trận hải chiến midway - lê chánh thiêm

7/22/2019 Trn hi chin Midway - L Chnh Thim

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TRN HI CHIN MIDWAYL Chnh Thim

I. Dn nhp.

Thchin th hai xy ra ch trong vng 6 nm nhng li cho nhn loi nhiu thit hi ng k trnnhiu lnh vc.Ngoi s tn ph v vt cht v cht chc, th chin ny cn sinh ra ch ngha Cng sn,

mt thm ha khn lng v nhng di hi to ln ca n vn cn n ngy nay, nhn dn nhiu ncang cn phi gnh chu bit bao thm trng, hn 80 triu dn Vit Nam l in hnh.Nu ch k v qun-s, so vi th chin th nht, cc trn chin xyra gia hai bn c lithn, quy-m hn, cho nn con sthit hicng to lngp bi. Nhng trn nh ny la c ghi vo qun s; cc chin-lc, chin-thut rt khc so vi trc;buc cc chin-lc-gia phi thay i chin-thut, chin-lc, ngli iubinh khin tng... cho cc cuc chin sau ny cng nh sng-ch qun-c saocho ph-hp vi chintrng.Ring v hi chin, t vng bin Bc u n Thi Bnh Dng (TBD), c nhiu trn ni tingxy ra, c trn mang tnh quyt nh chintrngm ti ang bn n l mt: trn hi chin quno san h Midway Thi Bnh Dng.

Sau khi lm ch mt s chin-trng chu u, Bc Phi v mt s ni khc, cc chin lc gia quns v chnh ph ca khi Trc quan-nim rng mun thngtrn, khi Trc phi nh bi M. Phn Nhtchu trch nhim chin-trng chu , ngoi lc-a rng ln cn c i dng mnh-mng, ang c Hi-qun M hin-din. Nu mun chin-thng, Nht phi nh bi Hi-qun M m Hm-i TBD l lc-lngnng ctca Hi-qun Hoa-K ti khu-vc ny, Nht cn phi tiu dit. Do vy, cc chin-lc gia qun-s Nht mt mt ro-rit nghin-cu chin lc, mt khc theo-di mihot ng ca Hi-qun M.Trong tin h th vi cng, h quyt-nh phi ra tay trc: sau khi tp kch thnh cng vo TrnChu Cng (TCC), Nht cn phi tr khs hin-din ca qun-i M ti chu vi vic lm tin quytl nh chim cn c M Midway.

II. V-tr ca Midway v tm quan trng ca trn chin.

Sau khi bt ng tncng vo Trn Chu Cngcng nh chim c nhiu vng t thuc a chu ttay Anh, Php, Ty Ban Nha, B o Nha..., gii lnh-o qun-s Nht quyt nh tiu-dit Hi qun Mti Midway hon-tt - thn-tnh ton ci chu. Trn hi chin Midway thng c nhc n dotm mc quan-trng, trn chin mang tnh mt mt mt cn, theo ng k-hoch chin-tranh ca hai bnv nht l chn vi khng bit bao nhiu sinh mng do tham -vng in-cung ca -quc Nht mthit hi nm v pha h. Trn Midway lm nht nhu kh ca qun Nht ni ring, ca phe Trc nichung ri sau chin tranh kt thc, cu vt nhn loi thot khi vng binh ao.

Hi chin Midway l trn chin th nh trong 6 trn hi chin hng khng mu hmtrong th chin hai.u tin l trn chin bin Coral,t ngy 04-5 n 08-5-1942 gia Hi qun Nht vi Hi qun Hoa K vAustralia. Trong n lc cng c phng th Nam TBD, Nht quyt nh chim Port Moresby (thuc NewGuinea) v Tulagi (ng Nam qun o Solomon),Nht gi l Chin dch MO, di s ch huy ca tngShigeyoshi Inoue. Hoa K nm c k hoch ca Nht nh nm c h thng tn hiu tnh bo(signals intelligence - chn v ph m thng tin ca i phng) nn phi 2 HKMH v cc tun dnghm, do c Frank J. Fletcher ch huy chn ng cuc tn cng ca Nht. Trn th ba l trn ngSolomom (cn gi l trn Qun o Stewart), t ngy 24-8 n25-8-1942ti pha Bc Qun o SantaIsabel, Solomon. Trn th t l trn Qun o Santa Cruz, tngy 25-10 n27-10-1942 tiQun o


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Santa Cruz, Solomon. Trn th nm l trn bin Philippines (ngi M gi l "The Great Marianas TurkeyShoot, Trn bn Gty v i Qun o Marianas"), t ngy 19-6 n20-6-1944 ti bin Philippines doTng Raymond A. Spruance ch huy, Hm i 5 Hi qun Hoa Kqun tho vi gn 60 chin hm lnnh ca Nht. Trn cht l Hi chin Vnh Leyte, Philippines, t23-10 n 26-10-1944, din ra trong vngbin Philippines gn cc o Leyte, Samar v Luzon, cn c gi l Trn chin bin Philippine s ln thhai", c coi l trn hi chin ln nht trong Chin tranh Th gii th II, cng l trn hi chin ln nhttrong lch s Hi chinthi cni.

Bn khu vc Thi Bnh Dng, ni din ra hi chin Midway

Sau khi tp-kch vo TCC vo ngy 7-11-1941 gy cho M nhiu thit hi cng nh mt s chin thng ddng trn vi chin trng khc ti chu , ngi Nht t ho vi huyn thoi l o qun bt kh chinbi. Vi tham vng b ch chu (trong chnh sch i ng ) sau khi tham gia vo khi Trc, c Yamamoto cng vi cc gii-chc qun-s Nht bn nh k-hoch tin chim cc mc-tiu qun-

s, nh ui s hin-din ca u, M ti Chu. Trong ny, i qun ca Nht do TngYamashita ch huy, tn cng Tn Gia Ba, ni qun ca tng Anh l Tomoyuki Yamashita Percival angtrn gi, vi chin thut l "trn ngp, truy kch v cng c". Hng ngn binh s Anh t trn cng vi 2chin hm Prince of Wales v Repulse b bn chm, sau buc tng Percival phi u hng. Sau khichim Tn Gia Ba, mt trn Thi Lan cng ri vo tay qun Nht. Theo chin thng , Yamamoto chxng v ch huy trn hi chin Midway, quyt tiu dit hi qun M ti TBD, ct t s hin din hay tipvn ca hi qun M ti vng TBD v mt phn n Dng(AD).


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Sdin tin trn hi chin lch sMidway

Khi th chin haichm dt, theo nhiu chuyn gia nhn nhv hai bin c ny, cuc tpkch vo TCCca Nht buc M phi nhy vo vng chin v trn hi chin Midway c cho l trn chin thencht mang tnh quyt nh chin trng, lm cho Nht bi trnsau ny. C hai cucchin u doNht ch ng, ra tay trc nhng u mang li hu qu khng thun li cho Nht. Ln u, Nht nh thc g khng l ang ng (awaken a sleeping giant) (1), buc M nhy vo vng chin; lnsau,

chuc ly thm bi ti ch. Cn c Midway cch TCC hn 1.000 hi-l, nm gia hi trnh ni chu M vchu , vi din-tch ch c 4.7 km2 nhng l mt v-tr chin-lc v cng quan-trng, l l chn bo vTCC, l mt cn-c Hi-qun quan-trng ca Hoa-K, l tin n quan-st v bo-v hi-trnh ni lin haii-lc, l cht bo v hi trnh huyt mch ca qun M.

Ngi ta thng nhn trn tn cng vo TCC hn l bit trn hi chin Midway v nhiu l do. Thnht, trn tn cng bt ng ca qun Nht, mt t nc nh, ngho nh vo qun i M, mt ncln, giu mnh. Th nh, trn TCC l trn c tn tht rt ln v nhn mng v vt cht, nhng hnh nhv cc tn tht p vo mt mi ngi, ghi vo tm khmh vi nhng hnh nh kh phai. Th ba lngoi cc mu tnh liu lnhca gii ch huy qun phit Nht cng vi tinh thn chin u cng nh stun theo thng lnh ca qun i Nht cao, to nn yu t bt ng, nht thi em li chin thng, vth c cc nc hiu chin cho l bi hc c bit, l tm gng cho h bt chc. Trn t kchbt ng vo TCC ca qun Nht ko di 2 gi vitn tht ghi nhnkh ln: pha M c 188 my bay bph hy, 155 my bay h hi, 2.345 qun nhn v 57 thng dn thit mng, 1.247 qun nhn v 35thng dn b thng, 5 thit gip hm, 2 khu trc hm b nh chm, 3 thit gip hm, 3 tun dnghm, 1 khu trc hm v 3 tu khc b h hi. V pha Nht c 4 tu ngm b ti b nh chm, 1 tu ngmb ti mc cn, 29 my bay b bn h, 55 phi cng v9 thy th tu ngm b t thngv 1 b bt sng.Tuy nhin, trn TCC ch l mt trn chin c mt s nh qun s cho l mt cuc t st tp thcamt i qun m qung hy sinh cho mt tham vng in cung ca cp ch huy, mt trn nh ln hn l


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theo bi bn, c khoch, cng khai, theo l thng, bi lc , M ang ng ngoi vng chin, v is Nht trao ti hu th (ultimatum) khai chinsau khi phi c ca h xut kch tn cng Hi Qun M.Ngi Nht nh gi sai v qun i M: tuy tht bi TCC nhng thc lc ca qun i M rt ng k.Trn hi chin Midway sau ny mi cho qun Nht thy rng qun i M khng d b nh bi nh htng v gic mng b ch chu ca h kh thnh s tht.

Tng cng cn bit thm, bin c Nht tn cng TCC xy ra cng do t quyt nh ca tng thng M:

Tng thngRoosevelt ra lnh tp trung Hi qun Hoa K ti Trn Chu cng, thay v ti b bin pha Tync Mnh trc ( cc hi cng: Seattle, Monterey, Oakland, San Francisco, San Diego). Vic thay iv tr ng qun ny khin ngi Nht tng rng Hoa K ang sa son gy hn vi Nht. H coi vic Mtp trung Hi qun ti qun o Hawaii nh l mt mi dao cha vo tri tim Nht nn vic tn cngTCCbng tr thnh mt nhim v cp thithn bao gi ht.

Nhn y, ta cng nn xem li vic dng t ng trnchin trong bin c Trn Chu Cng nm 1941.Cuc tn cng TCC khng th gi l mt trn v ch c pha Nht bt ng tn cng v pha Mkhng bittrc s b tn cng. Trc , MvNht cng cha khai chin hay l k th ca nhaunn M khng phng. Vic tp kch TCC l ch trng chnh ca Yamamoto xut pht t sau quyt nh ca v tng

thng thuc ng Dn Ch ca M. Yamamoto phi s quan hnh qun ca mnh l Ph c Kuroshimaem mt l th n B Tham Mu Hi qun ti ng Kinh trnh by l do nn nh TCC, c on vit:

-"S hin din ca hm i M ti Hawaii l mt mi dao gm cm vo c hng chng ta. Nu chng tachnh thc tuyn chin vi M th chin dch ng Nam s rt d b (M) tn cng vo cnh sn".

Tm li, hi chin Midway u c hai bn cho l quan trng, mt trn chin then cht mt mt mtcn. Pha Nht cho l nh Midway th bt buc M phi cu vin, khi , Nht s chn nh qun cuvin, nh vy, ch cn mt trn m Nht c th tiu dit ton b qun M ti Thi Bnh Dng. Pha M thcho l Midway l tin n ca M, v tr c th kim sot hi trnh t chnh quc tip t cho cc cn c

M chu cng nh lin lc vi c chu, bo v v tng cng cc cnh qun ng Minh ti chu, vth phi bo v n cng. Do vy, hai bn chun b k cng vi bao nhiu tnh ton, cn nhc v theo dich th st nt.

HKMH USS Midway CVB-41 nm 1975khi ym trcho VNCH di tn ngi Vit tnn Cng Sn.


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III. S-lc v hai v ch-huy.

Trn hi chin Midway c ch huy bi hai danh tng ca hai nc. Pha Nht l c IsorokuYamamoto, T-lnh Hm i Lin hp Nht, mt trong ba tn trm u -s qun s ca Pht-xt Nht. Hiqun Hoa-K c ch huy bi -c Chester William Nimitz, mt danh tng Hi qun M, ngi cnhiu chuyn gia qun sgi l k-s trn bin-c. Chng ta ch lt s lc c nhn 2 v ch huy v i

su vo ch l trn hi chinMidway.

1. -c Isoroku Yamamoto.

c Yamamoto trn chin hm Nht.

Isoroku Sadayoshi (Cao D Ng Thp Lc) l tn cho i ca c Isoroku Yamamoto (Sn Bn NgThp Lc), sinh ti lng Kushigun Sonshomura, thuc qun Niigata trn o Hokaido, Nht. ng l conca ng Takano Sadayoshi {Cao D Trinh Ct, mt samurai cp thp ca Hi Samurai Nht, ng thi gichc gio hc cho phin ch phin Nagaoka}vb Mineko, con gi mt tri ch nui b sa. Ngy 4-4-1884, ng TakanoSadayoshi ang ngi chi c vi mt ngi bn th mt a con ca ng chy n botin v ang au , cn mt c . ng Sadayoshi sai a con i tm c , vn tip tc chi c bi lc ng gi ri v a con sp sinh l a con th by nn ng khng ho hng v chuyn c thm

con ny cho lm. Khi b v bo ngt tn cho con, ng ni: "Nm nay ta 56 tui ri, hy gi n lNm-Mi-Su" (ting Nht, Isoroku c ngha l 56).

Ln ln, Isoroku Yamamoto ghi danh vo Hc vin Hi-qun Nht ti Etajima, Hiroshima vo nm 1901,tt nghip vo nm 1904 vi cp-bc Thiu-y d-b Hi-qun. Nm sau, ng tham-d trong cuc hichin Nga- Nht. Trong trn ny ng b mt 2 ngn tay trn bn tay tri. T nm 1919 n nm 1921,ng theo hc ti Harvard University, Hoa-K. T 1926 n 1928, ng l Ty vin Hi Qun ti ta i sNht Washington DC. Trong nhng thi gian Hoa-K, ng b nhiu th gi chu du khp nc M vimc-ch tm hiu Hoa K nhiu hn cn dng mai sau.


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Chn dung c Isoroku Yamamoto

Nm 1937,Yamamoto iu ng phi-c Nht nm bom tn-phNam-Kinh, Thng-Hi (Trung Hoa). Nm1939, ng c ch nh lmT-Lnh Tp Hp Hi-qun Hong-Gia Nht. Trong nhim v ny, ng chtrng v nghin cu chin-lc nm 1941, qun Nht tp kch thnh-cng vo cnc Hi qun M TCC.Vi tham vng lm b ch chu trong chnh sch i ng , Yamamoto cng vi cc gii-chcqun-s cng chnh-ph Nht hoch nh k-hoch tn chim cc mc-tiu qun-s, nh ui shin-din ca u, M ti Chu. Trong ny, Yamamoto ch xng v ch huy trn Midway nm 1942nhng chuc ly thm bi ch ri nm sau, ng b i phng st hi. Vo ngy 18 -4, trong mtcuc th-st Guadalcanal, pha Bc qun o Salomon, -c Yamamoto b phi-c M phc-kch bn h,ng b t thng, ko theo nhiu s thm bi lin tip rinc Nht phi u hng v iu kin sauvi qun i ng minh.

Isoroku Yamamoto khi cn tr

V chc v, Yamamoto tng l T-lnh hm i I, ri Tng ch-huy qun-i Nht ti ng-Dng(1940), gi chc v cao nht trong Hi qun Hong-Gia Nht. ng cn ng gp trong vic thit-k cc


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kiu mu ch-to HKMH cho Hi qun Nht. ng c Nht-Hong Hirohito tng hun-chng Hcnht trng quang (nh sng mt tri mc), mt huy-chng cao qu nht ca Hong-gia Nht.

2. -c Chester William Nimitz.(Xem chi tittrong bi: C CHESTER W. NIMITZ, K S TRN BIN C)

Chn dung c Nimitz, hnh chp nm 1942.

-c Chester W. Nimitz sinh ngy 24-2-1885 ti Fredericksburg, Texas; c chnh ph M c lm T-

Lnh Hm i TBD sau v Nht tp kch vo TCC. ng tuyn th nhm chc vo ngy 31-12-1941.Nimitz tt nghip hng th 7 trong 114 kha sinh ti Hc vin Hi-qun Annapolis vo nm 1905. Slc v thng cp trong Hi qun M: Nimitz c gn Hi Qun Thiu-y (Ensign) ngy 7-01-1907;khng mang cp Trung-y (Lieutenant Junior Grade),v c c cchmang i-y (Lieutenant) ngy 31-01-1910, c gn cp Thiu T (Lieutenant Commander) vo 29-8-1916, thng cp Trung T(Commander) ngy 01-02-1918, mang cp i-t (Captain) ngy 02-6-1927, khng mang Ph c{Rear Admiral (lower half), 1 sao)} do c c cch ln c {Rear Admiral (upper half), 2 sao} ngy23-6-1938, khng mang Ph c (Vice Admiral, 3 sao) do c thng cp c cch ln c(Admiral, 4 sao) ngy 31-12-1941; mang Thy s c (Fleet Admiral, 5 sao) vo ngy 19-12-1944 saukhi c Quc Hi M ph chun theo lut nh (2). ng mn phn ngy 20-2-1966 ti San Francisco,c an tng ti Golden-Gate National Cemetry, gn thnh ph San Francisco, California.

Trong qun ng, ng c thng cp t qun-i n chnh quyn tin tng, n sau v TCC, Tng -Thng Franklin Roosevelt gi n B trng B Hi Qun M l Frank Knox ch th nh sau:

-Ra lnh cho Nimitz n Trn Chu Cngv cho n khi chin thng (Tell Nimitz to get the hell toPearl Harbor and stay there until the war is won).

Trc khi ln ng o nhm, -c Chester W. Nimitz cn nhn mt mnh lnh nng n m khng dthc hin t B trng B Hi-qun Frank Knox:
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-Bo-van-ton cho nc M, bo-vhi trnh tMi Hawaii, n Midway, n Australia, ngnchn qun Nht mrng hot ng TBD v khi phc -ch blung lay ca Hm i TBD.

Ton cnh Hc vin Hi Qun Annapolis(The United States Naval Academy), ti Annapolis, Maryland

IV. Cc cuc chin khi u trc trn Midway.

L mt s-quan u-t, nhiu nng-lc khc thng cngvi tnh to bo, Nimitz c nhng thnh-tchng k trong sut i qun-ng. Nhng nim v ch-huy, chin thut, chin-lc trong ng sm manh-nha khi cuc chin bng n. ng c nhng d nh v iu -binh, khin tng... trong c m nuc thng cp tin tng v giao cho ng chc v quan-trng. Chin trng TBD l ni ng thc-thihoi-bo ca mnh, c mt s nh qun-s cho l con knh-ng c dp vng-vy trong bin xanh.Trc trn Midway, Nimitz tung ra nhng n bt ng xung qun i Nht v thu c thng li.

Thiu y Chester W. Nimitz ng cnh ng Ni, nm 1907.

1. Tn-cng qun Nht trn qun o Marshall.


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Trn chin ra mt v cng l trn chin m mn cho chin -dch Midway trong chc v mi l cuc tncng vo cc cn c Nht trn qun o Marshall. Nghin-cu tnh-hnh cng nhng tin-tc tnh-bo nhnc, c Nimitz i n mt quyt-nh to-bo. Sm ngy 1-2-1942, ng ra lnh cho 37 phng-pho-c, 6 my bay chin-u xut-pht t Hng-khng Mu-hm (HKMH) Yorktown cng vi 9 phi-c phngng-li trc ch mc-tiu l qun-o Marshall v Gilbert do qun Nht chim ng trc . y l cucchin xem nh c mt bn: ch c qun M tn cng, qun Nht ch n do hon-ton khng phng

v tng rng Hi qun M hon ton kit qu sau trn TCC. Chin thng ny ca Hi qun M, ngoivic c pht i trn h thng truyn thanh trn nc M cn c pht ra ton th gii, lm nclng dn chng M, vc li tinh thn cho qun i M sau ni nhc TCC, em li nim tin tng voqun i M cho cc nc ng minh.

Chester Nimitz khi mang cp bcThy s c (5 sao).

2. Oanh kch cc cn c trn t Nht.

Vo cui thng Hai nm 1942, thm mt hnh-ng to bo khc, c Nimitz li cho Khng qun caHi qun M tp-kch cc cn-c Nht trn o Oake v Manlan. Qun Nht n tr ti ang ng say vkhng ng rng qun M dm nh vo cc o gn t Nht nh vy nn l-l vic phng-th. Cccn-c trn o ny tr thnh bin la, qun tr phng lm mi cho bom n M. Phi-c M vng-vytrn bu tri, hon thnh nhim-v m khng gp sc khng-c no, khng b thit hi no ng k.

3. Oanh tc Tokyo.

Trn chin th ba cng l mt hnh-ng to-bo khc khi Nimitz dm cho phi-c oanh kch Tokyo,trung-tm u no Nht, ni ch-huy cuc chin. y l ln u tin phi-c M tn-cng vo lnh-thNht. Sng ngy 18-4-1942, Trung-T James H. Doolittle dn u phi-i North-American B-25B Mitchellsgm 16 chic phng-pho-c B-25, mt loi phng-pho-c hng trung, ct cnh t HKMH USS Hornet (3)(cng vi USS Entreprise CVN 65) ang cch Tokyo n 668 hi -l ang trn ng hng v t Nht,bay n mc-tiu. HKMH USS Hornet cng vi HKMH USS Entreprise CVN 65 khi ang cng hot ngchung mt khu vc.


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Nht hong Hirohito

nhla, phn-tn s ch-ca Nht, Nimitz ra lnh ba chic trong s 16 phi-c bay n 3 thnh-ph khc trn t Nht l Osaka, Yokohama v Kyoto. 13 chic cn li do Trung-T James Doolittle ch-huy, trc ch Tokyo. Trong s bt ng, cc phi-c M trt hng trm tn bom n xung tri tim caNht ri ung-dung bay i, to nn c sc ln cho qundn Nht v s ngc-nhin cho c th-gii, gieoni kinh hong u tin cho dn chng Nht. y l n bt ng cha tng c cho Nht, cng l nimkiu-hnh cho qun-i M, l tm gng can-m, to-bo cho qun-lc cc nc d bn hay th.Vqung cch qu xa nn cc phi c thi hnh phi v ny khng nhin liu tr v cc HKMH M, mtphn dok hoch thay i vo pht cht tcc tnh hung bt ng xy ra so vi d tr nn sau khi honthnh nhim v, cc phi c ny phi p ti nhiu ni trn t Tu. Cc phi cng, mt s c dn Tuche ch trc s truy tm ca qun Nht ang chim ng nc Tu, mt s khc b bt v b qun Nhttr th mt cch d man.

4. Tn cng o Turachi.

Vo ngy 2-5-1942, Thy-qun Lc-chin Nht b ln o Turachi m khng gp khng c no. Haihm sau, trong khi qun Nht ang nmng thng li th phi-c M xut pht t HKMH Yorktown bayn oanh-kch d di. Qun Nht b thit-hi nng-n: ngoi s ng qun tr phng thng vong cn c2 tu vn ti, 2 tun-dng-hm, 1 khu-trc-hm b nh chm v mt s khc b h hi nng.

Sau cc cuc tn-cng chp nhong ni trn vo qun Nht ca Hi-qun M, cc tng lnh v ccchin-lc-gia hai bn dc tm nghin-cu chin-thut, chin-lc mi cho ph-hp vi tnh th. Vpha Nht, Yamamoto v cc tng Nht ban lnh cho thuc cp theo-di, truy-lng, bm st cc tuchin M. Pha M cng th, c Nimitz cho rng Nht cha b thit hi HKMH no, phi tm cch ditbt tu chin Nht, l cc mi nguy cho hm i M. Nimitz ch th 2 HKMH Yorktown v Lexingtonlng l theo-di hm-i Nht, ngoi vic thu thp tin tc tnh bo v thm khng qua vic gii m cc tintc qun Nht nh i v nhn c, s c cp n phn sau.


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Nht Hong Hirohito cho thn dn khi hn cho ng.

5. Trn nh o san h:

Trong khi HKMH Tng-Phong, mt trong cc HKMH ch-lc ca Nht ang tun-tiu trn bin th btng b phi-c M tn-cng d-di, hm trng ra lnh cho phi-c ln nghnh chin v h khng pht giccphi c M trc . Khi , 2 HKMH ca M l USS Yorktown v USS Lexington li xut hin v ccphi-c trn bay ln lm tht chic Tng-Phong. Sau 20 pht chin-u, HKMH Tng-Phong ivo lng i-dng, mang theo tt c cc thy-th Nht cn ang say men chin-thng. y l ln u,

qun M nh chm HKMH i phng.

n m , khi bit Hi qun Nht rt lui, -c Nimitz ra lnh truy-kch. Hai hm sau, hm-i M vNht gp nhau trn qun-o san-h. Hai hm i cch xa nhau my trm hi-l, cng bit v-tr iphng, cc v ch huy tung ton-b lc lng khng qun trn chi nhau trn bu tri v hai bn cngthy nhau. y l trn khng chin c lit nht ca hai bn k t khi M tham chin. Pha Nht, chin uvi tinh thn liu lnh, cm t; pha M, vi v kh ti tn v chin thut kh, kh nng tc chin ca phicng cao. Tn cuc chin, thit hi c ghi nhn kh ln cho c hai bn, bt phn thng bi.

Trn nh trn o San-h lm Nht nn ch, t b cc nh in cung c. y cng l thng li c

tnh chin-lc cho M v ng-minh, lm cc quc gia thuc phe ng-minh tin-tng hn vo chinthng chng khi Trc, nht l p tan huyn thoi ca dn Ph-tang cho rng qun Nht li qunbt kh chin bi.

Tuy thnh cng trong cc cuc tn-cng ni trn nhng -c Nimitz vn bit rng ch l nhngthng li nh, mang tnh khch-l lng qun-s hn l lm nghing cn cn hai bn. Tht vy, lc-lngNht cha b thit-hi bao nhiu, vng ng Nam , n , M Lai, Nam Dng lt vo tay qunNht, h vn lin tc m cc trn nh cc ni khc v cc tng lnh Nht vn cn say men chinthng, cm thy cha va lng nn Nht quyt-nh m thm nhng mt trn mi. -c Nimitz cn


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bit tham-vng ca Nht l nh chim qun-o Salomon, New Ghin, uy-hip Australia, ch i ccbin-chuyn mi c cc k-hoch thn-tnh khcsau .

V. Din-tin trn Midway.

1. Cc nim chin thut v cc chun b ban u:

Khi chin-dch tn-cng qun o Marshall ang cao im th -c Chester W. Nimitz cng chunb cho chin-dch Midway. Nimitz tin rng trc sau g Nht cng s tn-cng Midway lm t-lit Hi-qun Mv l v tr v cng quan trng. ng quan nim rng nu Nht chim Midway th hi trnhpha ng, tuyn giao-thng sinh t ca M s b ct t, vic lin lc, tip t t M n Hawaii, Midway,Australia... s chm dt, M khng cn cn-c tr qun kim-sot hi-trnh huyt-mch v quan-trng,nht l cc hot-ng ca M s b Nht bit c. Do vy, ng dc tm nghin-cu chin-lc hp l p-dng ng hu mang li chin-thngnu c giao tranh. ng ra lnh cho thuc cp theo-di, ghinhn, bo co... mi hot ng ca qun Nht ln thng cp cng vi vicch thcho cc chuyn-vinnghin-cu tin-tc tnh bo, thm khnggia tng hot ng. Cc ghi nhn phi c gi ngay bt c lcno n cc chuyn gia phn-tch khi h nhn c, trong mc-tiu ti hu: phi chin-thng trc qun

i Nht.

c Tojo, thn tng ca Hi Qun Hong Gia Nht

V phn c Yamamoto, ng vch ra k hoch nh chim Midway t lu. Vo thng 4-1942,

Yamamoto a k-hoch tc-chin ca mnh trnh ln thng cp ng Kinh nhng b bc-b. Thnhng sau khi Tokyo b 13 oanh-tc c M b bom, B Tham-mu Nht bn chp-thun k-hoch mYamamoto trnh trc . Hi ng qun lc Nht a ra mnh-lnh th 18mang tn Tc-chinMihao: tn cng cn c Midway. K hoch d tr s tn cng vo thng 6-1942 nhng d tr th cthnh hnh vo thng 5-1942.

Thi-gian , pha Nht rtbn rnvi nhiu ch th, mnh lnh cho nhiu chin-trngnhiuni, ccmt lnh, in bo c gi i, nhn c lin-tc. Trong nhng mt m Nht chuyn i m M btc, Nht dng nhiu ln m hiu AF. Hai ch ny c cc s-quan tnh-bo M ti n v Mt m


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Hypoca Nimitz ti TCCnghin-cu v d onn m ch o Midway. Jasper Holmes, mt s quantr ca Hi qun Mnghra mt mu kv trnh bycho ban gii m Hypo c th xc nh chnh xcvtr ca AF m Nht thng dng. Bng cch s dng dy cp ngm di bin, Holmes yu cu cc chhuy cn c Midway gi qua radio mt tin giv tng hnh dinh TCCni rng nc ung ang cn Midway v nh my lc nc b hng. Tin ny phi c gi bng kiu mt m thng m h cho rngngi Nht d dngbit cch gii m. Ngy 10-5, khi nghnyccc s quan tnh bo trnh ln, c Nimitz chp-thun. Cc s-quan qun-bo M bn ra n nh ch: Tra hm , t cn-c Midway,

mt in tn do M pht i vi ni-dung Nc ung ti cn c Midway ang cn v thit-b ct lc nc btrc-trc. Qun M c tnh dng mi cch cho qun Nht nhn c mt cch d-dng in bo ny. Thlpha Nht mc mu, c n cu: hai ngy sau, thm -khng ca M thu c mt in-bo caNht m ha bng JN-25 (4): AF gp phi nhng vn v nc ngt, lc lng tn cng phi spsn k hoch v vn ny. in bo ny cho thy chc -chn rngAF l mt danhca o Midway.T , c Nimitz bit r ca Yamamoto: Midway tr thnh mc-tiu ca Nht, trc sau gNht cng s tn-cng Midway.

Tng cng cn bit thm, ngoi n v mt m Hypo ca Nimitz cn c OP-20-Gl n v mt mring ca c Ernest King, thng cp ca Nimitz ti Washing ton D.C. Trong v ny, OP-20-Gli li

on AF l qun o Aleut ( tiu bangAlaska) nhng Nimitz litin vo d on ca thuc cp vnhn nhca chnhng. V ng khng lm.

Logo ca Hi Qun Hong Gia Nht Bn (Imperial Japanese Navy).

Thi gian lu tr trn t M v sau bao nghin cu v qun i M cng chin trng chu , cYamamoto thc rng mun thng M chu , qun Nht phi da vo u-th ca Hi qun v Khngqun vi cc phi-i cm-t Thn-Phong, nh vo cc hm i M. Theo nhn nh, Yamamoto cho

rng: Ch cn tn-cng vo Midway l M phi dc ton b lc lng bo-v ni ny. Nu nh Mtng vin, Nht s dc ton lc tiu dit lc-lng M. V nu nh vy, ch cn mt trn l Nht cth tiu dit hon ton Hm i TBD ca M m hm-i TBD l linh-hn ca Hi-qun M.

Tht ra, Yamamoto hiu rt nhiu v M. ng tng theo hc ti i hc Harvard, tng l Ty-vin Hi-qun ca s-qun Nht ti Washington D.C., trong lng ng khng bao gi quncu ni ca Th-TngAnh, Sir. Winston Churchill:


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-Nc M l mt ci ni sp-de (5) c b, ch cn t la di, n s sinh ra mt nng-lng khng-l.

Tuy nhin, sau khi tn-cng TCC, ng pht-biu mt cch lo-lng:

-Ti e rng nhng g chng ta lm nh thc g khng l ang ng v lm cho hn c nhngquyt nh khng khip (I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant and fill h im with a terribleresolved).

Duvy, sau chin-thng TCC cng nh cc chin thng ca qunc ti cc mt trn u Chu, Phichu... v ca qun Nht ti nhiu mt trn Chu ,ng ta tin rng ch cn mt trn Midway na l Hi-qun M s kit qu, kh c th phc-hi, m nu c phc-hi th cng rt lu. Yamamoto cho rng khiqun M b tn tht nng, chin trng chu mc sc cho qun i Nht tung-honh, lm ma lm gi.

T tham vng in r , Yamamoto quyt-nh tung vo trn Midway mt lc-lng hng-hu cha tngc: 8 HKMH trong c 4 chic Xch-Thnh, Gia-H, Phi-Long, Thng-Long (Hiryu, Kaga, Soryu, Akagi)l nhng HKMH ni ting hng nht ca Nht, 4 khu-trc-hm hng nng, 700 phi-c cc loi, chun b

mt s ln qun tn-cng ln ov chn nh qun tng vin M. Ngoi ra, phn ln qun ch-lcca Nht c ng ta tri di theo hi trnh cc ni hm i M c th i qua. Vi chin thut nh vy,Yamamoto quyt tm tiu-dit qun M vi ch mt mt mt cn.

Logo ca B Hi Qun M

V pha M, lc-lng t hn nhiu: ch c 3 HKMH: ngoi chic Enterprise (Big E) cn chic Yorktown bh hi trong trn o San-h va mi sa-cha li, 20 tun-dng v mt s khu-trc hm. V khngqun, s my bay t hn rt nhiu so vi Nht. V hu c th rt xa, vic tip t kh khn, cc hot ngd b Nht phc-gic, theo-di. -c Nimitz hn ai ht hiu r thc lc ca mnh nn bn cng B

Tham Mu nhng k hoch tc chin ph hp vi qun tnh ca ng ang ch huy. Thm vo , vi lngquyt tm, ng khng h s-hi. Ngoi ra, mt yu t v cng quan trng m bt c v ch huy no cngmong c trc khi vo trn, l bit mi tin tc v qun ch. Nimitz may mn cc iuny: mi hot ng ca qun Nht ng u bit r qua cc tin tc ca qun Nht chuyn cho nhau mcc n v tnh bo, thm khng ca ng nhn c qua vic gii c cc mt m ca Nht. Trc khivo trn, ng gi n thuc cp mt cng-in vi ni dung:

-Trn ny cho cc bn c-hi ging cho qun th nhng n nng-n. Cc bn s dng ln cho T-quc chng ta nhng cng-hin to ln.


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Ph c Nagumo, mt trong nhng vchhuy trc tip trn Midway.

ng ch th cho ngnh qun bo hot-ng tch-cc hn theo-di ch qun, ch th cho qun trphng Midway tng cng cnh-gic, theo-di mi hot ng quanh mnh, a c 3 HKMH v qun ch-lc n np mt ni kn o cch Midway hn 200 dm , sn-sng ch xut kch theo lnh. Cc chuyn giaqun s khng hiu v sao Nht khng pht gic c s vng mt ca cc tu chin ch lc ca M,ging nhkhi tn cng TCC, s chin hm M TCC cng khng u ti nh thng l theo nhngi Nhtghi nhn.

2. Din-tin trn c chin Midway.

Pha Nht, Yamamoto ch-nh Ph -c Nagumo trc-tip ch-huy mt-trn, cn ng ch huy tng qut.Ph -c Nagumo phn-on tnh-hnh v choYamamoto bit nh nh sau:

-Qun ch vn cha bit ca chng ta, khng thy c hm i M quanh y. Sau khi tiu-ditxong cn-c trn o Midway cng vi my bay v cng-trnh qun-s trn , chng ta s n nhhm i tng vin ca M v s tiu-dit n.

Pha Nht cho rng thc lc caM khng ng k, ngay c c s hin din ca 3 HKMH M l Enterprise,Hornet v Yorktownnn vic 3 HKMH M c mt hay khng cng khng thnh vn . Hn na, b tpkch bt ng lc rng ng, thi gian m binh lnh l-l hn do mt mi sut m qua, qun Nht tin chc

M s b tn tht nng n, ging nh h tn cng TCC cng vo lc bnh minh. Ngoi ra, trong nhngngy trc ngy Nht d nh tn-cng, Nht khng thy 3 HKMH ca M gn Midway. Tht ra, cngvi 3 HKMH va k, -c Nimitz cn c 76 chin hm thin chin khc trong tay, mt lc lng hnghu hn pha Nht lm tng, nht l tinh thn quyt chin ca quan qun M mi n v.

Lc 3 gi sng ngy 4-6-1942, theo lnh ca Ph c Chuichi Nagumo, 108 my bay Nht ct cnh tmt HKMH trong ting hoan-h vang tri, lao v hng Midway cch n 240 miles (386 km). Th nhngqun Nht khng bit mt iu l Nht b M gim -st cht-ch t lu, mi ng tnh ca Nht ukhng qua mt c qun-i M. Khi phi-c Nht ct cnh, phaM bit ngay m Nht th tin l M


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khng bit. Pha Nht hon ton bt ng khi phi-c Nht cha ti o th phi-c trinh-st M th phosng trn o, phi-c M di t ct chun b sn, ct cnh n nh, cng vi mng li phng-thbng sngcao-x trn o nh nti tpvo phi-c Nht ang lao n do c ha chu soi sng.

-t khng kch u tin ca Nht vo Midway hon-ton b qun chb gy, theo bo-co ca s-quanch-huy Nht. t ny, lc lng tn-cng ca Nht gn nh b tiu-dit hon ton.

P 38 ca Hoa K, loi phi c phc kch git cht c Yamamoto.

Tuy th, cc vch huy Nht khng t b nh, h bn chuyn qua k-hoch khc. n 7 gi sng, theolnh c Nagumo, cc phi-c Nht c nhim-v tun phng quanh bu tri m cc HKMH Nht angchy chng tu M phi m nhn tin-hnh t khng kch th nh. Cc my bay tun phng nyc lnh PNagumo tr v cc HKMH, phi tho b ng-li ang mang trn phi-c, eo bom vo

cng vi cc phng-pho-c cn li khc tn cng vo Midway. n 8 gi sng, phi -c trinh-st Nhtpht-gic hm i M ch cn cch hm-i Nht c 200 hi-l. Pht-gic ny lm cho Tng Nagumo bi-ri v ng nhn bit rng mi d nh trc ca ng l sai lm. Do vy, n 8 gi 30, ng ta li raquyt nh mi, mt quyt nh tri ngc vi lnh va ban ra:

-Rt ht cc my bay ang bay i tn-cng Midway tr v HKMH, trt b bom ra v eo ng-livo tn-cng cc HKMH M.

n lc ny, cc qun nhntrn cc HKMH Nht hon ton mt-mi do lm vic qu nhiu. Lc 9:18sng, cc phi-c Nht tr v trn cc HKMH trong khi hm i Nht trc ch v pha hm i M.

Hai pht sau, 15 phng ng li tun tiu c ca M pht gic cc HKMH Nht. Th l t xa, cc phngng li c ny lao vo cc HKMH Nht. Cng lc , nghe tin HKMH Nht c mt, 30 my bay phng phoM cng nhpvo cuc chin. Cc phi-cng M anh-dng chinu n sau khi tan trn, ch cn 6chic sng st tr v cn-c.

Trong khi Nht dc ton lc i-ph vi cc tun-tiu-c ca M th cc oanh-tc-c ca M trn haiHKMH ng lot ct cnh, nhm vo cc HKMH Nht. Pha Nht th khng h hay bit iu ny v trc h khng bit cc HKMH M u nn khng bit cc phi -c M ang xut-kch. Hn na, h khng c


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k-hoch trc i-ph vi nguy-c b qun M tn-cng. Ngoi cc phi-c trn HKMH ra, cc phi-cM t cn c Midway cng c huy-ng tiu-dit cc HKMH Nht.

Thit Gip hm Nht bphi cMtn cng bc chy

Khi chic phi-c Nht u tin ct cnh cho t d nh tn-cng mi th hthy phng pho-c M angnhm vo hm i Nht lao ti. Trn khng trung, tng on, tng on phi-c M nh m my en chekn bu tri nhm vo 4 mc-tiu l 4 HKMH Nht. Pha Nht hon-ton b ng: cc phi-c Nht b tn-cng ngay t u, t cc chic ct cnh n nhng chic cha kp ct cnh, khng c hnh ngkhng c no trc tinh thn quyt chin ca cc phi cng M.

ang b thit hi bi phi c M tn cng, cc HKMH li b mt v au khng khip hn na. Cc v ch huyHi qun Nht phm phi mt sai lm vcng to ln, v phng cu-vn. Cng chnh sai lm ny

chn vi chnh h, chn vi lun tham vng ca ngi Nht. V lnh thay i lin tc v gp rt, binh slm vic nhiu nn qu mt-mi, v vy, s bom v ng li m h g ra trc qu nhiu, khng axung hm tu kpthim c cht thnh ng trn sn tu hay cnh cc hm cha my bay. Tai -nnn vi h khi b cc phi-c M b bom vo cc HKMH Nht, s bom n cht thnh ng ny l l thucn khng l, khi b kch ha bi bom n phi c M bn vo, nn tung. Sau vi gi, cc chic HKMHNht tng l nim t-ho ca Hi-qun Nht v tung, vnh-vin i vo lng i-dng tc khc, mangtheo tt c qun trang qun dng, quan qun trn n cng vi lng kiu -hnhca h m khng kp hThin-Hong Vn tu! (Tenno Heika Banzai) nh h tng lm. Trong khi trn cc HKMH Nht phi lo iph vi ha hon, tn tht do bom v ng li ca h n tung, cc phi c M tha h trt bom, bn ph ccHKMH v chin hm h tng m khng gp bt c s khng c no. Ngoi ra, b qun ca Nht c ri

di i tiu dit qun M tng vin cng b oanh tc nng ndo pha M bit trc tng v tr Nhtm qun ch i.

3. Tn tht hai pha.

Trn chin Midway c -ngha lch-s ny kt-thc vo ngy 7-6-1942. Pha M thit hi 150 my bay,307 qun-nhn thit mng, 1 khu-trc hm b nh chm, HKMH Yorktown b tu ngm Nht nh chmkhng lu sau cuc hn chin ny trong lcc trc vt vo cng ngy 7-6. V pha Nht, sthit hi toln khng th tng: ngoi vic 4 HKMH hng u ca Nht l Akagi, Kaga, Soryu v Hiryu, 12 tun -


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dng hmb nh chm, 253 my bay cng 3.500 s-quan v binh-s trn tan thy, trn Midwaycn xa b huyn thoi ca qun-i Nht l on qun bch chin, ging ln ting chung bo ttrn chin-trng vng TBD ca qun-i Nht. Ta hy nghe cc li bnh-lun v trn Midway ca ccng lnsau khi tn cuc hi chin.

Th-Tng Anh, Sir. Winston Churchill pht biu:

-Trn hi chin Midway lm xoay chuyn u-th qun Nht TBD, l bc ngoc khin cho thi oanh-lit xa ca ch qun khng bao gi tr li c na.

T-lnh chin-trng, c Nimitz khim nhng hn:

-Trn chin o Midway, nhng tn-tht m qun Nht phi gnh chu cn nng n gp 10 ln ni nhcm qun M phi chu ng TCC.

Cn -c Yamamoto, ngi ch huy qun Nht, sau khi kt-thc trn chin cng phi m ming:

-Ti phi t ti vi Thin-Hong!.

Mt s-quan thuc cp ca Nimitz tham d trn chin ni:

-Thng li ny l cng lao ca T-Lnh Nimitz nh s mnh-dn, quyt-on, thng-minh v thin-tich-huy ca ng.

HKMH Hiryu ca Nht btn cng ngy 5-6-1942


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HKMH Hiryu ca Nht bphi cMbn chy.

4. nh hng ca cuc chin

a. nh hng trc tip:

nh gi mt cuc chin, i hi phi phn tch tht t m vngoi tnh thin chin ca qun scn linquan n c chin lc, chin thut. Theo nh phn u ni, trn Midway l trn chin quyt nhcho chin trng Thi Bnh Dng tuy rng Hoa K cha th thng Nht vo lc trn chin Midway ktthc. Du vy, trn ny gip Hoa K t trng thi tht th (sau tn tht ti TCC) sang trng thi cnbng v sau khng lu chim th thng phong, gy thit hi nng cho lc lng Nht khin khngth hi phc li c, rt ngn chin tranh Thi Bnh Dng, tuy rng Hi qun Nht cn gan l tip tcchin u mt thi gian na. Nhn ra s bt n ca Nht nn ch 2 thng sau trn Midway, M tn cng

Guadalcanal. Nu khng c thng li Midway, ngi M khng th sm m mt trn mi sm nh thhoc c th cng khng thnh cng nh h t c trn Guadalcanal, to nn nh hng su rngtrong tin trnh chin tranh, cng vi vic lc lng tu ngm ca Hm i Thi Bnh Dng lm nnkinh t Nht i n ch nh tr vo thng 1-1945.


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HKMH USS Midway CVB-41 nay l Bo tng vin neo ti San Diego, California.

Vic M loi 4 hng khng mu hm ca Nht ra ngoi vng chin trong trn ny l mt tn tht khngth thay th c, Nht khng th b sung 4 chic khc mi cho n u nm 1945. V khngqun, Nht b thit hi s phi cng m nc Nht phi hun luyn trong nhiu nm, mt nan Nht khgii quyt. Trong thi gian , Hi qun Hoa K avo phc v hng chc mu hm ln nh ming v v s mu hm h tng, v s phi cng mi hun luyn c a vo tham chin. Nh vy, trn

Midway gy thit hi lu di cho Hi qun Nht v rt ngn thi gian m hi qun Nht c th chinu trong nhng iu kin c li. y l mt tai ha cho quc Nht khi h mun tin hnh nhngchin dch quy m hn chng li Hoa K.

Trn Midway l mt n ch t nh vo qun Nht v phe Trc. Chng trnh hun luyn phi cngcaNht trc chin tranh o to ra cc phi cng vi phm cht rt cao nhng vi s lng t. Ti Midway,Nht mt rt nhiu cc phi cng thin chin ny ch trong mt ngy m chng trnh hun luyn o totrong mt nm. Trong cc trn chin sau ny (trn Guadalcanal vo nm 1942, trn ng Solomon, trnSanta Cruz) khng qun ca Hi qun Nht khng gng dy c bi b tiu hao lc lng. Cc nhhoch nh chin lc ca Nht d on sai lm v khng lng c sc mnh cho mt cuc chin

tranh lu di v lin tc. Nht khng b sung cho nhng thit hi v tu b, phi cng, thy th, binhlnh, sng n, trang thit b, tip liu t hu phngv.v... Mt khc, s mt cn i ny tr nn ti thn khi cc my bay chin u th h sau ca Hoa K t r tnh u vit trc my bay ca Nht. ngia nm 1943, sau thit hi Midway v qun o Solomons lm kit qu lc lng khng qun cahm i Nht. T hn na, Nht vn gi cc phi cng iu luyn li chin u, lm suy yu nng lchun luyn i ng phi cng mi;tri li, Hi qun M cho cc phi cng xut sc ca h tr v hun luyn dy li cho qun nhn mi v cc k nng trong chin u.

c Nimitz (tri) ang bn lun chin svi Ernest J. King trn chin hm M.


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b. nh hng chin lc:

nh hng ca trn Midway cng c nh gi bng nghin cu ngc li: gi s cc chin hm caHoa K b qun Nht tiu dit. Nhiu nh nghin cu cho rng nu nh vy, s bi trn ca Hoa K tiMidway c th ko di cuc chin ti Thi Bnh Dng, lm chm s khi u ca chin cuc hao mnton din. Nu nh vy, vi ch 2 hng khng mu hm cn kh nng chin u (chic Saratoga vWasp), M buc phi th phng ng chin lc cho n cui nm 1942. Khi , qun Nht c th tip

tc tin n New Hebrides (st Australia), ct t lin h ca Hoa K vi Australia, ng thi hon tt vicxm chim New Guinea, khng ch hi trnh t M i ng , c chu. Mt iu na, nu tht bi Midway c th dn n vic cch chc nhng tng lnh ti gii v quan trng, nh Nimitz v Spruance.Cc chin dch tn cng trn Thi Bnh Dng s b tr hon n cui nm 1943, khi cc mu hm th hEssex v Independence c mt vi s lng thch ng. y l nhng tht bi v cng to ln cho M vng minh sau ny. Cng gi thit nh th, nu Hoa K thua trn, cc cuc hnh qun b Bc Phi, aTrung Hi, Normandy cha chc xy ra v nu c cng cha chc sm nh thc t xy ra.

Tun dng hm Mikuma ca Nht bbn chy.

Tuy nhin, theo nhiu nhn nh, d Hoa K thua trn Midway i chng na, cui cng th Nht vn sthua Hoa K trn mt trn Thi Bnh Dng khi so snh tng quan v tim lc qun s, kinh t, qun sv k nng chin u ca 2 qun lc, nht l hi qun. Hu phng ca qun M l mt kho tip liu vcng to ln c th p ng c nhng nhu cu cho chin trng, vi i ng nhn vin u t v tinguyn thin nhin di do. Qun i M cng vi ngun tip vin t ngi M cho qun i ng minhtrong cc mt trn vo cui th chin lm nghing cn cn qun s th chin chm dt, cho ta thynhn nh ny khng sai lm.

VI. Ci cht ca Yamamoto:

1. K hoch m st Yamamoto

Sau khi tht trn hi chin Midway, qun Nht nhn thm mt n au khc na, l ci cht ca v Tlnh thn tng ca h: c Yamamoto. Trc , trong chin-tranh, mt quy lut tuy khng c vnbn chnh-thc nhng thng c cc nc thi-hnh l khng c m-st cp ch-huy i phng. Thnhng trong th-chin th hai th khc hn. Th-Tng Anh Winston Churchill, cc Tng thng MFranklin Roosevelt, Dwight David Eisenhower u tng b khi Trc uy-hip mng sng. V th, -cNimitz quyt-nh: H st c Yamamoto l vic phi lm. ng ni:


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-Trong nhng ngy mt mt mt cn nh th ny, khng cn o-ngha, lut-l g ni na. ChnhNht u tin vi phm quy-nh chin-tranh. D l tng lnh hay binh s, u l mc tiu ca h hst hp php.

Phi cP-38 ca Qun lc M, thphm hst Yamamoto

Chiu ngy 14-4-1943, t mt m tnh-bo qun i M bt c mt bc in mt m cao-cp ca Nhtnh i theo kiu s (4), c Nht gi l in mt m mu tm, c mtrtcao. Sau 2 ngy 2 mnghin-cu, cc chuyn-vin qun-s M tm ra m kha, bit c ni dung bc in, ni v thi gianv a-im i th-st cc n-v Nht ca -cYamamoto:

-Tng qun GF (tc Yamamoto), 8 gisng ngy 18-4 sdng 2 phi-ccng kch Lc qun vi 6phi-cchin-u h-tng, tRabaul (7)i thst Ballali v qun o Bougainville. Phi-i shcnhxung Ballali lc 9:45 pht sng.

Mi n ngy nay, nhiu chuyn gia qun s vn cha hiu ti sao ngi Nht lm nh vy, mt hnhng v cng nguy him trong lc chin trn ang hi khc -lit. Trong thi chin m tit l t-m l trnhca thng cp nh vy l iu tuyt i khng nn lm. C nhn nhcho l Nht ch-quan rng mtm JN-25 ca h kh b gii m c, ngi th cho l Nht cho rng M b h gim -st mi hot-ngnn ch quan, khinh ch. Sau khi chin tranh chm dt, ngi ta mi bit rng qunbothm khngM c c hu ht nhng tn hiu, tin tc ca qun Nht nh i v do bit trc c k hochv hot ng ca qun Nht. Do bit trc mi ng i nc bc ca qun Nht nn s tht bi caca Nht l iu khng th trnh khi. Trong mt l th gi cho thng c Dewey ca New York, tngGeorge Catlett Marshall, Jr., Tham Mu trng Lin qun M, vit:

-"Trn nh bin San h c t cn bn trn s gii thch mt m ca hi qunNht, do s chinhm t i ca chng ta c b tr vo ng ch v ng lc. Hn na, chng ta c th tp trunglc lng t i ca chng ta chn s tin qun ca ch ti o Midway".

ng cn vit:

-"Cc chin dch ti Thi Bnh Dng phn ln c hng dn bi tin tc m chng ta thu thp c vcc s phi tr ca hi qun Nht. Chng ta bit r c sc mnh ca h ti mi cn c...chng ta kim


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sot c c s di chuyn hm i ca h...v chng ta ch vic ra lnh cho tim thynh ch sn tia im thun li nht tn cng".

HKMH USS Yorktown bphi cNht tp trung tn cng.

HKMH Yorktown ca Hi qun Mbtn cng bc chy nhng n khng chmkhi trn chin ang din ra. Yorktown bchm sau , do bthy li Nht tn cng.

Tr li vn , bn m c trnh ln -c Nimitz. Sng sm ngy 15-4-1942, Thiu-T tnh-boEdwin Layton mang mt in n vn-phng ca Nimitz. Sau khi trao mt in, ng ta ni:

- Tha T-Lnh, c tin v ng bn ca chng ta ri!

Sau khi xem xong mt in, Nimitz hi:

-Anh thy nn lm thno? C nn h st khng?.

Edwin Layton tha:


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-Ngi hiu r tm-l ngi Nht, ngoi Nht Hong ra th Yamamoto l thn tng ca h. Nu tr khc c Yamamoto th t nht cng lm sa st tinh thn ca Hi qun Nht v s lm cho c ncNhtbi ri.

Nimitz hi li:

-Ti mun bit l h c th ara mt Yamamoto khc khng?.

Edwin Layton ci:

-Tha T-Lnh, iu cng ging nh th d Ngi b h h st th lm sao c th tm c ngi Nimitzth nh?.

Nimitz cng ci theo:

-Chng ta th xem!.

Phi cP-38 tn cng phi chtng cho chic phi cNht ch c Yamamoto

Quyt-nh h st Yamamoto c gi v Ta Bch-c lc 11 gi tra ngy 17-4-1942. Tng thngRoosevelt vB trng Knoxbn bc v cn nhc.ang ti bn n, v Tng T Lnh ca qun i M ra

quyt-nh:

-Ra lnh bn h my bay Yamamoto!.

Quyt nh c gi n cho -c Nimitz.


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Cc phi cP 38 tn cng on cng voi chYamamoto.

Theo d nh ca Yamamoto, ti o Rabaul, ni ng s ch ta mt cuc hp qun s tho cc khoch tip tc cuc chin u vi hi qun M. Cuc hp ny rt quan trng, bi v sau khi tht trnMidway, 4 mu hm b M nh chm l tn tht v vt cht to ln nhng tn tht tinh thn cng khngkm v hi qun Nht ni ring cng ton th qun i Nht ni chung tiu tan mng chin thng, khngcn huyn thoi l on qun bt kh chin bi na. Sau hi chin Midway, qun i Nht phi rt luikhi Guadacanal, Yamamoto d on M c th gi m cc cuc tn cng mi, v s chim dntng o mt y lui qun Nht. T y, qun Nht phi ng u vi qun M, bt c t pha no.ng bit rng cc s quan cao cp Nht ch trch, li cho nhau trong cc tht bi va qua ca Nht,Yamamoto rt lo ngi trc thi ny ca h, v vy ng quyt nh phi ch thn i thm cc cn c

v binh s Nht, thm ving cc tin n hi qun xa nht gy li nim tin v tinh thn chin u chonhng binh s cha ht bng hong v nhng tht trn quan trng va qua v cng xoa du cc squan Nht i chi nhau mc d ng bit chuyn i ca ng rt nguy him. Yamamoto cng mun gptng Hyakutake, v ch huy Qun on 17 ca Nht trong trn Guadacanal thuc qun o Solomon.Theo k-hoch, ngy 18-4-1943, Yamamoto s n Ballale v Buin thuc qun-o Bougainville NamThiBnh Dng (gn Papua New Guinea) th-st qun i Nht ang n tr ti y. Trong onYamamoto i th-st, c 2 chic Mitsubishi G4M (ngi M gi l Betty) ch cc s quan cao cp Nht,c h tng bi 6 phi-c chin-u Mitsubishi A6M3 Zero Model22 (ngi M gi l Zero) loi chin uc s mt thi . -c Nimitz phi 18 chic P-38 ct cnh t cn-c Henderson, Guadalcanal phc-kch (ambush) Yamamoto trn khng-trung vi nghim lnh:

-Bng mi gi, phi trit h phi c ch Yamamoto (destroy Yamamoto's aircraft at all costs).

Trong cuc hp phn chia trch nhim ti Guadalcanal do -c Mitscher ch tr, Thiu T John Mitchellthuc Phi-i 339 ca Phi-on 13 thuc Lc-qun M c ch nh m-trch cng-tc ny. JohnMitchell chn nhng phi cng ti gii nht trong Phi i m ng tng bit c kh nng ca h v tt ccc phi cng rt hnh din khi c tham gia vo mt cng tc quan trng nh vy. Mitchell c traomt bc in tn:


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"Hoa Thnh n. Ti Mt.

Btrng BHi qun gi s quan chhuy ti phi trng Henderson.

c Yamamoto cng vi c tham mu v 7 tng Nht khc ri Truk sng nay thanhtra cn cBougainville. Yamamoto v phi on di chuyn trong 2 chic Betty v c 6 chic Zero h

tng. C th c thm phi ch tng theo nghi l danh d tKahili. Yamamoto ti Rabaul vo lc16:00 v nghm ti . Sng sm sri i Kahili v ti ni khong 9:45. Sau Yamamoto slnchic tim thy nh thanh tra cc n vhi qun ca c Tanaka."

"Sng ngy 18-4, phi i 339 c cc phi cP.38 phi bay ti v tiu dit Yamamoto v on ty tngbng mi gi. Cc thng xng trbstPort Morseby ti ni vo chiu ngy 17-4. Tin tnh bo chobit Yamamoto rt ng gi. Tng thng coi cuc hnh qun ny cc k quan trng. Thng bo ktqungay tc khc vHoa Thnh n.

Frank Knox,

Btrng BHi qun.

Ti liu ti mt ny khng c sao chp li v cng khng c lu gi; m phi tiu hy ngay saukhi hon thnh nhim v".

2. Trn khng chin ngn ngi.

P-38 l loi phi-c c 2 ng c, thn i, trang-b 4 sng i lin 50 v 1 i bc 20 ly, bay xa, baynhanh v tch hp cho khng chin, phc kch, c chn cho cng tc ny . Theo d tr, ton chin u

c ca Thiu T John Mitchell phn chia thnh 2 nhm: nhm 4 phi-c gi l phn i st th (killersection) gm c i-y Thomas G. Lanphier Jr. l trng ton, i-y Rex T. Barber, i-y Besby F.Holmes v i-y Raymond K. Hine c nhim-v trit-h phi-c ch Yamamoto; nhm 14 chic cn li doThiu T John Mitchell ch huy, bay cao 6.000 mt d ch, vi nhim v h -tng, bo-v cho 4chic sn mi ca i y Lanphier. Phi i phi gi im -lng v-tuyn tuyt i, hn ch n mc ti atrong vic lin lc vinhau khi l b mt. Cc phi cng trong ton cng tc ny rt can-m v h bitrng h ch c 18 chic my bay, c th h b hn 80 my bay Nht ang u ti phi trng Bougainvilletn cng bo-v cho Yamamoto nu cn. 18 chic phi i mt vi 80 chic, mt hnh ng khngphi dng cm l g?

n sng sm hm 18-4-1943 th vic gn thm cc thng xng ph vo 18 chic P.38 hon ttv ccmy bay ny khng xng bay v v qu xa nn phi c bnh xng ph. ng 7 gi 20, chic P.38 utin ct cnh. C 2 chic b trc trc k thut phi b li nn ch c 16 phi c P.38 bay v hng oBougainville. Cng vo sng hm , ng 6 gi, Yamamoto khi hnh tip cuc thanh tra t o Rabaultrn chic oanh tc c Mitsubishi G4M Betty sn sc mu xanh l cy ngy trang, c Thiu t Ishizakil th k ring ca Yamamoto, c Qun y Takata v vin s quan tham mu Tobana cng i. Trnchic Mitsubishi G4M Betty th hai c Tham Mu trng ca Yamamoto l c Matome Ugaki, c Kitamurav s quan vin thng l thiu t Muroi. c Yamamoto v c Matome Ukagi ungi vo ch ca phi cng chnh, cn phi cng ph m trch vic li my bay. Hai phi c ch cc c


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bay st nhau, cn 6 chic Zero th 2 chic bay hai bn tri, 2 chic bay bn phi v 2 chic cn li bay bntrn v li li pha sau, c nhim v h tng. Lc 9 gi 30 sng, khi bay gn n o Bougainville th ttc on bay thp xung, vo khong 2.000 b. Lc ny cng l lc on phi c ca Thiu T JohnMitchell vabay ti ni, thi gian ng y nh tnh ton chi ly ca ngi M.

Khi va thy ton my bay ca Thiu T John Mitchell trn cao, ton 6 phi -c Zero ca Nht vi lao n tn cng, trng vo k d ch ca phi-cng M, khng cn chic no li bo v 2 chic ch cc

nhn vt quan trng nht cn bo v, qun i nhim v chnh ca h. n lc , 4 phi -c trong ton cai-y Thomas Lanphier Jr. vi tng tc-: ang bay di thp bn vt ln cao, phng nhanh nhnhng con diu hu lao i bt mi, bt ng n nh 2 phi-c ch cc v c Nht. Thy phi c Mxut hin, hai chic phi c ny vi lao nhanh xung st rng gi tm s an ton, bay quanh co nh trnh n v h thp hn xung gn st u cc ngn da, cch mt t khong 200 b. i-y Rex T.Barber thy 2 chic Betty sc xanh l cy ang h thp xung rng gi, ng lao xung ui theo. Khichic my bay ch Yamamoto bay di tm ca chic P.38, ngang hng sng ca mnh, Rex T. Barber vikhai ha ngay, la lin bng ln sau lot n,khi en bc ln khi cnh phi c trng n v bc chy.Chic phi c ch Yamamoto mt tc v bay chp chong, Barber bay tr ti v nh thm mt lot nna, chic phi c ch Yamamoto rung ln, ng phi mt cnh cy v gy gc, chi xung t, ri chm

ln mt ln na trc khi n tung ti khu rng gn Kahili Bougainville thuc qun o Salomon ngay tt tn-cng u tin ca qun M. c Yamamoto b n bn trng u v vai, cht ngay khi trngn, xc ng b chy en, vng ra ngoi khi chicphi c n tung sau khi ri xung t.

c Ukagi ngi trn chic phi c th hai, chng kin t giy pht u n giy cui cng ca danhtng Yamamoto, v vit li trong nht k nh sau:

-"Bng nhin khng thy bo ng m my phi c gm ln ri phi c lao xung rng gi, cao khong200 b. Khng ai hiu chuyn g xy ra c. Ri phi c ca ti bay l ngay bn trn cnh rng gi vchng ti trng thy cc chin u c h tng bay vt ln ngn chn cc phi c tn cng ca ch, mang

du hiu Lockheed Lightnings. Phi c ch ng hn gp ba ln phi c Nht v ph v c vng phngth ca cc phi c Zero v tin li pha phi c ch chng ti. Hai phi c ca chng ti vi quay hng baykhong 90 trnh phi c ch, mt chic r sang hng phi v mt chic quay sang tri".

"Vi pht sau ti khng nhn thy phi c ch c Yamamoto na, nhng cui cng ti xc nh c vtr ca n cch xa v bn tay phi. Ti kinh hong trng thy phi c bay rt chm ngay trn ngn cyv nhng ngn la mu cam mau l trn ra bao trm hai cnh v thn my bay. Ri phi c tun ra nhngln khi en dy c, v h thp xung mi, ch cch chng ti khong bn dm. Khi phi c ca ti vtbay ln, ti c dp quan st ton th khu rng. Chic Betty ch Yamamoto hon ton mt dng trong khikhi en dy c tun ln t cnh rng gi. Tt c ch xy ra trong khong chng hai mi giy v ti

bit rng th l ht ri!"

Sau , c Ukagi khng cn dp quan st na. i y Thomas Lanphier Jr. phng ti tn cng phi cch ng ta. Phi cng ch c Ukagi vi i hng bay nhng i y Lanphier khai ha v mt phnui ca chic Betty ch Ukagi b v tung, chic Betty ri xung bin. Hai c Matome Ukagi vKitamura v cc s quan khc trn chic Betty th hai u b thng nng nhng c cc tu tun caNht phng li cu cp v em c ra ngoi chic phi c Betty b ph hy. Ngoi ra, cn c thm 3 chicZero ca Nht na b bn h.


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Trn khng chin xy ra ch trong 2 pht 47 giy ngn -ngi, ton qun Nht b qun M tiu dit mtcch chng vnh, trong c v T lnh cao nht ca Hi qun Nht ti khu vc Thi Bnh Dng. Hiqun Nht ti Bougainville vn nui hy vng Yamamoto thot cht. i T Yasuji Watanabe ly mt phi cbay ln qua li ni my bay ch Yamamoto b ri, vit hng ch "Hy vy khn mt nu vn cn sng"vo mnh giy v qun quanh nhng tri banh tennis v nm xung t nhng chng c ai vy khn trli c. Tuy nhin, xc ca Yamamoto c tm thy mt cch tnh c: Mt ton qun Nht do Trung yHamasuna ch huy i tun phng thng l, c th dn cho bit h thy s vic v dn ng vo ni

my bay b nn. Hanasuna thy xc ca Yamamoto vng ra ngoi xc my bay, b chy en. Mi xc chtu b chy en, tr xc ca c Takata cn nhn din c. Cc thi hi c ch v cn c Nht Bougainville, sau c ha thiu. i t Yasuji Watanabe em hp ct tro ca Yamamoto v Truk, sau cng chnh Wantanabe mang v ng Kinh trn mt tu chin.

3. Tang l Yamamoto.

Sau khi xc ca c Yamamoto em v cn c Truk, nt au n hin hn ln mt tng nhm s quanNht, h ng nghim trn nhng chin hm, a tay cho hiu k ca c Yamamoto khi l soi kc t t h xung trn soi hm Musashi ang u trong vnh. Lc , pha M cng cha dm chc l

Yamamoto b git cht v nghi c th ng ta ch b thng. Ba hm sau, nhn c tin tro ct caYamamoto c chic V-Tng ch v Nht, khi pha M mi chc rng Yamamoto b h v h vuivi chin cng ny, loi tr c mt i th ng gm.

Khi tro ct ca Yamamoto c a v ti ng Kinh v sau khi thng nht kin, ci cht caYamamoto c loan bo. Vo mt m, i Pht thanh Tokyo, bng mt ging trm bun, xng ngnvin tuyn-b trn ln sng pht-thanh:

- c Yamamoto khi ang lm nhim vchhuy chin lc mt trn th gp my bay ch v anh dng hy-sinh mt cch v-vang.

Ti Nht, ct tro ca Yamamoto c tch ra lm hai phn c t chc hai tang l. Trong lchs,ngoi c Horatio Lord Nelson ca Anh quc t trn ngy 21-10-1805 ti trnCape Trafalgar thucTy Ban Nha trc , n tang l Yamamotyo, cha bao gi c quang cnh c mt nc no tangmt ngi nh vy. Hu nh ton th dn chng th ng Kinh ra ng tham d tang l caYamamoto ti Cng Vin Hibiya, tr Nht Hong khng tham d v thn phn Ngi c t cao hn ssng cht ca ngi i, khng tham d tang l ca bt c ai. Tt c mi nhn vt quan trng trongchnh ph cng dn chng au bun d tang l v ri lng l i n ngha trang Tamabuchi, trong s c nng ca k Kikuji khc m thm i theo dng ngi , ni , tro ct ca Yamamoto c t bncnh ngi m ca cTg Heihachir chn trc . Yamamoto l ngi th 12 c lm l quc

tng trong sut lch s ca nc Nht, l v c th nh sau cTg Heihachir,anh hng trongtrn chin Mn Chu & eo bin i M, ngi chn vi hm i Nga trong trn chin nm 1905. Cnti qu hng ng, ngi ta cng t chc tang l rt long trng vi mt phn tro ct ca ng, ging nhnhiu ni khc trn nc Nht: mi ngi ngm ngi tic thng trc ci cht ca ng, cu nguyn cholinh hn ng c an ngh ni ci vnh hng theoquan nim l gio ca con chu Thi Dng thn n.

Ngi bn h Yamamoto l i-y Rex T. Barber, c dn Terrebonne, Oregon, thuc Phi-i chin-u339. Sau khi khng ngng bn vo chic phi-c ch Yamamoto cho n khi n ri hn xung t, i yRex T. Barber quay tr li ph vi ng i h cc phi -c Nht cn li trong on ca Nht trong khi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgarhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D_Heihachir%C5%8Dhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D_Heihachir%C5%8Dhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D_Heihachir%C5%8Dhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D_Heihachir%C5%8Dhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D_Heihachir%C5%8Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar


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ng cn phi chng li cc phi-c Zero h-tng ca Nht tn cng. Tr v cn c, ngi ta thy phi-cng b 104 vt n t phi-c Nht bn ra. Sau khi v hu t Khng qun M nm 1961 vi cp bc iT, ng l mt chc sc trong nh th, ri c-c chc Th trng ca thnh ph qu nh, Culver,Oregon. ng mt ngy 26-7-2001, th 84 tui ti Terrebonne, tiu-bang Oregon.

i T Rex T. Barber (hnh chp nm 1959), ngi bn h c Yamamoto ca Nht vo nm 1942, khi Barber cn l i y.

Mi n ngy 13-6-1975, ng Kenji Yanagiya, phi-cng Nht cui cng, ngi sng st trong trn phckch Yamamoto hm k li s vic ng chng kin trong mt cun bng. ng k rng cc chic P-38t pha sau bn phi cc chic Betty's bay ti v bn ri chic phi-c ch Yamamoto. Ti liu ny hinang c lu gi trong Bo tng vin -c Nimitz ti Fredericksburg, Texas.

-c Mineichi Koga, ngi k nhim trong chc v ca ng Yamamoto pht biu:

-Ch c mt Yamamoto v khng c ai c th thay th ng ta.

Sau trn Midway, qun i M ly li tinh thn chin u, chun b cc trn nh mi gii ta p -lcca Nht v dn dn chim li cc vng t ri vo tay qun Nht trc . Trong nhng thi gian sautrn Midway, qun i Nht dn i vo t tht bi ny n thm bi n ri cui cng phi u hng viu kin sau khi hai qu bom nguyn-t M th xung Qung o (Hirosima) v Trng K (Nagasaki).

VII. Hng Khng mu hm USS Midway CVB-41.

k-nim chin-thng mang tnh lch-s ny, B Quc-phng v B Hi Qun M t tn cho mtchic HKMH mang tn USS Midway CVB-41 cng nh ly tn -c Nimitz t cho chic HKMH khc lchic USS Nimitz CVN 68. c ng ti Cng-ty ng tu Newport News Shipbuilding Newport News,Virginia, khi cng ngy 27-10-1943, h thy ngy 20-3-1945, b Bradford William Ripley, Jr. l m -u.USS Midway CVB-41 ra khi nhn nhim-v vo ngy 10-9-1945, hu c Norfolk, thucVirginia.


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CVit Nam Cng Ha c treo trn ct k i chin hm ngang vi cMtrong ngy LTng Nim 35 nm ngy chin hm ny n ngi Vit di tn,

vo nm 2010, ti San Diego, California.

Sau khi vo vng bin Caribbean, USS Midway CVB-41 tham d chng trnh hun luyn cngHm i

i-Ty-Dng. n thng 9-1947, USS Midway phng th-nghim ha-tin German V-2, l ln phng th-nghim ha tin u tin trn dn phng di-ng. n ngy 29-10-1947, USS Midway CVB-41 gia-nhpvo Hm i 6, hot-ng vng a-Trung-hi. Ngy 6-2-1955, USS Midway CVB-41 gia-nhp Hm i 7hot-ng vng Ty Thi Bnh Dng n ngy 28-6-1955. Vo ngy 8-12-1958, USS Midway ln u tinphng ha-tin khng-i-khng Sparrow 3. HKMH Midway tr li Vin ng vo ngy 6-3-1965, xutpht cc phi vym tr min Nam Vit Nam nh qun Bc Vit xm lng, ym tr qun-i M angtham chin ti chin trng min Nam.


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Vo ngy 17-6-1965, khi h tng cc phng pho c tn cng Yn-Ph, Bc Vit, Trung-T Louis C. Pagev i-yJack E. D. Batson, bay chic F-4B Phantom VF-21 ct cnh t HKMH Midway n nh 4 chicMig-17 ca Bc Vit, mi ngi bn h mt chic Mig ca Vit Cng, chin thng u tin trn vm triBc Vit ca qun lc M. Tr v Alameda trong vng Vnh San Francisco ngy 23-11-1965 tn trang,USS Midway tr li chin-trng Vit Nam vo 18-5-1971. Cc phi-c trn HKMH Midway, cng vi phi-ctrn cc HKMH USS Coral Sea (CV-43), USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63), USS Constellation (CV-64) oanh-tcBc Vit t Thanh-Ha, ng Hi, Vinh n Hn Gai, Qung Kh, Cm-Ph, Hi Phng mi n cui maH 1972. Ngy 5-10-1973. HKMH Midway sang ng ti Cn c Yokosuka, Nht. Ngy 19-4-1975, HKMHMidway, cng vi cc chin hm USS Coral Sea, USS Hancock, USS Enterprise, USS Okinawa trc ch gnb Vit Nam trong cuc trit thoi khi min Trung ca QL.VNCH ym tr theo thng lnh, khi cn.Trong ngy min Nam Vit Nam ri vo tay CSBV30-4-1975, mt s phi c ca Khng qun VNCH pxung HKMH Midway di tn tm t-do m ni bt nht l Thiu T L Bng, vi mt chic L19 m chn 8 ngi, p xung HKMH Midway an ton, trc s knh phcca bao ngi, nht l cc qunnhn M hin din lc , v sau ny mi khi nghe k li.


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LTng nim tchc vo ngy 30-4-2010 trn boong chic USS Midway CVB-41.

Lin quan cuc chin vng Vnh ln th nht, vo ngy 2-8-1990, Iraq xm lng nc lng ging Kuwait,qun M chuyn n Saudi Arabia, bt u cho cuc Hnh qun mang tn Desert Shield bo v ccnc trc s xm lng ca Iraq, USS Midway CVB-41 c lnh trc ch vng Vnh. Ngy 15-11-1990,USS Midway CVB-41 tham d cuc hnh qun Sm st Khn cp (Operation Imminent Thunder) v 8ngy sau , chin hm ny tham d cuc tp trn quy m vi 1.000 TQLC M, 16 chin hm vi hn1.100 chin u c. Trong khi , LHQ ra lnh hn k cho Iraq rt qun khi Kuwait l ngy 15-01-1991.

Lc 9PM ET (gi min ng Hoa K) ngy 16-1-1991, sau khi o hn m Lin Hip quc a ra nhngIraq khng thi hnh, trnchic USS Midway, Tng-thng George H.W. Bush (cha) c din vn cng qucdn M thng bo cuc chin gii-phng Kuwait khi ch xm lng ca Iraq bt u. Din vn ca TTYBush va dt, Hi qun M phng 228 ha tin t USS Midway v USS Ranger CV -61 vo trn a, khaidin cuc chin tranh Vng Vnh I vi chin dch mang tn Bo t sa-mc (Desert Storm). Sau , hn


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100 ha tin Tomahawk c phng i, tn cng ch qun tiu dit cc mc tiu v ym tr cho cucchin n lc 9PM ET ngy 27-2-1991, Tng-Thng Bush tuyn-b Kuwait c t-do, cuc chinchm dt vi chin thng thuc vLin-qun vo na m hm .

Cuc chin va chm dt, USS Midway CVB-41 ri Vnh Persian vo ngy 11-3-1991 tr li Yokosuka. Vothng 8-1991, USS Midway CVB-41 khi hnh t Yokosuka tr li Trn Chu Cng. Ti y, USS MidwayCVB-41 trao li nhim v cho chic USS Independence v tr v North Island Naval Air Station SanDiego vo ngy 11-4-1992, trong bui l vinh danh vi din gi chnh (main speaker) l ng B TrngQuc Phng Dick Cheney. Tr v Hoa K, USS Midway CVB -41 u tin, c neo ti Navy Inactive ShipMaintenance Facility, Bremerton, tiu-bang Washington. n ngy 30-10-2003 bt u cuc hnh trnht Washington v San Diego, California dng nh mt bo -tng lch-s. Trn ng v, USS Midway

CVB-41 gh u (was docked) ti Charles P. Howard Terminal thuc Oakland, California sa cha. Vongy 10-01-2004, chin hm ny neo ti Bn (Pier) Broadway, gn downtown San Diego v m ca ncngchng vo xem vo ngy 6-6-2004. Trong nm u tin, USS Midway CVB-41 cho n 879,281quan khchn ving, mt con s k lc.


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Nm 2010, nhdu 35 nm ngy min Nam Vit Nam ri vo tay Cng sn, cng l ngy 3.073 ngiVit Nam c di tn t Si Gn ra hng khng mu hm Midway n nh c ti Hoa K, mt bui llong trng c t chc ng ngy 30-4-2010 trn chic USS Midway CVB-41 nay l 1 Bo tng Vin angneo ti bn cng San Diego do Vin Bo tng ny t chc. Thnh phn tham d ngoi nhng ngi trongs 3.073 ngi Vit i tn qua M bng chnh chin hm ny cn c nhng cu chin binh tng phc vtrn chin hm ny, nhng quan chc thnh ph San Diego, nhng ngi Vit Nam t nn Cng sn khp

ni v d, cc quan khch thuc nhiu sc dn khc.

L khai mc bt u vo lc 12 gi travi nghi thc cho quc k Vit Nam Cng Ha v Hoa K, hai biquc thiu c trnh tu do ban nhc din hnh ca hai trng trung hc Bolsa Grande v La Quinta qun Cam. Ln u tin l c Vit Nam Cng Ha c ko ln song song vi l quc k Hoa K pht phitrn ngn cao cht vt ca chic HKMH.

Gim c vin bo tng Midway by t lng hn hoan c n tip cc cu chin binh phc v trnchin hm Midway 35 nm trc cng mt s ngi Vit c mt trong on ngi di tn vo hm y. Giilnh o chnh quyn thnh ph San Diego ca ngi tinh thn tm t do ca ngi Vit Nam t nm 1975cho n nhiu nm sau ny. Gim st vin San Diego tuyn b Hi ng thnh ph chp thun ngy 30 -4l Ngy T do ca San Diego.

Cng tham d cn c cu Hm trng HKMH Midway, c hi hu Larry Chambers. ng ni:

-i din vi 4.000 ngi Vit ni y cn gay go hn l ch huy hng ngn qun nhn tr tui ca chinhm Midway 35 nm v trc.

ng t ra xc ng khi nhc li ngy 30-4-1975, qua bi din vn c MC Thy Trinh lc dch. Bi nichuyn c hoan nghnh nhiu nht l ca cu thiu t khng qun L Bng, ngi li mt chic mybay quan st (L-19) c l s, ch v v 5 con t Cn Sn bay i ra bin ng tm ng lnh nn. V phicng ca KQ/VNCH ny nh li:

-Lc ct cnh c chng na gi th thy nhiu trc thng bay t t lin ra cng mt hng. ng bayti hng th thy HKMH Midway. My bay ca ng khng c my lin lc, ng chp n cnh xin pnhng tu chp n t chi. ng ln st boong tu nm giy buc vo dao, vo cy st ba ln u b


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vng xung bin, ln th t buc ip vn vo sng ngn nm xung, cho bit c by mng ngi trnphi c, may qu thy th nht c v hai pht sau h dn dp boong tu v chp n xanh cho p.ng p xung thnh cng. ng s mt lun bng li my bay sau khi mt nc th li c gn bngphi cng Hi qun M, dnh cho nhng phi cng li my bay ca hng khng mu hm.

Hng Khng Mu Hm USS Midway CVB-41 nay l Bo tng vin ang neo ti San Diego, California.

Trong ting ht ca banhp xng Ngn Khi, bc s L Th Dng, mt ngi di tn ra tu Midway ngy30-4-1975, khi c hi v ngha bui l trn tu ny, ng Dng ni:

-Ti l Bc s L Th Dng, Ch tch Hip hi Ngi Vit San Diego. Bui l hm nay rt c ngha v nhanh thy y, ng bo chng ta sau 35 nm vn tp np n tham d bui l v quan trng hn na

l h n cm l c Vit Nam, c vng ba sc . Nh vy thi ca h i vi Cng sn nc nh rtr rt. Chng ti mun mang thng ip v cho ng bo nc nh l h phi tin rng 35 nm sau, ngiVit t do nc ngoi vn cn nh n ng bo. Ln ti chng ti hy vng s t chc ngy tng nimti nc nh.


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Trong mt bui l m chnh nhng ngi M t chc tng nim ngy 30/4 ny cho thy h cm thngc ni nim tha thit vi t do ca ngi Vit. H phi b tt c mi th ra i trnh thm haca Cng Sn mc d cha bit tng lai sra sao. Nh vy, vic h b cng vo vic t chc qu l viclm xng ng vy. Bui l c xem l long trng v thnh cng nh mi ngi mong i, nh du 35nm ngi Vit n Hoa K ng o v cng ghi du ngy ton ci t nc ri vo thm h Cng sn.

Sau 47 nm phc-v t-quc, hn 200.000 chin-s phc v trn tu, tham d nhiu chin dch hnh qun

quan trng, USS Midway nhn c cc huy-chngcao qu sau y: Presidential Unit Citation, Navy UnitCommendation, U.S. Navy & Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal; Navy Occupation Service Medal; China

Service Expeditionary Medal and Vietnam Service Medal cng rt nhiu huy chng khc cho chin hmngoi cc huy chng tng thng cho cc qun nhn phc v trn tu c trao tng t chnh ph M,t Hi Qun Hoa K hay cc chnh ph khc m USS Midway CVB -41 c dp phc v em li li ch chot nc h, trong c Vit Nam Cng ha v nht l nhng ngi dn c USS Midway CVB -41 mangh n t nn khi min Nam Vit Nam mt vo tay Vit Cng.

Tn ca HKMH USS Midway CVB-41 c di khi danh schnhngchin hm hin tham chin ca Hi-qun M vo ngy 17-3-1997.

VIII. Li kt.

Trn Midway ltrn hi chinhng khng mu hm ln th nh trong th chin th hai nhng l trnchin "then cht" c tnh "quytnhchin trng" chu, cng l quytnh th chin th hai vn lm thayicn cn qun s gia hai bn tham chin. Trn Midway - "giang" nh ci tn can,mt s trng hp tnh c th v - n nh hai "con ng" - cho hai pha: mt conngbtuin "chinthng" chung cuc vng kia, con ng "chin bi". Cco san h Midwayv tri my non nc ni y chng kin v tina linh hnca cc quan qun Nht tham chin trn


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nyi volngi dng bao la cng vi nhng ting hn phn ut ca h v hy sinh mng sng phc v cho t quc v cho Nht Hong nhng khngc nh c nguyn. Tuy nhin, cly l mtkt cuc "hn" cho h bivi tinh thn "v so", hc cht ni chin trngkhi phi thy cingy phion quan chc Nht hin din trn chic thit gip hm Missourica "k th" Mu trongvnh Tokyo k vn kinu hng viu kinng minh, chm dt th chin th hai. Nu cn sng,c l niau cn "th thm" vi h hn vy.

L Chnh ThimCalifornia 2004, (c thm v sa i).

Ghi ch:

(1) Sau khi tn-cng TCC, c Yamamoto ni mt cch lo-lng:Ti e rng nhng g chng ta lm nh thc g khng l ang ng v lm cho hn c nhng quyt nh khng khip (I fear all wehave done is to awaken a sleeping giant and fill him with a terrible resolved).

(2) Cp Tng ca M c mang 5 sao trong thi chin (wartime) cc chc v cao ch-huy (cc

tng 4 sao khc). Trong Lc v Khng qun gi l General of the Army/ Air Force (Thng Tng), trongHi qun gi l Fleet Admiral (Thy S c). Khi chin cuc chm dt, h tr v mang li 4sao.

(3) USS Hornet: Chic HKMH mang tn Hornet ni trong bi ny l chic USS Hornet 2. Chic USS Hornet1 (1805-1829) l chic CV-8, c v trang thng 10-1805 ti Baltimore, Maryland. Trong trn chin Santa Cruz, khi ri Tampico, Mexico vo ngy 29-9-1829, chic Hornet b gy ct bum chnh trong mttrn bo v b chm, mang theo trn vn thy th on. n thng 10-1942, Hi-qun M i tn chicCV-12, trng ti 27.100 tn, di 872 feet, vn-tc 33 hi-l/gi thnh tn USS Hornet. USS Hornet doNewport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., Newport News, Virginia ng. M u l B B trngHi qun Frank M. Knox.

(4) Mt m s c tn l Japanese Navy-25 Code(JN-25). y l kiu mt-m m Nht cho l kn-o nht(most secret), JN-25 c khong 33.000 cu, ch v s, c chia thnh nhm 5 s, c sn trong codebook (bn mt m). V d:97850 = SUBMARINE

38659 = TOMORROW

45261 = AUSTRALIA

29640 = RECONNAISSANCE

24713 = URGENT

ghp li thnh cu: URGENT SUBMARINE RECONNAISSANCE AUSTRALIATOMORROW vit thnh code

nh sau: 24713 97850 29640 45261 38659. Cc ch no khng c trong code book, dng s cho cc mut Nht. Cn-c vo sch m-hiu (cipher book), ngi ta tra cu theo trang, ct, dng... ri thay itheo code vit thnh nhm5 s, ghp li thnh vn bn.

(5) Khi cha c my chy bng ng c Diesel (du cn), ngi ta dng my chy bng hi nc. Ngita ch to mt ni kn, tht ln, nu nc si ln trong ni, nc si to nn mt p -sut to ra cngnng, qua mt then chuyn lm chuyn-ng my, gi l "ni sp de".


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(6) Sau khi 4 chic HKMH ca Nht b nh chmth chic Yorktown tuy b bn ph nhng vn cha bchm, cn c th c cu. HKMH Xch-Thnh(Hiryu) ca Nhtby gi l HKMH sng st sau cng trckhi b bn chm ra lnh cc my bay nm bom b nho tn cng v gy thit hi nng cho Yorktown.Tuy vy,n c sa cha li rt nhanh, mau n ni t tn cng th nh cacc my bay nm ng litng n cn nguyn vn. Cc ch huy ca Nht hy vng dittr ccHKMH Mbng hai t tn cngnhngHKMH Yorktown chu ng c c hai t tn cng, khng b chm vLc lng c nhim 16trn n thot c m khng b tn tht. c Fletcher phi mt i tuncu, d trko Yorktown

v Trn Chu Cng. Bt hnh thay, chic tu ngmI-168 ca Nht lilt qua c vnh ai bo v gm 4khu trc hm nh m chic Yorktown trong lc ang c cu. Lot ng li cn nh chm chicHammann vo chiu ngy 7-6, mt h tnghm c lnh li tr gip cho Yorktown. Khi cc thmthnh c thy c chic Hiryu, 2 HKMH M l Enterprise v Hornet c lnh n tin a chicHKMH Hiryu vo lng i dng bng bom n v ng li theo cho kp 3anh em n:Akagi, Kaga vSoryu, cho chn i, cp, cng vi 12 tun-dng hm, 253 my bay cng 3.500 s-quan v binh-sNht ng lot chu Dim nhng khng kp h Thin-Hong vn tu! (Tenno Heika Banzai).

(7) L tng hnh dinh ca Yamamoto.

Ti liu tham kho:

- US Navy.

- WW II.

- Imperial Japanese Navy.

- Office of Naval Research.

- Navy Newsstand.

- History of US Navy.

- Ti liu tng hp.

(a) Imperial Japanese Navy.Japanese Navy= ting Nht: Nihon Kaigun.Imperial Navy=ting Nht: Teikoku Kaigun.

(b)Tenno Heika Banzai(Thin Hong vn tu)

* * *

Ph lc:

Rex T. Barber, Pilot Who Downed Yamamoto, Dies at 84By RICHARD GOLDSTEIN

Published: August 01, 2001

Rex T. Barber, a World War II fighter pilot who was a central figure in the storied 1943 mission thatresulted in the death of Adm. Isoroku Yamamoto, the architect of the Japanese attack on PearlHarbor, died on Thursday at his home in Terrebonne, Ore. He was 84.


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The shooting down of the bomber carrying Yamamoto, the commander of the Japanese fleet, was atriumph of military intelligence and flying skills. It also generated a longstanding controversy. At issue

was which pilot downed Yamamoto.

American intelligence, having broken Japanese naval code, read a message stating that Yamamotowould leave Rabaul, New Britain, on the morning of April 18, 1943, for an inspection of troopsstationed off Bougainville in the Solomon Islands..

Sixteen Army Air Forces fighter planes were dispatched from Guadalcanal on a flight of more than400 miles to Bougainville with hopes of downing Yamamoto's bomber as it prepared to land. Killingthe admiral would not merely avenge the surprise Pearl Harbor attack of Dec. 7, 1941, but would alsodeprive Japan of its foremost naval strategist and a national hero.

The P-38 Lightning fighters flew for some two and a half hours, skimming the waves to avoid coastalspotters and enemy radar. The pilots arrived over Bougainville soon after 9:30 a.m. and, just asexpected, spotted Japanese planes aloft. But they were surprised to see not one, but two Mitsubishi

bombers, or Bettys. The bombers were accompanied by six Zero fighter planes.

Capt. Thomas G. Lanphier Jr. led three other pilots -- Mr. Barber, then a lieutenant; Lt. Besby F.Holmes and Lt. Raymond K. Hine -- in pursuit of the bombers, while the other 12 American fightersconcentrated on the Zeros.

The lead bomber, carrying Yamamoto, was shot down and crashed into a jungle, killing everyoneaboard. The other bomber, carrying Yamamoto's chief of staff, Vice Adm. Matome Ugaki, was sentinto the sea, but Ugaki scrambled out and made it to shore.

Mr. Barber's plane was riddled with more than 100 bullet holes, but the lieutenant made it back to

Guadalcanal. The only American pilot lost was Lieutenant Hine, whose plane disappeared during thebattle.

Recounting his role long afterward, Mr. Barber remembered how ''we saw the Zeros coming down.''''Tom took a 90-degree turn and went up after them,'' he said, referring to Captain Lanphier. ''I

banked slightly and lost sight of the Bettys. When I came out of it, I was right behind the lead Betty.''

Mr. Barber continued, ''I started shooting across the tail into the right engine. Pieces of the cowlingflew up and hit me. The Betty slowed up so much I almost hit it. After I had passed it, I looked behindme and saw some black smoke. I thought it might be the Betty I shot.''

The Japanese announced Yamamoto's death in May 1943 and gave him a state funeral. The Americanauthorities did not tell of the raid until the war ended, to avoid tipping off the Japanese that their codehad been broken.

In September 1945, the War Department gave Mr. Lanphier, by then a lieutenant colonel, sole creditfor shooting down Yamamoto, based on his account that he hit the lead bomber with a burst of firethat sheared off a wing. He wrote of his exploit in first-person newspaper articles and became a hero.


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But in 1973, the Air Force decided that Mr. Barber had not been properly credited in the downing ofYamamoto. It took away sole credit from Mr. Lanphier and gave each man half credit, determiningthat both pilots had shot up the admiral's plane. Neither fighter had a camera on the gunsight,precluding certainty as to who did what.

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