traits for effective leraning
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Traits for Effective Leraning](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021922/58ce67561a28ab2f268b6da5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
LEARNING
![Page 2: Traits for Effective Leraning](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021922/58ce67561a28ab2f268b6da5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
A relatively permanent change in behavior brought
about by experience.
![Page 3: Traits for Effective Leraning](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021922/58ce67561a28ab2f268b6da5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Classical Conditioning A type of learning in which a neutral
stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that responseNeutral stimulus – a stimulus that,
before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest.
![Page 4: Traits for Effective Leraning](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021922/58ce67561a28ab2f268b6da5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Classical Conditioning (Cont’d)
Unconditioned stimulus – a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned
Unconditioned response – a stimulus that is natural and needs no training (e.g., salivation at the smell of food).
![Page 5: Traits for Effective Leraning](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021922/58ce67561a28ab2f268b6da5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Classical Conditioning (Cont’d)Conditioned stimulus – a once neutral stimulus
that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned response – a response that, after conditioning follows a previously neutral stimulus (e.g., salivation at the ringing of a bell)
![Page 6: Traits for Effective Leraning](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021922/58ce67561a28ab2f268b6da5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Applying Conditioning Principles to Human
Behavior
![Page 7: Traits for Effective Leraning](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021922/58ce67561a28ab2f268b6da5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Extinction & Spontaneous Recovery
Extinction – is a basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response
decreases in frequency and eventually disappears
Spontaneous recovery – the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning
![Page 8: Traits for Effective Leraning](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021922/58ce67561a28ab2f268b6da5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Generalization and Discrimination
Stimulus generalization is a process in which, after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response
Stimulus discrimination is the process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not; the ability to differentiate between stimuli.
![Page 9: Traits for Effective Leraning](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021922/58ce67561a28ab2f268b6da5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Operant ConditioningLearning in which a voluntary response is
strengthened or weakened depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.
The term operant emphasizes this point: the organism operates on its environment to produce a desirable result.
![Page 10: Traits for Effective Leraning](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021922/58ce67561a28ab2f268b6da5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Thorndike’s Law of EffectResponses that lead to satisfying
consequences are more likely to be repeated. The principle of effect is that learning is strengthened when accompanied by a pleasant or satisfying feeling, and that learning is weakened when associated with an unpleasant feeling.
![Page 11: Traits for Effective Leraning](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021922/58ce67561a28ab2f268b6da5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Basics of Operant
Conditioning•Reinforcement is the process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated.
Reinforcement: The Central Concept of
Operant Conditioning
![Page 12: Traits for Effective Leraning](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021922/58ce67561a28ab2f268b6da5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Reinforcement: The Central Concept of Operant Conditioning
• A reinforcer is an stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.• A primary reinforcer satisfies some biological need and
works naturally, regardless of a person’s previous experience.• A secondary reinforcer, in contrast, is a stimulus that
becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforce.
![Page 13: Traits for Effective Leraning](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021922/58ce67561a28ab2f268b6da5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Positive Reinforcers, Negative Reinforcers, and Punishment
• A positive reinforcer is a stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.• A negative reinforcer refers to an unpleasant
stimulus whose removal leas to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.
![Page 14: Traits for Effective Leraning](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021922/58ce67561a28ab2f268b6da5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Positive Reinforcers, Negative Reinforcers, and Punishment (Cont’d)• Punishment refers to a stimulus that decreases
the probability that a prior behavior will occur again. • Positive punishment weakens a response
through the application of an unpleasant stimulus.• Negative punishment consists of the removal
of something pleasant.
![Page 15: Traits for Effective Leraning](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021922/58ce67561a28ab2f268b6da5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Schedules of Reinforcement: Timing Life’s Rewards
Different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior.
• Continuous reinforcement schedule: reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs.• Partial or intermittent reinforcement schedule:
reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time.
![Page 16: Traits for Effective Leraning](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021922/58ce67561a28ab2f268b6da5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Schedules of Reinforcement: Timing Life’s Rewards (Cont’d)
• Fixed ratio schedule: A schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made. • Variable ratio schedule: A schedule by which
reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number.
![Page 17: Traits for Effective Leraning](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021922/58ce67561a28ab2f268b6da5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Discrimination and Generalization in Operant
Conditioning
![Page 18: Traits for Effective Leraning](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021922/58ce67561a28ab2f268b6da5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Shaping: Reinforcing What Doesn’t Come Naturally
Shaping is the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
![Page 19: Traits for Effective Leraning](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021922/58ce67561a28ab2f268b6da5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbJJL-35Z1Y - • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I68Y81ZpjNM