JOURNAL of THE SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

vol. XLIV., NO.?^.] TRANSACTIONS [May 29. 1925.

NEW ZEALAND BROWN COALS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR USE IN

TEMPERATURE DISTILLATION. GAS PRODUCERS AND FOR LOW-

11Y W, 0. R . ~ G I T ~ L I S C , >I.,\. , ILSC., ASU \V. 1'. EVASS, >LA., ~ 1 1 . 1 ) .

This pnper contnins n siiniiiinry of cspcrinicntnl \vorli cnrrictl out in tlic Clicniistry l>cI)iirttIlc1it of Cciiitcrbiiry University Collcgc, Christclirirch, X.Z., iindcr n griint froiti tlic N c w Zcnliiiitl Institiitc.

I'I{OI)UCER RIJSS. . I.-ll'ork willr siiigle prwlirccr.

i1pprdiia.-'l'lic \diolc plnnt, n inotlificiitioii of tlint used by Allcut nt Biriningliniii,* coiisistctl of tlic follo\ving parts coiiiicctctl in rjcricv : Notor- tlrircii blo~vcr ; prcssiirc rcgiilator ; iuniii air iiictcr (wt) ; cnlibrntccl cliffcrentinl giiugc ; nir-pressure gniigc ; ivntcr nporiscr (csteriinl) (tho liist fivc iwrc in diil~licntc for ~vork witli coiiiliiiictl up- niitl clowii- clmuglit). l'roduccr : tiir well ; scriibbcr ; gns- prcssurc gauge ; by-pnss gas nictcr coiiiirctctl with ilow pist continiiois gns sninplcr ; iuniri giis inctcr : ps-lioldcr (biilnnccd). Conncsions for iiistnntnncous gns sniiiplcrs w r c inscrtcd n t four poiiits IJcticccii tilo protluccr nntl tlic gns holder.

In prcvioiis work with tlic plniit (Anncls niid Cilliag, Doiii. N.Z., I3onrcl of Sciciice niitl Art, Bull. 1, 1'31s) clilticulty liiid Lceii cx-wricncctl with tlie wli-pliig iiiiit gns-oiitlct, wliicli blockcd rntlicr ciisily. To ohin to this, niitl , n t the siiiiic tiiiic, iiicrciisc tlic cnpncity of tlic pro(luccr, n iicw bottoiii scction with ciiclosctl ~nrcliniiicnl siirrcr wns tlesigiictl (scc Fig. 1). This iicw bottom worlictl \re11 tlirouglioiit. tlic wvliolc wries of csperimcnts. 'J 'h voliiinc of tlic gns pssed \vas grcatcr t l i i r i i with tlic old bottoiii ii i it l tlic cnpacity of thc prodncer for long riiiis wiis greiitly iiicrcnsctl. Fiirtlicr, tlic ~ ~ l i o l c bottom scctioii could bc rciiiowd ciisily for clcniiiiig or rcac\rnls by incrcly iiiil~oltiug n t '1"Y.

A'oliirc oJ conls ~rsed.-'l'lic four coals clioscii for tlic trials licrcin dcscrilrcd \ccro Avocn, Nossbnnli, 'l'nrntii, niitl Cod Crcck Flnt-all iroiii tlic Soiitli Isliiiitl of tlic Doiiiiiiioii. Of tlicsc conls tlic first two iuny bc clnssctl (is fairly Iiigli-grndc, niicl tlic lnst two ns lo\~-grntlc ligiii t ics.

Avocn is, in gciicrnl, n blnck, Iinrd, niid brittlc conl ; wcnthcrs somc\ \h t rapidly ; viirics greatly in qiiality in diffcrcnt scniiis ; is iiiucli ~ s l o c a t c d by folding iiiitl, i n n l l cnscs, cnrrics n high pcrccntngo of siilpli~ir-

nIossbnnk is nn csccllciit osniiiplo of IL scnii-pitch conl ; blnck, with \vcll-tlovclopcd coiiclioiclnl friicturc ; resists \vcntlicriiig to n roiiinrltnblo clcgrco, coisicloring its high wntcr coiitciit, nnd, nt timcs, slio\~s i~ boauti-

ovcr 5%.

fully biiiidctl striicturc. Tts sulplinr is lowt t Iirougli- oiit tlic workiiigs---uadcr 0.4, soiiictiiiics uiitlcr O.20/,.

'l'nrntii is n typical lo\v-grndc brown ; 'soiiietimcs

VERTICAL SECTION THROUFY

PRODUCER .. 1 , 1 1 1

slnty, soiiictiiiics cartliy, tinct ngniti, in pliiccs, np- proiicliing n triio syloid. Sulpliiir vnrinblc but nor- innlly Iiigli-ovcr S. / ; .

t Tlio tcriii "lorv" iiiiist lime bc tnkcii ns r~~lerrliig to N.Z. coals, wlilcl~, na a dnw, urc nbiioniinlly Iilgli I n oryiiiilu aiilpliiir.

u

lournwl of rhc Society of Chemical lndurtrp '760 T GILLISO A A ~ E~-,ISS.-G,\SIFICATIOS OF XEW ZJ:,ILAXD BIIOWS COALS. [Jlny 20, 1025.

Con1 Crcck Flnt is, in the t r i m con1 portion, iuuch prcscncc of n. rcninrlrnbly Inrgc quantity of fossil like Tnrntu, though of somewhat lower gmdc, nnd resin whic h i s f n i r l y evenly distributed tliroughout much influcnccd by lnternl comprcssioii rind folcling. the coal. S u l p l i u r rnrhble but noriiinlly low- It is, Jiowcw-er, rciitlcrctl n meclium f u c l by tho untlcr 0.4%.

Experiniot ial. TAnm I.

dVOC.4 COAL (G&SHIIZ\L SAMI*I.€l). Proxltnnlc nnnlycb of mnl ns uuc-d :--\\'ntrr, w o a ; nrh, 0.04 ; vohtlle mnttrr, 43.50; fixed cnrbon, 3342% ; ~ I I I ~ I I I I ~ , 3.17:;. Calorlflc vnI1w:-

10,403 1I.TIi.U. p r Ib. Rc81tlt.9 oj prdrtccr ruti~.

-4. Iklailr o/ !#pica1 rrrtu : I 1)urntlon of rtcndy condllloru 0 hours. \Vntcr ndded, 1.53 lb. prr hour. Tolnl water, 0.84 Ib. prr Ib. dry fuel p r Iiollr. lvcrngc nlr 114. 1195 m. it per hour. Awnf ie gnn prwluceI,'t4&D cu. It. yxr how. Cns:nlr, 1.31.

U . Anrage 01 Iwlre aoinpfde riou undcr w r y i n g mndifioru :-

CO:. 14.0 ; bmvy ll)Ilmrlmns,'O~2; 01, 0.1 ; CO, 0.0; CII,, 4.2 lb. of wet coal.

Duration of elrntly rondlllona G.8 houm Water added. 1111 to 1.00 111. pcr hour. Totiil w t c r , 0.10 to 0.05 l lr lwr hour. C a i ~ i ~ l l l o n of WE:- Ill 13.1 ; S1, 00.7 ; totnl WrnbUtlblQ, 2 4 4 % ~ ' Averuse yleld of gar, G8.3 cu. ft. I or

TAD=: 11. a lOSSDASlc COAL.

lforllhlte nmlysb of cml M uaed :-\Viitrr. Z O O 3 ; ash, 2.00 ; volatile nuttcr, 30.0i ; ILwtl nrlon, 3341 ; sulphur, 0430;. bIorl6c vnlua

Nc8irlta of prdticcr t r i m

10,?24 1I.TIi.U. per Ib.

-1. Dfuilr of fypirnl run :- Duntiou of btcndy~yndltlons. i hours. Wnler ndded. 1111. Total w t c r , 027 Ib. p r h o f dry iiirl p r hour.

Avemgc p a produced, -00'1 CII. It. per hour, GI@ : nlr, 1.W. Av\\'rrngeolruscd,1>:m. ft. per hour.

Ilcnv? Totnl Total virliir ol CIM : Coinpl!loii of gnr. Gdorltlc

.. .. .. .. ..

11ydri- mrbous.

nll 1111 oz 0.2 0.4 1111

2i u.4 0.2 0.11 1111 0.2

CO. 110 1 1 4 11.8 11.8 12.8 12.0

CIf,. 3.4 2.4 2.0 3.0 ",O 1 .d 3.8 70.0

(0111- budlblcs. . . 3% ,. 9Y.0 . . 32.8

, . 20.4 .. 20.0

. . 31.0

FUCI UTh.u. "1;; ~b.pr~io i i ; . mi. It. .. 587 .. 133.0 .. - . . 127.8 .. - .. 127.1 .. - .. 140.5 .. - .. 114.i .. - .. 63.8

Uuratlon of atcnilg contlltloiu, 6 hoiira. \Vnler ildtled, 0.69 lb. lrcr hour. Tolnl w t e r . 0.2; Ib. Iier Ib. dry fuel per IIOII~. ;tvcrngc nlr wed, 181.1 CII. it. per Iruiir. Avenige gns prodiicctl, 256.0 CII. f t . per hour. 611s: nir, 1.41.

.. .. .. .. ..

. I ..

co,. 12.0 11.2 11.2 10.8 12.8 134 13.2

IlcnYy hydro. cllrlalm.

0.2 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 2 0.2

colllJn~llloll of gnr.

0,. co. cir,. 0.2 13.6 1.0 Ill1 136 0.6 1111 13.0 1.2

;?:O 144 10.0 1 5 4 18.4 184 1S.U

Tot111 Totnl Ynluoof gnn ; coin- IIlcou1- l % C l used ; U.TI1.U. 1lcs s,. Lwtllilir. bibtlbles. Ib. pertiour. CII. f l .

G8.B ,. 3L.O .. (180 .. 4.03 .. 1104, h8.8 .. 300 .. 700 .. - .. 1 0 0 4 G8.0 .. :IO.H' .. 60.2 . , - . . 113.4 GPO .. 32.0 .. 060 .. - .. 111.1 650 .. 32.0 .. wu .. - ., 116.2 GWI ,, 3 0 0 .. u0.1 .. - .. 1004 5U.O ,. 30.2 , , 00.6 . , - .. l o w

.. .. ..

.. ..

.. ..

Ncsrtlla OJ protlttccr riiti9.

'nlrr nddcd. 1111 . Tolal wntcr, 040 1)) . per Ib. dry GM : nlr. 1.11.

Coiiipcrlllon of g a s .

y::., 13.2 18.0 1 8 8 1 8 8 1 7 4 0.0

f ~ i c l pcr lioiir.

Total mni-

blUlil,lCa. .. 47.6

.. 31.8 .. 31.8 .. 314 .. 31.2 .. 18.4

,. Zn.2

Avcngc nl i

Total Inmiti- . . IJIU!!)1*. 1 - 4

.. i O . 8 .. 08.9 .. 652 .. m.2 .. 63.8 .. 81.0

viluc of gM : Flicl mcd * 1I.Th.U. pcr Ib. I w r h o h . C I I . It . .. 4 0 3 .. 105.3 .. - .. 110.D .. - .. 130.0 .. - .. 1332 .. .. 131.7 .. - .. 130.5 .. - .. 72.8

1 (h).-ll'ork with tiiw l imlucer~ it1 seriee. In using brown coiils :is produccr fucl elilliciilty is

often cspcricucetl in making n good gns nntl, nt tho snmc tiiiic, obtuilling fairly coniplctc co~i~bustion of tho carbon. Oiic of tlic iruiiri cnuscs of troiiblo np. pews to bc tlic pcculkir 11th prcsciit, whicli, cvcn if i t docs iiot cliiikcr, forms n lion-coiiducthig conthig owr p r t of tlic fucl, rind thus prcrcnts it from nttniiiiiig n uiufonnly high tcmpcmturc.

Tliis troublc iiiiiy be rciiicdictl pnrtially by stirring or slialriig tliu fuel tlirougliout the riiu : but sucli trciitiiicnt oftcti lcnds to furtlicr elificiilty witli dust.

-411 nltcnintivc inetliott tlint siiggcstccl itsolf wns tho i s c of two proclncer6 60 coniicctctl tlirtt gns gciierntcd from fresh coal bi tlic fiirjt would Iinvo to p s s through n hot iiinss of somi-cokcd fucl in tlic sccond. It wns Iiopcd t l i n t uiiy tnrry luat8tcr cnrrictl off from tlic frcsli fuel \vould be dccotuposcetl in tho sccoiict prodiiccr, niid tlint tho totnl qiiiiiitity of in- CoulbustilJlcs \voultl bc lo\\.ercd. To tL grcnt ostout tlicsc rcsults were nctunlly obtninccl iu tho tcsts cnrrictl out.

Two coals wliicli l i d bceii used i ~ i tlic single pro- cliicer wcro clioscii for 1160 in tho twin plniit, titid in cncli ciisc tlio calorific \wluo of tlio giie wtis ruiscd. 0 1 1 tlio otlier Iinnd, owhg no doubt to tlio incrcnsctl resistaiice ofTcrcd by i h u coiuiectiiig pipes of tho

siiiiill plnnt, tlic iictiinl hourly yicltl of gns WIS sliglrtly reclucctl.

-4p~~crdt18.--.-\ cliiigmlttmntic scction of tlic twin- producer is given in Fig. 2, \vhicli also sIio\w the pntlis tnkcii by air iind gas.

Ex~~ri~)ie)rtll.-TIlc two cords cqwriiiic~itetl with lit Icn@li wcrc 3Iossbank nnd 'l'nrutii. Tlicsc wcre chomii i i s reprcscritntirc of tlic bcttcr ant1 poorer clnsws rcq)cctivrly.

I ' Sotr.-lu l'odtloii I. ( ~ i i l ~ c a 8s dionn) tlic lixtli of nir n i id (or) gna id Iir

tluourli \'I: tlon'u tiiroiigli U (fed \rltli ruw fucl); tlirolitdl 5'11; do\ru Uiroiigh A ( w u l i i l i i l i i g suiiil-cokcd fucl) ; out tluoiigli \'I11 to fivn~bbur. l\'lii*ii Uic fiicl bqi 111 A l a iio iotixrr drqr ciioiigli, t l i u vriivelr nro ni l rc\rtncd uiid, hi l'mltlou i l . , tliu 1uilIi Id 111 tliruugli 5'lv ; dovti tliroiigli h (rn\v furl) Uiroiigli 5'v : IIO\YII tlirt~iiyli U (acid-cokc f rom 1trcvlou$ stngc) ; out tlirouyli Vvl l o bcniblcr .

Fxo. 2.

'Yhc runs nindc nverngccl scvcn hours uudcr stencly conclit.ions, with both bodies in worliiiig ortler, from tliiw to fivo cliniigcs of dircot,ioli 1)cing iuidc pcr run, niicl cncli lxocliiwr working with du\\u-d~nuglh

o a

Jsurnal of the Society o/ Chemical Indurfry. 202T G I L L X H ~ ASD EVA~-S.-GASIFICATIOS OF NEW ZEALAHD BROWS COALS. [JIny 20, 1825.

Without going into uiiiicccssnry clctnil, tlic gcncrnl results obtninctl wcrc ns follow :-

~ilossbut~k wd--'J!ho nvcrngc cnlorific mluc of tho gns wns miscil from 130 to 137.5 l3.Th.U. pcr cub. ft.,

but for licn\-y oil, ns n nicdiiim or modcrntcly hnrd pitch wns dcsircd, tho distillntioii wns stoppcd a t 3%", crcn thougli hcni-y oil ~night still bc coming owr slo~vly.

Tmm VI. Low-lcittpcrulrirc diufilla~iotta. Stiiiiitiary OJ rmrlis.

Fnctlonal dlstlllnllou 01 tar.

Plmt Imdlonntlon Scmnd frncllonntlon Dhtlllntlon of cod. (nnhydmlu lar). (total llght nnd mlddlc 011s).

wliilst tlie nvcnigc yicltl \vns rcclucrcl froiii 5G to

I urnlit mZ.-'l'Iio avcrngc ciilorific vnluc of tlio gnu wns riiisctl froiu 115 to 12-4 l3.TIi.U. pcr cii. ft., ~vliilst tlic avcrngo yield \vus rccluccd froiii 44.7 to 41.6 cii. ft. pcr Ib. of wct coal.

G'etierd rJicieitcy.-It will IJC sccii froiii tlic rrsults gircn nliovc tliiit cvcii on tlic siiinll scalc tlic twin- producer is ;it lcnst iis cfliciciit over 1111 ns tlic single prodiiccr, for \vliilst in thc cam of tlic 'l'iiriitil conl tlic tlicriiid yicld is riliiiost uiicliiiiigctl, in tltrit of tlic Mossbank coal tlio tlicriiial yield is rnkcd by .)--Iyh.

I t is probnblc tliiit with producers of large sim wlicro thc g s ports could l)o reliiti\*cly liirgc \vitliout introduchiy csccssivc rndintioii losscs, tlic actunl iiicrcnsc of total cfiiciciicy \\oultl bo coiisitlcrnhly grciitcr. 'l'lic twiii plnii t iiinlics ;i IJcttcr giis i i i i d has tlio furtlicr ntlvniitngc of giving less tnr to blocl: tlic lends ;iiicl scriibbcrs.

II.-I~ic.lcitr~tercItiire dislillaliorrs. iltellmd of ~li.still~r~~oti.-'l'l~c cod \CIS distillctl from

n cnst-iron retort, gas-fircd and rjct in ? henry fire- brick casing. Tlic vnpours Icaving tlic retort (?W'- 260" by tlicrniomctcr n t outlet)' psscd through a doir*nflo\v coiitlciiscr with \ v m n witcr jnclict, iI tnr wcll coiitiiiiiiiig pcrforatetl mctal scrcciis, and, Instly, nii upflow coiitlciLscr with coltl-\wtcr jacket.

Tlic friictioIintioiLs wcrc ~nnde, wit11 tlic usual prccautioils, from cither glass flnslcs, or, for tlio lnrgcr qunntitics, a bmzcd copper vcsscl with frac- tionating columii. 'l'hc volumo of tnr tnkcii rnricd from thrco to six litrcs. Owing to tho pliysicnl iinturo of tho t n r it ivns found imprncticitblc to scparato i t complotcly from w t c r by simplo iiiccliaiiicnl iiicnns. Ji i ordor to avoid loss tlic total iuisturo from niiy olio conl wns ullo\vcd to sottlc a t n tcmprnturo botwcon

possiblo. Tlio rcsiduo urns tlicii friictionnted niid tlic wntcr wliich l ind roinnincd with tho tnr sopiirntcd from tho light oil witliout difficulty. 'J'lio reccivcrs for light nnd middlc oils wcrc cliaiigcd n t tlio usiinl iiiclicntiori points (rnpid risc of tompei*iituro nftcr 110' and suddoii iiicrcnso of viscosity at ?GOo-2TO"),

54.3 CU. ft. I'C" 111. of \\ct conl. r 1

YO" nnd 35", nlld tho \\.ntcr ru11 off ns co1nplctcly ns

Tlic pi.ws t*volvetl tluriiig tlic low-tciiipcratarc dbtilliitioris ciffortl striking cvidcncc of tlic diffcrciicc bctwrcii tlic two cliiscs of conl, for \vliilst with thoso' of tho Iiiglicr grndc iiictlin:ic prcdoniinntcs niitl ciirl)oii inonoWc is prcsciit in siiinll qiiaiitity only,

gcii come into proiiiiiiciicc. The rcry Iiigli pcrccntngc of liytlrogcii froin Cod Crcck Flnt conl shows tlic itlmoniinl clinrnctcr of thc deposit.

-4s iiotctl i i t tlic hcotl of tlic tnblc, Iiydrogcii riiilpluclc was eliiiiiiintctl buforc cinnlysis. Nost of this gas cniiic off nt ;I \-cry low tenipcriiturc, but sonic \\as cvolvcd tluriiig tlic grcatcr part of tlic distillation pcriotl. Avoat, oiic of tlic coals licrc given, niid ;I 1Litung:it;i smiplc, fairly low in organic sidpIiiir, Iinvc Intcly bccii csimiiicd i l l dctnil in coiiiicsioii with the c\-oliitioii of liydrogcii sulpliitlc n t tliffcrciit tciiilwriitiircs niitl tlic results \\ill be givcii in n lntcr pill'cr.

C'r~lori'c r(ilz1cs of oils-crutlc m d rpjiticrl. ill ellrod of reJi,iitill.-l'rcatmeiit wit11 caustic sodn,

d 1~35-~vnslii1ig--trcntiiiciit with sulpliuric ncid, d l.G2-~\rasliing.-drying-~tillatioii tlirougli orighinl rmgc for hc t io i i with rctuni of lowcr nnd liiglicr boilhig portions to corrcspondhig frnctions.

Defcrt~iba~ioti.-Boiiib cdorimcter of two-rnlvo typc-oil wiglied by diffcrcnco on to filtcr pnpcr cyliiidcr of Icnowi ciilorific vnluc-cotton tlircad ignitcr-osygcn at 350 Ib. pcr q. ill.

From tlic rcsults givcii above for four typicnl oils it will bo seen tlint rcfiniiig by tlic ordiiinry sotin slid ncid proccss incrcnscs tlic calorific \ d i i o by about 7.20/,. Rofirihig on tlio lnrgo scnlo must tlicrcforo bo clfoctcd clicnply. At tho mino t h o , owhg to tho compiimtivdy Iiirgo quniititics of orgniiio sul1)llul*

with t l i ~ ~ c of lo\\ gr:i(lc ~ i i r l ) ~ i i iiioiiosirlc n~i t l hydro-

lournd oj the Socisiy oj Chemical fnduriry. Xny ?0,1025.] GILLXW AhT EVAXS.-CARDOXSATION OF NEW ZEALASD BnOws C o r n . 2 0 3 ~

Thnm VIII.

Cnlorijc vnlitre. Caloriea pcr grum.

011. Below 120°. 120e-1;00. 170°--?OOo. 200*-”3~. ns-*-o-O*. --\I - 4 . . . . . . 10,00l1 . . 0750 . . .. .. .. 10,327 .. 10,300 .. . . . . . . O7i5 . . US11 . . . . . , . . OD00 . . 10.168 . . . . . . . . O i O 5 . . 0034 . . .. .. ., 10.080 .. 10,512 . . .. .. .. U200 .. . 0357 .. . . . . . . O i U . . 0457 . .

Awm

conil’ouiids prcscnt, refining of souc sort ~voulcl nppcnr to bc impcrntircly ncccssnry. Tho crudo snniples dcnlt with cliscolourcd rnpidly niid ivcrc, in soiuc cnses, very corrosivc. Tlic rcfinctl oils, 011 the otlicr Iinntl, wcrc bright nntl hnvc rcmnincd so for owr two ycnrs.

III.-Actioii of solt.oite (prc2iniiiim-y note). Prcliminnry work l ins bccn cnrricd out with tlic

folloiving solvcnts : ncctom, hcn~ol, carbon disul- pliitlc, cthyl nlcoliol, ctliyl ctlicr, light ~ictrolcuin, pyritliiic, niid wntcr, the solvcnts bchig usccl citlicr siiigly or in scrics. Contrnry to c~-pctntion, light pctrolcum p rowl coinpnmtivcly hinctivc in nll cnscs. Estrnctions hnvc bccii iiindo citlicr in nppnrntis of tho Soshlct typc, with clinrgcs of 10 g. wid 2OOO g., or by dircct boiling with tho solvent iintlcr ntniosplicric prcssiirc, follo\rctl by filtration mid conccntrntion. i’~rifi~ilti011 of tho crudc wnscs has bccii attciuptcd by cncli of tlic tlircc ordiiinry mctliods, viz., distillntion ivitli siilwrlicntctl stcam ;

,

0300 10,178

9180 10,015

010; 10.132

0335 O X ?

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

0387 10,017

0000 0072 01:s

10.160 SO87 08”

.. .. .. .. * . .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

0500 10.148

v151 10.035

O I U lo.m 8800 0953

.. .. -. .. .. .. .. .. NEW ZEALAND BROWN COALS. LOW- AND MEDIUM-TEMPERATURE CARBONISA-

SULPHUR AND LOW-SULPHUR COALS. DP J. A. CIILLJIAS, X.SC., ASD W. P. EV.\SS, >Isi\., 1’lf.D.

TION EXPERIMENTS WITH TYPICAL HICH-

A s will Ic seen froni tllc nccoiiipiyhif: figure, tlic nppnrntils iisctt in tlicsc tests is esscntinl y of tho form rccoiiinirii~lccl by tho Fucl Rrscnrcli h n r c l for nssay niitl ciirl~oirisntion 1)uqmscs (‘l’ccli. Pnper Xo. 1, 1021). Ccrtniii ~idtlitioi~s rind nltcmtio~~s in tlio nbsoi1)tioii train w r c rcndcrcd ncceunry in order to c o p with tlic nipid cvolutioti of wntcr mid tnr froiii tlic coals usctl, niitl to cnitblo quantitntivo clctenuiiuitioiu; of the hydrop\ s\dphido to bo iundo

Spurting of con1 wis 1)rcvcntccl by R looso plug of igiitcd asbestos IicltL in pliwc by 11 coiled platilium wiro stout ciioiigli to pus11 the plug to a dcfinito

sllcccssflllly.

r

trctitaicnt with sulpliuric acid ; trcntiuciit with nitric ncid. The csprrhonts SO fnr sccu to iiclicato thc~t stenm clistillntion widcr dcfinito conditions will prom bcst from n coinmcrcinl staid oint.

ITor tlio prcscnt i t may bc snid t ~ i n t t fa NOW ~ c n ~ n i i d conls tcsted (firo) yield ok%ractirc iiiatter of co1111nor- cia\ d u o i ~ i quantity coinparbig fwownbly with that obtniiicd froni Europenn cods of somowlint siiuilnr grade, TI10 axes in pnrt.icular possess good body, Iiwden \vcll, nnd tnko n high polisl!.

positlion in tho silica tube. Tlic first U-shaped receircr, instcud of being cmpty, cnrricd two com- pound rolls of coppcr wire niid cliccsc-cloth, dricd before 1160. Tho sccond n11d tllird inombcrs of the trnin wcro fillccl with sliort leiib&lls of glnss tubo nnd rcstctl i ~ i n largo bnt,li fillctl with cold wntcr. NCA% cnum two conical wash-bottles, tnppcd nnd by- pnsscd ns iiicticnted. A furt.hor nddit,ion, which prorcd of coiisidcmblo uso, was 1\11 elcvntcd rcsorvoir from wliicli tho gns rcccircr could bo rapidly fdled.

Journal of the Society oj Chemical Industry. 2 6 4 ~ GfLL?.UK AND EvAh-s.-ChKnomwrroh- OB NEIP Z E A L i X J B l I O W S COALS. [Mny 20, 1025.

A wcir of iiictnl plntc bcforc tlic outlet tnp of tlic loircr nntcr tniik cnsrircd ciiiptyiiig to tlic snmc Icvcl without spccinl nttciitiori.

Wlien it n.ns tlcsircd to eliminate hyclrogcii sulplliclc tlic tnps \wrc so tunicd that tlic gns strcniii Iintl to pnss through the n-ash-bottles chnrgcd with n solution of n cntliiiiiiui snlt. For equnlisntion of prcssurc, or wl~cii, ns in the cnsc of coal No. 1, very littlc liydro- gcii sulphiilc was bciiig grcii ofl, tlie wrish-),ottles \vcrc by-pnssctl. A sccoiid prcssiirc gniigc wns iilscrted bcforc thc wwli-bottlcs to iitlicritc tlic iieccssnry climgu of fiont lcvcl ~vlicn nltcrhg tlie Im-tioii of thc t a p in tho b y - p s spstcm.

L\S o m of tlic nmki objccts of thc exprimcuts wns to dctcr~iiinc tlic cx.-cnt to which tlic snlphur prcsciit wns chuinntcd, two coals wcrc cliosc~i, wliicli, tlioiigli of somcn.lint siiiiilnr clinrnctcr gcncr- nlly, di5crcd coirsidcrnbly in tlicir sulpliur content. Tlicsc two, Avoca from N. Cniitcrbury nnd Knitnngntn froiii Otago, liavc iicnrly tlic stinic pcrcciitngc of wntcr, nliiiost idcnticnl nmoiints of nsli, but \ritlcly diffcrhig perccntngcs of sulphur. Tlic riitio bctwccii orgnnic a i d inorgailic sulpliiir is iicnrly tlic sniiic for both coals ( i - 4 : 1 and 7.2 : 1).

Tlia gcticrnl results aro slio\rii hi tlic followhig tnblcs. Each libprc rcprcscnts tlic nvcra rc of nt least two csprimciitnl cnrbonisatioils. !hie most notcwortlig pi i i ts nrc tlic sliinll mriutions of tlic cnlorific vnliic of tlic rcsiiluc niid tlic Inrgc pcrccntngc of liytlrogcn sitlpliitlc crolrcd from tlic Arocn coal.

Tlic cliininntion of sulpliiir from thc two coals will be dcnlt with furtlicr hi nriotlicr paper.

If tlicsc rcsidts nrc plottcd i t will bc sccii tlint tlic ligdroycii qirrcs for both conk show n pcculiiir brciik, n t nboiit CiOO", ~rliicli Iicis led tlic niitlior to iiifcr tlic csistciicc of two distinct rcnctiolls-oilo nt ii low niid the otlicr t i t n Iiighcr teiiipcrnturc- in tlic c'oiirsc of wliicli tlic hydrogen is sct frcc. It is soiiicwlliit rci~nrki~blc tl iut tho cnrboii cliosidc curvc for cod KO. 1 also slio\rs n iiinrkccl brcnk n t pmctically tlic stiiiie point on tlic dingrain. In tlio CIISC of Xo. 2 conl, howcver, wliilst tlic 1iylrogc:cn curw is of tlic sniiic iinturc as tliot for Xo. 1, tlie

ThUL): I. R t . n i i l f A OJ rrrrlioiiiwctioic rx~ic~rhirwtc,

1100 , . 84.65 .. - .. - .. - .. - 340' .. 70.5 .. 3.5 .. 500? .. - .. r a o 305' .. {ti:} . . 11.8 . . 050 . . 3130 .. i d 5 5 4800 .. 0126 .. 1 0 4 .. 1000 .. 4400 .. iIWi 500. .. : ,ass .. 21.1.; ,. 2800 .. m u .. 7730 014' ,. V2.25 .. t'20 .. 3110 .. 5200 ,. 7700 0490 .. 50.1 ,. - . * - .. - .. - 0000 .. G0.05 .. 10.4 .. 4200 .. 4000 ,. - 770' .. 4845 .. 17.2 ,. 5050 .. 8 U S ' .. - 030' .. 40.3 .. 16.3 ,. GO00 .. 4083 ,. - 000' ,. 40.0 .. 15.0 .. 0870 .. 6000 .. {XZ Curhi i lacd hi tloulila quartz tub0 (Uoiiu nud Sllwr Cliein. Soo. Triina.

*DO00 .. 474 .. - .. 7000 .. - .. - 1021, 119, 114G) for clicek 011 roliitlh nmtter iind yw.

TADLI~ 11. COAL KO. 2.--Avoc.\ ( P I ) .

Llqrllll dlstlllnlc. Gns In C.C.

h t l o n . riinryc. of clurgc. 700 niiii. per Iltrc. pcr g. .. - .. - . - 1100 . . P>..-v . . - .. 290' .. 81.9 .. - .. 110 .. - .. - 39' .. 81.., .. 34 .. 200 .. -- .. - 3950 , .. W.Dp .. 15.3 ,. 700 .. - .. - 432' . . 57.11 . . P<l . . 1040 . . - . . 7E5.*t r m * .. 01.5 .. __. .. ins^ .. 0106 .. 7735 5%" .. 473 .. 230 .. - O D i " .. 41.2 .. - .. 3540 .. 5;50 .. 7371

810" .. 43.1 .. 21.2 .. 4 0 0 .. 5550 .. ' -

".',., .. - .. -

NIT.' .. 4 5 4 .. ' 3 0 .. !!DM .. 66.X .. X10

Ti00 .. 4no .. {;;on} .. 4350 .. 5603 .. - .I%\(\ .. a110 .. - .. - Ill;' .. 4>.i .. - .. - - ;us: 41.1 .. - .. rwo ..

CnrlanL.cil lii donblc qrinrtz tiilw ( I k m nnd Sllrer. Cliein. Sw. Trani. 1021, 119, 114:~) for ehirb- on \olntlle nmttcr nncl ens.

3050 480' 500'

031 0 0 0 Y O ' 830: 900

014;

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. * . ..

.. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

300' 400' 600* 0310 Oi0' ;Ito ii0' 8400 010'

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

18.0 .. 16.0 10.0 .. "0.1 14.0 .. 15.1 11.0 . . li4 10.5 .. 13.7 0.5 .. 154 0.0 .. 1 3 0

8.4 . . 11.4 8.2 .. 14.0

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

1.4 2.0 :HI 3.1 34 -1.0 4.2 3.1 4.1

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

4.U 5.0 i.9 0.4

12.5 11.2 114 0.5

10.;

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. f .

cnrboii cliosidc curve, ns ~rcll ns cnn be dctcrmiiiccl froiii siunll iiuiubcr of points, is of n miicli more complcs Idiicl. It n.ns tlioiiglit at first tlint tlie curbon cliosiclc dctcrmhiutions iiiust bc at fault ; but on rcpcntiiig tlic scries, csnctly siniilnr rcsults were obtniiierl. Tlic nutliors nrc uiicilh to oficr niiy cs-plnnatioii of tho shigularity of this curvc.

i\rC nppciiclecl. For theso tlic nutllors dcsirc to csprcss tlicir tliniilrs to JIr. L. li. Du~iii, NSc.

C'olnplctc nllnlyscs of t l l C nsl1cs of tl1c two conls uscd

.. ..

.. ,. .. >:: ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 . .. a .

.. .. . * .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

XO. 2. . . 10.64 .. 13.43 -. 4.5.; . . 0.04

. . !!Wn .. 4.33

... "00

.. 31.73 ,. 0.81

. . wtu

Canterbury Uiiivcrsity Collcgc, .. Clirhtoli~ircll, N.Z.

Journal of the Sociely of Clrenrical hdur t ry .

Jfnp 9, 1025.l E V A S Y . - ~ L I J I I S A T I O S OF SULl'liUII FROM B1lo\\-s C O X S DUIUKO CAnLI0,SXATIOS. 205 T ~~

N E W ZEALAND BROWN COALS. ELlMlNATlON OF SULPHUR DURING CARBONISATION.

UY w. r. EVASS, XA., w . D .

Tlic tnblcs nntl grnplis followiiig sliow tlic proccss of cliiuiiiatioii of totnl sulpliur from tlic two coals, Kiiitniigtitn siid Avocn, usctl i i i the carboiiisntioii rbslicriiiieiits tlcjcribctl in ii previous p n p ~ (J.

Tlic vcry close ipproncli to one another yade by tlic gciicrnl elimiiintion curve^ for the two coals differing so i\idely in sulphur content sqgcsts tlint tlic uiitlerlying rcnctioils nro tlic same hi tllc two cnsrs.

Coiiipnrison of tlic total sulpliur curve with tlic Iiytlrogeii sulphitlc ciirvc furtlicr suggests thnt the iiiniii eliiniiintion is dcpciidciit on ttic forinntion of iiyclrogcii ~ d p l i t l ~ .

Eliniiiiation J sulphur.

1035,7(i3~), nnd also tlic cliiiiiiiatioii of sulpliur in tlic foriii of liytlrogcii siilpliidc froin Avocn coal.

Jletlids of fZelelemiinatio,i.-'l'otal sulpliur, hi resi- dues by Esclikn nictliotl with silica capsules licntcd in nii rlcctric ~iiullle.

Hydrogen sulpliide by (u) absorption hi solution of catliiiiuiu nitrate or iicctnte, osidiltioii of the sul- phidc to sulphatc, iiiid prccipitntioii as bnriiiiii sulpliate ; or (b) absorption, with carboii dioside, in solution of sorliuin liyclrosidc and titrntioii agniilst A'/10 iodine. Tlie two iiictliotls gnvc pcrfcctly collcortlallt rcsults.

3 na 0; of s In ciurgc. h i su. 1 - . - . - Coal SII. 2 0 S 111 I f> no total d ~ll i i i l i i~trd fruni So. 2 . . . . .

Temp. It'

340'

cod KO. '1. ( A X )

100 5.438 8'2 6.33 81.5 0.13 AU.8 040 us 4.81

3101 4o;j I). 6 t u d : mi-? AN. ul cacti Irurlrrulirre uilL quick r i u at each chunga:-

Temp. .. .. .. 640' 0 3

Totnl yleld .. .. 411 44U.G 11,YC.C. .. .. .. 111 354

(SoTe.-Tlie llmrcs In tho tnbles lunuccUutc.ly nbove w r c dcrlved fmin n airclol scrim of clieck cnrlmnlsntlons nlndc In the urlclnnl niiunrntus

Tlic figurcs nppcnr to sliow tlint tlic crolut.ion is duo to rcnctions nt 11 compnrntiwly low teinpcraturc, tlie sluggisli evolution n t liiglicr tciiipcraturcs bci1i.g due to Ing more tliciii to fiirtlicr rcnction. It 1s liol~ccl tlint R furtlicr scrics of espcriiuciits iiiny be iiiutlc witli the sniiic nnd siiiiilnr conls hcntcd (a) in n strcnin of nit.rogcii nnd ( b ) in n strcniii of hytlrogcn.

Cniitcrbiiry University Collcgc, Cliristcliiircli, N.%.

Journal of the Society of Chemical lndurfry. “6T EVASS.-JET-LIKE I~-CLUSIOXS IN NEW ZEALCVD COAL SEABIS. [Nay 20,1825.

* NEW ZEALAND BROWN COALS. SOME

HARD, JET-LIKE INCLUSIONS FOUND IN THE RESIN-BEARING SEAMS AT COAL CREEK FLAT, CENTRAL OTACO.

BY w. P. EVASS, nu., PXD.

JViilc prcpnring n fairly lnrgc sninplc of Conl Crcck Flat conl for usc in the laboratory a chngo of sinall lumps was put in the boll-mill without being subjcctcd to tlic usunl 1)rcliinbiary crushing. On opening tlic mill after it lind bccn running for l g lirs., it was iioticcd that whilc, ns cqmtcd , thc main portion of tlio clinrgo lind bccn rcduccd to a frccly flowing powdcr, n fcw mal l Icnticulnr picccs rcrnniiicci almost untoiiclictl. Tho oiily cffcct protluced by tlicir contact with tho stccl balls of tlic niill was R furtlicr rountliiig of tlio ctlgcs so tlint., in gcticral appcnrancc, t h y rcscmbld wntcr-worn pcbblcs. On csnmiiiiiig ti fcw Inrgc blocks of tlic conl sonic inorc hard inclusious wcro fouiitl, tlic lnrgmt iiicnsiiring about G by 4 1)y 2 cm. Aftcr brusliiiig off thc outer brown coating, tlicso wcrc niinlysccl.

Tlic rcsults, with tlic corresponding rcsults. for tho iiiniri conl body, arc givcn in tlic tnblo followiiig :-

I’rarittitttc crnulyaia OJ urt itwtcrid. (:&.) J l n h lorly of

Ilirlu4om. -1. \Vnter . . . . 14.5 .. 1i.I

h h . . . . . . . . 11.0 .. 31) Sulphur . . . . . . . . U.47 .. 0.41

:!, Conipoaitiotr OJ orguitic c o d sulraiuim. (Cnlcrtlurrd jrom c4tirbrrafiotr u i ~ l y a i s cud ddeniiiiwtiow OJ i n o r p u i c arrlpltur.)

YOL untt4;‘ :: . . . . Ii.1 .. 40.8

Carbon . . . . . . . . w.54 .. IXB? Ilydrogen . . . . . . . . 11.52 .. 5 , s Oxygen . . . . . . . . 233.u1 .. 20.13 Sltrogen . . . . . . . . 078 .. i m Sulph-ir, orgnllle . . . . . . 0.51 .. @LKI

Tlic Iiigli pcrccntngc of hydrogcn in tlic inclusions togctlicr with tlicir hnr&icss and tlio lustro of their well-rubbed surfnccs lcd to tho conclusion that tlicy wcro sninplcs of a youiig “jet,” tliflering sonicwhnt from the oldcr jcts, harder taid blnckcr, \diich aro \\.orlied hi Europc ; for it SCCJIICd quite rcasomblo to cspcct jet found iri Ncw Zcnlnnd to S ~ O W clcviutioils from tlic oldcr types siiuilnr to tlio dcvicitions so cliaractcristic of the conls of tho Domhion, ~vllicli, tliougli youiig in ycaiB,* nro old in clinractcr but still retain sotuc trnits of youth.

A detailed analysis of tho ash of tho inclusions and of thc conl from which they were got caused doubt ns to thc correctness of the above coiiclusion.

O J ~ nshing in nn clcctric muffle tho residucs obtained were strikingly different ; for, \vhilst tlic conl save tho pwdcry, buff-colourcd ash so corninon in such cases, the inclusions left n fairly linrd, white mam rctniiling pcrfcctly tlic shnpc of cnch of tlic Origiiud smnll lumps nshcd.

Jlnln body of Incliuloru.

.. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. I . ..

.. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. JIpO . . . . . . 3 . 3 .. 8 4 4

?I% } 0.00 .. t r n m $*$, . . . . . . 0 . 3 .. . . . . . . 3.23 .. :E, Tho nsli nimlysis suggests tlint tlic source of tlic

inorgnnic innttcr of tho inclusions niny Iinvc bccii R wcntlicrctl basntt niid tlint tho inctus’ioils nrc to bo considcrctl n s n ininornl rums tliorouglily bouiid by a bituminous cciucnt. This origin would iiccouiit for 8omc of tlic pcculinritcs of tho iiclusioils niitl is in nccorclnnco with tlic gcncril conditions of the fic1d.t

In citlicr C ~ S O it is practically certain tlint tlic Imrd hiclusioils wcrc not tlcrivcd froiu the originnl con1 by sclcctiw larcliiiig k i ciivities, but arc drift iuutcrjal from m n o othcr bcd.

Satisfiictory scctioiw might dccido in fnvour of tlio “ jct ” liyl’otlicsis by sliowiiig clistiiict evidciico of coiiifcrous wood, but, MI fiir, no section lins bccii obtained. sufliciciitly clcm to bo trusted ; tlic iuhicrnl skclcton sliows well cnough but tlio ccmciit is uiliforinly opnquc.

It may bc notcd, in concliisioii, that prints of stem and l cn~cs , Leloiibiiig appnrcntly to plniits allicd to tho xnodcni knuri, hnre bccii obtaiiicd from tlic coal iucasurcs of the district but, as yct, tlicy liavc not been properly idcntificd.

Canterbury University Collcgc, Cliristcliurcli, N.Z.

t For hclp In lhfs counrxlon nnd u h nt t i i n other 11nit-a tho nuthor Is greatly indebted to Prof. ILSplght, Curalor o?lhe Cairlerbury UuaeuEu,

CI~rblclrurcI~.