Transatlantic Encounters Transatlantic Encounters and Colonial Beginnings and Colonial Beginnings

1492-16251492-1625

VUS.2/AP topic 2VUS.2/AP topic 2

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Mediterranean CrossroadMediterranean Crossroadgoldgoldgunsguns

spicesspices

(Chapter 2)(Chapter 2) Bartholomew Gosnold Bartholomew Gosnold Trading with Wampanoag Indians at Trading with Wampanoag Indians at

Martha’s Vineyard (1602) Martha’s Vineyard (1602) One dimension of the Atlantic world was the One dimension of the Atlantic world was the

exchange of goods between Native Americans and visiting exchange of goods between Native Americans and visiting Europeans. In this print, Theodore de Bry, a Dutch engraver, Europeans. In this print, Theodore de Bry, a Dutch engraver, depicts English explorer Bartholomew Gosnold’s visit to the depicts English explorer Bartholomew Gosnold’s visit to the island of Martha’s Vineyard, off the Massachusetts coast, in island of Martha’s Vineyard, off the Massachusetts coast, in 1602. On the basis of two crew members’ published 1602. On the basis of two crew members’ published accounts, de Bry made this print and included it in one of the accounts, de Bry made this print and included it in one of the thirteen volumes of illustrations, both his own and others’, of thirteen volumes of illustrations, both his own and others’, of European voyages to the “New World.”European voyages to the “New World.”

In de Bry’s rendering, Indians clamber aboard In de Bry’s rendering, Indians clamber aboard the ship on the right while Englishmen come ashore in the the ship on the right while Englishmen come ashore in the foreground, offering knives to their hosts in exchange for foreground, offering knives to their hosts in exchange for belts of wampum. Other Englishmen approach Indians’ belts of wampum. Other Englishmen approach Indians’ houses to the left, and two more English ships appear in the houses to the left, and two more English ships appear in the background. Altogether it is a scene characterized by background. Altogether it is a scene characterized by unmitigated friendliness and harmony between the two unmitigated friendliness and harmony between the two peoples. Although the men carry and exchange weapons, peoples. Although the men carry and exchange weapons, there is nothing to suggest that they are anxious or there is nothing to suggest that they are anxious or suspicious of one another.suspicious of one another.

The written accounts provide a more The written accounts provide a more complicated story. Although relations began on the friendly complicated story. Although relations began on the friendly footing de Bry represents, mutual suspicions and distrust footing de Bry represents, mutual suspicions and distrust grew to hostility until the English withdrew five weeks after grew to hostility until the English withdrew five weeks after they arrived. Despite this discouraging conclusion, the they arrived. Despite this discouraging conclusion, the English remained optimistic about the prospect of colonizing English remained optimistic about the prospect of colonizing Martha’s Vineyard. Although “some of the baser sort [of Martha’s Vineyard. Although “some of the baser sort [of Indians] would steal,” wrote one, “the better sort [political Indians] would steal,” wrote one, “the better sort [political leaders] we found very civil and just.” Perhaps even more leaders] we found very civil and just.” Perhaps even more importantly, he added that “the wholesomeness and importantly, he added that “the wholesomeness and temperature of this climate rather increased our health than temperature of this climate rather increased our health than otherwise and . . . not one of us was sick.”otherwise and . . . not one of us was sick.” and Textiles in and Textiles in New England). New England).

1.1. Why would de Bry have emphasized the Why would de Bry have emphasized the friendliness of the encounter and overlooked friendliness of the encounter and overlooked the tensions that arose? Does the picture the tensions that arose? Does the picture suggest in any way that one side had an suggest in any way that one side had an advantage over the other?advantage over the other?

(Chapter 2)(Chapter 2) Bartholomew Bartholomew Gosnold Trading Gosnold Trading with Wampanoag with Wampanoag Indians at Indians at Martha’s Martha’s Vineyard (1602) Vineyard (1602)

1.1. Why would de Bry Why would de Bry have emphasized the have emphasized the friendliness of the friendliness of the encounter and encounter and overlooked the overlooked the tensions that arose? tensions that arose? Does the picture Does the picture suggest in any way suggest in any way that one side had an that one side had an advantage over the advantage over the other?other?

4 Reasons for Exploring4 Reasons for Exploring

First European contacts with Native First European contacts with Native AmericansAmericans

Viking voyages and settlement around Viking voyages and settlement around 1000 made no lasting impact1000 made no lasting impactChristopher Columbus 1492 (15Christopher Columbus 1492 (15thth century) century) Backed by Spanish Isabella & FerdinandBacked by Spanish Isabella & Ferdinand Disappointing 3 more voyagesDisappointing 3 more voyages Died in 1506, still thought he found Asia via Died in 1506, still thought he found Asia via

Western routeWestern route

Why not before?Why not before?

Map 2.3: Major Transatlantic Map 2.3: Major Transatlantic Explorations, 1000–1587Explorations, 1000–1587

Map 2.1: Map 2.1: Europe, Europe, Africa, and Africa, and SouthwesternSouthwestern Asia in 1500Asia in 1500

Reasons for European explorationReasons for European exploration

Technology: gun powder & sailing compass Technology: gun powder & sailing compass (both Chinese origin) , printing press(both Chinese origin) , printing press

Religious conflict: CC vs. Ottoman Turks; Religious conflict: CC vs. Ottoman Turks; CC v. Protestants (Reformation)CC v. Protestants (Reformation)

Expanding Economy: Europeans competed Expanding Economy: Europeans competed to trade with Asia by land until 1453 to trade with Asia by land until 1453 (Ottoman took Constantinople)(Ottoman took Constantinople)

Developing Nation-States: monarchs needed Developing Nation-States: monarchs needed revenues to spread powerrevenues to spread power

Map 2.2: Map 2.2: Major Major Religions in Religions in Europe, c. Europe, c. 156033156033

Your turnYour turn

What do you know about 16What do you know about 16thth century century Christianity?Christianity?

Types of Christianity?Types of Christianity?

supreme beingsupreme being

Dogma (rules)Dogma (rules)

StructureStructure

DissentersDissenters

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Protestantism: priest has no special power, wanted Bible Protestantism: priest has no special power, wanted Bible translated, increased literacy & indoctrinationtranslated, increased literacy & indoctrinationLutheran Calvinist;

(Scotland = Presbyterian)

Anabaptist/Mennonites/ Amish

Huguenots(Calvinist)

Anglicans (Episcopal = US) vs. Puritans/Separatists

Germany Switzerland (John C is Fr)

Central Europe

Mennonites split to be Amish

France EnglandHenry VIII just wanted a divorce

Faith alone, not deed = felt “reborn”

Challenged Luther’s interpretation; sinful humans to hell but save a few to show off his grace

Wanted to restrict baptism to “converted adults”/ ban or shunning sinners (New Testament)

View that Catholics too obsessed with death and the dead; said that prayers, ritual, saints, pilgrimage don’t work

Changed name to Church of England (Anglican Church)

Reborn; scripture = authority; orignal sine

Predestinaton; scripture; original sin

Gov’ts & churches (L & C) killed them

Bartholomew Massacre

Kept all Catholic rituals, which angered Puritans

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Map 2.5: Map 2.5: European Imperial European Imperial Claims and Claims and Settlements in Settlements in Eastern North Eastern North America, 1565–America, 1565–16251625

Spain’s empire in South AmericaSpain’s empire in South America

Explorers and Explorers and conquistadorsconquistadors—increased gold supply —increased gold supply 500%500% Vasco Nunez de Balboa—crossed Panama to PacificVasco Nunez de Balboa—crossed Panama to Pacific Ferdinand Magellan--circumnavigateFerdinand Magellan--circumnavigate Hernan Cortes--AztecHernan Cortes--Aztec Francisco Pizzaro—IncaFrancisco Pizzaro—Inca

Exploited Indian labor by Exploited Indian labor by encomiendaencomienda system, then system, then asientoasiento system (tax to king) for importing Africans system (tax to king) for importing Africans

Encomienda allows gov’t to commend (give) Indians Encomienda allows gov’t to commend (give) Indians to colonists, who promised to Christianize themto colonists, who promised to Christianize them

““a moral pestilence invented by Satan” said a moral pestilence invented by Satan” said Bartolome de Las Casas, missionaryBartolome de Las Casas, missionary

Spain & Portugal first Spain & Portugal first to lay claim in N. to lay claim in N. WorldWorld

1493 Pope drew 1493 Pope drew vertical line: Spain got vertical line: Spain got west, Portugal got west, Portugal got East =treaty of East =treaty of TordelsillasTordelsillas

Brazil for Portugal; Brazil for Portugal; Spain got rest of Spain got rest of AmericasAmericas

Spain’s empire in North AmericaSpain’s empire in North AmericaFlorida: St. Augustine is first permanent European Florida: St. Augustine is first permanent European settlement in future US soilsettlement in future US soil Strong Native Indian resistanceStrong Native Indian resistance

New Mexico: Santa Fe in 1609; Peublos revolted New Mexico: Santa Fe in 1609; Peublos revolted against harsh Christianizingagainst harsh Christianizing Pope’s Rebellion Pope’s Rebellion 1680: took Spaniards ½ century to reclaim 1680: took Spaniards ½ century to reclaim

N. Mexico N. Mexico

Texas: Got kicked out of N. Mexico, settled hereTexas: Got kicked out of N. Mexico, settled here

California: responded to Russian exploration fr. Alaska; California: responded to Russian exploration fr. Alaska; est. 9 missions by Franciscan order—Father Junipero est. 9 missions by Franciscan order—Father Junipero SerraSerra

Differed from English: married Indians vs. Differed from English: married Indians vs. reservation1769reservation1769

French colonized Canada 1524French colonized Canada 1524Pre-occupied with religious conflict: CC vs. Pre-occupied with religious conflict: CC vs. HuguenotsHuguenots

11stst Permanent Fr. Colony: Quebec on St. Permanent Fr. Colony: Quebec on St. Lawrence RiverLawrence River Samuel de ChamplainSamuel de Champlain

Louisiana: Mississippi basin; named for king in Louisiana: Mississippi basin; named for king in 16821682

French exploration of Canada did not lead to French exploration of Canada did not lead to large-scale immigration from France, and large-scale immigration from France, and relations with native peoples were often more relations with native peoples were often more cooperativecooperative

(Chapter 2)(Chapter 2) The Beaver as Worker and as The Beaver as Worker and as PreyPrey

To Europeans who were visiting or To Europeans who were visiting or colonizing, America’s abundance was colonizing, America’s abundance was astonishing both as a natural phenomenon and astonishing both as a natural phenomenon and for its economic potential. Particularly striking to for its economic potential. Particularly striking to French explorers, officials, and entrepreneurs French explorers, officials, and entrepreneurs were the unfamiliar flora, fauna, and peoples were the unfamiliar flora, fauna, and peoples they encountered in Canada. At the same time, they encountered in Canada. At the same time, they recognized the wealth that would accrue to they recognized the wealth that would accrue to those who tapped some of these resources, those who tapped some of these resources, particularly the skins of fur-bearing animals and particularly the skins of fur-bearing animals and the labor of Native peoples. Accordingly, they the labor of Native peoples. Accordingly, they focused on the acquisition, through trade with focused on the acquisition, through trade with Native Americans, of pelts that French Native Americans, of pelts that French manufacturers could transform into European manufacturers could transform into European consumer goods, above all, beaver hats.consumer goods, above all, beaver hats.

The joined engravings you see here The joined engravings you see here depict respectively the astonishment and depict respectively the astonishment and calculation of the French. They are two of calculation of the French. They are two of several scenes that appeared at the edge of an several scenes that appeared at the edge of an elaborate French map, depicting the wonders of elaborate French map, depicting the wonders of various lands in the “New World.” On thevarious lands in the “New World.” On the

left, Niagara Falls stands behind an industrious community of beavers who are building a dam. The dam appears to be nearly as spectacular as the falls. On the right, equally industrious Native Americans, aided by dogs, break open beaver dwellings in order to seize the otherwise defenseless rodents. In the right foreground, a hunter spies a bear in the tree while other hunters pursue a moose in the background. All the animals appear as easy prey for the skilled Indian hunters. What did the two pictures, taken together, tell viewers about beavers in Canada?

The engraving to the right is also interesting for its depiction of Native Americans. European visual representations of Indians during the colonial period varied widely. Whereas some depicted them as monstrous and menacing, others showed them in ways that were unthreatening to Europeans. Where would this engraving fit within this range? What do you think motivated the map’s producers to include these two illustrations?

(Chapter 2)(Chapter 2)The Beaver as Worker and as PreyThe Beaver as Worker and as Prey

English claimsEnglish claims

1497 John Cabot explored coast of 1497 John Cabot explored coast of Newfoundland but England didn’t follow upNewfoundland but England didn’t follow upPreoccupied with Henry VIII’s break with CCPreoccupied with Henry VIII’s break with CC1570s-1580s: Elizabeth seized Spanish ships—1570s-1580s: Elizabeth seized Spanish ships—Francis DrakeFrancis Drake1587: Sir Walter Raleigh attempted Roanoke 1587: Sir Walter Raleigh attempted Roanoke Island but failed (embarrassing)Island but failed (embarrassing)Then Spanish Armada defeated 1588Then Spanish Armada defeated 1588 English Golden Age beginsEnglish Golden Age begins

Tudor Rulers of EnglandTudor Rulers of EnglandName, Reign Religion

Henry VII, 1485-1509 Cabot Voyages, 1497, 1498

Henry VIII, 1509-1547 English Reformation began

Edward VI, 1547-1553 Strong Protestant tendencies

“Bloody” Marry 1553-1558 Catholic reaction

Elizabeth I, 1558-1603 Break with Catholic Church final; Drake, Spanish Armada defeated

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Population increasedPopulation increased

Depression hit woolen Depression hit woolen districts causing high districts causing high unemploymentunemployment

primogeniture lawprimogeniture law: eldest : eldest son inheritsson inherits--younger sons: Drake, --younger sons: Drake, RaleighRaleigh

Decline in Real Wages in England, 1500–1700

The Beginnings of English The Beginnings of English Colonization, 1603-1625Colonization, 1603-1625

No $ fr., crown or Parliament, joint-stock company stepped in No $ fr., crown or Parliament, joint-stock company stepped in to finance venturesto finance ventures

Va Co. of Plymouth failed in MaineVa Co. of Plymouth failed in Maine

Va Co. of London: Jamestown only 38 out of 105 livedVa Co. of London: Jamestown only 38 out of 105 lived After councilor died & some returned to England, Cpt John Smith (28) After councilor died & some returned to England, Cpt John Smith (28)

stepped in to leadstepped in to leadReconciled w/ Powhatan through mock execution, saved by PocahontasReconciled w/ Powhatan through mock execution, saved by Pocahontas

1609: 400 died out of 5001609: 400 died out of 500 Tobacco; head-right system (50 acres); indenture servantsTobacco; head-right system (50 acres); indenture servants

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Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange

To Old WorldTo Old World To New WorldTo New World

Slave Labor, rice, yam from Africa to Slave Labor, rice, yam from Africa to New WorldNew World

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New England: Massachusetts Bay New England: Massachusetts Bay 16301630

Not Separatists; persecuted Not Separatists; persecuted by new king, Charles Iby new king, Charles I

1630: Came with Ma. Bay 1630: Came with Ma. Bay Co. led by John WinthropCo. led by John Winthrop Great Migration Great Migration (15,000 more (15,000 more

settlers) during 1630s due to settlers) during 1630s due to a civil wara civil war

Rep. gov’t albeit limitedRep. gov’t albeit limited

English Migration 1610–1660

Important places & people +Important places & people +

Joint-stock companyJoint-stock company

PredestinationPredestination

““new slavery”new slavery”

Columbian exchange Columbian exchange

Indentured servantsIndentured servants

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