), Languages, Law, Economics and Sociology.

2:

There are 8 special schools, 4 official and 4 private, for the visually handicapped. Theyalso provide vocational training facilities in commercial subjects and switch-boardoperating. The Ministry of Labour runs two special centres for vocational assessmentand guidance of the visually handicapped, where since 1961 about 1,500 persons havebeen fully examined and over 1,000 consult yearly. The centres are also doing researchwork and have developed psychotechnical tests for their clients.Rehabilitation and vocational training services for the adult blind are provided by threecentres, tv,o organized by the "Ligue Braille" and one by the "Licht en Liefde". Thesecentres run 8 months' comprehensive programmes of training with courses in typing,switch-board operating, Braille and techniques of mobility. The state subsidises theseservices.

3:

See Appendix A

4:

The specialized services are integrated with the ordinary ones but short of personnel,specialized in problems of the blind.Certain voluntary bodies, such as the "Friends of the Blind", maintain similar servicesendeavoring to find suitable jobs for blind persons and following up, once the blind hasbeen placed in employment.There exists 122 sheltered workshop for handicapped persons under the supervisionof the Ministry of Labour. Among the 6,756 handicapped persons employed there,a number of blind are engaged in brush-, and chair-making, filling mattresses, card-board packing and basketry. Futhermore, there are 7 sheltered workshops for visuallyhandicapped persons with 200 workers employed in similar trades plus typing and print-itig of Braille texts. Verey few blind persons work at home, engaged in traditional crafts.

19

5:

Since 1970 the Ministry of Labour in collaboration with the "Fonds National de Re-classement Social des Handicapes" is driving a campaign to inform the general publicabout the potentialities of the handicapped persons and asking for help in achieving asocial integration for them. The Ligue Braille and other organisations of the blind alsopublish a number of brochures for the enlightenment of the public.

6: Definition

There is no official definition of blindness, but certain legal measures were taken in1954 for the protection of the "white cane", i.e. authorization of persons "whose visualacuity in each eye, after correction is equal to or less than 1/ 10, or visual field inferiorof 20 degrees", to carry a white cane.The number of blind and severely visually handicapped persons is estimated at about8,000.

20

.1. -

BRAZIL

Informant: FundAcao para o Livro do Ciego no Brasil,rua Dr. Diogo de Faria 558,Sao Paulo.

1:

Blind children may attend normal educational facilities at all levels.Blind students can also attend all courses available at colleges/ universities. In 1971there were 17 students enrolled.

2:Specialized teachers for the blind provide pre-vocational preparation in the schools, butmost of them do not have workshops or vocational officers. The recent (1971) Educa-tional Reform Law prescribes a mandatory programme of pre-vocational training.There are two vocational centres. One is run by the State "National Service for Indus-trial Training" (SENAI) and it has sections in some of the states. The other is run by the"Foundation for Books for the Blind in Brazil" (FLCB) and uses psychological tests(personality, interests, manual ability) adapted for the blind/ partially sighted.Rehabilitation services for the blind are provided both by the rehabilitation centre ofthe University of sgo Paulo and by the rehabilitation centre of the FLCB, that has acomplete programme of rehabilitation.

3There is no central register of employed blind persons, however the greatest number ofblind persons are industrially employed.

4:Specialized placement services are organized by the State (SENAI) and by the Founda-tion (FLCB), the former maintains branches in most of the states and has a section forfinding jobs for the blind in industry integrated with the ordinary services. The FLCBhas a sheltered workshop that functions also as a training service, besides operating on asub-contract basis. It employs 163 blind workers. Some other institutions run shelteredworkshops.

5:The employers are informed about the blind through occasional publications of theFLCB, which in 1971 sponsored a research scheme about the integration of the blindin the labour market. Another publication was sent out by SFNAI.

6:A definition of blindness was adopted at the Pan-American Conference on the "Wel-fare of the blind and prevention of blindness" (Sgo Paulo, 1954), but is not yet recog-nized by law.The number of blind persons, according to an investigation made by the Service ofOphthalmology (Secretary of Health), is estimated at 400,000 for the whole of Brazil.

21

BULGARIA

Informant: Union of the Blind,Slavejkoff Sq. No 1, Sofia.

1:

Blind children are admitted to normal schools at all levels. In addition there is a specialschool. Schooling lasts from 7 to 16, one year longer than for non-handicapped, and thecost borne by the state. Blind students attend without any hindrance colleges and univer-sities. At present there are 3 studying Economics and 11 in various courses.

2:

The special schools for the blind provide certain pre-vocational preparation facilities inthe schools' workshops. Workshops of the UBB (Union of the Blind in Bulgaria) pro-vide a six months' vocational preparation programme for blind youth and adults.There is a rehabilitation centre also run by the "Union" that provides vocationaltraining and rehabilitation courses for blind persons (six months).

4:

The UBB maintains a specialized employment service and takes the financial responsi-bility for it. The organisation also maintains workshops and lodgings and provides itsmembers with remunerative work. 1,200 persons are employed, producing oil filters forcars, buttons, brushes, cork tops, travel goods, office material, plastics, textiles, as-sembly of electric material and nylon nets. The two last items provide jobs for 200 home-workers.By law these enterprises of the UBB have a monopoly to manufacture certain products.There are further 60 blind people in professional song-choirs the country. The totalnumber of blind actually working is 1,483, of these 251 are homeworkers.

5:

The UBB through its various publications keeps the general public informed about thepotentialities of the blind.The "Union" in co-operation with the Ministries of Education, Labour and SocialHealth investigates the possibilities of new suitable occupations for the blind.

6:

Quotation of the legal definition of blindness in Bulgaria: "A group, up to 2 per cent ofremaining sight. B group, up to 8 per cent of remaining sight".There are at present 6,000 blind persons in the country, of these about 3,000 are members ofthe "Union of the Blind".

22

CANADA

Informant: Canadian National Institute for the Blind.1929 Bayview Ave.,Toronto 17 (Ontario).

1:

Blind children are admitted to normal schools, there is also a number of special schoolsfor visually handicapped children.Blind students can attend any courses they choose at colleges universities, excludingthose for which eye-sight is obviously essential. In 1971 the number of students enrolledwas 275, mostly in Arts and Science programmes.

2:

The Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB) is providing pre-vocational pre-paration in the workshops of the special schools for blind children through counsellinginterviews. In the normal schools preparation is provided by the schools' guidance serv-ices, supplemented by CNIB counselling personnel.The CNI B Vocational Guidance and Training Centre provides guidance, assessment andpre-vocational adjustment: training, supplementing preliminary services supplied by itsServices Centres throughout Canada.The rehabilitation programme includes various psychological tests (intelligence, voca-tional interest, personality and personal adjustment) especially adapted to the blind. Theprogramme also makes use of various medical and physical restoration services withinthe existing services for disabled persons. providing in addition social services, rehabili-tation teaching. orientation and mobility. Braille, within the framework of the spe-cialized services for the blind.Any person whose sight falls within the legal definition of blindness is entitled to receivesuitable rehabilitation services provided by CN I B.

3:

New work opportunities are being investigated: quality control by means of non-de-structive testing such as X-ray equipment, quality control in the food industry by tastepanels, office machine repair, armature re-winding and electric motor repairs, cen-tralised message accounting, and a number of others.

4:

The placement services are organized and mainly maintained by CNIB.The CNIB has established a number of sheltered workshops for the blind, at presentthere are 566 blind persons working there. Main trades followed: broom winding,mop- and brush-making and sewing. CNIB also provides the equipment, materials andtraining in leathercraft, chair caning and basketry, for blind persons working home, andthe products are sold mostly through its Gift Stores.

23

Employment Officers provide route training to and from places of employment and, ifnecessary, on-the-job training and make contacts with supervisors and fellow workers.

The CNIB's P.R. Department keeps the public and employers informed about thevisually handicapped through various publications, articles in the news mdia, films tointerested groups. Employment Officers are constantly making personal calls on seniorexecutives of both industrial and commercial companies.A research project for the cataloguing and analyses of jobs presently performed by theblind is being carried out by York University (Toronto) and the CN1B, sponsored by theCanadian Government.

6:

The legal definition of blindness is quoted as follows: "A person is considered blind ifthe visual acuity in both eyes with proper refractive lenses is 20/200 (6/60) or less withSnellen Chart or equivalent, or if the greatest diameter of the field of vision in both eyesis less than 200".Persons within this definition are eligible for CNIB services and financial support ofrehabilitation and vocational training courses through various government agencies.The definition also governs legal right to carry a white cane and receive a pension.The number of blind persons in Canada was 27,431 in December 1970.

24

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Informant: Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs,Pala Cekeho 4, Prague.

1:

Blind children are not admitted to normal schools, only visually handicapped childrenmay mend. Both categories go to special schools for nine years, and may also continuetheir studies in a special secondary school for the blind.Blind students are admitted to universities,and in 1971 there were 10 students takingcourses in Humanities.

2:

The local social security offices of the "National Committees" take up the cases ofchildren with visual handicaps as soon as they have finished their 9 years' schooling.They are examined by a "Social Security Evaluation Commission" and representativesof the school which during the years of studies had the opportunity to observe, the blindchild and are able to recommend what measures should be taken. Together they de-cide the type of pre-vocational preparation and the suitab!e occupation to follow. Thereis a three-year vocational school in Levo6 with courses in brush- and basket-making,weaving, upholstering and book-binding.There are also schools for music, piano-tuning and economics with 352 pupils in all.Other forms of training are a ten months' course for masseurs and a five months' coursefor switchboard operators. The Constitution and a number of special laws recognize theright of blind persons to receive rehabilitation services. A general course of this typetakes eight weeks.

3:

See Appendix A.

4:

There are specialized placement services, organized and maintained by the State, whichhelp blind persons to find employment.Visually handicapped persons are considered "citizens with altered capacity for work"and the Social Law provides them material safeguards during the period of preparationuntil they have found a job.Blind persons can work in production co-operatives for the normal population, or in co-operatives for other categories of disabled; there are four workshops for the blind with175 workers engaged in brush- and basket-making, upholstering, piano/ harmonica-tuning, pressing, packing.There is also a co-operative for the blind with 170 blind and visually handicapped work-ers having as main tasks brush- and basket-making and carton assembling. Another140 blind persons work in sheltered workshops in the same trades as above, plus ur-holstery, weaving and production of plastic goods. Within the framework of the invalids'

25

co-operatives there is a number of blind home-workers whose main occupation is brush-making.According to the Social Security Law, there are work-induction arrangements andfollow-ups for newly trained and resettled blind.

5:

The general public is kept informed about the blind through the various publicationsand broadcasts of the Trade Unions Movement and the Czech and Slovak "Union of theBlind".Research in this field is concentrated to the Department of Specialized Pedagogy of theCharles' University. Another work is by Dr:s Knobloch and §tafflova: "Defects ofVision and Choice of Profession".

6:

There is a distinction between complete and practical blindness, the latter generallyranging from sensitivity to light with correct projection up to 1/60 in the better eye. Inthe case of defective other sense organs creating difficulties of spatial orientation e.g.deafness, or intellectual defects, or in children, the concept of practical blindness extendsup to a visual acuity of 3/60 in the better eye. If the field of vision is narrowed below10+, or below 25e/f in the case of only one eye remaining, the above mentioned stateextends to 6:60 (with optimal optical correction).Practical blindness also includes central lapses in the field of vision exceeding 30+ in thebetter eye.There is no register covering all visually handicapped persons. Many older blind are notorganized. The Czech Union of the Blind and Weak-Sighted has 8,000 members and it isestimated that Slovakia has another 4,000 blind persons.

26

DENMARK

Informant: Dansk Blindesamfund,Randersgade 68, Copenhagen O. andState Institute for the Blind and Partially SightedRymarksvej 1, 2900 Hellerup

1:

Blind children are admitted to normal schools which begin at 7 and end at 16 years ofage, but there are also special schools and classes for blind and visually handicappedchildren. The total number is 300 pupils. Blind students may attend all courses availableat colleges, universities, and in 1971 there were 20 students enrolled in Theology, Soci-ology, Law, Psychology, Social work, Physiotherapy and at the Teacher trainingCollege.

2:

A short pre-vocational preparation is given in the school's workshop.Vocational guidance and training are provided by the vocational guidance officers andby a number of centres during the last two years of the education. There are courses fortelephonists, programmers, piano-tuners, organists, and there is also a centre for in-dustrial training for open employment.Rehabilitation services for blind young persons and adults are provided within the ex-isting services for handicapped persons, and in the above mentioned centre for industrialtraining of the blind.General legislation on rehabilitation of the handicapped and special legislation on edu-cation of the blind contain provisions recognizing the right of the blind to receive re-habilitation services.

3:

See Appendix A

4:

Specialized placement services are organized and maintained by the "State Institute forthe Blind" in cooperation with the Employment Service.There is a number of sheltered workshops, with 65 workers engaged in brush-making,basketry, weaving and industrial work, and about 130 home-workers.

5:

The general public is informed about the blind through the personal contacts of theemployment officers with employers, booL..Its and publications of the "Danish Associa-tion of the Blind" and magazine articles.

27

Recent publications:

"Rehabilitation and Care of the Handicapped", published by International RelationsDivision, Ministries of Labour and Social Affairs, Copenhagen,1967.The Rehabilitation Act, published by the ILO 1060.The Danish National Institute of Social Research publication no. 22: "The PhysicallyHandicapped in Denmark" volume IV "Work and employment" (in Danish with anEnglish summary).The publication "Senblind" (Late blindness), published by the National Board of SocialWelfare Services (under translation).

6:

"6160 or a visual field defect of 20 degrees or less" gives the right to disablement pen-sion and other social payments, and is also condition for admission to the Danish Asso-ciation of the Blind.The number of blind persons in Denmark is estimated at 8,000.

.28

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

Informant: Deutscher Blindenverhand E.V;Bismarckstrasse 30,5300 Bonn Bad Godesberg.

1:

All normal educational facilities are open to the blind. They care at present for about900 students. There arc some 125 in the well-known Marburg educational institutionfor the blind.At universities, courses are taken in Law, Economics, Political Sciences, Linguistics,Theology, Music, EDB.

2:

Special counselling services are available to parents of blind children, and to students atschools, to trainees in rehabilitation centres and at the associations.General psychological tests are adapted to the blind. Vocational training is offered at therehabilitation centres Heidelberg, Saulgrub, Ntirnberg and Dtiren.The right of the blind to rehabilitation is derived from general national laws (on socialassistance, on the severely disabled, and on promotion of work).

3:See Appendix A

4:

There is no reservation of specific occupations as far as the blind are concerned; theyhave to apply to the regular employment service (vocational rehabilitation sections)which provides jobs in industry in general or in sheltered workshops, respectively ash me- workers.The job placement is introduced and followed-up through rehabilitation centres andvocational rehabilitation counsellors.

5:

Information is given by the handicap associations and by a special committee on jobsfor the blind at the Ministry of Employment and Social Welfare.Recent publications:"Blinde und Sehbehinderte in unserer Welt", Verlag G. Braun, Karlsruhe."I31inde als Sachhearheiter ", published by Bundesministerium ftir Arbeit und Sozial-ordung."Die Erschliessung neuer Blindenarbeitsplatze in der EDV", published by Bundes-minisrerium fur ."'rbeit und Sozialordnung.The latter committee also promotes research on development of new occupations for thevisiially handicapped.

6:

In its first article the Act on the Severely Disabled declares as "blind" and entitled to beso certified, persons with a reduction of visual acuity resulting in inability to find theirway in unfamiliar places without the aid of others.According to this definition there are about 60,000 blind people in Germany.

29

FINLAND

Informant: Central Association of the Blind,School of the Blind,Kuopio.

1:

Blind children are admitted to normal schools; there are also two special primaryschools and a kindergarten for blind and partially sighted children. Higher education atcolleges,' universities is available to blind/ partially sighted students. In 1972 therewere 20 students attending courses in Philosophy, Literature, Languages, PoliticalSciences and Mathematics.

2;Pre-vocational preparation facilities for blind and partially sighted children are pro-vided by the special schools.Vocational guidencc for blind young persons and newly blinded adults is administeredby the Rehabilitation Department of the Institute of Occupational Health. Internationaltests, as well as special tests developed by the Institute, are used in addition to commonmethods of counselling.The right of disabled persons to receive rehabilitation services, including vocational re-habilitation, is recognized by law.

3:See Appendix A

4:The placement of the disabled is part of the general employment service system main-tained by the State. A special counselling department for the disabled is operating in

close connection with the public employment agencies; within this department there is asection which is entrusted solely with the placement of blind and partially sighted per-sons at national level. The placement is based on the co-operation between the coun-selling department/ section and the employment agency concerned. Besides actual place-ment, the above section carries out work induction and follow-up during at leastsix months for newly placed blind persons.About 2,000 blind or partially sighted persons work in various occupations in Finland.The largest group, about 600 persons, is engaged in basket- and brush-making and othertraditional crafts. Of these, about 100 persons work in sheltered workshops run by thevoluntary organisations of the blind, or at home.

5:The general public and employers are informed about the blind through the LabourExchange, the Central Association of the Blind, and the Trade School for the Blind.A sociological study of the adjustment of the blind to working life is under way.

6:Quotation of the legal definition of blindness: "A person is blind who due to his/ hervisual imperfection cannot find his/ her way in unfamiliar surroundings".In the school system the following definition is used: "A child who due to his/ her visualimperfection is unable to receive normal instruction is blind".There are at present 5,000 blind and 25,000 partially sighted persons in Finland.

30

FRANCE

Informant: Comite national pour la promotion sociale des aveugles,14 bis, rue Daru,Paris VIII.

1:

Blind children cannot attend normal primary schools. The majority of blind and par-tially sighted children are following special schools and classes, both at the primarylevel (duration 5 years), and at secondary level (duration 6 years).Blind students can follow courses at colleges! universities under the same conditions astheir sighted colleagues. In 1971 there were 60 students attending courses in Literature,Law, History, Mathematics, Physiotherapy, and Music.

2:

Pre-vocational preparation is provided by the regional vocational guidance service,created by the Law of 23.11.1957. There exist also five rehabilitation and re-classifi-cation centres for blind young persons and newly blinded adults. The centres are usinggeneral psychological tests adapted to the blind.Rehabilitation services for the blind are provided within the existing services for otherobile units).The right of blind persons to receive rehabilitation services is recognised by the aboveLaw of 23.11.1957.

3:

See Appendix A

4:

Specialized placement services are maintained by the State (Min. of Labour).A number of blind persons are working in co-operatives/ workshops for the normal po-pulation, or other categories of disabled, manufacturing soaps and fruit conserves.Another 200 blind persons are working in workshops for the blind making brushes, ba-skets, and filling matresses.Blind home-workers are engaged in basket-, brush-, chair-making, and knitting.

5:

The public and the employers are kept informed about the blind through associations ofblind people and the labour exchange.Continuous research to find new employment opportunities fot the blind is undertaken.

6:

Quotation of the legal definition of blindness: "The central vision of each eye being re-duced to less than 1/ 20 of the normal".The number of blind persons is estimated at 40,000.Other opportunities offered are: loans for small businesses, priorities to civil serviceemployment, and to supply the state with heavy brooms.

31

GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

Informant: Deutscher Blinden-und-Sehschwachen Verband,Poststrasse 4-5,102 Berlin.

1:

Elementary education is given in special schools during 10 years; there were 209 blindpupils. About 10 go to normal secondary schools for an 11th and 12th year, 25

students are enrolled at universities and mainly study political sciences.

2:

In each special school one teacher assumes responsibility for the preparation of pupilsfor working life. In the first 6 years the children try their hands at various materials andforms. Later they have a planned polytechnic traininrincluding weekly studies of dif-ferent work-places, and in the 8th school-year the choice of occupation is made withthe aid of a vocational guidance commission and psychotechnical tests.After registration as severely disabled, new-blinded are counselled by the EmploymentService, local associations of the blind, and regional rehabilitation commissions andattend vocational training institutes which are separate for the blind and offer a choiceof commercial, industry, and craft-trades.The right to rehabilitation of the disabled is safe-guarded in the Constitution. Further,alaw of 1951 specifies a 10 per cent employment quota in enterprises counting 10 or moreemployees and the right to adjustment of work-places, to retraining and promotion.

3:

See Appendix A

4:

Only the production of special hand-made brushes is reserved for blind workers.Placement services are mutual for all disabled and enterprises have to notify the Em-ployment Service of all vacancies.Special co-operative workshops for the blind number 12 with about 1,200 members,

some of them home-bound, Besides traditional crafts they work in numerous industrialoccupations.Three sheltered workshops employ 220 blind craftsmen.Work for the home-bound is not only in traditional crafts for the blind but industrialjobs.Where rehabilitation measures are taken the future place of work is secured by a con-tract, a practice period of 4-8 weeks, and inspection from the Employment Service.Counsellors from rehabilitation centres advise the supervisors on the working and con-tact methods of the newly employed blind person.

.32

Follow-up takes place at one or two-year intervals through visits by employmentcounsellors together with represantatives of the Association of the Blind. The latterorganises meetings at central and local level for groups working in the same trade.

5:

Mass media bring information on conditions of the blind. Besides, the following is alist of recent publications from the German Association of the Blind and VisuallyHandicapped.Autorenkollektiv: Der Blindenfahrbund. Allerlei Wissenwertes Ober einen Helfer derMenscheit. Leipzig, 1966.Autorenkollektiv: Berufsfibel ftir Sehschwache, Leipzig 1967.Autorenkollektiv: Internationales Symposium fiber Probleme der beruflichen Re-habilitation Sehgeschadigter vom 22. bis 26. Mai 1967 in Berlin, Leipzig 1967.Autorenkollektiv: Das Blinde und das sehschwache Kind. Eine Schrift !Dr Eltern undErzieher. 2nd ed. Leipzig 1971.Dr. Willi Finck: Wie erlangt der Blinde die Fach- oder Hochschulreife? Leipzig 1971.Dr. Wolfgang Fromm: Der Blinde als Lehrer und Wissenschaftler, Leipzig 1971.Erwin Jacob: Der Blinde als Jurist, Leipzig 1971.Dr. Klaus Rackebrandf: Blinde Hoch- und Fachschulabsolventen in Wirtschaft undVerwaltung, Leipzig 1971.Dr. Dr. Helmut Pielasch: Das Recht des Sehgeschadigten in der DDR. GesetzlicheBestimmungen fur Blinde und Sehschwache sowie Beschlfisse des Deutschen Blinden-und-Sehschwachen-Verbandes, Leipzig 1971.Autorenkollektiv: Sehgeschadigte in der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung. Ein neuerWeg der beruflichen Rehabilitation ftir Blinde und Sehschwache in der DeutschenDemokratischen Republik, Berlin 1971.

6:

Three categories are defined by law:1 Severely visually handicapped (1/ 25 or less of visual acuity after correction)II Blind for practical purposes (1/ 50 visual acuity)III Blind (1/ 200 visual acuity).This definition serves many purposes the rights of the severely disabled include em-ployment and protection against dismissal, priority and discount on taxes, local com-munications, shopping, pensions, supplementary holidays, etc.Among the 28,500 registred blind persons 8,500 are of employable age and 4,807 actu-ally working.

33

GREECE

Informant: Lighthouse for the Blind/ School for the Blind,KallitheaAthens.

Blind children may attend normal schools at all levels. There are also two special ele-mentary boarding schools with 190 places. (at present there are about 150 pupils). TheMinistry of Social Services anticipates for 1972/ 73 the establishment of two morespecial schools for blind children. Colleges/ universities are open to blind students and in1972 there were 5 students in Law, Theology, Mathematics and Literature.

2:

Pre-vocational preparation for blind children is provided by the workshops of the spe-cial schools and by vocational guidance at the Rehabilitation Centre for the Blind; thisalso provides some basic adjustment for blind young persons and newly blinded adultsand has about 25 students yearly. The Centre uses aptitude tests.The "Lighthouse for the Blind" in Athens maintains a training course for switch-boardoperators (duration of course 9 months).

4:

Specialized placement services are organized and maintained by the "National Institutefor the Rehabilitation of the Invalids" under the Ministry of Social Services. The "Light-house" maintains the only sheltered workshop for the blind, with about 40 blind workersengaged in broom- and brush-making.About 200 blind persons, graduated from the above course for switch-board operators,are working in public institutions.

5:

The various organisations of the blind publish a number of magazines and use massmedia to inform the employers and the general public about the potentialities of theblind.

6:

The legal definition of blindness is "1/ 25 of normal vision", but because it is con-sidered too narrow it is seldom applied strictly.A recent registration of blind persons puts the number at 13,000.

34

HUNGARY

Informant: Ungarischer Blinden and Sehschwachen Verband,Wits 1 ut 47,Budapest XIV.

1:Blind children can attend normal schools at all levels. In addition there are kindergar-tens for children from 3 to 6 years of age and a special school for visually handicappedchildren, where they receive elementary education (duration 10 years). There is no se-condary special school for the blind.Blind students have access to colleges/ universities, but not to technical colleges. In1971 there were 22 students enrolled.

2:Pre-vocational preparation facilities and training are provided by the special school forblind children, and there is also a one-year preparatory course for blind persons. TheConstitution garantees every citizen the right to work. In addition there are various or-dinances to aid the blind and other handicapped persons.

3:See Appendix A.

4:The law reserves the occupation of telephonist for blind persons.Specialized placement services are provided by the "Union of the Blind" for its mem-bers.There are 3 nationalised factories where about 600 blind persons are employed in thefollowing trades: Brush-, broom- and net-making, textiles..There is also a co-operativefor the blind with 80 workers, basket-makers.There is a number of blind home-workers making brushes.

5:The general public is informed about the potentialities of the visually handicappedthrough articles in newspapers and professional magazines.The Union of the Blind, in co-operation with the "Central Social Institute", from time totime investigates possibilities of new employment for the visually handicapped; such ajob is that of EDB programmer.

6:There is no legal definition of blindness, but since 1.10,1971 a new law makes allowan-ces to persons "with 5 per cent or less of normal vision" according to the Maschke Table.

Maschke Table.The number of blind persons is 9,500.

INDIA

Informant: The National Association for the Blind,Jehangir Wadia Building,51, ivialidima Gandhi Road, Bombay 1.

1:

Blind children are admitted to normal schools (500 pupils in all), but most of them attendspecial schools for the blind. There are at present 140 residential or special schools, prim-ary (duration 8 yars) and secondary (duration 2-3 years). These schools vary in sizeand quality, but it would be safe to assume that between 6,000 and 6,500 blind childrenbenefit from them.Higher education at colleges/ universities is available to blind students and in 1971100 students were enrolled, the majority attending courses in Humanities.

2:

In five rehabilitation centres the blind are assessed and evaluated for job placement;two of the centres are sponsored by the Indian Government and the rest are activities ofthe "National Association for the Blind". The centres use general psychological tests(BENNET'S tool and TWEEZER finger dexterity tests, MINNESOTA ratc ul mani-pulation and training test). Adaptation not required.Basic rehabilitation is provided at all the schools and institutions for the blind, pre-voca-tional preparation is not.

3:

See Appendix A.

4:

The National Association for the Blind has organized and maintains placement services.The State has special employment offices in nine centres in the country.There is a number of jobs for the blind (open employment) with 1.200 blind workersengaged in light engineering-machine operating, basketry, carpentry, handloom weav-ing, tailoring, candle making, handicrafts, telephone operating, massage and physiothe-rapy.There is a sheltered workshop for the blind and several industrial homes throughoutIndia, where a considerable number of blind workers is engaged in trades similar to theabove.The induction arrangements include visits of placement officers to the place of work ofnewly resettled blind and follow-up.

36

5:

The general public and employers are informed about the blind through various publi-cations, lectures, radio broadcasts, visits to prospective employers, exhibitions.Recent publications include:"Blind Welfare" (magazine), October, 1969."The Blind in an Age of Science", edited by the National Association for the Blind,Bombay, 1969."Services for the Handicapped in India", by Taylor and Taylor, edit. ISRD, New York,1970.

6:

Quotation of the definitions of blindness: "a. Total absence of sight. b. Visual acuitynot exceeding 6/60 or 20/ 200 (Snellen) in the better eye with correcting lenses.c. Limitation of the field of vision sub-tending an angle of 20 degrees or worse". No re-liable data available on the number of blind. On the basis of sample surveys, it is believ-ed that one per cent of the population of India is economically blind. The term economi-cally blind includes the totally blind and persons with varying degrees of sight, whosesight is not sufficient to enable them to secure employment without special assistance. Onthis basis the blind population in India is five million.

37

IRELAND (EIRE)

Informant: National League of the Blind,35, Gardiner Place, Dublin 1.

1:

No special facilities are provided for blind or partially sighted children at normal schoolsand educational institutions (primary, post-primary and third-level) except in one se-condary school which has about ten blind boys. Blind children and those partially sight-ed children not able to benefit adequately from normal school education are catered forin special schools up to post-primary school level.No courses specifically for blind students are available at the colleges and universities.Grants are made available to enable blind and partially sighted persons follow coursesabroad in social rehabilitation and mobility and, provided the appropriate entrancestandard has been reached, special post-primary and third-level courses in industrialtraining and third-level courses such as physiotherapy.

2:

Pre-vocational preparation facilities are provided by the special schools for blind child-ren.There is a training centre for blind telephonists in Dublin.

3:

See Appendix A.

The "National Council for the Blind" has organized and maintains the placement ser-vices under the general supervision of the Department of Health. There is a number ofsheltered workshops with 60 blind workers employed and following the trades basket-and mat-making, bedding.

5:

The general public and employers are informed about the potentialities of the visuallyhandicapped through personal contacts and visits from the Placement Officer of theNational Council for the Blind.Both the National Council for the Blind and the National League of the Blind publishannual reports.

38

6:

Quotation of the legal definition of blindness (Finance Act 1971, Section II): "A personwhose central visual aquity does not exceed 6/60 in the better eye with correcting len-ses, or whose central visual aquity exceeds 6/60 in the better eye, or in both eyes, butis accompanied by a limitation in the field of vision, that is such that the widest diame-ter of the visual field subtends an angle no greater than 20 degrees". In practice, a certi-ficate from a qualified opthalmic surgeon is accepted for blind welfare purpose.The number of blind persons is estimated at 8,000.

39

ISRAEL

Informant: Jewish Institute for the Blind,P.O.B. 925,Jerusalem.

1:

Blind children are admitted to normal schools. Elementary education is provided also bymeans of special schools and classes (duration c years),. On the secondary level,blindchildren receive complementary lessons (duration 3-4 years).Blind students are encouraged to enter colleges/ universities and they receive grants andspecial equipment required. Among ti . courses followed is computer programming.

2:Pre-vocational preparation for blind children is provided by the workshops of the spe-cial schools. There are two rehabilitation centres where blind young persons and adultsmay go for vocational assessment, guidance and training in working skills, communica-tions, Braille and orientation/ mobility. On finishing the blind are given work in theopen industry.

4:The State (Ministry of Social Welfare) has organized and maintains the specializedplacement services.Blind persons are working in open industry and workshops for the normal population,engaged in metal assembling, electronics, operating electrical and hydraulic presses,screwing, boring, metal-plating, ordinary and automatic weighing, filling and packing,sewing, yarn-winding, weaving, wood/ cardboard joining, book-binding.The State maintains a number of workshops, where about 500 blind workers are engag-ed in basket-making and weaving. There exist also sheltered workshops for blind per-sons who cannot be absorbed in open industry (about 300 workers engaged in generalassembly work). A number of blind persons, especially elderly, work at home makingmats, brushes and baskets. The Service for the Blind (Ministry of Social Welfare) sup-plies the materials and sells the finished products.Special work induction arrangements include route training to and from the place ofwork. The Ministry of Social Welfare pays the salaries of the newly employed blindworkers, until they are capable of reaching the standard of ordinary workers.The placement officers make a follow-up after a blind person has been employed andhelp him to overcome absorption difficulties.

5:The general public and employers are informed about the potentialities of the visuallyhandicapped, mainly through a placement officers.

6:The number of blind persons in Israel is at present about 8,000.

40

ITALY

Informant: Unione Italiana deiVia Borgognona 38,00187 Rome.

1:

Blind children attend normal schools at the primary and secondary level. Education iscompulsory from the age of 6 to 14, also for the handicapped. For the blind there are19 special schools, 138 special classes, and schools operating within institutes for thosewith sensory handicaps. In the lower secondary education there are experimental spe-cial classes. In teacher training and other colleges and universities blind students follownormal courses in Law, Music, History, Philosophy, Political Sciences and Languages.

2:There is no special pre-vocational preparation and vocational guidance. The trainingreceived by blind students is paid for by local government.

4:Acts were passed in 1961 and 1971 recognizing blind masseurs and physiotherapistsas specialized workers and reservifig-positions for them in clinics and hospitals. Otheracts in the period 1957 1971 concern the occupation of switch-board operators. Postsin public agencies and (partly) in private agencies are now reserved for blind operators.The Union of the Blind has gone on to organize training courses for teleprinter opera-tors, a new chance of employment. Besides, undertakings over a certain size are underthe obligation to employ a quota of disabled persons.Placement services for the blind are integrated with the labour exchanges and a mutualresponsibility of the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, and the Union of the Blind.The latter organisation has set up workshops for the manufacture of shoes and belts,knitwear and textiles, metal parts, etc. which employ about 150 workers. In a home-working scheme traditional crafts of the blind are performed.

5:The Union of the Blind makes extensive use of mass media for the information of thegeneral public, and its press department also publishes letter-press papers. Recent pub-lications on the conditions of the visually handicapped include:"1 minorati della vista," by Prof. Enrico Ceppi."150 anni del'Unione italiana ciechi," by Prof. Sisgimondo Bragli."Norme legislative regolamentari sull'istruzione, it lavoro e l'assistenza dei ciechi inItalia." by Augusto Vernillo."Ragazzi ciechi," by Prof. Augusto Romagnoli.

6:Legally blind persons with a visual acuity of 10 per cent or less are entitled to special edu-cational facilities, railway travel at half fare and to he counted against employmentquotas, while those with 5 per cent visual acuity or less are entitled to a basic or sup-plementary state pension for the civilian blind, subject to a means test.The number of blind persons in Italy is estimated at 100,000, those in a position to ob-tain or hold remunerative work number about 10,000.

41

JAPAN

Informant: Nippon Lighthouse Welfare Center for the Blind,4 -37, 2- chome, Imazu Naka, Joto- ku, Osaka City.

1:

Blind children are not admitted to normal primary and secondary schools, instead theyattend special schools and classes.In September 1971, at altogether 26 colleges or universities,56 blind students werefollowing courses in Literature, Social Services, Law, Economics, Mathematics.

2:

In each of the special schools, special teachers have been appointed as vocational gui-dance officers for the counselling of the blind pupils and their parents. In the "Rehabili-tation Counselling Centres for the Physically Handicapped", which operate in eachprefecture and in some of the larger cities, there is a team of ophthalmologist, psycho-logist, vocational counsellor and caseworker engaged in the physical, mental and voca-tional assessment and guidance of blind young persons and newly blinded adults. Be-sides, there is Tokyo Vocational Center for physically handicapped persons, opera-ted by the Employment Promotion Projects Corporation at which medical doctors andcounsellors are engaged in the measurement of working ability, in vocational consulta-tion and vocational guidance for the blind and the severely handicapped. It is plannedto establish centers of this kind at key areas in Japan year by year. The centers usepsychotechnical tests, of which the following have been adapted for the blind: WAIS,WISC, Version Test, Multi-personality Inventory Scale, Block Design Test. Newlyblinded receive counselling and social rehabilitation services at these multi-purposecenters, while ten special centers for the blind offer psychological services in addition.

A "Law for the Welfare of the Physically Handicapped" of 1950 gives National andLocal Government responsibility for rehabilitation services for the handicapped includ-ing protective measures for their welfare.

3:

Under an old tradition extending over five hundred years in Japan, the majority of blindand visually handicapped persons can be self-supporting and economically independentby the occupations of massage, acupuncture and moxa-cautery (the latter techniquesare used for anesthetics and treatment of diseases, by inserting needles in the patients'bodies, respectively burning small balls of dried herbs on the skin). According to aninvestigation made by the Medical Affairs Section of the Ministry of Health and Wel-fare, the total number of those blind and visually handicapped persons engaged in theoccupations of massage, acupuncture and moxa-cautery w,.s estimated at 66,822(end of 1969), with the specification of 35,566 as masseurs, 16,444 as acupuncturepractitioners, and 14,812 as moxa-cautery practitioners. These three practices dupli-cate each other to some extent. This fact may be regarded as a uftique and peculiar pat-tern of occupations for the blind in the world.Consequently, the vocational training programmes at all the 73 schools for the blind and

42

the 9 rehabilitation centers for the newly blinded, (five of which are founded and ope-rated by the Ministry of Health and Welfare), are almost limited to these occupations,with a few exceptions.to complete the course of massage at a school for the blind or rehabilitation center forthe newly blinded, requires two years for those who have finished 9 years, compulsoryschool. Three more years are required to complete the course of acupuncture and moxa-cautery. Besides, there is a three years course of massage, acupuncture and moxa-cauteryfor those who have finished a senior high school.Under these circumstances, however, every possible effort to develop new occupationsfor the blind is being made by some of the schools for the blind and by the rehabilitationcenters for the newly blinded, one of which is the Nippon Lighthouse Adjustment andIndustrial Vocational Training Center (AIVTC). This institution was established in1966 with the sole purpose of.widening job opportunities for blind people, and its roleas pioneer is very significant.

4:

the specialized placement services are organized by the "Public Employment SecurityOffice" (Ministry of Labour) nd maintained by the State.Blind persons who wish to he employed may register at these offices (500 throughout thecountry). The counsellors at the rehabilitation centers keep in touch with officers forthe placement of young blind and newly blinded adults at the above-mentioned offices.There are provisions in the "Physically Handicapped Persons' Employment Promotion1.aw" to decide a special employment rate for the blind, to order employers to preparea programme for engagement of the disabled etc. in order to promote the employmentand resettlement in work of physically handicapped workers.Accordingly, the provincial Governor provides the employer with a training grant (on-the-job) of 7,100 yen (about $20) per trainee for every month and also gives each traineea monthly allowance of 28,220 yen (ahout$91) for 6 months, or for a year in specialcases.

Furthermore, in the employment promotion system of the physically handicapped thefollowing measures are included:a system of bounty to establishments which hire physically handicapped persons;a system of surety for liabilities incurred by physically handicapped persons who startbusiness on their own account;a system of loans of funds to employers for the establishment of work facilities for physi-cally handicapped persons.there are no co-operative or home-working schemes in Japan, but about 50 workshopsfor the physically handicapped exist in accordance with the above-mentioned law. Inone of these, the Nagoya Lighthouse, 25 blind persons are engaged in can-making,10 in massage and 5 in simple factory work.

5:

The Law places an obligation on National and Local Governments to assume publicrelations activities directed to employers, the general public etc. concerning preventionif blindness, the welfare services and employability of blind persons and this is done inco-operation with the agencies serving the blind. Recent publications are:1. "Creation of Able Members of the Community- How should the Rehabilitation

Program for the Blind be?," by Mr. Hideyuki Iwahashi, Nippon Lighthouse, 1968.1968.

2. "Occupations for the Blind in the Seventies- Possibility of Professional Jobs for theBlind," published by the Tokyo Helen Keller Association, March, 1971. It deals

43

with the possibility of developing Japanese Kana-typewriter typists, telephonists,piano-tuners, and computer programmers.

Research is undertaken by the Nippon Lighthouse concerning the training of computerpersonnel and with the aid of the Mitsubishi Foundation the organisation has set up acomputer and data equipment within its premises.The National Research Institute on Occupations, which is administered by the Employ-ment Promotion Projects Corporation, has recently been engaged in research concern-ing equipment and appliances for blind industrial workers.

6:

Quotation of the legal definition of blindness: (a) "The visual acuity of each eye is lessthan 0.1.".(b) "The visual acuity of one eye is less than 0.02, and of the other less than0.6" (c) "The visual field of the eyes is not greater than 10 degrees." (d) "More thanhalf of the visual field of the eyes is defective."The scope of visual handicap as defined above is grouped into 6 grades. The purposeof the definition is to make persons complying with it eligible for benefits according tothe Law on the Welfare of the Physically Handicapped, such as pensions, tax exemp-tions, free travels and technical aids. For admission to schools for the visually handi-capped another definition is used: (a) Total blindness (less than 0.02 visual acuity aftercorrection with spectacles), (b) Quasi-blindness (0.02-0.04), (c) Partial sightedness(0.04-0.3). The physically handicapped. As of October 1,1970, there were 255,600visually handicapped, of which 5,600 were under 18 years of age.

44

NEW ZEALAND

Informant: New Zealand Foundation for the Blind,Private Bag, Newmarket,Auckland 1.

1:

Blind children are admitted to normal primary and secondary schools for sighted child-ren if their parents wish to enrol them in these schools. There are special classes for blindand partially sighted children attached to some primary schools. However, a large pro-portion of the blind and partially sighted children in New Zealand attend special resi-dential and day schools. In 1971, 179 children of primary and secondary school agewere catered for in special education facilities for visually handicapped pupils.Higher education at colleges/ universities is open to blind students; in addition they re-ceive certain special facilities. In 1971, 9 students were enrolled at universities.

2:

Pre-vocational preparation for blind children is provided in the workshops of the specialschools (manual training, industrial experience).There is a training unit for blind adults providing mobility, communications training,industrial training for open employment and vocational assessment. There are in useseveral psychological tests (WISC, OTIS, BUST, WECHSLER, GINSBURG, WIL-LIAMS) adapted to the blind.Every blind person has the right to receive the rehabilitation services of the Foundationfor the Blind, to a degree decided by its Board of Trustees.

3:

See Appendix A.

4:

The Foundation for the Blind has organized and maintains the specialized placementservices. The "Disabled Re-establishment League", a Government agency, providesassessment, work experience, training and sheltered workshop facilities which can beutilized by blind persons.The Foundation for the Blind has established a number of workshops, only in part classi-fied as sheltered, that give work to 90 blind persons engaged in furniture making, caneand wire work, mat and net-making, and industrial packing. The last item providesjobs for a number of blind home-workers.The Foundation arranges follow-up for blind persons placed in employment.

45

S:

The general public and employers are informed about the blind through the mass mediaand visits by officers of the Foundation for the Blind.The employment of blind persons in the radiography departments of major hospitalsand in computer programming is the most recent field of research of the Foundation.

6:

Quotation of the legal definition of blindness: "Visual acuity down to 3/64 or less, orvisual field reduced to 50 either side of fixation point".This definition is used to assess a blind person's (over 16 years old) eligibility to receivea social security monetary benefit and to register with the Foundation for the Blind.End of July, 1971, the number of blind persons was 4,112.

46

NORWAY

Informant: Norges Blindeforbund,Bygdoy Al le 21,Oslo 2.

1:

Blind children are admitted to normal schools, there are also special primary and second-ary schools for the blind.Higher education at colleges,' universities is available to blind students. There is only oneblind student at the university, studying Philology.

2:

Pre-vocational preparation facilities for blind children include interviews with vocationalguidance officers. In addition blind children, like the sighted ones, during their last termat school practise job of their choice.The secondary school for the blind in Oslo provides testing and vocational guidance forblind school-leavers.Newly blinded persons receive vocational assessment and guidance.Four general rehabilitation centres administer testing, adaptation and treatment for thehandicapped, including the blind. In addition blind persons receive rehabilitation ser-vices (adaptation, training) at two sheltered workshops, aiming to qualify the blind forwork in open industry.The Law on Assistance for Rehabilitation of 22.1.1960, recognizes the right of theblind to rehabilitation services.

3:

See Appendix A.

4:

Specialised placement offices are organized by the State and have an Employment andRehabilitation Counsellor, who works in close co-operation with the general employ-ment service and the social services. A number of blind persons work in sheltered work-shops for other categories of handicapped. There are also three sheltered workshops forthe blind; in two the aim is to qualify the blind for industrial employment in the openmarket, the third provides permanent employment for 58 blind persons unable to workin the open market, the trades followed are weaving, knitting and handicrafts.The "Home-working Centre" of the Organisation of the Blind supplies blind home-workers with materials and organizes the sale of the products. In 1971 there were about150 persons engaged in upholstery, weaving, knitting and souvenir- making. The workinduction arrangements are the responsibility of the rehabilitation consultants, men-tioned above, the Vocational School for the Blind and the teachers of a secondary schoolfur the blind.

47

5:

The general public and employers are informed about the blind through the informationservice of the Organisation of the Blind. Recent publications include:"Blind 69," published in 1969, and "Light in Darkness," also published in 1969.

6:

Legally,blindness is defined as "6/ 60 i.e. what other persons see at 60 yards the visuallyhandicapped sees at 6 yards". Another definition is of a person blind for all practicalpurposes, one who in spite of optical aids is unable to read black print. Persons who fallwithin these definitions are eligible for receiving special services and aid, includingdifferent forms of economic assistance. The number of blind persons is estimated at6,000.

g

48

POLAND

Informant: Polish Association of the Blind,ul. Konwiktorska 9,Warsaw.

1:

Blind children are admitted to normal schools at all levels. In addition there are 8special primary and 3 technical schools for blind/ partially sighted children. Blind stu-dents may study at colleges/ universities. In 1971 there were 64 students attendingcourses in Law, Philology, Foreign Languages, Sociology, Psychology, Mathematics,Physics, Pedagogy, History, Ethnography, Economics, Music.

2:

Pre-vocational preparation for blind children is given in special technical schools (work-shops).Vocational guidance for blind adults is administered by two rehabilitation centres, localbranches of the Association of the Blind, and units of the Association of the Invalids'Co-operative Workshops. No general psychological tests are used, but some tests adapt-ed to the blind.Rehabilitation services provide vocational training, orientation and mobility courses,Braille and typing etc.The Law of 23.1.1968 and two governmental decrees secure the right of blind personsto receive rehabilitation services.

3:

See Appendix A.

4:

Placement services are organized by the Association of the Blind. They function sepa-rately from other placement services and are maintained by the State and the Associa-tion of Co-operative Workshops for the Blind.A number of blind persons are working in co-operative workshops for other invalids,and 216 blind work in the open industry. Trades followed: weaving, knitting, uphols-tery, metal-grinding-polishing and pressing, paper products-making.There are 26 co-operative workshops for the blind, most of them sheltered, with a totalof 7,696 workers, engaged in all the above mentioned trades plus brush-making.The co-operative workshops supply the materials for blind home-workers, who have thesame rights and privileges as their colleagues in the co-operative workshops, and areengaged in the same trades.Existing induction arrangements include guarantees of employment for blind traineesand other facilities for the newly blind resettled in work.

49

5:

The general public is kept informed about the blind through the mass media and directcontacts are made with employers.The Research Centre of the Association of Invalids' Co-operative Workshops is work-ing at present on two projects:a. Professional emplyment for the blind.b. Methods of training and rehabilitation of the blind.

6:

There are two groups of blind persons, and two definitions. The definition for the firstgroup is the same as in many other countries. The second group includes all those whosevisual acuity "ranges between 0.06-0.08". Persons falling into these two groups are ad-mitted to the Association of the Blind and enjoy various social benefits.The number of registered blind is 23,015, but there are several thousands more. espe-cially aged persons.

50

RUSSIAN SOVIET FEDERATED SOCIALIST REPUBLIC(RSFSR)

Informant: All-Russia Society for the Blind,Novaja Plochad 14,Moscow.

1:

Blind and partially sighted children attend special boarding schools (primary/second-ary). There are 73 special schools in the R.S.F.S.R. Only a fraction of the partially sight-ed children attend normal schools. In addition there are 10 special schools for blind/ par-tially sighted adults with more than 5,000 attending.Blind students follow ordinary courses in colleges/ universities, and in 1971 there wereenrolled 612 studying Mathematics, Physics, Mechanics, Industrial/ Political Econo-my. Law, Literature. Foreign Languages, Psychology, Pedagogy, History, Philosophyand Music.

2:

Pre-vocational preparation for blind children is provided by the special schools. After11 years of schooling, the children enter one of the training/ production centres of theAll-Russia Society for the Blind, for special courses in a number of jobs, at the end theyreceive a certificate and can start working.Blind young people and blinded adults may attend instruction, orientation and mobi-lity courses at two rehabilitation centres. Duration of courses from 3 to 6 months, de-pending on the abilities and the educational level of the individual. On leaving, the blindis usually placed at a training/ production centre or state factory. There are also a mas-seur school and a music-school for the blind A number of laws recognize the right ofhandicapped persons, including the blind, to receive rehabilitation services.

3:

See Appendix A.

4:

Specialized placement services are organized chiefly by the All-Russia Society, whichmaintains local branches in all regions of R.S.F.S.R. and has as one of its main objec-tives the employment of the blind.The cocicty has 247 training/ production centres with 54,000 blind persons working aswire drawers, spinners, loom threaders knitters, metal-press operators, electrical fitters,plastics moulding-machine operators and assemblers, packers, brush makers.A number of blind homeworkers are engaged in knitting nets and binding tips on shoe-laces. There are special arrangements for on-the-job training and follow-up.

51

5:

The All-Russia Society is keeping the general public informed, by publishing brochuresand albums about the work and activities of its institutes and enterprises, giving articlesto the press. shooting films, making broadcasts over the radio TV and organizing ex-hibitions of products made at its training production centres by blind workers.The Functional Vision Research Laboratory in Leningrad has as its main objective thestudy of medical recommendations and counter-indications for the employment ofthe blind.In 1969/ 70 the book "To live and work", by B. Zimin was published.

6:

Quotation of the legal definition of ';ndness: "Practically blind are persons with visualacuity in the better eye of 0.08 with correction, or persons who have a strong narrowing ofthe field of vision in both eyes i.e. up to 10 degrees". Persons who fall within this defini-tion are eligible for various benefits (pension, aids, favourable working conditions).The number of blind persons is 179,300.

I hi, statement does not refer to the entire So% iet Cajon I l'SSR). but to the Rusian Stis let Federated Republic (130.7

million inhabitants).

52

SPAIN

Informant: Organization Nacional de Ciegos,Calle de Jose Ortega y Gasset 18,Madrid 6.

Few blind children go to normal schools; the majority of them are educated at specialprimary secondary (residential) schools for the blind, run by the National Organisationof the Blind (ONCE) and offering education and lodgings. About 60 blind adults, bene-ficiaries of ONCE's scholarships, attend normal secondary schools. Higher education isopen to blind students, and in 1971, 84 students were enrolled following courses inEconomic and Commer:...1 Sciences and Languages.

2:

For pre-vocational preparation all the schools of the organisation have joinery andelectrical workshops in order to give the pupils extensive manual dexterity and to selectthose who have an inclination and aptitude for industrial work. Instruction is alsogiven in drawing, modelling, typing, and all kinds of textile work.In the Madrid High School there is a poultry farm, where students from rural sectorsmay learn to run poultry farms, using the battery system.The National Residential Rehabilitation Centre for blind adults administers vocationalguidance; its capacity is 20 male and 12 female blind.Blind pupils at the special schools are tested periodically for intelligence, aptitude andpersonality. Also before admittance to the specialized training centre students are takingtests (THURSTONE P.M.A., OTIS superior, PINILLOS personality questionaire).These tests are adapted to the blind.Rehabilitation services are arranged by the 33 principal "delegations" of ONCE for therecently blinded.

3:

See Appendix A.

4:

Specialized placement services are organized and maintained by the schools for blindphysiotherapists, telephonists and the Industrial Training Centre. All these establish-ments belong to ONCE.ONCE reserves almost all the executive, adiministrative. auxiliary, and teaching jobswithin the Organisation for its members. Also the sale of lottery tickets for the benefit ofthe blind is undertaken by blind persons (12,042 persons engaged). There are no co-operatives: workshops for blind persons. Only two sheltered workshops exist, maintain-ed by ONCE, with 20 and 10 female blind workers, respectively. The Handicraft Shopin Madrid commissions homework for some blind women, especially trained for thispurpose.

53

ONCE keeps in constant touch with the newly trained blind and its technical instructorsvisit periodically those in employment, to find out if they need any assistance in view ofchanges in their work.

5:

ONCE maintains in its main delegations an information service for the benefit of theblind and for people who are interested in social welfare. Occasionally, it makes use ofthe mass media to inform the general public about the activities of the Organisation. Ithas also published a pamphlet and a monthly magazine ("SIRIO").ONCE employs experienced advisers to investigate employment possibilities and sui-table professions for the blind outside the structure of the Organisation.

6:

There is no legal definition of blindness, but the National Institution for Social Securityclassifies as blind "persons whose sight is less than 1/ 10 of the normal". Membership ofthe National Organisation of the Blind (ONCE) is given to persons "whose sight isbelow 1/ 20 in the Wecker Scale". Membership is not extended to partially sighted per-sons, but whenever possible ONCE trains the "border-line" partially sighted in its voca-tional schools.According to the census of 31.12.1970 the number of blind persons, registered mem-bers of ONCE, was 27,872, of whom 62 percent were over 50 years of age.

54

SWEDEN

Informant: De Blindas Forening,Gotlandsgatan 46,116 65 Stockholm.

1:

There are about 140 pupils in special comprehensive schools for the blind (10 years) and120 in integrated secondary education.In 1971, 80 blind students attended university faculties, mainly in the Social Sciencesand Arts.

2:

In the school system, provision is made for vocational guidance and for a practiceperiod, so-called pre-vocational orientation.Newly-blinded attend 42-weeks rehabilitation courses (6 with about 150 participantsyearly) which offer general personal adjustment to blindness, Psychological tests havebeen adapted to the blind. This programme is part of the general vocational rehabilita-tion services delivered by the educational and labour market authorities and not found-ed on particular laws on the visually handicapped.

3:See Appendix A.

4:

No legal reservation of certain occupations for the visually handicapped exists and theplacement services are those provided by the Government for all disabled persons withinthe normal employment service system. However, the State enables the Association ofthe Blind to maintain regional counsellors for the case-finding and job induction aswell as a home-work centre serving some 500 people engaged in traditional blind-crafts.A special form of employment aid, mainly devised for the seriously visually impaired, isto grant the employer a subsidy towards the wages of a fellow-worker or supervisorassisting the blind worker.Sheltered employment of the visually handicapped per December 31, 1971, included450 persons.

5:

An extensive information programme is launched by the Association of the Blind andthe National Labour Market Board. Regular radio features and tape recordings arepart of these programmes.Among recent publications:"The care of the blind," Public Report, 1968. (Not translated)."Being visually handicapped," by Lena Hagman. Bonniers, 1972. (Not translated)."Modern Swedish Blind Welfare," DBF 1972.6:Legally blind, and entitled to a pension, are persons 16-67 of age with a visual acuityof less than 3 60. who are unable of finding their way in unfamiliar surroundings.For practical reasons there is a division in three categories according to visual acuity:a. visually impaired 0.3 0.1b. seriously visually impaired 0.1-2/50c. blind 2,, 50-0.00Categories b and c number about 15.000 (all ages).

55

SWITZERLAND

Informant: Schweizerischer Blindenverband. Neubrlickstrasse 118,3012 Bern.

1:

Blind children attend special primary and secondary schools.Normal facilities for higher education are open to students with visual handicaps, andin 1972 15 students were enrolled in Mathematics, Law, Pedagogics and Psychologycourses.

2:

Under the Federal Disability Insurance Office there are a number of vocational guid-ance officers, a few of these are specialists for the blind. In addition special schools andworkshops for blind people provide courses for shorthand-typists and telephonists re-spectively training for industrial workers.A number of vocational centres give advice and guidance to blind young people andnewly blinded adults. These centres apply general psychological tests, adapted to theblind/ partially sighted. The tests used include Hawie (verbal), Hawik and Amthauer(the last for partially sighted). Rehabilitation services (only within specialized services)provide vocational training, orientation/ mobility, Braille and typing courses.

3:

See Appendix A.

4:

The Federal Disability Insurance is responsible for the orientation courses, as well as forthe special placement services.No legal reservation of occupations for the blind is provided. A majority of the gain-fully employed blind workers are to be found in the metallurgical industry and in card-board work.About 200 visually handicapped persons are working in W sheltered workshops, mainlywith traditional blind-crafts, but also metal work. Very few are engaged in home-work asit is a great problem to provide such tasks.

5:

The general public and employers are kept informed about the blind through the massmedia and the regular publication of the official organ of the Swiss Federation of theBlind "DER WEG".Recent publication: "60 Jahre Schweizerischer Blindenverband 1911-1971".No ongoing research activities.

56

6:

There is no legal definition of blindness, but the following definition set up by ProfessorsDr:s H.Goldman and F.Rintelen is usually applied:I. As totally blind we recognize persons who cannot distinguish between light and dark.2. Blind in practice are those who are sensible to light, but need assistance to find their

way in unknown surroundings. Ability of the better eye lies between correct projec-tion and fingercount in 1 meter's distance.

3. Socially blind are those who are able to find their way independently, i.e. with aboutnormal field of vision on the better eye have a visual acuity between finger-count in Imeter's distance and virus 0.1. Visus on the better eye 6/60 to 1/60 or high-grade nar-rowing of field of vision. No work requiring optic control comes into consideration.

The estimated number of blind persons is between 8,000 and 9,000, a great number of themelderly people.

57

TUNISIA

Informant: Union Nationale des Aveugles de Tunisie,21, Boulevard Bab Benat,Tunis.

1:

Blind children are admitted to normal schools at all levels. In addition there are specialprimary and secondary schools (duration 9 years) for the blind.Higher education at colleges/universities is available to blind students. In 1971, 35students were enrolled, most of them studying Physiotherapy, but also Physics, Mathe-matics, Law, Economics, Political Sciences, Languages, Literature.

2:

Pre-vocational preparation for blind children is provided in the workshops of the specialschools.There are two centres for the newly blinded. A medico-social centre run by the Na-tional Union of the Blind, providing vocational assessment and guidance, and a rehabili-tation centre recently established with the assistance of the U.S. Ministry of Health.The Psycho-technical Centre of the "Office de la Formation Professionelle et de I'Emploi" uses psychological tests (Intelligence, Dexterity) adapted to the blind.The right of the blind to receive rehabilitation services is recognized by the Law 68-5of 8.3.1968 and the Governmental decision of 4. 1. 1. 1969.

3:

See Appendix A

4:

The occupation of telephonist is by law reserved for blind persons.The specialized placement services are organized by the State, with the help of the Unionof the Blind, and maintained by the State (Office de la Formation Professionelle et del'Emploi which is a department of the Ministry of Social Affairs) and the Union of theBlind. The specialized services are integrated with the ordinary placement services.A handicraft co-operative of the blind employs 450 blind workers, engaged in brush-and basket-making.A number of sheltered workshops provide work for 240 blind persons. Main trades wea-ving, labelling and filling bottles. Another 150 blind are working on sheltered farms.Blind persons working at home on their own are engaged in knitting, weaving, basket-and brush-making. There is a follow-up service.

58

5:

The general public and employers are informed about the potentialities of the blindthrough weekly broadcasts and documentaries.A sub-committee has been set up recently, with the task of conducting a survey aboutthe possibilities of employment of blind persons in the open market.

6:

Quotation of the legal definition of blindness: "A person is considered blind when hisvisual acuity is less than 1/ 20 of the normal, or when he cannot distinguish fingers atone and a half metre's distance, or with a visual acuity at least 3/ 10 his visual field isless or equal to an angle of 10 degrees from the central point".According the above definition, the number of blind persons in Tunisia is 17,000.

59

UNITED KINGDOM

Informant: Department of Employment,Overseas Branch,Ebury Bridge House,London.

In the United Kingdom the general arrangements for the training and employment ofblind persons follow a broadly common pattern, but there are certain differences inpractice which are mentioned in the notes below covering Great Britain (i.e. England,Scotland and Wales) and Northern Ireland.

In England and Wales a small number of blind children attend normal schools at alllevels, but the majority of blind and partially sighted children attend special primary andsecondary schools. A few attend nursery schools from the age of 2, the majority start at5 and stay until they are at least 16. Blind students are admitted to colleges/universi-ties and can take same courses as their sighted colleagues. These students receive sup-porting services from the Royal National Institute for the Blind to enable them to copewith their courses. Each year about 100 visually handicapped students are enrolled in col-leges/universities and another 150 students are taking full-time courses in establish-ment for blind students. The majority are taking commercial courses.In Scotland there are no blind children attending normal schools, and all attend specialschools.

2:

There is a panel of experts that considers each individual for two years before the blindpupil leaves school and prepares him/ her, through talks and visits to places of furthereducation or employment, to bridge the gap between school and the outside world, ir-respective of the pupil's vocational aspirations.There exist two rehabilitation centres for vocational assessment and guidance, with88 students in January 1970. The period of attendance varies, but usually it is

from 2 to 6 terms; on leaving, the blind students are recommended either for employ-ment or for further education or training. The centres are using psychological tests,adapted to the blind (WILLIAMS and WISC).Rehabilitation services for the blind are provided, within existing services for otherhandicapped (industrial rehabilitation) and within specialized services (social rehabili-tation).The Disabled Persons (Employment) Acts of 1944 and 1958, recognize the right ofthe blind to receive rehabilitation services.

3:

See Appendix A

60

4:

The Department of Employment is responsible for organizing the specialized placementservices, but supplementary services are provided by the Royal National Institute for theBlind and St. Dunstan's.The State (Department of Employment) has responsibility for the maintenance of theplacement services and the employment of their specially trained staff.Over 66% of blind people in employment work under normal conditions.A small number of blind persons are employed in workshops for the sighted disabled,engaged mainly in semi-skilled work.There exist 59 sheltered workshops for the blind with approx 3,000 workers. Trades fol-lowed include basket-making, brush-making, mat-making, knitting, engineering,plastics injection moulding, bedding, furniture, wire work, machine and hand packing,toiletries (soap, etc.), detergents, plastic goods and contract work to various factories.Some 750 blind persons are employed in homeworking schemes (mats, baskets, knitting,piano tuning, poultry and pig-keeping, shopkeeping).In each of the placement services work induction is provided by trained technical offi-cers or instructional staff.

The general public and employers are informed about the visually handicapped, throughprinted publicity material and films, visits by placement service staff and senior officersof the Department of Employment, and talks to various organisations.Sponsored by the Government, the Production Engineering Research Association hasbeen studying the needs and abilities of blind persons operating industrial machines andprocesses, to identify machine tools and processes which may be adapted for blindpeople, with particular emphasis on new forms of conventional machines and processes.

6: Definition

Quotation of the legal definition of blindness: "A person so blind as to be unable to per-form any work for which eyesight is essential".This definition entitles the blind person to register with the local authority under section29, of the National Assistance Act of 1948, for the purpose of receiving local authori-ty social services, and to ensure that the proper medical treatment is afforded. At 31.12.1970 the number of blind persons was 113,182.Northern Ireland

In Northern Ireland the situation as far as blind persons is concerned is similar to thatextant in GKeat Britain and therefore the information set out above is in broad termsapplicable to Northern Ireland.The main difference is that in Northern Ireland legislative provision for services to blindpersons is provided by the Disabled Persons (Employment) Act (Northern Ireland)1945 and 1960 and the government department which has the responsibility for theseActs is the Ministry of Health and Social Services.On 31.12.71 there were 2,425 persons registered as blind in Northern Ireland.

1:

Under the regulations of the Ministry of Health and Social Services all blind pupils mustbe educated at a special school unless the Ministry approves otherwise. At 1.1.70 there

61

were 24 pupils in a special school for the blind. As far as is known no blind personshave recently been admitted to courses of higher education in Northern Ireland but as ageneral rule blind persons are not excluded from institutions of further education whileno special facilities are specifically provided.

2:

Arrangements in Northern Ireland for pre-vocational facilities for blind children at-tending special schools are generally similar to those existing in Great Britain. With re-gard to special vocational assessment and guidance centres however on account of thevery small numbers involved in Northern Ireland there are no special centres but use is.made of centres in Great Britain.The Northern Ireland Youth Employment Service Board provides specifically for adviceto handicapped pupils including those who are blind or partially sighted.

3:

Specialized placement services are provided for blind persons by the Ministry of Healthand Social Services. There are no co-operative schemes/ workshops for the normal po-pulation or other categories of disabled persons to which blind persons have admittance.There is however one workshop for the blind in Northern Ireland, employing approxi-mately 78 workers in the making of baskets, brushes, bedding, upholstery and wirework.

62

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Informant: American Foundation for the Blind,15 West 16th Street, New York,N.Y. 10011.

1:

Blind children can attend normal schools at all levels. In addition there are specialprimary and secondary schools for the visually handicapped. The student populationnumbers approximately 35,000.Blind students are admitt2d to colleges i universities and the courses available are practi-cally unlimited. The Higher Education Act Amendment of 1968 makes special pro-visions to enable physically handicapped students to attend colleges/ universities.In the case of blind students, services include attendant care, Braille materials, tapedtextbooks and possibly, a special remedial curriculum. The number of students enrolledin 1971 was about 2,000.

2:

Pre-vocational preparation for visually handicapped children is provided in the normalschools by vocational guidance counsellors, and in the special schools in the workshops.There are 28 rehabilitation centres, all of whom provide work evaluation and workadjustment for vocational readiness. The centres utilize 11 different psychological tests,adapted to the visually handicaped (some in Braille, some recorded, some verbal only).

Each state has its own rehabilitation programme for blind persons, and there are va-rious volunteer groups offering rehabilitation services.The law (PL 88-333) recognizes the right of blind persons to receive rehabilitation ser-vices.

3:The vocational training and employment opportunities for the visually handicapped arepractically unlimited, i.e. only a few occupations where perfect eyesight is essential areexcluded and a statistical attachment to this report was not feasible.

4:

Specialized placement services are organized and maintained by each state and manyvoluntary groups. In some states specialized services are integrated with the ordinaryplacement services.There are about 140-150 sheltered workshops for the blind. The trades vary from broom-making to subcontracted electronics assembly.Only the state of New Hampshire provides homeworking facilities and training for blindworkers. Trades followed: electronics assembly and tying of ribbons for bows used infloral displays.The work induction arrangements include on-the-job training and follow-ups.

5:

The general public, employers, etc. get information about the potentialities of the visual-ly handicapped through the mass media and the local labour unions' committees.Recent publications: "The Blindness System," published by OSTI Inc; Cambridge,Mass., USA.

63

6:

There is no legal definition of blindness, but an administrative or economic definitioncited by the law, as follows: "Blindness is generally defined in the United States as visualacuity for distant vision of 20/ 200 or less in the better eye, with best correction; or visualacuity of more than 20/ 200 if there is a field defect in which the widest diameter of field ofvision subtends an angle no greater than 20 degrees". Some states include up to 30 degrees.The estimated number of blind persons is 400,000-1,500,000.

64

YUGOSLAVIA

Informant: Union of the Blind,Post box: 807Ustanicka 25-11,Belgrade.

1:

Blind children may attend normal schools at the primary/ secondary level. In additionthere are special primary and secondary schools for the blind.Blind students' follow ordinary courses in colleges/ universities in Law, History, Phi-losophy, Pedagogy, Psychology, Sociology, Literature and Music.

2:Pre-vocational preparation for blind children is provided by the special schools, at theend of their elementary education.Vocational guidance for blind young people and blinded adults is provided by centresfor "professional enablementi guidance".Various psychological tests (WISC, WECHSLER, etc.) are used, adapted especially tothe blind.Rehabilitation services for the blind are provided within the framework of the existingsocial services for other disabled persons.In several laws on the welfare of the blind there are legal provisions recognizing the rightto rehabilitation services.

3:See Appendix A

A special law gives priority of employment for blind persons in the occupations ofswitch-board operator and physiotherapist.Specialized placement services are organized and maintained by the Union of the Blind.About 390 blind persons are working in co-operatives for the normal population andother categories of disabled people, engaged in metal production, textiles, plastic mate-rials, basket, broom, brush-making.A number of blind persons are engaged in the production of paper and cardboarditems in co-operatives of the blind. These workshops do not pay income taxes.Work induction and follow-up arrangements for newly employed blind people includethe payment of additional fees for their work, and contribution in the purchase of equip-ments and tools.

5:To inform about the blind the Union of the Blind issues publications and contacts di-rectly employers, etc.At the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Union of the Blind of Slovenia, a but)'was published recently, "Svetlost podriva tamu" (Light is breaking the dark).

6:Quotation of the legal definition of blindness: "As blind are considered persons whosesight on the better eye, with correction, is lower than 0,10 and persons who have a powerof sight of 20 degrees or less".The number of blind persons is estimated at 21,000.

65

PART III Statistical supplementBlind and partially sighted pupils at normal (N.) and special (S.) schools and classes.

COUNTRY

I. Argentina

2. Belgium

3. Brazil

Primary schools Secondary schools

No admittance384 S. 114 S.

20 N.

1,129 N

4. Bulgaria 231 N.40 S.

5. Canada estimated 1,200 N.estimated 600 S.

6. Czechoslovakia849 S.

7. Denmark 50 N.324 S.

8. Finland 50 N.140 S.

9. France No admittance2,278 S.

10. German Democratic RepublicNo admittance

209 S.I I. Federal Republic of Germany

about 775 N.

12. Greece

13. Hungary

I4. India

15. Ireland

5N.ISO S.235 N.

324 S.500 N.

I6. Israel

17. Italy

No admittance151 S.340 N.114 S.

18. Japan

19. New Zealand

270 N.(figures do not include the State of Sgo Paulo)

50 N.38 S.

(both at primary and secondary schools)(both at primary and secondary schools)No admittance to normal schools

352 S.(both at primary and secondary schools)(both at primary and secondary schools)

M N.110 S. (vocational)

1,284 S.

10 S.(both at primary and secondary schools)about 125 at the special institution forthe blind

100 N.

60 N.10 S.

(both at primary and secondary schools)between 6,000 and 6,500 at special residentialschools (both primary and secondary)

10 N.

40 N.43 S.

1,134 S.No admittance to normal schools

2,753 S. 2,478 S.No admittance

20. Norway

21. Poland

22. Spain

200 S. (both at primary and secondary schools)3N. 15 N.

23. Sweden

66

523 N.

998 S.201 N.

205 S. (vocational)

61 S.28 N.

138 S. (both at primary and secondary schools)

COUNTRY Primary schools Secondary schools

24. Switzerland No admittance to normal schools15 S. (both at primary and secondary schools)

25. Tunisia 350 N. 230 N.

26. Arab Republic of Egypt

27. United Kingdom3,444 S.

28. United States 35,000 N.24,575 S.

29. Russian Soviet FederalSocialist Republic

11,025 S.30. Yugoslavia 1,300

700 both at normal and special schools(primary and secondary)

(both at primary and secondary schools)(both at primary and secondary schools)(both at primary and secondary schools)

No admittance to normal schools(both at primary and secondary schools)both at normal and special schools(primary and secondary)

67

Table 3. Summary of .eports from participating countries: number of visually handi-capped in occupational training and in employment.

Code letters

of particip-ating conntr-ies

Trainees Actually working

Total number ofblind or partial-ly sighted

Blind Partial-ly sight-ed

Blind orpartiallysighted

Blind Partial-ly sight-

ed

Blind orpartiallysighted

B 307 634 941

CH 22 37 12 322 127 203 723

CS 249 107 1,198 552 2.106

D 838 9.250 10.088

DDR 166 47 4.641 30 4.884

DK 48 147 35 230

E 129 12 12,878 9 13.028

El R 5 165 170

F 790 374 1,610 665 3.439

GB 166 10,503 10.669

H 1,420 1.420

IND 1,101 535 1,557 1,374 4.567

N 11 28 570 609

NIP 66,900 66.900

NZ 1 1 5 92 139 252 490

PL 60 9,586 9.646

RSFSR 44 55 34,955 28,840 3,640 67,534

S 18 26 26 30 20 597 717

SF 66 38 1,245 369 234 1.952

TN 115 51 762 172 1.100

YU 562 2,905 3.467

4,331 1,311 410 83.550 32.297 82.781 204.680

68

Appendix A

Table of content. Occupational and educational requirements and statistics with re-ference to the 1968 revised edition of the ILO's InternationalStandard Classification of Occupations (ISCO).

Major Group 0 1

2

44 44 3

44 444 5

44 6

7 4 9:

.44

Professional, Technical and RelatedWorkers.Administrative and Managerial Work-ers.Clerical and Related Workers.Sales Workers.Service Workers.Agricultural, Animal Husbandry and Fo-restry Workers, Fishermen and Hunt-ers.Production and Related Workers, Trans-port Equipment Operators and Labour-ers (Workers in this major group areengaged in or directly associated with theextraction of minerals, petroleum andnatural gas from the earth and their treat-ment: manufacturing processes., the con-struction, maintenance and repair of va-rious types of roads, structures, machin-es and other products. Also included arethose who handle materials, operate tran-sport and other equipment and performlabouring tasks requiring primarily phy-sical effort).

X Workers not classifiable by Occupation(or not classified by informants).

Explanation of Codes for Participating Countries

P.

P. 6.

P. 6 8.

P. 8.

P. 8--- 9.

P. 9 -10.

P.

P.

10-16.

16.

13 Belgium N NorwayCS Czechoslovakia PL PolandDK Denmark RSFSR Russian Soviet FederatedF France Socialist RepublicDDR German Democratic Republic SF FinlandD German Federal Republic E SpainH Hungary S SwedenINI) India CH SwitzerlandEIR Ireland TN TunisiaNIP Japan GB United KingdomNZ New Zealand YU Yugoslavia

69

6. Definition

6:1 Is there any legal definition of blindness in your country? If so, please quote it andexplain what purpose it serves.

6:2 Has this definition been used as a basis for the completion of this questionnaire?

6:3 What is the estimated number of blind persons in your country?

Questionnaire supplement on the education, training, requirements and numbersof visually handicapped personsExplanatory notes and key for completion of table

Column A. Occupation

Insert code numbers as indicated in the International Standard Classification of Occupa-tions (1SCO), published by the International Labour Office, Geneva, 1969, a copy ofwhich is enclosed for your convenience.It is desirable that you identify and include as many as possible of the different jobs andprofessions, in which visually handicapped persons are trained and employed in yourcountry (If in respect of any occupation you have any difficulty in allocating an occupa-tional code number, the title of the occupation itself should be inserted in Column "A").

The following examples (Physiotherapist respectively Inspector, engineering industry)illustrate how the table should be completed with the aid of ISCO and your knowledge ofthe requirements of a certain occupation.

A

ISCO Code No,

B C D E F G H

a b a b

0-76.20 2 1,3 1,4,5,9 2,4 3.4,5,9 4 0 5 2

2-49.85 1 3 5 3 5 5 4 4 6

Column B. Basic education required for admission to occupational training

Primary schoolSecondary/ high schoolFurther education/ academ.Other

Column C. Type of occupational training for the blind

Integrated vocational schoolIntegrated but equipped with special provisions for visually handicapped 2

Special school or course for visually handicapped 3

"On the job training" 4Correspondence course for visually handicappedOther

1

23

9

1

70

5

9

z . p,= 0 C

T)

g il agrtt.0

iel 5:i

Prim ln ,s PoolSecondarvihigh schoolFurther education /academic

Other

(1 cc11 r ,,,..0

.C o Fs':--4 z0 e)C. c

5

IntegratedIntegrated special provisionsSpecial school

On the job trainingCorrespondence course

Other

. et I1,.: -<2

3, 5. N

=-..,7:3 0it o

<9

Braille/tape instructionsReading assistanceSpecial teacher

Technical aidsSpecial technical aids

Other service

V)nzt.

n-. -%

0.... 2

c3

re e)a

Secretariat

Handl). ). .1 . , tic1 eChtli: .1! .it !,

Spec NO adjustments

Other

:. s v,r.: 'F. 7.1.C7 'L. ',-;

V... 0.C ii

t., ,Ss-'r

Certain sightPristit lefts, in BrailleB.114. Br,iille knoss!esige

IN ping ski' ink punt)( ausd mobilityApt iititle test

Other

-.3 - -'.-.: . I:

o

Blind - Zes! cc- 8

-i-n I..I. ..1

Partially sighted

Blind or partially sighted

Blind1":.c gEt .-.-.

..7: n

t....

0".

Partially ,ighted

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11

11

11

11

11

11

RSPSR

11

11

11

11

11

11

114

SF

11

11

11

11

11

11

4

Sculptor

DDR

11

11

11

1

Other Sculptors and Relat-

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DDR

11

11

11

11

1

,ZomposerAusician and Sing

sr

DDR

11

11

11

11

11

14

11

11

11

11

11

11

2PL

11

11

142

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11

11

11

11

11

11

11

153

B IND

11

1 11

11

15 7

6B

11

11

11

11

11

11

13

se

B36

NZ

11

11

22

SP

11

11

111

11

11

11

18

2D

73Orchestra and Band Cond-

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IND

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1 1

1 1

1 111

11

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1 11

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Instrumentalist

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1 1

11 1

1

1

11

1

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11

11

1 1

1 1

11

11 1

356

40

NDK

11

11

8

Tory Teaching

N171D

YU

1

11

11 1

11 1

1 11

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

22 322 3

11

11

11

11

11

11

23

of Religion

B1

11

11

11

11

11

11

14

D1

11

11

11

11

11

3434

DDR

11

11

11

11

11

11

77

DK

11

11

11

11

11

23

GB

11

11

11

11

11

11

145

46

NZ

22

YU

1

11 1

1 1

1 1

11

11

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41

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Worker

IND

11

1212

Journalist etc.

NZ

11

11

11

11

11

22

YU

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

16

6DDR

11

11

11

11

11

11

1PL

11

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91

11

11

11

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11

11

11

11

11

11

11

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11

11

11

11

11

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114

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11

11

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44

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DDR

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11

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

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11

11

11

11

11

44

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11

11

11

11

11

12

2PL

11

11

142

42

RSPSR

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11

11

11

11

11

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153

53

Actor,

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55

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11

11

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613

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11

11

11

11

11

11

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33

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3636

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24

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11

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82

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11

11

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YU

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11

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11

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11

11

11

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11

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11

11

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100

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11

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111

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11

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11

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11

11

11

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11

11

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11

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11

11

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55

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11

11

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11

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11

11

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11

11

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11

11

11

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11

11

11

11

11

11

11

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11

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DDR

11

11

11

11

11

16

S1

11

11

11

11

11

11

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11

11

11

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11

11

11

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11

11

11

11

11

11

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11

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11

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116

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11

11

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11

11

11

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108

GB

11

11

11

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11

11

11

11

11

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11

11

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11

11

11

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11

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Workers not else

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RSFSR

11

RSFSR

11

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11

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DDR

11

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11

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DDR

11

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11

orker

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DK

11

11

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11

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IND

11

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11

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11

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100

600

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11

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132

132

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11

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11

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116

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11

11

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11

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11

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55

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11

11

11

11

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11

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11

11

11

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11

11

11

11

11

55

11

11

11

11

52

11

11

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13

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11

11

11

11

66

11

11

11

11

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11

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47

11

11

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116

117

11

11

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11

11

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11

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14

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NDDR

GB

1

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1 1

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51

273

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11

11

11

11

11

117

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11

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11

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16

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11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

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515

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11

11

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11

11

11

11

11

11

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11

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11

11

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11

11

11

11

11

11

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10

S(Clerical Supervieor(Gent)

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Goverment Executive Of-

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11

11

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11

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11

11

11

181

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11

11

11

11

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11

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Stenographer

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11.296

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11

11

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11

11

11

118

245

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11

11

11

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11

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11

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11

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11

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11

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11

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66

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302

35

In sheltered

workshops

:Not Maker

(Hand)

16

3. Vocational Training for Specific Occupations

Please complete the attached table using the appropriate code numbers provided inthe explanatory notes in the attached sheets.

4. Placement and Employ ment ServicesYes No

4:1 Is there any legal provisit n for reserving certain occupations for blind persons?If so, please list the occupations concerned.

4:2 Are there any specialized placement services?Who is responsible for organizing them?

4:3 Are the specialized services integrated with the ordinary placement services?0

4:4 Are the specialized placement services maintained by the State?Local authorities?Organisations of, for the blind?Other voluntary bodies?Comments on the placement services.

4:5 Are there any co-operative schemes, workshops for the normal population or othercategories of disabled peopiA: to which blind persons have admittance?If so, please give details of the trades in which blind people are employed.

4:6 Are there any special co-operative schemes/ workshops for the blind?If so, please indicate the number of employed and the type of trade available.

4:7 What sheltered workshop facilities are available for the blind?Please give details of the trades followed and the numbers employed.

4:8 What homeworking facilities are available? Please give details of the trades followed.

4:9 Are there any special work induction arrangements made to ensure that a newlytrained blind person is satisfactorily resettled in work? Please give details.

4:10 Are there any individual follow up arrangements for blind persons placed in employ-ment?

5. Information and research

5:1 How are the general public, employers etc. informed about the potentialities of thevisually handicapped?

5:2 Please mention any recent publication giving relevant information on the condi-tions of the visually handicapped.

5:3 Is any special research at present being undertaken in your country with a view towidening employment opportunities for the blind? If so, please give details.

71

QUESTIONNAIRE

CountryDateName and address of informantInstitution or Organisation

1. Educational Facilities

1:1 Are blind ci ildren and adults admitted to normal educational facilities at:

Yes Noa' primary schoolsb) secondary shootsc) higher educationd) colleges and universitiesCan you give any indication of the numbers attending?

1:2 In the case of higher education at technical and commercial colleges and universi-ties, what courses or studies are available for blind students? How many are en-rolled?

2. Pre-Vocational Preparation and Vocational Guidance

2:1 What pre-vocational preparation facilities exist for blind children attending spe-cial and normal schools? Please give details (e.g. school workshops, interview withvocational guidance officer).

2:2 Are there any special vocational assessment and guidance centres which blindyoung persons, and newly blinded adults can attend?If so, please give details of facilities provided.

2:3 Are general psychological tests used?If so, which type?

Are the tests adapted to the blind/ partially sighted?If so, state form of adaptation.

2:4 What other types of rehabilitation services are provided for blind persons;(i)within existing services for other categories of disabled?

(ii)within specialized services?

2:5 Are there any legal provisions which recognize the right of blind persons to re-ceive rehabilitation services?If so, please explain.

72

Column D. Service required during training

Instructions/ textbooks in Braille or on talking books 1

Reading assistance 2

Special teacher service 3

Technical aids, such as tape recorders, Braille writers, typewriters 4Other technical aids 5

Other service 9

Column E. Service requirements during professional/trade occupation

Secretarial assistance 1

Professional journals, handbooks 2Technical aids 3

Special adjustments, for instance on machines for tactile information 4

Other 9

Column F. Occupational openings dependent on

Certain amount of sight 1

Proficiency of Braille 2

Basic knowledge of Braille 3

Typing skill (ink print) 4

Good mobility 5

Results of aptitude tests 6

Other occupational requirements 9

Column G. Number of people in training

a. Blindb. Partially sighted

Column H. Number of people actually occupied in this profession/trade

a. Blindb. Partially sighted

73

REGISTERPage

Introduction 3PAR 1- 1

Comments on the Survey 6Diagramme and Tables I and 2 12

Comments on the Diagramme 14

PART IIIArab Republic of Egypt 16

Argentina 18

Belgium 19

Brazil 21

Bulgaria 22Canada 23Czechoslovakia 25Denmark 27Federal Republic of Germany 29Finland 30France 31

German Democratic Republic 32Greece 34Hungary 35India 36Ireland (Eire) 38Israel 40Italy 41Japan 42New Zealand 45Norway 47Poland 49Russian Soviet FederatedSocialist Republic (RSFSR) 51

Spain 53Sweden 55Switzerland 56Tunisia 58United Kingdom (except N.Ireland) 60United States of America 63Yugoslavia 65PART IIIStatistical attachmentSummary of education 66Summary of employment 68Table of contents, Specification ... Appendix A 69 + 1-16Questionnaire Appeodix B70Register 74

74