transfers, nodes, hubs and places: different forms of ...and places: different forms of intermodal...
TRANSCRIPT
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TRANSFERS, NODES, HUBS AND PLACES: Different Forms of Intermodal ExchangeMarcel Smets, Flemish State Architect and Professor of Urbanism at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
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TRANSFERS, NODES, HUBS and PLACES,Different forms of intermodal exchangeMarcel SMETSProfessor of Urban Design
Huburbs SeminarUniversity of TorontoJohn Daniels School of ArchitectureApril 15th, 2011
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SYNOPSIS1. Networks terminology: original significance
• Transfers• Nodes• Hubs
2. Conditions of place making: transport efficiency vs. urban significance
• Clarity of flows vs. exchange between different publics• Well-tempered environment vs. diversity of activities• Monumentality vs. identity of the place
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Network terminology: TRANSFER
• Less-defined terminology: applicable to all (inter)modal exchange
• Habitual use: simple transfer between one transportation mode to another
1. Car to train/tram2. Train to tram/bus3. Train to ship4. Etc…
• Transfers by foot/cycle passengers to public transport: usual terminology ‘stations’
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The higher the hierarchy of transport modes, the more complex the transfers
Network terminology: TRANSFER
BRT Architekten – ICE Train Station Frankfurt Airport, Germany
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Airports or HST-stations rather nodes than transfers: served by carpark+bus+tram+metro
Network terminology: TRANSFER
Cuno Brullman Jean-Luc Crochon + Partners – Nice Airport Terminal 2 Parking Garage, France
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Most often simple transfer from car to tram/train
Network terminology: TRANSFER
Groupe Loisier – P&R Quatre Chemins, Bordeaux France De Giacinto & Escande – P&R La Buttinière, Bordeaux France
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Transfer: combination between car park and tram platform
Network terminology: TRANSFER
Atelier de Midi – Parc de la Gare d’Issy-Val de Seine, France
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Like in all other places of exchange (nod, hub) identity determined both by:
• standard profile of network• assimilation of specific context
Network terminology: TRANSFER
Norman Foster – Bilbao Metro System ‘Fosteritos’, Spain E. Souto de Moura – Porto Metro, Portugal
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In case of commuter transfer, significance of homecoming, linked to end-of-line station
Network terminology: TRANSFER
Station Patras, Athens Greece Station Leysin Village, Switzerland
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Node = point of connection between (at least) two lines in a network
Network terminology: NODE
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Node = point of better accessibility because served by (at least) two lines
Network terminology: NODE
Paris Métro, République Station
RE
PU
BLI
QU
E
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Node = natural point of crossing and internal movement
Network terminology: NODE
Von Gerkan, Marg und Partner – Lehrter Hauptbahnhof, Berlin Germany
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Node = highest accessibility where overlaps occur with networks of higher hierarchy
Network terminology: NODE
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Node = attractiveness as intermodal point of converging networks
Network terminology: NODE
Benthem Crouwel – Schiphol Plaza, Amsterdam Netherlands
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Specific meaning in origin from transportation theory
Hubs and spokes: means of reducing number of direct transport lines while continuing to provide all connections
Network terminology: HUB
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Hub: dividing trips into two portions: local distribution and long haul carrier
Transfer from: large body to small airplanes – HST-train to local stop train –container ships/trains to trucks
Network terminology: HUB
Union Pacific Railroad Global III Intermodal Facility, Rochelle Illonois
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Hub: radical hub versus end-of-line as local connector
Advantage of more efficient transport organization against passenger comfort of remaining in same carriage
Network terminology: HUB
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Hub rationale: linkage within same network
Network terminology: HUB
Singapore Airlines Flight Plan Position TGV Station Marne-la-Vallée / Chessy
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Hub rationale: linkage with other networks not evident
Network terminology: HUB
Malpensa
Linate
Position Malpensa Airport Position Toronto Airport
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Hub rationale: linkage with other networks not evident
Network terminology: HUB
TGV Station Santa Justa, Sevilla Spain Estacion Delicias, Zaragoza Spain
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Hub: more often isolated location, little mix with activities other than travel
Considering Place Making: HUB
Shanghai South Railway Station, China Von Gerkan, Marg und Partner – Lehrter Hauptbahnhof, Berlin
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Hub: isolated position because of singular network hierarchy
Considering Place Making: NODE
TGV Station Marne-la-Vallée/Chessy, France
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Node: evident exchange because of linkage between network hierarchies
Considering Place Making: HUB
Gare du Nord, Paris France
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Hub: often internalized space with flow chart optimizing transfer
Considering Place Making: HUB
Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects – Transbay Transit Center, San Fransisco Lehrter Hauptbahnhof, Berlin
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Hub: internalizing shopping malls that draw on (long-distance) travel, security, tax exemption, exclusiveness
Considering Place Making: HUB
Paul Andreu – Dubai Inetrnational Airport, United Arab Emirates
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Hub: internalizing shopping malls that benefit from accessibility in order to compensate for urban isolation
Considering Place Making: HUB
Centre Commercial Gare Part Dieu, Lyon Paris Von Gerkan, Marg und Partner – Lehrter Hauptbahnhof, Berlin
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Hub: often monumental space in order to create a sign to fill the void
Considering Place Making: HUB
AREP- Shanghai South Railway Station, China Santiago Calatrava – Liège Guillemins Station, Belgium
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Conditions of Place Making:
• Main Dilemma: weighing off transport efficiency against urban significance
• Main design questions:
1. Clarity without exclusionDirecting the flows, while realizing an exchange between different publics
2. Comfort without encapsulationRealizing a well-tempered environment, while breaking out into the city
3. Identity through meaningCreating a place that sticks on the mind of people because of what they experience there, not only because of its iconic appearance
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Conditions of Place Making 1
Clarity without exclusion: opening up to other publics than travelers
OMA – Souterrain Tunnel Complex, The Hague Netherlands KHR Architekten – Copenhagen Metro, Denmark
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Conditions of Place Making 1
Clarity without exclusion: not only highlighting the flows…
UN Studio – Arnhem Central Station, Netherlands F.O.A.– Yokohama Ferry Terminal, Japan
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Conditions of Place Making 1
Clarity without exclusion: also mixing the flows
Grumbach & Schall – Bibliotheque Mitterand Station, Paris France Intermodal Change, Santo André, Brasil
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Conditions of Place Making 2
Comfort through encapsulation: the Kyoto station model of enclosed forum
Hiroshi Hara + Atelier Phi – Kyoto Station, Japan
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Conditions of Place Making 2
Comfort through encapsulation: the shopping street interiorized
Antwerp Central Station, Belgium Pancras Station, London, UK
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Conditions of Place Making 2
Comfort without encapsulation: breaking out into the street
Rafael Moneo – Atocha Station, Madrid Spain
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Conditions of Place Making 2
Comfort without encapsulation: breaking out into the street
OMA & XDGA – Competition Project, Les Halles, Paris, France
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Conditions of Place Making 2
Comfort without encapsulation: breaking out into the street
Manuel de Sola-Morales / Projectteam Stadsontwerp – Leuven Railway Station, Belgium
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Conditions of Place Making 2
Comfort without encapsulation: breaking out into the street
EM2N – Hardbrücke Station, Zürich Switzerland
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Conditions of Place Making 3
Identity through meaning: the memory of an environment
Paul Delvaux – The astonishing discovery
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Conditions of Place Making 3
Identity through meaning: not a reduction to the idea of historical setting
HPP – Leipzig Central Station, Germany
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Conditions of Place Making 3
Identity through meaning: but entrusting civic character to a place
Smith-Miller + Hawkinson – Wall Street Ferry Terminal, NYC Agence Tetrarc – Place Pirmil Bus Station, Nantes, France
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Conditions of Place Making 3
Identity through meaning: entrusting civic character to a place
Manuel de Sola-Morales / Projectteam Stadsontwerp – Leuven Railway Station, Belgium
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Conditions of Place Making 3
Identity through meaning: entrusting civic character to a place
Manuel de Sola-Morales / Projectteam Stadsontwerp – Leuven Railway Station, Belgium
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TRANSFERS, NODES, HUBS and PLACES,Different forms of intermodal exchange
Marcel SMETSProfessor of Urban Design
Huburbs SeminarUniversity of TorontoJohn Daniels School of ArchitectureApril 15th, 2011