transcription and translation - crossroads academy · transcription vs. translation review...
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Transcription and Translation
From DNA to RNA to protein
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The Central Dogma of Biology
DNA RNA Protein
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Overview• Genes in DNA contain
information to make proteins.
• The cell makes mRNA copies of genes that are needed.
• The mRNA is read at the ribosomes outside of the nucleus.
• Protein is produced.
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Some Key Players• RNA polymerase, the enzyme
that makes RNA copies of DNA• mRNA carries the information
from a gene in DNA.• Ribosomes, made of rRNA,
consist of subunits and carry out an enzyme-like role.
• tRNA carries specific amino acids to the ribosome.
• codon- coding triplet of mRNA bases that code for 1 amino acid
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RNADNA
RNApolymerase
TranscriptionAdenine (DNA and RNA)
Cystosine (DNA and RNA)Guanine(DNA and RNA)
Thymine (DNA only)Uracil (RNA only)
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Transcription
RNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for making mRNA copies of genes. DNA unzips at the
site of the gene that is needed.
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Transcription
RNA polymerase matches bases of one DNA strand with RNA bases, building a strand of mRNA that
carries the information encoded in the DNA.
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Transcription
Encoded in DNA is a signal telling RNA polymerase where to stop. Transcription ends at that point.
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Transcription
The completed mRNA molecule then exits the nucleus for translation.
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Translation• Translation begins
with a tRNA bearing methionine binding to its matching codon
• The codon for methionine is a universal �start�codon for �reading�the mRNA strand.
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Translation• The second codon in
mRNA matches the anticodon of a tRNAcarrying the amino acid.
• A catalytic site on the ribosome binds the two amino acids together forming a peptide bond between them.
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Translation• The mRNA shift down in
the ribosome
• Process continues with more amino acids being brought by tRNAs and peptide bonds being formed
• The process continues until the ribosome finds a �stop� codon.
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Transcription vs. Translation Review
Transcription
• Process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto messenger RNA
• Occurs in the nucleus
DNA mRNA
Translation
• Process by which information encoded in mRNA is used to assemble a protein at a ribosome
• Occurs on a Ribosome
mRNA protein
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Which process converts DNA information into RNA information?
A) TranscriptionB) TranslationC) BothD) Neither
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Which process requires ribosomes?
A) TranscriptionB) TranslationC) BothD) Neither
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Which process involves mRNA ?
A) TranscriptionB) TranslationC) BothD) Neither
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In which process is the final product a protein?
A) TranscriptionB) TranslationC) BothD) Neither