transducers #2

8/3/2019 Transducers #2

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Assignment # 01

Title

Transducers,types,working

principle,diagrams and applications

Submitted to

Sir Tahir Ashfaq

Submitted by

M,Naeem Rizwan

Roll #

08-ch-39

nfc institute of engg. And fertilizerresearch fsd

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1-What are transducers1.1 -Sensor1.2 -Actuator

2-Efficiency3-Classification of transducer 3.1- Based on the physical phenomeno

3.1.1-Primary transducer

3.1,2-Secondary transducer:

3.2- Based on the power type Classification,

3.2.1-Active transducer

3.2.2 Digital transducer

3.3 Based on the type of output the classification of

transducers are made,

3.3.1-Analog transducer

3.3,2-Digital transducer

3.4-Based on the electrical phenomenon is a best

Classification of Trasnducer,

3,4.1-Resistive transducer

3.4.2-Capacitive transducer

3.4.3-Inductive transducer

3.4.4-Photoelectric transducer

3.4.5-Photovoltaic transducer

3.5-Based on the non-electrical phenomenon Classificationof transducer,

3.5.1-Linear displacement

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3.5.2-Rotary displacement

4-Principle of the Transducer

5-Transducer Circuit Diagram

5.1- Easy LED Photo Sensor Circuit

5.2- Dog Repellent Circuit

5.3-Proximity Alarm Circuit

6-Applications of transducer

6,1-Pressure sensing in the Water industry

6.2-CC Cylindrical force transducer for industrialapplications

6.3-Wireless sensors and smart transducers

6.4-Pressure Transducer Usage for Load MomentIndication in Cranes in Fluid Power and Mobile

Hydraulics Applications

6.5-What makes a machine a robot?

6.6-Temperature Transducer

6.7-Steam Pressure Transducers7-Refrences

1-(1)What are transducers

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http://transducercircuit.blogspot.com/http://transducercircuit.blogspot.com/2011/05/easy-led-photo-sensor-circuit-using.htmlhttp://transducercircuit.blogspot.com/2011/03/dog-repellent-circuit.htmlhttp://transducercircuit.blogspot.com/2011/02/proximity-alarm-circuit.htmlhttp://transducercircuit.blogspot.com/http://transducercircuit.blogspot.com/2011/05/easy-led-photo-sensor-circuit-using.htmlhttp://transducercircuit.blogspot.com/2011/03/dog-repellent-circuit.htmlhttp://transducercircuit.blogspot.com/2011/02/proximity-alarm-circuit.html


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A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy toanother. Energy types include (but are not limited to) electrical,mechanical, electromagnetic (including light), chemical, acoustic orthermal energy. While the term transducercommonly implies the use of asensor/detector, any device which converts energy can be considered atransducer. Transducers are widely used in measuring instruments.

1.1-Sensor(e.g., thermometer) a device that detects/measures a signal or stimulus

acquires information from the real world

1.2-Actuator(e.g., heater) a device that generates a signal or stimulus

2-(2)Efficiency

As in all energy conversions, some energy is lost when transducers operate.

The efficiency of a transducer is found by comparing the total energy put into it tothe total energy coming out of the system. Some transducers are very efficient, and

others are extraordinarily inefficient.

3-(3)Classification of transducers:

3.1. Based on the physical phenomenon,

3.1.1-Primary transducer

3.1.2-Secondary transducer:

Primary transducer:The Mechanical device which converts physicalquantity to be measured into a mechanical signa l.

real

world

sensor

actuator

intelligentfeedbacksystem

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Secondary tranducer:The Electrical device which converts thismechanical signal to the electrical signal.

3.2. Based on the power type Classification,

3.2.1-Active transducer 3.2.2-Passive transducer

Passive transducers - require an external power to operate, and theoutput is a measure of some variation in passive components (e.g.resistance or capacitance)Examples of passive transducer :-Slide-wire resistor Resistance strain gauge Differential transformer

Active Transducers - Self generating type - do not require an externalpower, and produce an analog voltage or current when stimulated by somephysical form of energy. Thermocouple Photovoltaic cell Moving coil generator

3.3. Based on the type of output the classification of

transducers are made,

3.3.1Analog transducer

3.3.2Digital transducer

Analog transducers convert the input quantity into an analog outputwhich is a continuous function of time. E.g.-L.V.D.T,Thermocouple, Strainguage .

Digital transducers convert the input quantity into an electricaloutput which is in the form of pulses.

3.4. Based on the electrical phenomenon is a best Classificationof Trasnducer,

3.4.1-Resistive transducer

3.4.2-Capacitive transducer

3.4.3-Inductive transducer

3.4.4-Photoelectric transducer

3.4.5-Photovoltaic transducer

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Variable resistance transducers are one of the most commonly usedtypes of transducers. The variable resistance transducers are also calledas resistive transducers or resistive sensors. They can be used formeasuring various physical quantities like temperature, pressure,displacement, force, vibrations etc. These transducers are usually used as

the secondary transducers, where the output from the primary mechanicaltransducer acts as the input for the variable resistance transducer. Theoutput obtained from it is calibrated against the input quantity and itdirectly gives the value of the input.

Capacitive transducer is a device that will sense the environment ina form of capacitor changes. Usually an oscillator will sense this changeand change frequency accordingly.

Inductive sensors are used for non-contact detection of metallicobjects. Their operating principle is based on a coil and oscillator thatcreates an electromagnetic field in the close surroundings of the sensingsurface. The presence of a metallic object (actuator) in the operating areacauses a dampening of the oscillation amplitude

Photoelectric transducers are Calorimetric Flow Sensors for gas &liquid applications,

A photovoltaic transducer is simply another name for a solar panel.A transducer changes one energy to another in this case light energy toelectrical energy. The two most common type of photovoltaic transducers

are silicon and selenium.

3.5. Based on the non-electrical phenomenon Classification of

transducer,

3.5.1-Linear displacement

3.5.2-Rotary displacement

Linear Displacement Transducer is a device that takes some form ofinput energy fed to it in a straight line, and outputs a converted signal

relative to the range of displacement that has taken place

The rotary capacitive displacement transducer uses a non-contactcapacitance based sensor to measure shaft position.

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(4)-Principle of the Transducer

In the transducer body there are four holes. Two coils atright angles to each other are wound through these holes. One coil (theprimary) is supplied with an alternating current; the other (the secondary)acts as a measurement coil. Since the two are at right angles to each other,there is no magnetic coupling between the coils as long as there is no loadon the transducer body.

The transductor is magnetised via the primary coil (a). A voltageproportional to the loading force is induced in the secondary coil (b).

If the transducer body is loaded as shown in diagram, the field patternchanges. The permeability of the steel is reduced in the direction of the

force and increases in the right angle direction to the force. The result is achange in the symmetry of the magnetic flux, so that some of the fluxinduces a voltage in the secondary winding. The induced voltage isproportional to the load.

(5)-Transducer Circuit Diagram

5.1-Easy LED Photo Sensor Circuit

Using a common benefit of photo voltaics LED, the circuit canrecognize a different output darkness and light. This circuit is used J-FETfor receive signal to buffer from LED ,About Output voltage, we used IC1458 or LM1458 , while in the dark is about 7 volts and the drop about 2volts in full sun. This is the figure of the circuit;

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http://transducercircuit.blogspot.com/http://transducercircuit.blogspot.com/2011/05/easy-led-photo-sensor-circuit-using.htmlhttp://transducercircuit.blogspot.com/http://transducercircuit.blogspot.com/2011/05/easy-led-photo-sensor-circuit-using.html


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5.2-Dog Repellent CircuitHeres circuit for dog repellent circuit that is a high output ultrasonic

transmitter which is primarily intended to act as a dog and cat repeller.Heres the figure of the circuit;

5.3-Proximity Alarm CircuitThis is a design circuit for proximity circuit that can be

used in alarm circuit. This is the figure of the circuit;

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http://transducercircuit.blogspot.com/2011/03/dog-repellent-circuit.htmlhttp://transducercircuit.blogspot.com/2011/02/proximity-alarm-circuit.htmlhttps://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-aw67NFXrHoI/TYGKGovKWbI/AAAAAAAABTA/VkiO5tooOnM/s1600/Untitled-1.jpghttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-4M2c2Z1GYHI/TdQkLrCbK8I/AAAAAAAABUU/Fs3M0QuRDnQ/s1600/Untitled-1.jpghttp://transducercircuit.blogspot.com/2011/03/dog-repellent-circuit.htmlhttp://transducercircuit.blogspot.com/2011/02/proximity-alarm-circuit.html


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6-(6)Applications of transducers

6.1-Pressure sensing in the Water industry.

Pressure monitoring is widely used in the water industry to providelevel measurement in reservoirs and bore boles, leak detection indistribution networks, as well as control data for a wide range ofprocess functions.

6.2-CC Cylindrical force transducer for industrial

applications

The CC force transducers have been designed for use in the plasticsindustry where it is required to measure the reaction force to the extrusionpressure that is present on the casing of the gearbox along the axis of theextruder screw.

These models, fitted in contact with the thrust bearings, measure aforce whose valve, after suitable correction, is equal to extrusion pressuremultiplied by the screw area.

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6.3-(7)Wireless sensors and smart

transducers

Smart transducers are sensors or actuators equipped with

microcontrollers to provide local intelligence and network capability.An obvious advantage of wireless transmission is a significantreduction and simplification in wiring and harness. It has been estimatedthat typical wiring cost in industrial installations is US$ 130650 per meterand adopting wireless technology would eliminate 2080% of this cost(Sensors Magazine, 2004)

6.4-(8)Pressure Transducer Usage for LoadMoment Indication in Cranes in Fluid Power

and Mobile Hydraulics ApplicationsCranes are an everyday aspect of construction and maintenance

operations. Safe operation of cranes is dependent on information about allof the forces on the crane, the cranes geometry, where loads are appliedand the cranes motion. This information is combined through the use ofpressure transducers and displayed to the crane operators using a loadmoment indicator.

6.5-What makes a machine a robot?

Sensing Planning Acting

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6.6-(9)Temperature Transducer\

A temperature transducerusually includes a temperature sensor suchas RTD (resistance temperature detector), a thermocouple or a thermistor.

Upon sensing, it converts temperature into an electrical signalproportional to the same parameter being sensed or measured. This signalwill then be processed, conditioned or amplified to serve as an inputvoltage into a temperature controller or similarly functioning device.

6.7-(10)Steam Pressure Transducers

Amplified output transducers for use in applications where the transducerwill be in contact with high temperature steam in aplications such assterilizing autoclaves, food and beverage processing and powergeneration. These transducers include integral cooling features forprotecting the transducer electronics from steam temperatures whichwould otherwise cause damage to standard industrial pressuretransducers

7-Refrences

(1)-http://en.wikipedia.org

(2)-www.wisegeek.com

(3)-instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com

(4)-www.abb.com

(5)-transducercircuit.blogspot.com/

(6)-www.sensorland.com

(7)-www.sciencedirect.com

(8)-http://www.wika.us

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(9)-www.transducer-the-essential-device.com

(10)-www.sensorsone.co.uk

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