transforming monumental landscapes in late antique egypt

8/13/2019 Transforming Monumental Landscapes in Late Antique Egypt

1/28

Transforming Monumental Landscapes in Late Antique Egypt:

Monastic Dwellings in Legal Documents from Western Thebes

O'Connell, Elisabeth RJournal of Early Christian Studies07-01-2007

The conersion of te!"les into churches !ay offer the !ost iid "ortrayal ofcultural transfor!ation in the architectural eniron!ent of late anti#ue E$y"t%ho&eer, the landsca"e &as ar$uably !ore radically re&ored &hen early Christianascetics ada"ted earlier funerary architecture to do!estic and other "ur"oses( The richarchaeolo$ical re!ains of late si)th-ei$hth century *estern Thebes, to$ether &ithliterary te)ts concernin$ the re$ion's inhabitants, allo& us to e)"lore the "ractical andideolo$ical i!"lications of ada"tie reuse of funerary architecture in a sin$lecircu!scribed re$ion( This "a"er concentrates on the ocabulary of s"ace used in one$enre of le$al docu!ents unearthed at *estern Thebes( *ills +diayai describe!onastic "ro"erty located in the re$ion and offer one "oint of access by &hich &e!ay e)"lore ho& the re$ion's inhabitants understood their !onu!ental landsca"e(

+.ro/uest-CS C ((( denotes non-3SSC44 te)t o!itted(

ntony &ent out to the to!bs +!n!ata5!6aau that &ere situated so!e distancefro! the illa$e( 6e char$ed one of his friends to su""ly hi! "eriodically &ith bread,and he entered one of the to!bs +((( and re!ained alone &ithin, his friend hain$closed the door on hi!(1

6ain$ $ot to no& the coura$e of the old !an "a .ala!on, youn$ .acho!ius

!ade it a habit to leae his cell and to $o to the to!bs +!6au filled &ith deadbodies8 and to "ass the &hole ni$ht there, "rayin$ before the ord Jesus fro!eenin$ to !ornin$(2

ntony and .acho!ius, the 9fathers9 of anchoritic and coenobitic !onasticis!res"ectiely, are both de"icted as s"endin$ ti!e in to!bs durin$ their earlydisci"lines( Their early ies can be read as "ro$ressions to&ard the "laces that &ouldco!e to be identified &ith their res"ectie !odels of !onasticis! ntony's innerdesert and .acho!ius's &alled co!!unity(: The ies of both saints re"resent to!bsas te!"orary sto""in$-"laces on the &ay to their final destinations( ;ut E$y"tianarchaeolo$ical re!ains de"ict a situation far less transient( s E$y"tolo$ists no&,

!ons re$ularly ado"ted the $reat necro"oleis of ancient E$y"t as lon$-ter! earthlyresidences( Traces of their habitations dot the


2/28

to!b courtyards% installation of "ae!ents, benches, and cooin$ facilities% "lasterin$and "aintin$ of &alls, inscribin$ of fi$ures and te)ts u"on the!% and carin$ ofsheles and la!" niches(

lthou$h archaeolo$ists and historians hae often obsered the "heno!enon of to!b

habitation,7 there has been little effort to #uantify it and scholarly e)"lanations are$enerally li!ited to citin$ 9i!itation of ntony9 based on the "assa$e fro! thatsaint's ife #uoted aboe( The "o"ularity of certain literary te)ts and een theocabulary used to describe the location of d&ellin$s de"icted in literary anddocu!entary te)ts hae obscured the reality of a "ractice readily discernable in thearchaeolo$ical record( ?or e)a!"le, Christian &riters Jero!e +c( :=2-=20 c(e( andJohn Cassian +:B0-=:> c(e( successfully "ro"a$ated the literary construction of t&ole$iti!ate !odels of !onasticis! to the *est in their late fourthand early fifth-century &ritin$s(D lthou$h fre#uently re"eated by !odern scholars to the "resent,the binary syste! that distin$uishes bet&een co!!unal !onasticis! and anchoretic!onasticis! has been successfully refuted by a nu!ber of scholars, es"ecially oer

the last thirty years(10 4nstead of a strict bifurcation, anchoretic and co!!unal!onasticis! see! to hae been t&o e)tre!es of a &hole s"ectru! of "ossibilities( Sotoo, it is clear that the s"ace in &hich ascetics in late anti#ue E$y"t !i$ht "racticetheir disci"line included households in cities and to&ns% deserted to&ns% ce!eteries%and the outer or inner desert(11 @es"ite the i!"ression $leaned fro! fre#uentlyreferenced authors such as John Cassian and Jero!e, ascetics chose a!on$ thiscontinuu! of o"tions, and they could, and #uite often did, trael bet&een the!(12

.erha"s the !ore i!"ortant factor contributin$ to historians' ne$lect of the"heno!enon of ascetic reuse of necro"oleis for settle!ent is the a!bi$uity of theree and Co"tic ocabulary used in E$y"t to describe 9the desert(9 The constructionof 9the desert9 has al&ays been central to the historio$ra"hy of E$y"tian !onasticis!(Early Christians understood it es"ecially as a site of rede!"tion and salation, andeoed the e)a!"les of EliFah, John the ;a"tist, and es"ecially Jesus(1: nd yet inE$y"t, 9the desert9 can refer to anythin$ beyond the band of cultiation that flans the

Gile in

The fluidity of !eanin$s coneyed by these ter!s should alert us to ancientunderstandin$s of the natural and built landsca"e( The !onu!ents of E$y"t &erethen, as they are no&, a fact of life( They are not si!"ly "assie artifacts of the "ast,

but hae actiely influenced $enerations of E$y"tians for !illennia(1B Once theterrestrial ho!es of deities, dead in$s, and other elites, such !onu!ents continue to

"lay, in the ter!s of 6enri efebre, a socialiAin$ role(17 4n the last century they haesha"ed E$y"tian national as &ell as "an-rab identity, often in tension &ith their roleas tourist attractions(1 So too, in late anti#uity, Christians res"onded to their

!onu!ental landsca"e in a ariety of &ays and these res"onses &ere tied to theiri!!ediate social and "olitical conte)ts(1D


3/28

Sera"eu! at le)andria, ada"ted and reused +e($(, te!"les at Harna, u)or, .hilae,Edfu, and rei!a$ined( This latter "oint is &ell illustrated by the author of the 6istoria!onachoru! in e$y"to, &ho eoed biblical authority &hen he identified the $reat

"yra!ids of iAa as Jose"h's $ranaries in accordance &ith en =1(2>->7(20

This "a"er e)"lores ho& the residents of late si)th- to ei$hth-century *estern Thebesunderstood the re$ion's !onu!ental funerary landsca"e as d&ellin$ "laces and sitesof ascetic "ractice( .ut si!"ly, it is i!"ortant to establish if the occu"ants of a $iennecro"olis-settle!ent reco$niAed the funerary "ur"ose ori$inally intended by theird&ellin$s( 4f so, &e !ay e)"lore the e)tent to &hich the funerary associations of thearchitecture &ere e)"loited, in &hich conte)ts, by &ho!, and to &hat "ur"ose(

fter #uicly de!onstratin$ shifts in the s"atial distribution of settle!ents andce!eteries in t&o distinct areas of *estern Thebes, &e &ill briefly obsere ho&authors of literary te)ts concernin$ saints &ho lied in the Theban


4/28

ori$inally dedicated to the funerary cult of indiidual "haraohs, and hundreds ofto!bs belon$in$ to royals and other elites +fi$( 2(

3ntil late anti#uity, !ost of the !onu!ents in the Theban necro"olis &ere reused forburial &ith the result that !ost accessible to!bs beca!e !ass $raes and !ortuary

te!"les beca!e ce!eteries( n early e)a!"le of this "ractice in *estern Thebes &asthe !ortuary te!"le of Ra!esses 444, no& no&n as @urin$ the first !illenniu! b(c(e(,


5/28

"a"yrolo$ical eidence for the fifth and early si)th centuries is the result of seeralco!"etin$ factors, includin$ the uneen surial of "a"yri and een !odern editorial

"ractice(:B

The Transfor!ation of Sheih abd el-urna and @eir el-;ahri

T&o archaeolo$ically docu!ented necro"olis-settle!ents in *estern Thebes &ill bethe !ain focus of the follo&in$ discussion( One is still "artially installed in anda!on$ seeral to!bs at Sheih abd el-urna and the other once stood Fust across thealley u"on the ruins of the Te!"le of 6atshe"sut at @eir el-;ahri( ;oth date fro! atleast the end of the si)th century and are docu!ented by seeral different inds ofte)tual sources( 4nscri"tions and $raffiti offer one i!"ortant, relatiely "er!anentindicator of the use of s"ace( Te)ts &ritten on "a"yri, "otsherds, or li!estone flaesoffer another( The contents of so!e te)ts retrieed fro! e)caations are 9literary9 andillu!inate the readin$ habits of the re$ion's residents(:7 E)caators considered a


6/28

secondary burial "it, datin$ "erha"s fro! the first !illenniu! b(c(e( and located in thecorridor floor of an ada"ted @ynasty K4 +211D-1D7B b(c(e( to!b to be a retreat for a!on, 9to conduct his deotions in absolute solitude(9=B *e need not adhere to thisinter"retation, but &e should ee" in !ind that this ancient burial shaft &as an actie

"art of the co!"le)( ie !any of the docu!ented co!!unities in late anti#ue

*estern Thebes, the 0 4n the second century b(c(e(, .tole!y 444established a sanctuary of 4!hote" and !enhote" son of 6a"u in the !ain a)ialshrine of the te!"le% a healin$ cult, eentually dedicated to !enhote", 4!hote"-scle"ius, and 6y$eia, functioned there into the second century c(e(>1 @eir el-;ahriin the late third and "erha"s early fourth century c(e( &as a "o"ular burial site, as a

nu!ber of $raes e)caated by the E$y"t E)"loration ?und +no& Society and the= t this ti!e, the area see!s to hae beenunderstood as deserted +erh!os, .(HR3 10>(1B( .a"yrolo$ical sources fro! c( B00

c(e( describe the co!"le) as both a to"os and a !onastery +!onasthrion(>>


7/28

E$y"tolo$ists ea$er to uncoer the "haraonic te!"le beneath( 4n 1DB *( odle&si"ublished a co!"ilation of all of the aailable eidence for the late anti#ue site(>BThe !ost isible feature of the !onastery, its to&er, is a""arent in nineteenth-century

"hotos +fi$( >, but today only $raffiti are isible indicators of the use of s"ace in lateanti#uity +fi$( B(>7

4n addition to the roc-cut cha"els of the ori$inal "haraonic !ortuary te!"le, thereare nu!erous roc-cut to!bs in the cliff faces around the !onu!ent, andarchaeolo$ical re!ains such as "ottery, la!"s, &eain$ i!"le!ents% other tools,$raffiti, and ostraca su$$est that these too &ere reused for habitation(> ate anti#ue

burials rese!blin$ those unearthed at the D0s, but certainly at so!e "oint

before @a!ian's death in B07 c(e(B: ie @a!ian, &ho lied at Enaton so!e nine!iles &est of le)andria, braha! did not lie "er!anently in the ca"ital of hisdistrict, but resided, at least inter!ittently, at his !onastery in the Theban


8/28

4TERRM .ERS.ECT4ES OG TOBD-B:2, the bisho" of Ho"tos5Heft fro! >DD to B:2, s"ent !any of hisyears in the Theban


9/28


10/28

to deli!it boundaries of "ro"erty and ensure its unchallen$ed trans!ission, they offerone es"ecially aluable "ers"ectie as to ho& their authors understood the s"aces theydescribe(

t least ei$hteen &ills or fra$!ents thereof datin$ fro! c( B10-7>0 c(e( are identified

a!on$ te)ts fro! *estern Thebes(DB *ills &ere &ritten in either ree or Co"tic,and so!eti!es in Co"tic &ith a ree inocation(D7 These are substantial docu!entsco!"lete te)ts ran$e fro! 70 to 1B0 lines and usually include so!e co!bination ofstandard for!ulae, e($(, inocation, dates +usually in !ulti"le syste!s, i(e(, re$nal andconsular, indiction, Era of the


11/28

sin$le, e)tant &ill effects the dis"osition of the (10= Suriin$ in 1>2 lines of Co"tic, it recounts the

"assin$ of the "ro"erty oer four $enerations +fro! E"i"hanius to .san to Jacob andElias to Ste"hen, .(HR3 7>(10-1>( The datin$ for!ula of the docu!ent is lost, but it&as "robably &ritten in the second half of the seenth century c(e( 4n the &ill, 9Jacob,

son of @aid, the !on +!onacos and Elias the "ious belieer +"istos, the son ofSa!uel, that are counted of the Hastru! of Je!e and that d&ell u"on its holy


12/28

!artyr bba .hoiba!!on, &hich lies in the aforesaid holy (112 The last &ill in the se#uence +.(HR3 B> suries inninety-nine lines of Co"tic and "roides ery s"ecific ocabulary as to the descri"tionof the inherited "ro"erty( Jacob, 9the !on +!onacos and su"erior +"roest&s of theholy to"os of "a .hoiba!!on on the (1-2 na!es as his beneficiary 9brother ictor, son of the

blessed +i(e(, deceased Theodoros9 +=>(11: The &ill also handily re"roduces thesuccession history of the to"os +.(HR3 B>(:>-:( > include the & +"its,"ur$os +to&er, and "erioch +enclosure, ter!s that accord &ell &ith thearchaeolo$ical re!ains of the ancient roc-he&n cha"els, to!bs, and installations inand around the te!"le co!"le) at @eir el-;ahri(11=

The &ills describe the inhabited ancient funerary architecture as d&ellin$ "laces+!!a n&"e( They are not referred to by the usual ocabulary used to describeto!bs, for e)a!"le, in ree tQfo& or !nh!eon or Co"tic !6aau(11> ;y doin$ sothe authors or scribes of the &ills surely &ould hae indicated that these &ere,fore!ost, actie ce!eteries( s de!onstrated aboe, the relationshi"s ary bet&een

the !onasteries and conte!"orary burials( 4n order to be as clear as "ossible, they areter!ed 9d&ellin$ "laces(9 3nlie the literary te)ts concernin$ Elias and .isentios, the


13/28

&ills do not e)"licitly see to e!"hasiAe to!b habitation as an ascetic feat( ;ut &henfurther infor!ation is $ien, a !ore "recise ter!, bhb, is used to describe the d&ellin$

"laces% this reeals a !easure of the &ay in &hich the authors and scribes of the &illsunderstood these d&ellin$s(

4n order to understand the i!"lications of the ocabulary used in the &ills to describethe funerary architecture ada"ted to occu"ation, &e first can turn to Co"tictranslations of the ;ible &here the !eanin$ of the ocabulary in #uestion is relatielysecure( bhb is the Co"tic &ord used !ost fre#uently to translate ree s"laion+9cae9, as for e)a!"le the cleft in the roc in Jer 1:(=(11B 4t also translates ree!Qndra, an ani!al den or a nest of birds or insects( ?or e)a!"le, in the Co"tictranslation of the ;ible, it is used of the lion's den in Gah 2(12 and a den of fo)es in(117 4t is also a den of thiees, in Jer 7(11, or robbers, in(122 ?ro! these

Co"tic e)a!"les &e hae can infer that & $enerally refers to a dro" strai$ht do&n(4n de!otic E$y"tian, s"ecifically in docu!ents concernin$ the burial of !u!!ies inthe Theban Gecro"olis in the second century b(c(e(, s# is used of burial shafts, and 4sus"ect that is &hat &e are dealin$ &ith here(12: The nu!erous first !illenniu!

b(c(e( burial shafts in the terraces of the Te!"le of 6atshe"sut &ere "erha"s in use bythe


14/28

out here both co!"le!ents and co!"licates these discussions(12B


15/28

4n accordance &ith the function of this edifyin$ literature, &hich &as co!"osed toins"ire i!itation of saintly conduct, the &riters of ies e!"hasiAed to!b-habitationas an ascetic feat( ?or the "ur"oses of identification and the "reention of futuredis"utes, the authors of &ills sou$ht to describe a $ien "ro"erty as carefully andaccurately as "ossible( ie descri"tions of s"ace in the ies, those in &ills are not

neutral, but infor!ed by cultural nor!s and e)"ectations(12D The ocabulary authorse!"loyed de!onstrates that !ons liin$ at the


16/28

bibliothV#ue "atriarcale d'le)andrie 2 1D>:8 B7-D(

B( .eter ross!ann, 9@ayr nba 6adra rchitecture,9 Co"tic Encyclo"edia +Ge&Mor % E&a *i"sAyca, 9


17/28

crucial correctie to ancient literary and !odern acade!ic conce"tualiAations of 9thedesert9 as an undelineated, un"eo"led &aste( The aailable eidence co!"iled so farsu$$ests that traffic in E$y"t's deserts reached its a"e) in the first-si)th centuries c(e(Rene ?ried!an, ed(, E$y"t and Gubia ifts of the @esert +ondon ;ritish u$ust200B(

22( See also ;o&es, Sessa, and 6illner in this olu!e(

2:( ?or a detailed discussion of &hat constitutes asceticis! accordin$ to ;asil ofCaesarea's definition, see El!, ir$ins, BB( ?or co"ies of &ors attributed to orconcernin$ ;asil of Caesarea discoered at *estern Thebes, see 6( E( *inloc and*( E( Cru!,


18/28

2>( ?or burials &ithin the te!"le "recinct datin$ fro! at least @ynasty KK-KK4,see 3o 6Wlscher, The E)caation of ols( +Chica$o 3niersity ofChica$o .ress, 1D:=->=, >1D-20, :0-::( 9To!b 7,9 datin$ to the .tole!aic "eriod, isone "ossible e)ce"tion, but, as conceded by 6Wlscher, it !ay not hae functioned as a

to!b +1B( Ro!an re!ains of 1=-==(

2B( The Te!"le of Seti 4 &as also a settle!ent of so!e ind in late anti#uity( 4ncontrast to


19/28

:1( To!asA @erda, 9Gecro"olis *orers in raeco-Ro!an E$y"t in the i$ht of theree .a"yri,9 Journal of Juristic .a"yrolo$y 21 +1DD1 1:-:B(

:2( ?or eidence of funerals in Ro!an "eriod "a"yri, see @o!inic % 4(.hoeb(Co"t( :0 and =:( ?orthe !odern occu"ation of to!bs as a te!"orary esca"e fro! flood &aters and, !ore

"er!anently, as a result of the $ro&in$ anti#uities trade, see Caroline Si!"son,

9


20/28

=0( The "ublication consists of ol( 1, cited here as 9*inloc and Cru!, E"i"hanius9and editions of te)ts in ol( 2, as .(= +2002 2D-=>% ndrea ->0%Catherine Thirard, 9'or$anisation architecturale des !ontastVres d'a"rVs les te)tes etl'archolo$ie9 Y$y"ten und Gubien in s"^tantier und christlicher Xeit ten des B(4nternationalen Ho"tolo$enon$resses,


21/28

9;urials of the .riests of 0( Ro$er S( ;a$nall and @o!inic Rathbone, E$y"t fro! le)ander to the EarlyChristians n rchaeolo$ical and 6istorical uide +os n$eles The J( .aul etty1( E&a aso&sa-HusAtal, e sanctuaire "tol!a\#ue de @eir el-;ahari +*arsa&.*G Uditions scientifi#ues de .olo$ne, 1D=% ;ataille, 4nscri"tions $rec#ues dute!"le de 6atshe"sout _ @eir el-;ahari +Cairo 4!"ri!erie de l'4nstitut franaisd'archolo$ie orientale, 1D>1(

>2( Christina Ri$$s, 9Ro!an 7( ?or reised datin$ of the inscri"tions, seeRo$er S( ;a$nall, 9ast @oney Sacrifice at @eir el-;ahari,9 Journal of Juristic.a"yrolo$y := +200= 1>-21( ?or one inter"retation of the inscri"tions, see @aid?ranfurter, Reli$ion in Ro!an E$y"t ssi!ilation and Resistance +.rinceton, GJ.rinceton 3niersity .ress, 1DD, B=(

>=( Ti!!, Christlich-o"tische Y$y"ten, 1:7-D2% rietta .a"aconstantinou, e cultedes saints en U$y"te des ;yAantins au) bbassides l'a""ort des inscri"tions et des

"a"yrus $recs et co"tes +.aris CGRS Editions, 2001, 20B-1=(

>>( Ti!!, Christlich-o"tische Y$y"ten, 1:7(

>B( *lodAi!ierA odle&si, e !onastre de St( .hoiba!!on, @eir el-;ahari >+*arsa& .*G Editions scientifi#ues de .olo$ne, 1DB(

>7( Catalo$ued in odle&si, .hoiba!!on, 1=1->2% .ococe's descri"tions of"ainted saints in @escri"tion of the East and So!e Other Countries +ondon 17=:,100(

>( ?or e)a!"le, TT 2=0, :10, :12( *inloc and Cru!, E"i"hanius, 120% odle&si,.hoiba!!on, =7( The discoery of fra$!ents of a Ro!an burial shroud in TT :10su$$ests that the to!b !ay hae been reused in the Ro!an "eriod(

>D( 3nlie other burials Gaille e)caated throu$hout the co!"le) and identified as9Co"tic,9 these can be confidently attributed to the !onastery based on his descri"tionof the bodies and co!"arison to those fro! other late anti#ue ce!eteries( Edouard

Gaille, Te!"le of @eir el ;ahari, B ols( +ondon E$y"t E)"loration ?und, 1D01,=B% *inloc and Cru!, E"i"hanius, 11:% odle&si, .hoiba!!on, ::, =7-=D(


22/28

B0( ?or the i!"ressie interior, see, e($(, @ieter rnold, 9Te!"le of 6atshe"sut at@eir el-;ahri,9 in 6atshe"sut ?ro! /ueen to .haraoh, ed( Catharine 6( Roehri$ et al(+Ge& Mor :1-==(

B=( Ste"hen @ais, Early Co"tic .a"acy +Ge& Mor !erican 3niersity in Cairo.ress, 200=, 10( See ;o&es +this olu!e for the situation in the fourth5fifth centuryRo!an &est &here bisho"s &ere e)"ected to lie only in e"isco"al cities and 6illner+this olu!e for the deelo"!ent of the le$al relationshi" bet&een the bisho"s and!onasteries under Justinian(

B>( ?or e)a!"le, .(HR3 "assi!(

BB( ?or a co!"rehensie biblio$ra"hy on child donations at the B->7 dated to the fourteenth century in eor$raf, Catalo$ue de !anuscri"ts arabes chrtiens conseres au Caire, ST B: +aticanCity ;iblioteca "ostolica aticana, 1D:=, 1B +catalo$ue no( 71% ;ibliothV#uenationale, .aris arabe 1>:, folios 112-1= dated to the seenteenth century in rardTrou"eau, Catalo$ue des !anuscri"ts arabes +.aris ;ibliothV#ue nationale, 1D72,

112: +catalo$ue no( 1>:(


23/28

72( 6e is co!!e!orated on 17 Choia +@ece!ber 1:( *ith ?rench translation, R(;asset, e syna)aire arabe Facobite +rdaction co"te +.O :=7=-2% &ith atintranslation, 4acobus ?or$et, Syna)ariu! ale)andrinu!, CSCO =72=2-=7( ;otheditions are fro! the sa!e rabic ,:1( See the co!!ents and biblio$ra"hy of .a"aconstantinou, Culte des saints, 2-2D(

7:( .O :=2% CSCO =72=7(

7=( 6is ife "laces hi! in the Theban ( *ilfon$, *o!en, 2=% J( an der liet, 9.isentios de Co"tos +>BD-B:2 !oine,#ue et saint utour d'une nouelle dition de ses archies,9 in utour de Co"tos

ctes du collo#ue or$anis au BD-B:2 +;onn R( 6abelt, 1D=%for additions to abra's catalo$ue of 2 site 44 in *inloc and Cru! 1D2B, 110-11( See ntonia, 9Recent@iscoeries(9

0( 93n #ue de Heft au 44e siVcle,9 ed( E( !lineau, in


24/28


25/28

+ei"Ai$, 2002(

D=( ;ruce *( ?rier and Tho!as ( J( ( ?or a list of suriin$ ree +or "artially ree &ills "roduced c( :00 b(c(e(- 700c(e( see Orsolina by R(

.( Salo!ons and .( J( SiF"estein, 9aria Co"tica no( > 0 c(e( +.(HR370(

D( ?or a treat!ent of for!ulae, see Till, Erbrechtliche, B1-B(

DD( Contrary to i!"ressions $leaned fro! !onastic rules and canon la&, docu!entaryte)ts de"ict !en and &o!en &ith ascetic titles o&nin$ and ad!inisterin$ "ro"erty as

early as the fourth century and the aailable eidence does not su$$est that this"ractice chan$ed !aredly in later ti!es( Just lie their conte!"oraries, asceticsfre#uently trans!itted "ro"erty by contracts or other le$al docu!ents( Jud$e, 9?ourth-Century (1:1(

102( ?or a discussion of the eidence for fe!ale ascetics in *estern Thebes, see

*ilfon$, *o!en, 10B-110(


26/28

10:( The relationshi" bet&een the +fe!ale testator and her +!ale heir in .(HR3 70is unclear to !e(

10=( .(HR3 7>, translated in .(( 4 do not beliee Jacob and Elias hold the "ro"erty Fointly(

10B( *inloc and Cru!, E"i"hanius, 127-2, "l( 2( 4 do not beliee their hy"othesisis the only o"tion% the late anti#ue to"o$ra"hy of *estern Thebes &ill "robably bere&ritten as !ore te)ts fro! the re$ion continue to be "ublished(

107( bhb a""ears seen ti!es in .(HR3 7>% it is e#uated &ith 9d&ellin$-"laces9 threeti!es +.(HR3 7>(D-10, =0-=>, B0-B>( ?or "ur$os, see 6usson, Oiia, 1DB, 2=->1,and Schiller, 9?a!ily rchie,9 :>1( 4n relation to churches and !onasteries, see.eter ross!ann, Christliche rchitetur in Y$y"ten +eiden ;rill, 200:, :01-7(

10( *alter Till, @atierun$ und .roso"o$ra"hie der o"tischen 3runden ausTheben, sterreichische ade!ie der *issenschaften, .hiloso"hisch-6istorischeHlasse 2=0 +ienna Ho!!issionserla$ der sterreichischen ade!ie der*issenschaften, 1DB2, 2:B( 7-B7(

10D( @ates follo&in$ Hrause, 9Testa!ente,9 BB(

110( .(ond( 4 77 Chrest(2->( En$lish translation +$ienhere based on ( rthur Schiller, 9Co"tic *ills, Translation and Co!!entary9 +J@diss(, 3niersity of California, ;ereley, 1D2B, 2B-:2(

11=( ?or "ur$os, see n( 10 aboe( ?or &, see belo&(

11>( ?or the use of tQfo& in Co"tic "a"yri, see 6ans ?Wrster, *Wrterbuch der


27/28

$riechischen *Wrter in den o"tischen dou!entarischen Te)ten +Ge& Mor deruyter, 2002, 7D7( ?or the use of !nh!eon, see ?Wrster, *Wrterbuch, >2B and theland sale .(?lor( :(:10 fro! the 6er!o"olite dated =2>5=:>L% O(>->B(

122( +ouain Secrtariat du CSCO, 1D>D, 11D(

12:( .(Choach(Surey : and 17;(2= and 2 &ith discussion on =B( Jarosla Cerny,Co"tic Ety!olo$ical @ictionary +Ge& Mor Ca!brid$e 3niersity .ress, 1D7B, 2:,2:D% *( Erichsen, @e!otisches lossar +Co"enha$en E( =, >2=,

>2( Cru! inter"reted & as referrin$ to a stora$e "it, e($(, one associated &ith Cell at the ( .hili" Rousseau, 9;lood-Relationshi"s a!on$ Early Eastern scetics,9 JTS+1D72 1:>-==%


28/28

.atristics Society, oyola 3niersity Chica$o, : June 200>(

12B( See Sessa +this olu!e for do!estic s"ace, i(e(, the cubiculu!, as a site ofascetic "ractice(

127( ?or "arts of houses in Je!e, see Schiller, 9?a!ily rchie,9 :B=-B( ?orarchaeolo$ical "lans and eleations of houses in Je!e, see 6Wlscher, =>->1, "ls( 2D-:1( The ter!s bhb and & do not occur in the e)tant &ills of theascetics' lay conte!"oraries(

12( 4 than Hristina Sessa for hel"in$ !e to better articulate this "oint(

12D( Thus, it &ould hae been ina""ro"riate to use tQfo&, !nh!eon, or !6aau todescribe &here "eo"le lied(

1:0( The !eta"hor of the to!b &as fre#uently used to e)"ress the ideal of a"atheia

9if you do not beco!e dead lie those &ho are in a to!b, you &ill not be able to $ras"this sayin$8(9 "o"hthe$!ata "atru! 11 +. B>( Translation, ;enedicta *ard,Sayin$s of the @esert ?athers The l"habetic Collection, Cistercian Studies Series >D+Hala!aAoo, , 1=0-=1( See also "o"hthe$!ata

"atru!

Gu!ber 24SSG 10B7B:=1.ublication @ate 07-01-2007.a$e 2:DTy"e .eriodicalan$ua$e En$lish

Co"yri$ht Johns 6o"ins 3niersity .ress Su!!er 2007

Citation for your reference:

O'Connell, R, Elisabeth(( 9Transfor!in$