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Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during Hurricane Emergencies: The Mortality & Morbidity Consequences of Evacuating Versus Sheltering in Place Kathy Hyer, PhD, MPP School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL David Dosa, MD, MPH Providence VA Medical Center Center for Gerontology and Health Care Research Brown University, Providence, RI The Safe Haven Study Grant Funded by NIA AG#30619

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Page 1: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during Hurricane Emergencies:

The Mortality & Morbidity Consequences of Evacuating Versus Sheltering in Place 

Kathy Hyer, PhD, MPPSchool of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL

David Dosa, MD, MPHProvidence VA Medical Center

Center for Gerontology and Health Care ResearchBrown University, Providence, RI 

The Safe Haven StudyGrant Funded by NIA AG#30619

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Overview:• The devastating effects of 

Hurricane Katrina on the Gulf Region highlighted the importance of emergency preparedness and cast a sharp media spotlight on nursing homes 

• Nursing Homes such as St. Rita’s experienced well publicized loss of life  after failing to evacuate their residents prior to the storm. 

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Overview

• Four weeks later, the most resounding image of Hurricane Rita was the burned out bus where 23 NH evacuees lost their lives.

Page 4: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Evacuation of NH Residents

• While county level emergency management orders evacuations for the county, the responsibility of deciding whether or not to evacuate falls to facility administrators (U.S. GAO, 2006)

• The plans are designed to “Shelter in Place”• Risks associated with moving sick and frail people

Page 5: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

To Evacuate or Not to Evacuate

That is the Question

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Overview:• Strategic Approach to Facilitating Evacuation by Health 

Assessment of Vulnerable Elderly in Nursing Homes (Safe Haven Study)‐‐NIA Grant: AG#30619 – Awarded to Brown University and The University of South 

Florida in October 2008

• Aims of the Grant:– Aim 1: To describe and compare nursing homes which 

evacuated or sheltered in place during hurricanes and to describe the 30 day, 3‐month, and 6‐month mortality and morbidity outcomes that residents experienced.

– Aim 2: To estimate the effect of the decision to evacuate or shelter in place in the face of hurricane warnings on the mortality and morbidity outcomes of nursing home residents.

Page 7: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Methodology

Page 8: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Background

• 2005 Storms– Hurricane Katrina– Hurricane Rita

• 2008 Storms– Hurricane Gustav– Hurricane Ike

• All storms affected the Gulf Region• All storms preceded by 2 non‐hurricane years

Page 9: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Background (2)

• Key Questions:– What happened to nursing home residents affected by each of the 4 storms?

– How did they fare compared to those residing at the same nursing homes during non‐storm years?

Page 10: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Methodology (1)

• Determine Risk Area• Identify At Risk Nursing Homes/Resident Sample

• Determine Comparison Groups – 2003/2004 for Hurricanes Katrina and Rita– 2006/2007 for Hurricanes Gustav and Ike

Page 11: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Methodology (2)

• Outcomes– 30 and 90 day Mortality– 30 and 90 day Hospitalizations

Page 12: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Hurricane Katrina19% Evacuated

Page 13: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Hurricane Rita32% Evacuated

Page 14: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Hurricane Gustav82% Evacuated

Page 15: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Hurricane Ike43% Evacuated

Page 16: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Resident Sample/Cohort Selection

• Identified all NH residents from the federally mandated NH resident assessment Minimum Data Set (MDS)

• Assessments completed upon NH admission and at least quarterly, thereafter

• MDS assessment data linked by person were matched to Medicare enrollment and Hospitalization claims

• Included are long‐stay residents in at‐risk NHs in the path of Katrina in 2003, 04 and 05.

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Resident Sample/Cohort Selection(2)

• Final analysis included at‐risk NHs in LA and MS only (no evacuation was reported in AL or FL)

• Further restricted to at‐risk NHs that were present in all three years 2003‐2005 (N=141)

Evacuated afterKatrina

Evacuated beforeKatrina

Sheltered in place Total

LA 28 20 58 106MS 0 7 28 35Total 28 27 86 141

Page 18: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Resident Sample/Cohort Selection(3)

• Baseline samples: Drawn at June 1 in each year, based on residential history file (RHF) which tracks location of care for each resident by linking MDS, Medicare enrollment, and claims

• Baseline MDS: The most complete & recent MDS assessment prior to 8/25 in each year.

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Baseline sample: 2005 (as example)

Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria: N

With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin

With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005 14,011

Matched to Medicare Denominator record 12,675

Drop those age < 65 at baseline MDS 11,299

Drop those in Medicare HMO at baseline 10,785

Restrict to long‐stay residents only 9,280

Restrict to 138 homes present in all 3 years 2003‐05 9,056 FinalSample

+ Identified in the Residential History File (RHF).* “Valid” here excludes persons having only a preadmission screening, readmission assessment, or discharge record within the baseline window.

Page 20: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Results

Source: AP Photo

Page 21: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005
Page 22: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005
Page 23: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005
Page 24: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005
Page 25: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Excess Exposure DeathsExcess Deaths

Storm 30 Days 90 Days

Katrina (19%)* 147 241

Rita (32%)* 144 193

Gustav (82%)* 40 91

Ike (43%)* 45 54

Aggregate 376 579

*= Percent of “At‐Risk” that Evacuated

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Excess Exposure HospitalizationsExcess Hospitalizations

Storm 30 Days 90 Days

Katrina (19%)* 205 164

Rita (32%)* 310 243

Gustav (82%)* 132 95

Ike (43%)* 45 41

Aggregate 692 543

*= Percent of “At‐Risk” that Evacuated

Page 28: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

How much did evacuation affect morbidity/mortality?

Page 29: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Data Sources• Evacuation Status

– Texas Department of Aging & Disability Services– Mississippi Department of Health– Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals

• External Factors– National Weather Service Tropical Cyclone Advisory Archive

– National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

• Internal Factors– OSCAR

Page 30: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Methodology

• Using Safe Haven Data we evaluated the differential mortality and morbidity associated with evacuation versus sheltering in place

• Data on who evacuated and sheltered in place collected from:– Lousiana and Texas Department of Healths, Louisiana Nursing Home Association

Page 31: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Analytic Approach• Relative to 2002 and 2003, estimated the increase in # of deaths and hospitalizations during and after the storms

• Modeled the effect of being in an evacuated home relative to one that sheltered in place, controlling for patient characteristics and distance of the home from the storm path

• Predicted the percentage of excess (due to storm) deaths and hospitalizations attributable to the decision to evacuate

Page 32: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Mortality‐Katrina

4.90

3.28

8.07

5.414.85

11.31

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

Within 90 days beforelandfall

Within 30 days afterlandfall

Within 90 days afterlandfall

Percentage

Shelter in Place Evacuated

Page 33: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Hospitalizations‐Katrina

17.54

7.03

17.1818.95

13.87

24.51

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

Within 90 days beforelandfall

Within 30 days afterlandfall

Within 90 days afterlandfall

Percentage

Shelter in Place Evacuated

Page 34: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Mortality‐Gustav

5.61

2.47

6.435.31

2.91

7.96

0.001.002.003.004.005.006.007.008.009.00

Within 90 days beforelandfall

Within 30 days afterlandfall

Within 90 days afterlandfall

Percentage

Shelter in Place Evacuated

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Hospitalizations‐Gustav

21.27

8.00

16.16

19.31

9.62

19.77

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

Within 90 days beforelandfall

Within 30 days afterlandfall

Within 90 days afterlandfall

Percentage

Shelter in Place Evacuated

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Fraction of “excess” deaths/hospitalizations “attributable” to evacuation before storm 

Hospital30 Days

Death30 Days

Hospital90 Days

Death90 Days

Katrina (%) 14% 5% 15% 10%Rita(%) 92% x 95% 21%Gustav(%) 95% x 95% 31%Ike(%) x x x xNotes: All fractions are significant at the 10 percent level. 

[x] cells are those where the “excess” deaths in storm year were not significantly different from zero.

Page 37: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Excess Mortality

90 DaysExpected Actual Excess Fraction Due 

to Evacuation

Katrina 601 842 241 24

Rita 823 1016 193 42

Gustav 405 496 91 28

Ike 683 737 54 0

Page 38: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Excess Hospitalizations

90 DaysExpected Actual Excess Fraction 

Due to Evacuation

Katrina 1643 1808 164 24

Rita 2042 2285 243 231

Gustav 1139 1234 95 90

Ike 1535 1576 41 0

Page 39: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Summary• Clearly see that there is a cost to evacuation independent of the actual storm even making very conservative assumptions

• The “cost” of evacuation is more than just the buses, the double payment, the extra medicine; must consider the hidden morbidity and mortality in this frail population

• On positive side Ike was very powerful but low excess mortality, so much so we couldn’t tell with confidence if due to evacuation.

• So few recent storms hard to tell if we got it “right”

Page 40: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Implications

• Given costs of evacuation, long term solution to not build NHs on coast or near flood water and “harden” those already there

• Strongly suggest limiting or refusing entry to sickest patients in homes most likely to evacuate

• May need to rethink when the evacuation “trigger” gets pulled since at least as many “false alarms” as big storms

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Others Collaborating:• Vincent Mor, Ph.D• Zhanlian Feng, Ph.D • Lisa Brown, Ph.D• Kali Thomas, Ph.D• Shailender Swaminathan, Ph.D• Gary Blanchard, MD• Collective staffs at Brown University, Providence VA, and the University of South Florida

• John Haaga—Program Officer, NIA

Page 42: Transitioning Nursing Home Residents during The Mortality ...€¦ · With any days in at‐risk facilities at 6/1/2005 + 14,311 Begin With valid MDS* within 120 days before 8/25/2005

Others to Thank:

• John A. Hartford Foundation • Veteran’s Administration• Florida Health Care Association• Louisiana Nursing Home Association• Mississippi Nursing Home Association• Texas Nursing Home Association• American Health Care Association