transmiterea caracterelor
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geneticaTRANSCRIPT
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Transmiterea caracterelor
Gene: autozomale sau gonozomale normale (de tip salbatic) sau mutante dominante, recesive sau codominante
Genotip: heterozigot homozigot
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Gene alele în cromosomii omologi
Genele alele sânt situate în aceleaşi locusuri în perechile de cromosomi omologi – unul de la forma părintească masculină şi altul – de la cea femenină (cu excepţia genotipurilor XY, XO)
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Legile lui Mendel
Legea uniformitatii hibrizilor din F1(monohibridare)
Legea segregarii caracterelor la indivizii din F2
Legea asortarii (segregarii) independente a caracterelor in dihibridare
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Simbolica în genetică P – părinţi; x – încrucişarea; ♀ - genotipul femel; F1,2,3 …. – generaţia (1,2,3,…); ♂ - genotipul mascul; A – alela dominantă a genei; a – alela recesivă a genei; AA(aa) – genotip homozigotat după
caracterul dominant (recesiv); Aa – genotip heterozigotat după un
caracter.
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Uniformitatea primei generaţii de hibrizi
AA – formă părintească homozigotă dominantă conform caracterului studiat;
aa - formă părintească homozigotă recesivă conform caracterului studiat;
Aa – Prima generaţie de hibrizi
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Genetic Segregation Parentals: Parentals: RR x rrRR x rr
R R r r R R r r
RR
RR
r r r r
F1 x F1: F1 x F1: Rr x RrRr x Rr
R r R r R r R r
½ R½ R
½ r½ r
½ R ½ r ½ R ½ r ¼ RR¼ RR ¼ Rr¼ Rr
¼ Rr¼ Rr ¼ rr¼ rr
RrRr RrRr
RrRr RrRr
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Segregarea în F2 la încrucişarea monohibridă
Apariţia în F2 a caracterului ,,dispărut” în F1
P
1. Formele părinteşti sânt heterozigote conform caracterului studiat;
2. Gameţii care se formează datorită procesului de meioză pot conţine numai una din cele două alele;
3. În rezultatul combinării libere a gameţilor în F2 se manifestă efectul de segregare 3:1 după fenotip
4. 1AA :2Aa :1aa – după genotip
3 : 1 - după fenotip
Aa
a
Aa
A
a
A a
AA
Aa
Aa
aa
G
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DIHIBRIDAREAChapter 9DihybridDihybrid CrossesCrosses
Section 2 Genetic Crosses
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Parentals: Parentals: RRYY x rryyRRYY x rryy
RY RY RY RY ry ry ry ryRY RY RY RY ry ry ry ry
ryry
RYRY RrYyRrYy
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F1 x F1: RrYy x RrYy
RY Ry rY ry RY Ry rY ry
¼ RY ¼ Ry ¼ rY ¼ ry1/16 RRYY 1/16 RRYy 1/16 RrYY 1/16 RrYy
1/16 RRYy 1/16 RRyy 1/16 RrYy 1/16 Rryy
1/16 RrYY 1/16 RrYy 1/16 rrYY 1/16 rrYy
1/16 RrYy 1/16 Rryy 1/16 rrYy 1/16 rryy
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27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1
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13
Tipuri de gameţi produşi de un organism heterozigot pentru “n”loci
• AaBb: AaBb: 22nn = 2 = 222 = 4 = 4 tipuri de gameţitipuri de gameţi
AB Ab Ba abAB Ab Ba ab• AaBbCC: AaBbCC: 22nn = 2 = 233 = 8 = 8 gameţigameţi
ABC ABc AbC AbcABC ABc AbC Abc
aBC aBc abC abcaBC aBc abC abc • AaBbCCDdEeFfAaBbCCDdEeFf : : 22nn = 2 = 266 = 64 = 64 gameţigameţi
copyright cmassengale
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TRANSMITEREA CARACTERELOR PATOLOGICE LA OM
Caracterele patologice umane sunt, in cea mai mare parte, monogenice si se transmit dupa modelul mendelian.
Ereditatea autozomala X-linkata Y-linkata(holandrica)Transmiterea autozomal dominantaTransmiterea autozomal recesivaTransmiterea legata de cromozomul sexual :- recesiva X-linkata- dominanta X-linkata- holandrica (legata de cromozomul Y)
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R r rR
R R r R R r r r
Unaffected ‘Carrier’ Father
Unaffected ‘Carrier’ Mother
Unaffected 1 in 4 chance
‘Carrier’ Unaffected 1 in 4 chance
‘Carrier’ Unaffected 1 in 4 chance
Affected 1 in 4 chance
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X Y XX’
X X X Y X X’ X’ Y
Unaffected Father
Usually Unaffected ‘Carrier’ Mother
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