transitions / connectors. eg1471/jc/dec2008 types of sentences sentence simple sentencecomplex...

Transitions / Connectors

eg1471/jc/dec2008

Types of Sentences

Sentence

Simple Sentence Complex Sentence

2 or > independent clauses

Compound Sentence

1 independent

clauseAt least 1 independent clause with other dependent clause(s)

eg1471/jc/dec2008

Identify the sentence types

Politicians and scientists should work closely to solve environmental problems.

Conservation of energy is an urgent matter. Engineers play an important role in society

through technological advances which cover various fields such as healthcare, computing, and stem cell research.

eg1471/jc/dec2008

Identify the sentence types

Politicians and scientists should work closely to solve environmental problems. (Compound)

Conservation of energy is an urgent matter. (Simple)

Engineers play an important role in society through technological advances which cover various fields such as healthcare, computing, and stem cell research. (Complex)

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Errors in Transitions

Happen when connectors used between words, clauses, sentences or paragraphs are ambiguous or illogical

Engineering is an important discipline, it is considered the engine of any economy.

To save the earth, we should not only focus on energy conservation and also consider renewable energies.

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Errors in Transitions

Happen when connectors used between words, clauses, sentences or paragraphs are ambiguous or illogical

Engineering is an important discipline; it is considered the engine of any economy. (punctuation – use of comma splice)

To save the earth, we should not only focus on energy conservation but also consider renewable energies. (wrong use of connector)

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Transitions

Function like traffic signs Tell you about the connections between

ideas e.g. similarities, differences, opposition, consequences etc.

Provide coherence within a sentence; across sentences; within a paragraph and across paragraphs

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Types of Transitions / Connectors

Connectors join similar grammatical structuresOil and water do not mix.

Transitions link sentences and paragraphsBioengineering is an expanding field; however, job opportunities may be limited.

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Subordinators connect a dependent clause with at least one independent clause

When accurate weather prediction tools are available, we should be able to anticipate the disasters and hopefully reduce the fatalities.

Types of Transitions / Connectors

eg1471/jc/dec2008

Meaning of Connectors

To add information To illustrate or give an example To show contrast To show concession To show similarity To show a result To provide a reason or cause To establish a time relationship or order To show a condition To explain or emphasize To give a choice or alternative

Please refer to Lane and Lange (1999) for more details and examples. See pp.170-175.

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To Add Information

Coordinating Conjunctions

and

Coorrelative Conjunctions

not only…but also

both…and

Transitional Words and Phrases

also

besides

moreover

furthermore

in addition

additionally

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To Illustrate or Give an Example




for example

for instance

such as

to illustrate

specifically

in particular

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To Show Contrast


but



however

in contrast

conversely

on the contrary

on the other hand

otherwise

still

instead

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To Show Concession


yet



nevertheless

even so

admittedly

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To Show a Similarity




likewise

similarly

in the same way

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To Show a Result


so



accordingly

as a consequence

as a result

Consequently

hence

therefore

thus

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To Provide a Reason or Cause


for



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To Establish a Time Relationship or Order



Transitional Words and Phrasesfirstsecondafterwardfinallyin conclusionmeanwhilepreviouslynext subsequently

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To Show a Condition


or


whether…or


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To Explain or Emphasize




in fact

namely

that is

actually

in other words

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To Give a Choice or Alternative


or


either…or


alternatively

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Rules for Punctuating Connectors

Coordinating Conjunctions –a comma before the conjunction is not needed if the two independent clauses are very short.

Having LASIK is an important decision and the patient should consider all factors carefully.

The comma is optional in this case.

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Coorrelative Conjunctions –a comma is needed before the 2nd correlative conjunction only for joining 2 clauses, not words or phrases.

Not only does LASIK treat common ophthalmic conditions like nearsightedness, it also treats farsightedness and astigmatism.

LASIK not only treats common ophthalmic conditions like nearsightedness but also farsightedness and astigmatism.

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Transitional words/phrases – put a semicolon before and a comma after the transitional signal when joining 2 independent clauses.

Technological breakthroughs have been rapid in recent decades; however, the public need to be educated on their use.

eg1471/jc/dec2008


Transitional words/phrases – put a comma after the transitional signal when introducing an independent clause.

Technological breakthroughs have been rapid in recent decades. However, the public need to be educated on their use.

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Transitional words/phrases – put commas before and after the transitional signal within a clause.

Stem cell research is promising, however, the ethical issues must not be ignored.

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Subordinators

Appear before the dependent clause Have a comma at the end of it before the

independent clause

Although academic studies are challenging, most students will persist in their efforts.

Please refer to Oshima and Hogue (2006) for more details and examples. See pp.292-299

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Subordinating Words for Adverb Clauses

Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Time

after before whenever

as, just as since while

as long as until

as soon as when

A subordinating conjunction is the first word in a dependent clause.

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Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Place

where

wherever

anywhere

everywhere

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Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Manner

as, just as

as if

as though

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Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Distance

as far as

as close as

Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Frequency

as often as

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Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Reason

as

because

since

Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Purpose

so that

in order that

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Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Result

so…that

such…that

so few/many/little/much…that

Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Condition

if

unless

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Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Partial Contrast

although

even though

though

Subordinators for Adverb Clauses of Contrast

while

whereas

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Subordinating Words for Adjective Clauses

To refer to people

who,whomwhose, that

To refer to animals and things

which, thatwhereas

To refer to a time or placeWhen, where

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Subordinating Words for Noun Clauses

Used in That clauses

Do you believe that there is life in outer space?

Used in If/Whether clauses

which, thatwhereas

Used in wh- and how clausesWhen, where

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Sources

Lane, A. and Lange, E. (1999). Writing Clearly: An Editing Guide (2nd ed.). Boston: Heinle and Heinle Publishers, 165-178.

Oshima, A. and Hogue, A. (2006). Writing Academic English (4th ed.). New York: Pearson Education, 292-299.

Raimes, A. (2006). Grammar Troublespots: A Guide for Student Writers (3rd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press, 9-17.

transitions / connectors. eg1471/jc/dec2008 types of sentences sentence simple sentencecomplex...

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eg1471jcdec2008 subordinators

sentence types politicians

transitions link sentences

energy conservation

wrong use of connector

important role