training systems and labor: how to achieve economically …€¦ · long island merlot. 2-3 t/acre...

Training systems and Labor:How to Achieve Economically Sustainable

Vineyards with Quality FruitTim Martinson

Senior Extension Associate in Viticulture

Justine Vanden HeuvelAssistant Professor

Trent PrezslerGraduate research assistant

Labor Inputs

Each minute you spend on a vine =

13.5 hours labor per acre*

2* 6 x 9 ft spacing, 807 vines/acre

• Space• Vigor• Shoot density• Shading

Vines in a ‘Box’

Tools •Vine Spacing•Training system•Irrigation/Fertility •Canopy Management

•Shoot thinning•Leaf removal•Hedging

•Crop Management•Pruning severity•Cluster Thinning

Training Systems

Martin Goffinet ©

Joe Fiola UMD

Canopy Microclimate and ShadingLight Compensation Point for Carbon Balance in Leaves

• Leaves need some carbohydrates for their own cellular respiration

• Below compensation point, leaf respiration exceeds photosynthesis

• Shaded leaves do not contribute significantly to vine or fruit carbon requirements

(From: Janick, 1986)

H

L

r

Canopy Surface Area x 1.5 = Maximum Possible Exposed Leaf Area

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Leaf Area : Fruit (cm2/g)

Tota

l Sol

uble

Sol

ids

(o b

rix)

Y = 20 - (45/x)r = 0.78

120 NodePruning

with thinningwith leafremoval

Balanced Pruning at

10+1020+2030+30

undercropped

overcropped

Outline

• General comments on Cost/Quality/Yield• Examples

– Shoot thinning on hybrids– Marechal Foch Shoot thinning/Harvest date– Cluster thinning on Riesling– Vignoles and disease on High Cordon vs VSP

Cost of Establishment of V. vinifera in the Finger Lakes Region of NY

Gerald White17

Farming for Flavors

Grapes

“does exhibit cherry and black currant flavors and aromas… but can be much more complex with integrated notes of blackberries, pepper, plum, tobacco, leather, and spice”.$$$?

From One Acre to Twenty

One Acre• Backpack sprayer• Weekend work• Hand labor not limiting• Modest equipment needs• Tonnage less important?• Quality variable?• Management informal

Twenty acres• Commercial Sprayer• Timely management • Labor efficiency important• Machinery investments• Tonnage important• Quality imperative• Management crucial

Different businesses

Vineyard + Winery• Can capture ‘value added’

in wine• Ratio: Wine > 5x multiplier

in revenue• Can make a lot of wine on a

small acreage• (2,000 cases = 10 acres)• Can use specialized vineyard

practices and recoup cost in premium wines

Stand-alone vineyard• Needs to be profitable

growing grapes• Tonnage matters• Labor efficiency important• Needs more acres of grapes

to support equipment investments

• Buyers generally pay more for ‘quantity’ than ‘quality’

Commercial Viticulture

• What growing practices measurably contribute to quality?

• What growing practices measurably contribute to yield?

• At what point do higher yields compromise quality?

• What are buyers willing to pay for ‘extra’ practices that increase quality or reduce yield?

Labor becomes significantTime spent per vine

• At 9x6 vine spacing: 807 vines per acre• Each 1 minute per vine = 13 ½ hours of

time/acre.• Pruning: @0.40 per vine = $322.00, about 27

h per acre.• Tying @ 0.20 per vine = 14 h labor/acre• Canopy management: each pass 6 h (Shoot

Pos, Leaf removal, shoot tipping)

Annual Growing Costs/Acre

Source: Gerald White ‘Cost of Establishment of V. vinifera in Finger Lakes 2010’

Total = $3,610Variable = $2,210

19%19%

62%

40%(50 AC.)

(25 ac: $2800)Total = $5,010

At $5010 /Acre3,340 2,505 2,004 1,670 1,431 1,253 1,002

Cost Per Ton ($3610/acre)


Yield (T/Acre) Cost Per Ton1.5 $2,4072.0 $1,8052.5 $1,4443.0 $1,2033.5 $1,0314.0 $9035.0 $722

10 lb/vine(6x9 ft spacing)

At $2210/Acre1,473 1,105

884 737 631 553 442

$1000/Ton

Variable CostsCovered

What is quality?

• Clean, disease free fruit• Ripe fruit• Enough fruit (Yield) to pay the bills• Vine reserves to maintain production next

year

Beyond these basics: Quality is what the customer wants and is willing to pay for.

Achieving Ripeness• Enough exposed leaf area to ripen fruit.

÷ = cm2/ g15-20

Pruning and Vine Balance

• Ravaz Index

÷ = RavazIndex5 to 10

Traminette 2007Excess Vigor

Exposed

ShadedExcessive Vigor

Drought Stress 2005Inadequate Vigor

Diagram courtesy Terry Bates, Viticulture Research AssociateCornell Lake Erie Research and Extension Laboratory, Portland, NY

Vine Capacity and Vigor

• Soil depth, texture• Water Holding Capacity• Organic matter/Fertility

Vigor = Rate of shoot growth

Vine Capacity = Sustainable cropping level

Crop Load= Ratio of exposed leaf area to crop

31

Dormant Vine

Dry Weight Starch N P

41% 16% 25% 23%

59% 84% 75% 77%

Roots are the Dominant Storage Organ

Shoot Vigor

Shoot Vigor

Pruning Weight

Shoot Density

The Goal:Balance

The Challenge:

$$$37

Long Island Merlot2-3 T/acre $1800-2400/Ton

$25 -$40 Bottle Price2-3 T = $3600 - $7200/acreGrowing costs: $3-4,000/acre

38

Finger LakesCayuga White

7-8 T/acre ($500-600/T)$10 Bottle Price

7-8 T = $3500 - $4800Growing costs: $1,500-1,800/acre 39

Concord – Geneva Double Curtain

Lake ErieConcord

8-10 T/acre$200-260/Ton

8-10 T = $1600 - $2600Growing costs: >$1,500/acre

40

The baseline

• Weed and floor management for productivity• Clean, disease-free grapes for quality• Balanced cropping and fruit exposure

Excellent Site Preparation

Weed control during Vineyard Establishment

Grow Tubes

Seeded Cover Crop Cultivation

Weeds during Establishment

Actual Year Income

Accumulated Income or (Expense) Income

Accumulated Income or (Expense)

0 $0.00 ($547.47) $0.00 ($547.47)1 $0.00 ($5,749.07) $0.00 ($5,749.07)2 $0.00 ($7,279.56) $0.00 ($7,279.56)3 $1,500.00 ($8,670.64) $0.00 ($10,170.64)4 $3,000.00 ($8,399.80) $1,500.00 ($11,399.80)5 $3,500.00 ($7,318.68) $3,500.00 ($10,318.68)6 $3,500.00 ($6,172.97) $3,500.00 ($9,172.97)7 $3,500.00 ($4,935.96) $3,500.00 ($7,935.96)8 $3,500.00 ($3,647.29) $3,500.00 ($6,647.29)9 $3,500.00 ($2,258.75) $3,500.00 ($5,258.75)

10 $3,500.00 ($809.44) $3,500.00 ($3,809.44)11 $3,500.00 $749.37 $3,500.00 ($2,250.63)12 $3,500.00 $2,389.98 $3,500.00 ($610.02)

Cost of delaying crop by 1 year

Adapted from Domoto 2007, Cost of Establishing A Vineyard – High Cordon, Iowa State University.http://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/commodity/fruits/wine/wineryfeasibility.htm

http://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/commodity/fruits/wine/wineryfeasibility.htmSheet1

Project YearActual YearLaborMachineryMaterialOther ExpenseInterest or Lost OpportunityIncomeAccumulated Income or (Expense)

HoursAvg/HrCostHoursAvg/HrCostCostCostCost

Pre-Plant Year20056.2$8.69($53.89)3.1$14.57($45.17)($306.47)($126.00)($15.95)$0.00($547.47)

Year 12006146.9$8.69($1,276.42)31.6$9.30($294.26)($3,327.52)($120.00)($183.39)$0.00($5,749.07)

Year 2200785.2$8.69($740.38)5.8$10.13($58.73)($231.90)($120.00)($379.47)$0.00($7,279.56)

Year 3200895.1$8.69($826.26)10.3$10.01($103.09)($1,197.66)($255.81)($508.26)$1,500.00($8,670.64)

Year 4200994.4$8.69($820.35)11.8$9.78($115.43)($817.17)($391.63)($584.58)$3,000.00($8,399.80)

Year 5201099.4$8.69($863.81)12.3$9.72($119.54)($438.87)($436.90)($559.76)$3,500.00($7,318.68)

Year 6201198.5$8.69($855.99)12.3$9.72($119.54)($446.96)($436.90)($494.90)$3,500.00($6,172.97)

Year 7201298.5$8.69($855.99)12.3$9.72($119.54)($425.07)($436.90)($425.50)$3,500.00($4,935.96)

Year 8201398.5$8.69($855.99)12.3$9.72($119.54)($446.96)($436.90)($351.94)$3,500.00($3,647.29)

Year 9201498.5$8.69($855.99)12.3$9.72($119.54)($425.07)($436.90)($273.96)$3,500.00($2,258.75)

Year 10201598.5$8.69($855.99)12.3$9.72($119.54)($446.96)($436.90)($191.31)$3,500.00($809.44)

Year 11201698.5$8.69($855.99)12.3$9.72($119.54)($425.07)($436.90)($103.69)$3,500.00$749.37

Year 12201798.5$8.69($855.99)12.3$9.72($119.54)($446.96)($436.90)$0.00$3,500.00$2,389.98

Sheet2

Project YearActual YearLaborMachineryMaterialOther ExpenseInterest or Lost OpportunityIncomeAccumulated Income or (Expense)IncomeAccumulated Income or (Expense)

HoursAvg/HrCostHoursAvg/HrCostCostCostCost

006.2$8.69($53.89)3.1$14.57($45.17)($306.47)($126.00)($15.95)$0.00($547.47)$0.00($547.47)

Year 11146.9$8.69($1,276.42)31.6$9.30($294.26)($3,327.52)($120.00)($183.39)$0.00($5,749.07)$0.00($5,749.07)

Pre-Plant Year285.2$8.69($740.38)5.8$10.13($58.73)($231.90)($120.00)($379.47)$0.00($7,279.56)$0.00($7,279.56)

Year 1395.1$8.69($826.26)10.3$10.01($103.09)($1,197.66)($255.81)($508.26)$1,500.00($8,670.64)$0.00($10,170.64)

Year 2494.4$8.69($820.35)11.8$9.78($115.43)($817.17)($391.63)($584.58)$3,000.00($8,399.80)$1,500.00($11,399.80)

Year 3599.4$8.69($863.81)12.3$9.72($119.54)($438.87)($436.90)($559.76)$3,500.00($7,318.68)$3,500.00($10,318.68)

Year 4698.5$8.69($855.99)12.3$9.72($119.54)($446.96)($436.90)($494.90)$3,500.00($6,172.97)$3,500.00($9,172.97)

Year 5798.5$8.69($855.99)12.3$9.72($119.54)($425.07)($436.90)($425.50)$3,500.00($4,935.96)$3,500.00($7,935.96)

Year 6898.5$8.69($855.99)12.3$9.72($119.54)($446.96)($436.90)($351.94)$3,500.00($3,647.29)$3,500.00($6,647.29)

Year 7998.5$8.69($855.99)12.3$9.72($119.54)($425.07)($436.90)($273.96)$3,500.00($2,258.75)$3,500.00($5,258.75)

Year 81098.5$8.69($855.99)12.3$9.72($119.54)($446.96)($436.90)($191.31)$3,500.00($809.44)$3,500.00($3,809.44)

Year 91198.5$8.69($855.99)12.3$9.72($119.54)($425.07)($436.90)($103.69)$3,500.00$749.37$3,500.00($2,250.63)

Year 101298.5$8.69($855.99)12.3$9.72($119.54)($446.96)($436.90)$0.00$3,500.00$2,389.98$3,500.00($610.02)

Sheet3

Sheet2 (2)

Actual YearIncomeAccumulated Income or (Expense)IncomeAccumulated Income or (Expense)

0$0.00($547.47)$0.00($547.47)

1$0.00($5,749.07)$0.00($5,749.07)

2$0.00($7,279.56)$0.00($7,279.56)

3$1,500.00($8,670.64)$0.00($10,170.64)

4$3,000.00($8,399.80)$1,500.00($11,399.80)

5$3,500.00($7,318.68)$3,500.00($10,318.68)

6$3,500.00($6,172.97)$3,500.00($9,172.97)

7$3,500.00($4,935.96)$3,500.00($7,935.96)

8$3,500.00($3,647.29)$3,500.00($6,647.29)

9$3,500.00($2,258.75)$3,500.00($5,258.75)

10$3,500.00($809.44)$3,500.00($3,809.44)

11$3,500.00$749.37$3,500.00($2,250.63)

12$3,500.00$2,389.98$3,500.00($610.02)

2. Be timely with disease management

• You need to produce clean fruit to produce quality wine.

• You need healthy foliage to ripen grapes and create vine reserves to carry your vines into the next growing season.

Cluster Infections

Powdery Mildew

Downy Mildew

Black Rot

• Total crop loss on infected clusters• Small amounts reduce wine quality

Powdery mildew < 2% detectable in wines

Remedy:• Fungicide coverage through 4-6 wk after bloom•Most critical: immediate prebloom and postbloom.•Timely spray intervals!•Good Canopy Management – Exposed Clusters

Disease Management- Foliage

Late Season Downy Mildew Defoliation

Canopy Management: One Component of Cropping System

• Vineyard design (spacing, rootstocks, etc)• Choice of Training System• Pruning intensity• Canopy and Crop Management

– Shoot Number– Cluster Number– Berry Number– Leaf Removal– Shoot Tipping – Shoot Positioning

Yield components

Leaf Area/Light Environ.

49

The best canopy management is no canopy management

•Canopy management costs money•Canopy management often reduces yield• Payoff: increased quality or marketability

Inputs:Labor

Potential Crop

Output:Riper Fruit, Better Wine

‘Willingness to Pay’50

Vertical Shoot Positioning

30 – 36 inches

> 3 Ft Canopy

> 12 leaf/shoot

4-6 shoots/ foot of canopy

Summer Hedging‘Shoot Tipping’

Basal Leaf Removal

MoveableCatch Wires

2-3

2-3

11

Suckering = 1

6-9 Passes

Labor Hours /AcreTotal = 93

52

Canopy Management• Shoot thinning• Shoot positioning• Cluster thinning• Leaf removal (mech)• Summer hedging

Harvest not included• Machine = 240/acre

Canopy Management for High Cordon (or Umbrella)?

• Hedging/Leaf Removal (often not practical)

• Shoot positioning (yes -combing)

• Shoot thinning (yes)• Cluster thinning (yes)

53

Foch - unthinned Foch - thinned

•How much does it cost?

•What are the benefits?

Shoot and cluster thinning for hybrids

Leon MillotVignolesTraminetteVidal blancNoiret

Grower Demo Blocks-Time- Crop

- Ripeness- WTP

54

Shoot thinning Costs

TIME15 sec/vine

6x9 spacing = 806 vines/acre202 min/acre = 3.35 hours/acre

X $15/hour = $50.38

CROPCabernet Franc @ $1500/T

0.5 T/acre removed$750 lower receipts

Need: $800.38/acre more in ‘quality’ 55

Shoot thinning Costs

Other hand labor operationsPruning/brush pulling: 27HTying: 13HSuckering: 7 HCluster thin: 10 HSource: J. White ‘Cost of Establishment of V. vinifera in Finger Lakes 2010’

Other Canopy Mgt (VSP)Shoot Positioning 2x = 12 HLeaf removal = 4.5 H

56

Late Shoot Thinning

Grower Demos -Shoot Thinning

Fruit Quality

18-42 sec/vine

0.5-3.3T/acre

$450- $1650

0.5-1.3brix

58

Leon Millot Shoot Thinning

59

Leon Millot Shoot ThinningThinned vs Unthinned 'Leon Millot' at Goldman Vineyards

Treatment Unthinned Thinned % reduction or increase

Shoots per vine 44.7 28.6 -37% Clusters per vine 105 56 -47% Crop wt per vine(lb) 5.10 3.63 -29% Tons per acre 4.0 2.8 -29% Cluster Weight (g) 22.9 30.0 +31% Berry weight (g) 0.78 0.91 +17% Berries per cluster 29.4 32.8 +11%

Shoot thinning Time: 18 second/vine968 vines per acre

Fruit Chemistry treatment Berry Weight (g) Brix pH TA Thinned 0.914 22.6 3.26 15.1 Unthinned 0.779 21.1 3.28 15.3

60

Grower’s costs and returnsLeon Millot

Treatment Yield Crop valueUnthinned 4 3,200.00$ Thinned 2.8 2,240.00$ Difference 1.2 960.00$ Cost of thinning $53.24Total cost $1,013.24

At $800 per ton:

Cost of thinningVines per acre 968Seconds/vine 18Time thin hr 4.8Cost at $11/hour $53

To maintain net returns, Grower needs to be paid $1162/ton

To maintain net returns, Winery needs to add $0.50/bottle to price

61

Sheet1

Gross Receipts at different prices/ton

Tons$ 500$ 600$ 700$ 800$ 900$ 1,000$ 1,200

2.01000120014001600180020002400

2.51250150017502000225025003000

3.01500180021002400270030003600

3.51750210024502800315035004200

4.02000240028003200360040004800

4.52250270031503600405045005400

5.02500300035004000450050006000

5.52750330038504400495055006600

6.03000360042004800540060007200

6.53250390045505200585065007800

7.03500420049005600630070008400

1725.0

3125.0

TreatmentUnthinnedThinned% reduction

or increaseTreatmentYieldCrop value

Shoots per vine44.728.6-37%Unthinned4$ 3,200.00

Clusters per vine10556-47%Thinned2.8$ 2,240.00

Crop wt per vine(lb)5.13.63-29%Difference1.2$ 960.00

Tons per acre42.8-29%Cost of thinning$53.24

Cluster Weight (g)22.93031%Total cost$1,013.24Per bottle0.50

Berry weight (g)0.780.9117%Price needed for$1,161.87

Berries per cluster29.432.811%$361.87

Vines per acre968

Time thin sec17424

Time thinmin290.4

Time thin hr4.84

Cost@$1153.24

Cost@$11

Sheet2

Sheet3

Sheet1


Tons$ 500$ 600$ 700$ 800$ 900$ 1,000$ 1,200

2.01000120014001600180020002400

2.51250150017502000225025003000

3.01500180021002400270030003600

3.51750210024502800315035004200

4.02000240028003200360040004800

4.52250270031503600405045005400

5.02500300035004000450050006000

5.52750330038504400495055006600

6.03000360042004800540060007200

6.53250390045505200585065007800

7.03500420049005600630070008400

1725.0

3125.0

TreatmentUnthinnedThinned% reduction

or increaseTreatmentYieldCrop value

Shoots per vine44.728.6-37%Unthinned4$ 3,200.00

Clusters per vine10556-47%Thinned2.8$ 2,240.00

Crop wt per vine(lb)5.13.63-29%Difference1.2$ 960.00

Tons per acre42.8-29%Cost of thinning$53.24

Cluster Weight (g)22.93031%Total cost$1,013.24Per bottle0.50

Berry weight (g)0.780.9117%Price needed for$1,161.87

Berries per cluster29.432.811%$361.87

Vines per acre968

Time thin sec17424

Time thinmin290.4

Time thin hr4.84

Cost@$1153.24

Cost of thinning

Vines per acre968

Seconds/vine18

Time thin hr4.8

Cost at $11/hour$53

Cost@$11

Sheet2

Sheet3

Dollars (Unthinned)$20/bottle retail

1.1 T less fruit/acreX 63 cases/ton

X 12 bottles= 831 bottles

= $16,620 lower gross receipts

Thinned price =$27.50/bottle

(approx) 62

Traminette Shoot ThinningTreatment Thinned Unthinned % changeShoots 36.85 51.2 -28%Clusters 45.8 63.3 -28%Cluster wt 155.9 129.2 21%Tons/acre 6.3 7.3 -13%

Grower’s costs and returnsAt $600 per ton:

Cost of thinningVines per acre 805Seconds/vine 17Time thin hr 3.8Cost at $11/hour 42$

Treatment Yield Value @$600Unthinned 7.3 4,351$ Thinned 6.3 3,804$ Difference 1 547$ Cost of thinning 42$

Loss 589$

To maintain net returns, Grower needs to be paid $691/tonTo maintain net returns, Winery needs to add $0.13/bottle to price

63

HVSTBedient Traminette

TreatmentRepvineClustersWeightGvinewtClusWtBerwt100GberwtBpercluster

Thinned114612.15488.56119.3190.771.907762.5

Thinned12277.83538.08131.0190.771.907768.7

Thinned135916.27348.32124.5190.771.907765.3

Thinned145415.46985.44129.4190.771.907767.8

Thinned214415.67076.16160.8173.721.737292.6

Thinned224017.67983.36199.6173.721.7372114.9

Thinned235319.68890.56167.7173.721.737296.6

Thinned244318.58391.6195.2173.721.7372112.3

Thinned314314.36486.48150.8190.561.905679.2

Thinned324215.67076.16168.5190.561.905688.4

Thinned335518.18210.16149.3190.561.905678.3

Thinned344418.28255.52187.6190.561.905698.5

Unthinn11399.54309.2110.5197.281.972856.0

Unthinn12123.61632.96136.1197.281.972869.0

Unthinn137019.88981.28128.3197.281.972865.0

Unthinn14721.9861.8412.0197.281.97286.1

Unthinn218225.611612.16141.6188.861.888675.0

Unthinn226422.910387.44162.3188.861.888685.9

Unthinn235619.58845.2158.0188.861.888683.6

Unthinn249430.914016.24149.1188.861.888679.0

Unthinn317218.58391.6116.6182.831.828363.7

Unthinn326219.68890.56143.4182.831.828378.4

Unthinn3335125443.2155.5182.831.828385.1

Unthinn3410132.414696.64145.5182.831.828379.6

BerryWt, Fruit Chemistry

TreatmentRepvine100 BerwtBrixpHTA

Thinned11190.77

Thinned21173.72

Thinned31190.56

Unthinn11197.28

Unthinn21188.86

Unthinn31182.83

185.0166666667

189.6566666667

Time

Site Information

Site:Bedient

Date:21-May

Variety:Tramminet

Training Systemtwo tier

Comments:clean trunks

Thinning Data

WorkerPanel startPanel endVines/panelelapsed timeTime per vine

BW1242:150:16

TM3442:110:16

BW5642:220:17

TM7842:310:18

TM91042:220:17

BW111243:220:25

TM131442:210:17

BW151643:350:26

TM171842:120:16

BW192042:350:19

TM212242:490:21

BW232442:160:17

BW252642:320:19

TM272843:090:23

BW293042:100:16

BW313130:360:12

0:17

Information

S

Shoot counts

Means for Oneway Anova

LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%

Thinned2036.852.276832.24141.459% of unthinned72.0%TreatmentShootsClustersYieldCluster wtTons/acre

Unthinned2051.22.276846.59155.809Thinned36.8545.815.75155.96.3

Unthinned51.263.318.02129.27.3

Cluster numbers



Thinned1245.83335.432134.56857.099% of unthinned72.5%Tons/acreValue @$600

Unthinn1263.255.432151.98574.515

Unthinned7.3$ 4,351

Crop weight (lb)Thinned6.3$ 3,804

Difference1$ 547

Means for Oneway AnovaHours3.8

LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Cost$ 42

Thinned1215.752.091611.41220.088% of unthinned87.4%Loss$ 589

Unthinn1218.01672.091613.67922.354Price/ton690.64

Cluster weight (g)Wine revenue90.64

Cost/bottle0.13



Thinned12156.97510.001136.23177.72% of unthinned120.8%TreatmentThinnedUnthinned% change

Unthinn12129.90810.001109.17150.65Shoots36.8551.2-28%

Clusters45.863.3-28%

Cluster wt155.9129.221%

Tons/acre6.37.3-13%

Summary:Shoots reduced by 30%Cluster numbers by 30%Yield by 13% (some compensation)Clusters were 20% larger on Thinned.

This makes sense.

I'm going to ask for fruit chemistry results from Bill.

ShootBedient Traminette

ThinningPanelVineShoots

Thinned3130

Thinned3228

Thinned3340

Thinned3436

Thinned10137

Thinned10232

Thinned10330

Thinned10440

Thinned17142

Thinned17241

Thinned17337

Thinned17438

Thinned23137

Thinned23234

Thinned23344

Thinned23430

Thinned31137

Thinned31234

Thinned31340

Thinned31450

Unthinned3132

Unthinned3242

Unthinned3352

Unthinned3452

Unthinned10147

Unthinned10257

Unthinned10350

Unthinned10436

Unthinned17157

Unthinned17220

Unthinned17360

Unthinned17467

Unthinned23146

Unthinned23237

Unthinned23350

Unthinned23478

Unthinned31161

Unthinned31264

Unthinned31360

Unthinned31456



Thinned114612.15488.56119.3190.771.907762.5

Thinned12277.83538.08131.0190.771.907768.7

Thinned135916.27348.32124.5190.771.907765.3

Thinned145415.46985.44129.4190.771.907767.8

Thinned214415.67076.16160.8173.721.737292.6

Thinned224017.67983.36199.6173.721.7372114.9

Thinned235319.68890.56167.7173.721.737296.6

Thinned244318.58391.6195.2173.721.7372112.3

Thinned314314.36486.48150.8190.561.905679.2

Thinned324215.67076.16168.5190.561.905688.4

Thinned335518.18210.16149.3190.561.905678.3

Thinned344418.28255.52187.6190.561.905698.5

Unthinn11399.54309.2110.5197.281.972856.0

Unthinn12123.61632.96136.1197.281.972869.0

Unthinn137019.88981.28128.3197.281.972865.0

Unthinn14721.9861.8412.0197.281.97286.1

Unthinn218225.611612.16141.6188.861.888675.0

Unthinn226422.910387.44162.3188.861.888685.9

Unthinn235619.58845.2158.0188.861.888683.6

Unthinn249430.914016.24149.1188.861.888679.0

Unthinn317218.58391.6116.6182.831.828363.7

Unthinn326219.68890.56143.4182.831.828378.4

Unthinn3335125443.2155.5182.831.828385.1

Unthinn3410132.414696.64145.5182.831.828379.6



Thinned11190.77

Thinned21173.72

Thinned31190.56

Unthinn11197.28

Unthinn21188.86

Unthinn31182.83

185.0166666667

189.6566666667

Time

Site Information

Site:Bedient

Date:21-May

Variety:Tramminet



Thinning Data


BW1242:150:16

TM3442:110:16

BW5642:220:17

TM7842:310:18

TM91042:220:17

BW111243:220:25

TM131442:210:17

BW151643:350:26

TM171842:120:16

BW192042:350:19

TM212242:490:21

BW232442:160:17

BW252642:320:19

TM272843:090:23

BW293042:100:16

BW313130:360:12

0:17

Information

S

Shoot counts





Unthinned51.263.318.02129.27.3

Cluster numbers



Thinned1245.83335.432134.56857.099% of unthinned72.5%Tons/acreValue @$600

Unthinn1263.255.432151.98574.515

Unthinned7.3$ 4,351


Difference1$ 547

Means for Oneway AnovaCost of thinning3.8 h at $11$ 42

LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Loss$ 589

Thinned1215.752.091611.41220.088% of unthinned87.4%Price/ton690.64

Unthinn1218.01672.091613.67922.354

Wine revenue90.64

Cluster weight (g)Cost/bottle0.13


LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%TreatmentThinned

Thinned12156.97510.001136.23177.72% of unthinned120.8%Shoots36.85Unthinned% change

Unthinn12129.90810.001109.17150.65Clusters45.851.2-28%

Cluster wt155.963.3-28%

Tons/acre6.3129.221%

7.3-13%

Cost of thinning

Vines per acre805

Seconds/vine17

Time thin hr3.8

Cost at $11/hour$ 42


This makes sense.




Thinned3130

Thinned3228

Thinned3340

Thinned3436

Thinned10137

Thinned10232

Thinned10330

Thinned10440

Thinned17142

Thinned17241

Thinned17337

Thinned17438

Thinned23137

Thinned23234

Thinned23344

Thinned23430

Thinned31137

Thinned31234

Thinned31340

Thinned31450

Unthinned3132

Unthinned3242

Unthinned3352

Unthinned3452

Unthinned10147

Unthinned10257

Unthinned10350

Unthinned10436

Unthinned17157

Unthinned17220

Unthinned17360

Unthinned17467

Unthinned23146

Unthinned23237

Unthinned23350

Unthinned23478

Unthinned31161

Unthinned31264

Unthinned31360

Unthinned31456



Thinned114612.15488.56119.3190.771.907762.5

Thinned12277.83538.08131.0190.771.907768.7

Thinned135916.27348.32124.5190.771.907765.3

Thinned145415.46985.44129.4190.771.907767.8

Thinned214415.67076.16160.8173.721.737292.6

Thinned224017.67983.36199.6173.721.7372114.9

Thinned235319.68890.56167.7173.721.737296.6

Thinned244318.58391.6195.2173.721.7372112.3

Thinned314314.36486.48150.8190.561.905679.2

Thinned324215.67076.16168.5190.561.905688.4

Thinned335518.18210.16149.3190.561.905678.3

Thinned344418.28255.52187.6190.561.905698.5

Unthinn11399.54309.2110.5197.281.972856.0

Unthinn12123.61632.96136.1197.281.972869.0

Unthinn137019.88981.28128.3197.281.972865.0

Unthinn14721.9861.8412.0197.281.97286.1

Unthinn218225.611612.16141.6188.861.888675.0

Unthinn226422.910387.44162.3188.861.888685.9

Unthinn235619.58845.2158.0188.861.888683.6

Unthinn249430.914016.24149.1188.861.888679.0

Unthinn317218.58391.6116.6182.831.828363.7

Unthinn326219.68890.56143.4182.831.828378.4

Unthinn3335125443.2155.5182.831.828385.1

Unthinn3410132.414696.64145.5182.831.828379.6



Thinned11190.77

Thinned21173.72

Thinned31190.56

Unthinn11197.28

Unthinn21188.86

Unthinn31182.83

185.0166666667

189.6566666667

Time

Site Information

Site:Bedient

Date:21-May

Variety:Tramminet



Thinning Data


BW1242:150:16

TM3442:110:16

BW5642:220:17

TM7842:310:18

TM91042:220:17

BW111243:220:25

TM131442:210:17

BW151643:350:26

TM171842:120:16

BW192042:350:19

TM212242:490:21

BW232442:160:17

BW252642:320:19

TM272843:090:23

BW293042:100:16

BW313130:360:12

0:17

Information

S

Shoot counts





Unthinned51.263.318.02129.27.3

Cluster numbers



Thinned1245.83335.432134.56857.099% of unthinned72.5%UValue @$600

Unthinn1263.255.432151.98574.515TreatmentYieldValue @$600

Unthinned7.3$ 4,351


Difference1$ 547

Means for Oneway AnovaCost of thinning$ 42

LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%Loss$ 589

Thinned1215.752.091611.41220.088% of unthinned87.4%Price/ton690.64

Unthinn1218.01672.091613.67922.354

Wine revenue90.64

Cluster weight (g)Cost/bottle0.13


LevelNumberMeanStd ErrorLower 95%Upper 95%TreatmentThinnedUnthinned% change

Thinned12156.97510.001136.23177.72% of unthinned120.8%Shoots36.8551.2-28%

Unthinn12129.90810.001109.17150.65Clusters45.863.3-28%

Cluster wt155.9129.221%

Tons/acre6.37.3-13%

Cost of thinning

Vines per acre805

Seconds/vine17

Time thin hr3.8

Cost at $11/hour$ 42


This makes sense.




Thinned3130

Thinned3228

Thinned3340

Thinned3436

Thinned10137

Thinned10232

Thinned10330

Thinned10440

Thinned17142

Thinned17241

Thinned17337

Thinned17438

Thinned23137

Thinned23234

Thinned23344

Thinned23430

Thinned31137

Thinned31234

Thinned31340

Thinned31450

Unthinned3132

Unthinned3242

Unthinned3352

Unthinned3452

Unthinned10147

Unthinned10257

Unthinned10350

Unthinned10436

Unthinned17157

Unthinned17220

Unthinned17360

Unthinned17467

Unthinned23146

Unthinned23237

Unthinned23350

Unthinned23478

Unthinned31161

Unthinned31264

Unthinned31360

Unthinned31456

Shoot thinning, harvest date Marechal Foch 2007

Control Shoot-thinnedEarly harvest: Sept. 11Late harvest: Sept. 18

Justine Vanden Heuvel

Foch

CE = control, early harvest, CL = control, late harvestSTE = shoot thinned, early harvest, STL = shoot thinned, late harvest

a ab b

Chart1

CE

CL

STE

STL

Yield (tons/acre)

4.1

4.2

3.3

3.7

Sheet1

CECLSTESTL

4.14.23.33.7

Foch

aab b


Chart1

CE

CL

STE

STL

Cluster number(clusters/vine)

85

88

66

75

Sheet1

CECLSTESTL

85886675

Chart1

CE

CL

STE

STL

Cluster weight(lbs)

0.155

0.155

0.161

0.161

Sheet1

CECLSTESTL

0.1550.1550.1610.161

Foch

• Brix: 22.7 - 24.3 (harvest date only)• pH: 3.62 - 3.70 (harvest date only)• TA: 8.67 – 9.50 g/L (ST and harvest date)

Foch

b

aa

ba

a

bb


Harvest Date Shoot Thin

Chart1

CE

CL

STE

STL

Wine anthocyanin (mg/L)

478

644

505

661

Sheet1

CECLSTESTL

478644505661

Chart1

CE

CL

STE

STL

Wine tannins (mg/L)

48.55

45.06

59.81

54.18

Sheet1

CECLSTESTL

48.5545.0659.8154.18

Ratio of compound peak to IS peak area


Foch

Harvest Date

Harvest Date + Shoot Thin

Harvest Date + Shoot Thin

Chart1

CE

CL

STE

STL

Cis-3-hexenol“grass”

0.355

0.265

0.31

0.205

Sheet1

CECLSTESTL

0.3550.2650.310.205

Chart1

CE

CL

STE

STL

Trans-2-hexenol“grass”

0.37

0.31

0.33

0.24

Sheet1

CECLSTESTL

0.370.310.330.24

Chart1

CE

CL

STE

STL

1-Hexanol“green”

5

4.33

4.65

3.94

Sheet1

CECLSTESTL

54.334.653.94

sweat,cheese

sweet,clove,smoke,bandaid

fruit,banana,apple,rose

solvent,fruit,potato,chocolate flower,apple

grass,green

ST and harvest date impact Foch aroma compoundsShoot thin – Early Harvest

No Shoot-thinLate Harvest

FochTriangle Tests

Foch Triangle Tests• Shoot thinned late harvest preferred over

Control late harvest • Shoot thinned late harvest preferred over

Shoot thinned early harvest

Control (2007)

ST (2007) Control (2008)

ST (2008)

Yield (t/a) 4.1 3.3 7.0 5.3

Rev. per acre $2,460 - $4,662 -

Add. prod. costs/acre

$0 $54 $0 $54

Add. prod. costs/ton

$0 $16.36 $0 $10.18

Req.price/ton

$600 $761 $666 $890

Add’l Cost/Btl(can make 60cs/ton)

$0 $0.22 $0 0.31

Maintaining revenue per acre in Foch vineyard:

Low crop treatment (1CPS)

Control: 2.5+ clusters/shootHigh: 2.0 clusters/shootMedium: 1.5 clusters/shootLow: 1.0 clusters/shoot

Cluster Thinning Affects Fruit Composition and Economic

Sustainability of Riesling(Questioning Yield/Quality Folklore with Science)

Trent Preszler & Justine Vanden Heuvel

Riesling Cluster Thinning

Clusters/shoot

Control(2.5+)

High(2.0)

Medium(1.5)

Low(1.0)

Cost/acre $2,400 $2,563 $2,580 $2,595

Yield (T/A) 5.5 4.4 3.3 2.3

Price/ton $1,750 $2,223 $2,964 $4,275

Net revenue/acre

$7,225 $7,225(constant welfare)

$7,225 $7,225

Add’l$/bottle(60cs/ton)

$0.66 $1.69 $3.51

Table 2. Economic break-even analysis of cluster thinning in Riesling, 2008.

$7225 $5137 $3195 $1430

76

Benefits:Cluster and Shoot thin Flavors

J. Vanden Heuvel Sensory Evaluations

• Marechal Foch:– ST wine significantly different

than control in 2007 by 24-member sensory panel

• Riesling Cluster Thinning– Sommeliers: Wines different,

preference varied.• Leon Millot (shoot thin)

(side by side, informal):– Shoot thin + No ST ‘different’– 60% preferred ST, 40% preferred

No ST

How does this relate to $$$??77

Measureable Benefits shoot and cluster thinning

GROWER:1. I can meet buyer (winery) specs and sell my crop (Y/N)2. I can better control diseases 3. Easier to harvest fruit4. Charge more for grapes (grower)QUALITY :1. Higher brix (= better quality?)2. Better color, structure, tannins? 3. Reduce variability in fruit 4. Flavors better (varietal character, etc.)

1) charge more2) Sell more3) Market better4) Repeat sales

Winery: I can:

78

VSP – Shoot thin VSP – No shoot thin

TWC – shoot thin TWC – no shoot thin

Vignoles – VSP vs Top Wire Cordon

VSP - thinned

TWC - unthinned

VSP unthinned

VSP thinned

TWC unthinned

TWC thinned

Training system and Fruit Rots

Top Wire Cordon

VSP

• Effects of training system and canopy manipulation were additive:

• With no canopy manipulation (check), effect of going from TW to VSP was modest: 20% reduction in average % rot.

• Within VSP, thinning shoots and removing rachises reduced rot by 40% relative to the check

• Going from TW to VSP and thinning shoots + removing rachises reduced rot by 52% relative to the TW check

Spray Coverage & Cluster Exposure

• Air movement• Drying• Better Spray

Coverage

83

Annual Growing Costs/Acre34%


Training System and Canopy Management Costs

Cost of Establishment of V. vinifera in the Finger Lakes

Activity Cost/acre H/acre Rate Time/vine VSPTop Wire Cordon Umbrella

Pruning & Brush Pulling $ 323 27 (.40/vine) 2:00 min x x x

Tying $ 162 13 (.20/vine) 1:00 min x x

Suckering $ 84 7 $12/h 0:50 min x x x

Cluster/Shoot thin $ 129 10 $12/h 1:15 min x

Shoot positioning #1 $ 72 6 12/h 0:45 min x

Shoot positioning #2 $ 72 6 12/h 0:45 min x

Total $ 842 69 5:55 min $ 842 $ 407 $ 569

(69h) (34 h) (57 h)

85

Tons 500$ 600$ 700$ 800$ 900$ 1,000$ 1,200$ 2.0 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 24002.5 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 30003.0 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 36003.5 1750 2100 2450 2800 3150 3500 42004.0 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 48004.5 2250 2700 3150 3600 4050 4500 54005.0 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 60005.5 2750 3300 3850 4400 4950 5500 66006.0 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000 72006.5 3250 3900 4550 5200 5850 6500 78007.0 3500 4200 4900 5600 6300 7000 8400


Yield and Gross ReceiptsVertical Shoot Positioning

Annual Growing Costs = $2200Fixed Costs = $1400/ AcreTotal Costs = $3600/ Acre

Yield and Gross ReceiptsTop Wire Cordon

Annual Growing Costs = $1750Fixed Costs = $1400/ AcreTotal Costs = $3150/ Acre

Tons 500$ 600$ 700$ 800$ 900$ 1,000$ 1,200$ 2.0 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 24002.5 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 30003.0 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 36003.5 1750 2100 2450 2800 3150 3500 42004.0 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 48004.5 2250 2700 3150 3600 4050 4500 54005.0 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 60005.5 2750 3300 3850 4400 4950 5500 66006.0 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000 72006.5 3250 3900 4550 5200 5850 6500 78007.0 3500 4200 4900 5600 6300 7000 8400


Sheet1


Tons$ 500$ 600$ 700$ 800$ 900$ 1,000$ 1,200

2.01000120014001600180020002400

2.51250150017502000225025003000

3.01500180021002400270030003600

3.51750210024502800315035004200

4.02000240028003200360040004800

4.52250270031503600405045005400

5.02500300035004000450050006000

5.52750330038504400495055006600

6.03000360042004800540060007200

6.53250390045505200585065007800

7.03500420049005600630070008400

1725.0

3125.0

Sheet2

Sheet3

Mechanized leaf removal

88

Mechanization

Canopy Management Within Crop Management

•Consider Costs and Benefits•Undercropping as common as overcropping•Tonnage sometimes ‘trumps’ ‘quality gain’•Hang as much crop as you think you can ripen•Other practices may have equivalent impact

•Harvest date, winemaking practices

The Northern Grapes Project is funded by the USDA’s Specialty Crops Research Initiative Program of the National Institute for Food and Agriculture, Project #2011-51181-30850 90

Training systems and Labor:�How to Achieve Economically Sustainable Vineyards with Quality Fruit�Labor InputsVines in a ‘Box’Training SystemsCanopy Microclimate and Shading�Light Compensation Point for Carbon Balance in LeavesSlide Number 13Slide Number 14 OutlineCost of Establishment of V. vinifera in the Finger Lakes Region of NYFarming for FlavorsFrom One Acre to TwentyDifferent businesses Commercial Viticulture Labor becomes significant�Time spent per vineAnnual Growing Costs/AcreCost Per Ton ($3610/acre) What is quality?Achieving RipenessPruning and Vine BalanceTraminette 2007�Excess VigorSlide Number 29Vine Capacity and VigorSlide Number 33Shoot VigorSlide Number 35Slide Number 36Slide Number 37Slide Number 38Slide Number 39Concord – Geneva Double Curtain The baselineWeed control during Vineyard EstablishmentWeeds during EstablishmentCost of delaying crop by 1 year2. Be timely with disease management �Cluster InfectionsDisease Management- FoliageCanopy Management: �One Component of Cropping SystemThe best canopy management is no canopy managementSlide Number 51Labor Hours /Acre�Total = 93Canopy Management for �High Cordon (or Umbrella)?Shoot and cluster thinning for hybridsShoot thinning CostsShoot thinning CostsLate Shoot ThinningGrower Demos -Shoot ThinningLeon Millot Shoot ThinningLeon Millot Shoot ThinningGrower’s costs and returns�Leon MillotDollars (Unthinned)�$20/bottle retailTraminette Shoot ThinningShoot thinning, harvest date �Marechal Foch 2007FochFochFochFochSlide Number 70Slide Number 71Slide Number 72Foch Triangle TestsSlide Number 74Slide Number 75Slide Number 76Benefits:�Cluster and Shoot thin Flavors�J. Vanden Heuvel Sensory EvaluationsMeasureable Benefits �shoot and cluster thinningVignoles – VSP vs Top Wire CordonSlide Number 80Slide Number 81Training system and Fruit RotsSpray Coverage & Cluster ExposureAnnual Growing Costs/AcreTraining System and Canopy Management Costs�Cost of Establishment of V. vinifera in the Finger LakesSlide Number 86 Yield and Gross Receipts�Top Wire CordonMechanized leaf removalMechanizationCanopy Management Within �Crop Management

training systems and labor: how to achieve economically …€¦ · long island merlot. 2-3 t/acre...

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