Transfer of Technology

Prepared by :

Bhargav Dharaiya

Agri Rock

JAU, Junagadh

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Definition of Technology Transfer

Technology transfer [and commercialization] is definedas the transfer of results of basic and applied research tothe design, development, production, andcommercialization of new and improved products,services or processes. That which is transferred is oftennot really technology but rather a particular kind ofknowledge that is a precursor of technology.

The transfer process emphasizes the value andprotection of the intellectual product of the researchers.

Technology Transfer is a ProcessIt has stages, phases, and typical behaviors.

It operates and can be understood at different levels (e.g., technology policy, individual scientists).

It involves different “stakeholder” perspectives (e.g., developers and users).

It is therefore a “communication process.”

So... Where to enter the catalytic process of technology transfer?

Universities and Research Institutes:

Mainly on the level of basic and applied research, and early stage development.

Entrepreneurial companies:

Any stage from research and development to the market.

Varied Roles

Distribution

Research

Development

Production

IDEA

MARKET

Universities

ResearchInstitutes

Start-upFirms

R & DFirms

LargerCompanies

Manufacturing

Technology Transfer(TOT)

DEPLOYMENTDEVELOPMENTRESEARCH

Patenting

Licensing

Disclosure

Commercialization

Products/Processes(Royalties)

The Technology Transfer Process

Agreement Administration

Forms in Which Technology May BeTransferred ......

Technology is primarily transferred in two formsFirst, it can be transferred via machinery or otherintermediate goods. This is normally adequate formanufacturing purposes where the nature of thetechnology is not complex.

Technology can also be transferred throughindividual experts. Transferring technology via acompetent expert has the advantage of cost-savings to the recipient, but it is generally suitableonly for small and medium-sized projects wherethe technology is simple and unpatented.

Intramural: Within the “walls” of an institution orcompany. Transfer between different functions withina company or institution.

Extramural: Outside the “walls” of an institution orcompany. Transfer between a company or institutionand the rest of the world.

Public/Private: Transfer from publicly fundedresearch to the private sector.

Different Kinds of Technology Transfer

Vertical technology transfer : when information istransmitted from basic research to applied research,from applied research to development, and fromdevelopment to production. Such transfers occur inboth directions.

Horizontal transfer of technology : when technologyused in one place, organisation, or context istransferred and used in another place, ororganisation.

Types of technology transfer

Necessary Conditions for Successful TechnologyTransfer

1.Technology is transferred most effectively by directpeople-to-people actions.

2.Technology transfer agents must be well-qualifiedand able to communicate effectively to people whoare capable of receiving applying the technology.

3. In addition to transfer agents and capablerecipients. “facilitators” or “middlemen” are needed.

4.Users and transfer agents should be involved inchoosing. Planning and implementing thetechnology so it meets actual needs and isappropriate for the situation.

5. All parties involved must feel that they are“winners” and must, in fact be winners.

Transfer of technology in agricultureFront-line demonstrations in farmer’s fields

Field days and interactive farmers-scientists meetings orfocus groups

National level/ State level training programmes fordevelopment personnel, State officials and farmers & otheragencies

Farmers' Participation Action Research Programmes(FPARP)

Kisan Melas and exhibitions

Publications including extension pamphlets and technicalbulletins

Programmes in public media like Radio Talks, TVProgrammes, News papers and other forums