transformations in europe, 1500-1750 chapter 16
TRANSCRIPT
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Transformations in Europe,
1500-1750
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Culture and Ideas
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Religion Reformation
1500 Catholic Church prosperity
Indulgences at St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome,
by authorization of Pope Leo X
German monk Martin Luther
95 Theses
John Calvin
Simplicity in life and worship
The Institutes of the Christian Religion
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Alternate reasons to join the Protestant
cause:
Catholic Reformation
Council of Trent
Society of Jesus or Jesuits
The Protestant Reformation led to
“religious wars” in Europe until 1648.
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Traditional Thinking and Witch-
Hunts
European concepts based on Judeo-
Christian beliefs, superstition, and belief in
super natural causes.
Witch-hunts 16th and 17th century
100,000
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The Scientific Revolution
European idea of natural world:
4 light elements
Copernicus
Earth-centered model
• Christian opposition
• Spread in books
Galileo
Newton
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The Early Enlightenment
Advances in scientific thought inspired
European governments to question:
Influenced by
• Chinese philosophers
War v. education
• Reformation
“no opinion is worth burning your neighbor for”
Opposition by absolutist rulers and clergymen
Printing press
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Social and Economic Life
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The Bourgeoisie
Substantial urban growth between 1500-
1700.
Bourgeoisie thrived in manufacturing,
finance, trade (grain)
Amsterdam
Monarch
Joint-stock companies and stock
exchanges
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Government played a key role in the
improvement of ______.
What was the key role of the Anglo-Dutch
wars?
From bourgeois to nobility
Marriage
purchase
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Peasant and Laborers
Serfdom declined in Western Europe, but gained
prominence in ______.
What contributed to the boost in European economy?
The condition of the average person in Western Europe
declined. What kept peasants from starving?
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High consumption of wood
High prices led to use of _____.
Some efforts were made to conserve forests
to provide wood for naval vessels.
Deforestation
• Severe effects on poor
Urban poor
• “deserving poor” v. “unworthy poor”
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Women and the Family
Women’s status and work were closely tied to
their husbands’ and families’.
Common people and bourgeois in early modern
Europe married relatively late. Why?
Result:
Education
Promoted by
bourgeois parents
No women
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Political Innovations
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State Development
Wearing Two Crowns
In 1519, Charles V inherited the Spanish and
the Austrian Hapsburgs.
Constant warfare
• Protestant
• Ottoman Empire
Unable to unify
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Lutheran German princes
German Wars of Religion
Empire Divided
• Spain=
• Holly Roman Empire
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Religious Policies Rulers of Spain and France successfully
defended state-sponsored Catholicism
against ______.
Henry VIII and the church ( )
Church of England/Anglican Church
Calvinist resistance
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Monarchies in England and France
England
Parliament v King
• Oliver Cromwell of Puritan Republic order
Stuart line restored
• King James II driven from throne- Glorious
Revolution 1688
William and Mary
Bill of Rights
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France
Bourbon kings were able to establish an
absolutionist government.
Minister of finance Colbert
Louis XIV’
• Versailles
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Warfare and Diplomacy What led to military revolution?
Grew in size, maintained standard armies;
except England
Management of armies
Command structures
Signal techniques
Marching drills
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Navy technology
Cannons
English Royal Navy defeat Spain’s Catholic Armada 1588. Result?
France=
England=
War of the Spanish Succession
England, Austria, Prussia v. France
Balance of Power:
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Paying the Piper
War Costs
Alliances with commercial elites
Spanish
Netherlands
V. Spain
Commercial interests (Holland), craftsmen,
manufacturing enterprises (Amsterdam)
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England
V. Dutch
Improved financial position
French
Protective tariffs
Could not: