translate

9
34 Orbital Surgery Peter J.Taub, M.D., and H.Peter Lorenz, M.D. David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. I. NORMAL ANATOMIC RELATIONSHIPS A. Eye fissure follows the pattern of the eyebrow (desirable angle off the horizontal is approximately 2° lateral elevation). B. Intercanthal distance (ICD)—distance between the medial canthi. Normal is 28–32 mm (which roughly equals the orbital fissure distance from medial to lateral canthus). C. Interorbital distance (IOD)—distance between the lacrimal crests as measured on a posteroanterior cephalogram. Normal is 24–32 mm in males and 22–28 in females. D. Interpupillary distance (IPD)—distance between the pupils. Normal is 55– 65 mm. E. Upper eyelid overlaps the iris by 1–2 mm. II. PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION Preoperative evaluation includes a thorough history and physical examination, cephalogram, and computed tomography (CT) scan of the head with three- dimensional reconstruction. Patients should also have a full ophthalmologic examination. The following cephalometric lines may be traced on a posteroanterior cephalogram (Fig. 1): A. D-D line—line between the lacrimal crests. B. T-T line—line between the temporal crests 1 cm above the supraorbital rim. Also measured is the optimal distance to the midline (13 mm in adults). C. I point—point between the superior central incisors. D. LM point—lateral point of the posterior molar. E. I-S line—vertical midline from between the I point to the sella turcica. F. M point—point found along a line parallel to LM-T and perpendicular to point T. G. I-M line—line from the I point through the dacrion on each side to a point above the T-T line. H. LM-I line—occlusal plane of the maxilla. I. T-M line—line parallel to the LM-I line; passes through the lateral temporal crest (T) and perpendicularly intersects with line I-M. III. SURGICAL APPROACHES There are several surgical approaches to the orbit. They are used alone or in combination, depending on the area of the orbit undergoing surgery. They include:

Upload: muflikhasofiana

Post on 13-Dec-2015

215 views

Category:

Documents


3 download

DESCRIPTION

translate

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Translate

34Orbital SurgeryPeter J.Taub, M.D., and H.Peter Lorenz, M.D.David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California,U.S.A.I. NORMAL ANATOMIC RELATIONSHIPSA. Eye fissure follows the pattern of the eyebrow (desirable angle off the horizontal isapproximately 2° lateral elevation).B. Intercanthal distance (ICD)—distance between the medial canthi. Normal is 28–32mm (which roughly equals the orbital fissure distance from medial to lateral canthus).C. Interorbital distance (IOD)—distance between the lacrimal crests as measured on aposteroanterior cephalogram. Normal is 24–32 mm in males and 22–28 in females.D. Interpupillary distance (IPD)—distance between the pupils. Normal is 55–65 mm.E. Upper eyelid overlaps the iris by 1–2 mm.II. PREOPERATIVE EVALUATIONPreoperative evaluation includes a thorough history and physical examination,cephalogram, and computed tomography (CT) scan of the head with three-dimensionalreconstruction. Patients should also have a full ophthalmologic examination. Thefollowing cephalometric lines may be traced on a posteroanterior cephalogram (Fig. 1):A. D-D line—line between the lacrimal crests.B. T-T line—line between the temporal crests 1 cm above the supraorbital rim. Alsomeasured is the optimal distance to the midline (13 mm in adults).C. I point—point between the superior central incisors.D. LM point—lateral point of the posterior molar.E. I-S line—vertical midline from between the I point to the sella turcica.F. M point—point found along a line parallel to LM-T and perpendicular to point T.G. I-M line—line from the I point through the dacrion on each side to a point above theT-T line.H. LM-I line—occlusal plane of the maxilla.I. T-M line—line parallel to the LM-I line; passes through the lateral temporal crest (T)and perpendicularly intersects with line I-M.

III. SURGICAL APPROACHESThere are several surgical approaches to the orbit. They are used alone or in combination,depending on the area of the orbit undergoing surgery. They include:A. Coronal incision—placed posterior to the anterior hairline.B. Lateral upper blepharoplasty incision.C. Lower blepharoplasty incision (transcutaneous or transconjunctival with or withoutlateral canthotomy).D. Brow incision.E. Maxillary gingivobuccal sulcus incision.Figure 1 Orbital landmarks.IV. POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONSA. Diplopia—usually due to acute globe repositioning or extraocular muscle imbalance.B. Ectropion of the lower eyelid—often due to lower eyelid incisions.

V. ORBITAL HYPERTELORISMA. Condition in which the distance between the orbital cavities is increased.B. Seen with certain craniosynostosis syndromes, such as Apert and Crouzon’ssyndromes.C. May be associated with premature fusion of the frontonasoethmoid complex, resultingin failure of the orbits to move toward the midline.D. May be seen with various degrees and locations of facial clefting.E. Severity is classified into three degrees:• 1st degree—interorbital distance of 30–34 mm.• 2nd degree—interorbital distance of 34–40 mm.• 3rd degree—interorbital distance >40 mm.F. Surgical correction• Subperiosteal dissection within the orbit allows for mobilization of the bony

Page 2: Translate

structures.• Osteotomies may be designed to advance the bony structures of the orbit uniformlytoward the midline or to rotate the bony structures around a pivot point between thesuperior central incisors (right side of the midface rotates clockwise and the leftside rotates counterclockwise).• It is important to leave the medial canthal ligament attached to the orbital wall, whilethe lateral canthal ligament is left unattached to avoid tension across the aperture ofthe eye.• It is necessary to evaluate and correct any associated nasal deformities.• Nasal projection will be lost if bone is resected centrally and not replaced withadequate bone graft.VI. ORBITAL DYSTOPIAA. May occur in either the vertical or horizontal plane.B. Must be distinguished from ocular dystopia, where portions of the orbit are displaced,as may occur following trauma.VII. VERTICAL ORBITAL DYSTOPIAA. Condition in which the orbital cavities do not lie in the same horizontal plane.B. Etiologies of vertical orbital dystopia include:• Craniofacial microsomia• Craniosynostosis• Facial clefting• Hyperpneumatization of the frontal sinus• Torticollis

VIII. HORIZONTAL ORBITAL DYSTOPIAA. Condition in which the normal interorbital distance is altered.B. In orbital hypertelorism, the orbits are displaced laterally. The orbits are diplacedmedially in hypotelorism.C. Surgical correction is through a box osteotomy, as described by Tessier.D. Postoperative diplopia is more common with vertical manipulation of the orbit ratherthan horizontal manipulation.IX. EXORBITISMA. Condition in which there is a decrease in the volume of the bony orbit in the presenceof normal soft tissue volume, resulting in forward protrusion of the globe.B. Differs from exophthalmos, in which there is increased soft tissue volume in thepresence of a normal bony orbit volume.C. The eyelids may not close, leading to exposure keratitis of the cornea and loss ofvision.D. Herniation of the globe may occur with sneezing or coughing.E. Etiologies include:• Craniofacial dysostosis.• Fibrous dysplasia.• Frontal sinus mucocele.• Osteoma.• Traumatic disruption of the orbit.F. When diagnosed in the neonatal period, temporizing maneuvers include topicallubricating agents and lateral tarsorrhaphy.G. The distance from the lateral orbital rim to the cornea can be measured with a Hertelexophthalmometer (normal distance is 16–18 mm).H. Reconstruction procedures currently include monobloc advancement, two-stagefronto-orbital advancement and LeFort III extracranial advancement, and/or outwardrotation of the lateral wall combined with blowout of the medial and inferior walls ofthe orbit (described by Tessier).X. POSTTRAUMATIC ENOPHTHALMOSA. Enophthalmos is the posterior displacement of the globe into the bony orbit.B. Clinically, the patient may show deepening of the supratarsal fold and malposition ofthe lateral canthus.C. Etiologies include:

Page 3: Translate

• Orbitozygomatic complex fracture, the most common cause, usually occurring withan orbital floor fracture.• Globe immobilization following traumatic entrapment of the ocular musculature.• Loss of orbital fat.

• Scarring of the retrobulbar tissue.D. Mild deformity is corrected with autogenous bone graft (rib or calvarial) to increasethe volume of the orbit. Prosthetic components (silicone, metal, or Medpore) areoccasionally used.

Page 4: Translate

34Bedah OrbitalPeter J.Taub, gelar M.D., dan H.Peter Lorenz, gelar M.D.David Geffen School of Medicine di UCLA, Los Angeles, California,USA.I. HUBUNGAN anatomi NORMALFissure A. Mata mengikuti pola alis (sudut diinginkan off horisontal adalahsekitar 2 ° elevasi lateral).Jarak B. Intercanthal (ICD) -Jarak antara canthi medial. Normal adalah 28-32mm (yang kira-kira sama dengan jarak celah orbit dari medial ke canthus lateral).Jarak C. interorbital (IOD) -Jarak antara puncak-puncak lakrimal yang diukur padacephalogram posteroanterior. Normal adalah 24-32 mm pada laki-laki dan 22-28 pada wanita.Jarak D. Interpupillary (IPD) -Jarak antara murid. Normal adalah 55-65 mm.E. Atas kelopak tumpang tindih iris dengan 1-2 mm.II. EVALUASI pra operasiEvaluasi pra operasi termasuk riwayat menyeluruh dan pemeriksaan fisik,cephalogram, dan computed tomography (CT) scan kepala dengan tiga dimensirekonstruksi. Pasien juga harus memiliki pemeriksaan optalmologi penuh. Itubaris berikut cephalometrik dapat ditelusuri pada cephalogram posteroanterior (Gambar 1.):A. D-D line-garis antara puncak-puncak lakrimal.B. TT line-garis antara puncak-puncak sementara 1 cm di atas tepi supraorbital. Jugadiukur adalah jarak optimal untuk garis tengah (13 mm pada orang dewasa).C. Saya titik-titik antara gigi seri tengah unggul.D. LM titik-lateral titik molar posterior.E. IS garis-garis tengah vertikal dari antara saya arahkan ke sela tursika.F. M titik-titik ditemukan di sepanjang garis yang sejajar dengan LM-T dan tegak lurus ke titik T.G. IM line-line dari saya titik melalui dacrion di setiap sisi ke titik di atasBaris T-T.H. LM-I line-oklusal plane rahang atas.T-M I. line-garis sejajar dengan garis LM-I; melewati puncak sementara lateral (T)dan tegak lurus berpotongan dengan garis I-M.AKU AKU AKU. PENDEKATAN BedahAda beberapa pendekatan bedah untuk orbit. Mereka digunakan sendiri atau dalam kombinasi,tergantung pada daerah operasi orbit menjalani. Mereka termasuk:A. Coronal sayatan ditempatkan posterior ke garis rambut anterior.B. Lateral blepharoplasty atas sayatan.C. rendah sayatan blepharoplasty (transkutan atau transconjunctival dengan atau tanpacanthotomy lateral).D. Brow sayatan.E. rahang atas sulkus gingivobuccal sayatan.Gambar 1 landmark Orbital.IV. KOMPLIKASI PASCA OPERASIA. Diplopia-biasanya karena reposisi dunia akut atau ketidakseimbangan otot ekstraokuler.B. ektropion yang lebih rendah kelopak mata-sering karena sayatan kelopak mata bawah.V. ORBITAL hypertelorismA. Kondisi di mana jarak antara rongga orbital meningkat.B. Terlihat dengan sindrom craniosynostosis tertentu, seperti Apert dan Crouzon duniasindrom.

Page 5: Translate

C. Mungkin berhubungan dengan fusi prematur kompleks frontonasoethmoid, sehinggadi kegagalan orbit untuk bergerak ke arah garis tengah.D. Dapat dilihat dengan berbagai derajat dan lokasi dari clefting wajah.E. Severity diklasifikasikan menjadi tiga derajat:• jarak gelar-interorbital 1 dari 30-34 mm.• jarak gelar-interorbital 2 dari 34-40 mm.• 3 gelar-interorbital jarak> 40 mm.F. Bedah koreksi• diseksi subperiosteal dalam orbit memungkinkan untuk mobilisasi tulang yangstruktur.• osteotomies dapat dirancang untuk memajukan struktur tulang orbita seragammenuju garis tengah atau memutar struktur tulang di sekitar titik poros antarainsisivus sentral superior (sisi kanan midface berputar searah jarum jam dan kirisisi berputar berlawanan).• Penting untuk meninggalkan ligamen medial canthal melekat pada dinding orbital, sementarayang canthal ligamen lateral kiri terikat untuk menghindari ketegangan di lobangmata.• Hal ini diperlukan untuk mengevaluasi dan memperbaiki deformitas hidung terkait.• proyeksi hidung akan hilang jika tulang direseksi terpusat dan tidak diganti dengancangkok tulang yang memadai.VI. Distopia ORBITALA. Dapat terjadi baik dalam bidang vertikal atau horizontal.B. Harus dibedakan dari distopia okular, di mana bagian-bagian dari orbit mengungsi,sebagai dapat terjadi setelah trauma.VII. VERTICAL ORBITAL distopiaA. Kondisi di mana rongga orbital tidak terletak pada bidang horizontal yang sama.B. Etiologi dari distopia orbital vertikal meliputi:• microsomia Craniofacial• craniosynostosis• clefting Facial• Hyperpneumatization dari sinus frontalis• Tortikolis

VIII. HORIZONTAL distopia ORBITALA. Kondisi di mana jarak interorbital normal diubah.B. Dalam hypertelorism orbital, orbit mengungsi lateral. Orbit yang diplacedmedial di hipotelorisme.C. Koreksi bedah adalah melalui kotak osteotomy, seperti yang dijelaskan oleh Tessier.D. pascaoperasi diplopia lebih umum dengan manipulasi vertikal orbit lebihdari manipulasi horisontal.IX. EXORBITISMA. Kondisi di mana ada penurunan volume orbit tulang di hadapandari volume normal jaringan lunak, sehingga tonjolan maju dari dunia.B. Berbeda dari exophthalmos, di mana ada peningkatan volume jaringan lunak diKehadiran volume orbit tulang normal.C. Kelopak mata mungkin tidak menutup, menyebabkan keratitis paparan kornea dan hilangnyavisi.D. Herniasi dari dunia mungkin terjadi dengan bersin atau batuk.

Page 6: Translate

E. Etiologi meliputi:• dysostosis Craniofacial.• displasia berserat.• Mucocele sinus frontal.• Osteoma.• gangguan Trauma dari orbit.F. Ketika didiagnosis pada masa neonatus, raguan manuver termasuk topikalpelumas agen dan tarsorrhaphy lateral.G. Jarak dari tepi orbital lateral kornea dapat diukur dengan Hertelexophthalmometer (jarak normal adalah 16-18 mm).Prosedur Rekonstruksi H. saat ini termasuk monobloc kemajuan, dua-tahapfronto-orbital kemajuan dan kemajuan ekstrakranial LeFort III, dan / atau luarrotasi dinding lateral dikombinasikan dengan ledakan dari medial dan dinding inferiororbit (dijelaskan oleh Tessier).X. pasca trauma enophthalmosA. enophthalmos adalah perpindahan posterior dari dunia ke dalam orbit tulang.B. Secara klinis, pasien dapat menunjukkan pendalaman lipatan supratarsal dan malposisi dariyang canthus lateral.C. Etiologi meliputi:• fraktur kompleks Orbitozygomatic, penyebab paling umum, biasanya terjadi denganlantai fraktur orbital.• imobilisasi Globe berikut jebakan traumatis dari otot-otot mata.• Kehilangan lemak orbital.• Jaringan parut dari jaringan retrobulbar.D. kelainan ringan dikoreksi dengan cangkok tulang autogenous (rib atau calvarial) untuk meningkatkanvolume orbit. Komponen prostetik (silikon, logam, atau Medpore) yangkadang-kadang digunakan.