transatlantic science week 2007: climate action october 22, 2007 – carnegie institution
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From Nano to Global: Materials Approaches to Climate and Energy. Transatlantic Science Week 2007: CLIMATE ACTION October 22, 2007 – Carnegie Institution Robert Hazen, Geophysical Laboratory. Pittsburgh, a Century Ago. Increased reliance on inexpensive fossil - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Transatlantic Science Week 2007: CLIMATE ACTIONOctober 22, 2007 – Carnegie InstitutionRobert Hazen, Geophysical Laboratory
From Nano to Global:From Nano to Global:Materials Approaches Materials Approaches to Climate and Energy to Climate and Energy
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Increased reliance on inexpensive fossil fuels led to dramatic atmospheric effects.
Pittsburgh, ca.1900
Pittsburgh, a Century AgoPittsburgh, a Century Ago
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Pittsburgh, a Century AgoPittsburgh, a Century AgoPittsburgh, a Century AgoPittsburgh, a Century Ago Andrew Carnegie’s steel empire contributed.
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Pittsburgh, c. 1940Pittsburgh, c. 1940Pittsburgh, c. 1940Pittsburgh, c. 1940“The dirtiest and ugliest city in America.”
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PittsburghPittsburghPittsburghPittsburghThe problem has been alleviated by implementing
solutions from materials science.
Scrubbers
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The Problem TodayThe Problem TodayThe Problem TodayThe Problem TodayKavli Futures Symposium
“Merging bio and nano: towards cyborg cells”11-15 June 2007, Ilulissat, Greenland
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GreenlandGreenlandGreenlandGreenlandGlobal climate change, triggered in part by anthropogenic CO2 , is causing rapid and
dramatic changes to the ice fields.
2007 set a new melt record. Retreat of the Jacobshaven glacier.
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GreenlandGreenlandGreenlandGreenlandGlobal climate change is also causing
rapid and dramatic changes to species’ habitats and distributions.
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Three StrategiesThree StrategiesThree StrategiesThree Strategies
1. Generate less CO2.
2. Use less energy.
3. Remove CO2.
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11stst Strategy: Generate Less CO Strategy: Generate Less CO2211stst Strategy: Generate Less CO Strategy: Generate Less CO22
Biofuels
Hydrogen Production and Storage
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Employ new genetically engineered crops, such as switch grass (carbon
neutral or negative).
BiofuelsBiofuels
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Develop new enzymes to convert cellulose to fuel.
BiofuelsBiofuels
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Hydrogen generation by photo-dissociation of water.
Hydrogen storage in clathrates.
Hydrogen Production Hydrogen Production and Storageand Storage
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Passive process mimics plants:
2H2O + photons O2 + 2H2
Water DissociationWater Dissociation
Martin Demuth,Max Planck Inst.
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Hydrogen Storage Hydrogen Storage in Clathratesin Clathrates
Methane Hydrate Clathrate
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Hydrogen Storage Hydrogen Storage in Clathratesin Clathrates
H2(H2O)2
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11stst Strategy: Generate Less CO Strategy: Generate Less CO2211stst Strategy: Generate Less CO Strategy: Generate Less CO22
We need fundamental advances in materials science and technology.
Chris Somerville, Carnegie, Plant Biology
Dave & Wendy Mao, Carnegie, Geophysical Lab
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22ndnd Strategy: Use Less Energy Strategy: Use Less Energy22ndnd Strategy: Use Less Energy Strategy: Use Less Energy
Superconductors
High-Temperature Cuprates
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Efficient magnet and motor technologies.
SuperconductorsSuperconductors
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SuperconductorsSuperconductorsEfficient energy transmission and storage:
Nanocomposites for high Tc
Bi superconductor multi-filament tapes and wires.
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22ndnd Strategy: Use Less Energy Strategy: Use Less Energy22ndnd Strategy: Use Less Energy Strategy: Use Less EnergyWe need fundamental advances
in materials science and technology.
Asle Sudbø,Norwegian Univ. for
Science & Technology
Viktor Struzhkin,Carnegie Inst.,
Geophysical Lab
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33rdrd Strategy: Remove CO Strategy: Remove CO2233rdrd Strategy: Remove CO Strategy: Remove CO22
Artificial Photosynthesis
Deep CO2 Sequestration
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Passive process mimics plants:
6CO2 + 6H2O + photons C6H12O6 + 6O2
Artificial PhotosynthesisArtificial Photosynthesis
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Use supercritical CO2 (> 73 atm and 31ºC), plus Rh catalyst, plus sunlight.
Artificial PhotosynthesisArtificial Photosynthesis
Etsuko Fujita, Brookhaven
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2.4 tons of CO2 from every ton of coal: The world emits 26 gigatons of CO2 per year.
Deep CODeep CO22 Sequestration Sequestration
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Supercritical CO2 can be injected into old wells , where it rises to the capstone and
slowly forms carbonate minerals.
Deep CODeep CO22 Sequestration Sequestration
Current capacity = 104 gigatons CO2
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Deep CODeep CO22 Sequestration Sequestration
Statoil platform
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Deep CODeep CO22 Sequestration Sequestration
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The Deep Carbon CycleThe Deep Carbon CycleThe Deep Carbon CycleThe Deep Carbon CycleWe need fundamental advances in
understanding Earth’s deep carbon cycle:
• What are carbon sources & sinks?
• What are carbon’s mass transport mechanisms?
• Is there a deep source of organics?
• Did deep carbon play a role in life’s origins?
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Materials science and nanoscience have the potential to contribute to many outstanding global problems related to energy and environment.
More fundamental research needs to be done, especially on carbon-bearing systems at extreme conditions.
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS