Transformational Transformational Leadership ApproachLeadership Approach

AGED 3153

Be gentle and you can be bold; be frugal Be gentle and you can be bold; be frugal and you can be liberal; avoid putting and you can be liberal; avoid putting yourself before others and you can yourself before others and you can become a leader among men.become a leader among men.

~ Lao Tzu~ Lao Tzu

OverviewOverview

Transformational leadership approach perspective A model of TL TL factors Full range of leadership model Additive effects of TL Other transformational leadership perspectives How does the transformational approach work?

Transactional vs. TransformingTransactional vs. Transforming

Burns

Occurs when one person takes the initiative in making contact with others for the purpose of an exchange of valued things

Occurs when one or more persons engage

with others in such a way that leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of motivation and morality

PseudotransformationalPseudotransformational

Personalized leadership Describes leaders who are transforming,

but in negative ways Leaders who are

self-consumed Exploitive Power oriented Warped moral values

Examples: Adolf Hitler, Saddam Hussein, Jim Jones

Transformational Leadership Transformational Leadership Approach DescriptionApproach Description

“New leadership” paradigm – 1980s

Treats followers as complete human beings assessment of motives satisfying their needs

Moves followers to accomplish beyond expectations often incorporates charismatic and visionary

leadership

Transformational Leadership Transformational Leadership Approach DescriptionApproach Description

emotions values ethics standards long-term goals

Leader plays pivotal role in precipitating change

Followers and leaders are bound in the process

Types of Leadership DefinedTypes of Leadership DefinedBurns (1978)Burns (1978)

Attempted to link roles of leadership and followership

Two types of leadership TransformationalTransformational

CharismaCharisma

House - 1976House - 1976 theory of charismatic theory of charismatic

leadershipleadership A special gift select

individuals possess that gives them the capacity to do extraordinary things

Unique personal & behavioral characteristics

Weber - 1947Weber - 1947 CharismaCharisma

personality characteristic gives superhuman/

exceptional powers reserved for a few is of divine origin person treated as a

leader Followers play role in

validating charisma

Model of Transformational LeadershipModel of Transformational LeadershipBass (1985)Bass (1985)

Expanded and refined original version

More attention to followers’ needs

Motivates followers beyond the expected by: raising consciousness transcending self-interest addressing higher-level needs

Incorporates seven factors

Leadership FactorsLeadership Factors

Factor 2InspirationalMotivational

Factor 3Intellectu

alStimulatio

nFactor 4Individualize

dConsideratio

n

TransactionTransactionalal

Factor 5Contingent Reward

ConstructiveTransactions

Factor 6Mgmt. by Exception

Active & PassiveCorrective Transactions

NonleadersNonleadershiphip

Factor 7Laissez-Faire

Nontransactional

TransformationTransformationalal

Factor 1Idealized InfluenceCharisma

Transformational Leadership Transformational Leadership FactorsFactors

1. Individualized Influence Charisma Describes leaders

who act as strong role models for followers

Leader behaviors: increase moral/ ethical

conduct standards

“do the right thing”

provide vision and sense of mission

2. Inspirational Motivation Inspiration Describes leaders

who communicate high expectations

Leader behaviors: use symbols/

emotional appeals to focus group

enhanced team spirit

3. Intellectual Stimulation

Describes leaders stimulate followers to

be creative/ innovative

Leader behaviors: challenge beliefs and

values

supports thinking on own

careful problem solving

4. Indiv. Consideration

Describes leaders provide a supportive

climate

Leader behaviors: coaching & advising

assist individuals in becoming self-actualized

use delegation

Transformational Leadership FactorsTransformational Leadership Factors

Transformational LeadersTransformational Leaders

Leaders who exhibit TL:

have a strong set of values & ideals

are effective in motivating followers to support greater good over self-interest

Transactional Leadership Transactional Leadership FactorsFactors

Management by Exception involves corrective criticism, negative feedback, negative reinforcement

Two forms

watch followers closely identify mistakes/ rule

violations

intervenes only after standards have not been met or problems have arisen

Contingent Reward exchange process

Effort by followers is exchanged for specified rewards

Nonleadership FactorNonleadership Factor

Laissez-FaireThe absence of leadership.

hands-off, let-things-ride approachRefers to a leader who:

abdicates responsibilitydelays decisionsgives no feedbackmakes little effort to help followers

satisfy their needs

Full Range of Leadership ModelFull Range of Leadership Model

Passive

Effective

Ineffective

Active

II

IM

IS

IC

CR

MBE

LF

Additive Effect of TLAdditive Effect of TL

Transformational LeadershipTransformational Leadership

Individualized Influence ++

Inspirational Motivation ++

Intellectual Stimulation ++

IndividualizedConsideration

Contingent Reward++

Management byException

ExpectedOutcomes

PerformanceBeyond

Expectations

Transactional Leadership

Other Transformational Other Transformational PerspectivesPerspectives

• Bennis & Nanus (1985) Four Leader Transformation Strategies

1. Clear vision of organization’s future state• believable future

2. Social architect of organization• shape/form shared meetings

3. Create trust in organization• make position known and stand by it

4. Creatively deploy themselves through positive self-regard• know strengths & weaknesses and emphasizes

strengths

Other Transformational Other Transformational PerspectivesPerspectives

Kouzes and Posner Five fundamental practices

Model the way Inspire a shared vision Challenge the process Enable others to act Encourage the heart

How does the How does the transformational leadership transformational leadership approach work?approach work?

Focus of TLFocus of TL• Describes how leaders can initiate,

develop, and carry out significant changes in organizations

• Focus of Transformational Leaders empower and nurture followers stimulate change by becoming strong role

models for followers create a vision act as change agents are social architects

What are the strengths of What are the strengths of transformational leadership?transformational leadership?

What are the weaknesses of What are the weaknesses of transformational leadership?transformational leadership?

How do we apply How do we apply transformational leadership?transformational leadership?

SummarySummary

Describes how leaders can initiate, develop, and carry out significant changes in organizations

Focus of Transformational Leaders empower and nurture followers stimulate change by becoming strong role

models for followers create a vision act as change agents are social architects

SummarySummary

Two types of leadership Transactional Transformational

Treats followers as complete human beings

Moves followers to accomplish beyond expectations often incorporates charismatic and visionary

leadership

SummarySummary

Motivates followers beyond the expected by: raising consciousness transcending self-interest addressing higher-level needs