transormer protection k

8/3/2019 Transormer Protection k

1/49

TRANSFORMER OVER HEAT PROTECTION

In this project we are taking electrically measuring temperature

variations of Transformer. If transformer temperature varies above the

limited value then we control that using relay and will give feedback on

buzzer. For wireless detection we will use RF technology

We used buzzer 5v to 27v i.e. we can give voltage from 5v to 27v. it will

work.

IN normal temperature controller we get a output for on and off purpose

only but in this project we control the speed of the fan automatically. In

brief firstly we convert the temperature into small voltage with the help of

lm 35 sensor. LM 35 is temerature sensor convert the temperature in to

small voltage at very accurately. Output of the temperature sensor is

further converted into digital signal with the help of the ADC. IN this

project we use ADC0804 . ADC 0804 is a 8 bit ADC and convert the any

analogue signal into digital signal in 100 microsecond. To control the ADC

we required a clock pulse, and 4 different signal . All this signal is

provided by the controller. IN this project we use ic 89s51 as a main

controller. IC 89s51 sense the output from the ADC in hex code. This HEX

code is further converted into binary code with the help of program code

inside the controller. IN the output device we use LCD display . LCD


2/49

display display the contents of the display with the help of the ASCII

code. ASCII CODE is a special code for displaying the character in the

LCD. In the controller we convert the binary code in to ASCII codes with

the help of the code conversion program. Temperature sensor by the lm 35

is now display in the ASCII code on the LCD display.

In the controller. We take four different output from the controller. These

different output display the different temperature zone step by step.

If the temperature is in between 25 to 30 then zone one is on and if the

temperature is in between 30 to 35 then second zone is on. As the

temperature increases different zones are on step by one. As the

temperature zone increase. LCD display a speed 1 or 2,or3 on the second

line of the display.

All the four zone are connected to the one variable resistor logic or

connected to the fan regulator circuit.

We use main resistance of the fan regulator . In the normal fan regulator

there is total 5 point for 5 different speed. We use the same resistance for

control the speed of the fan or control the intensisty of the light.


3/49

COMPONENTS USED:

ADC 0804

OPAMP OP07

TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM 335

MICROCONTROLLER 89C51

LCD 2 BY 16

CRYSTAL 3.58 MHz

RESISTOR

10 K 11 Pc

50 K 2 Pc VARIABLE

1 K VARIABLE

2.2K 1 Pc470 OHM 1Pc

CAPACITOR

22 PF 2 Pc

10 MFD 1 PC

PUSH TO ON SWITCH 2 PC.

7805 REGULATOR

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER 9-0-9

DIODE IN 4007( 4Pc)

RELAY 4

500 OHM VARIABLE RESISTOR OF FAN REGULATOR


4/49

Earlier, we are looking into the face of future when we talked about

automated devices, which could do anything on instigation of a

controller, but today it has become a reality.

1. An automated device can replace good amount of human working

force, moreover humans are more prone to errors and in intensive

conditions the probability of error increases. Whereas an automated

device can work with diligence, versatility and with almost zero error.

2. This is why this project looks into construction and implementation of

a system involving hardware to control a variety of electrical and

electronics instruments.


5/49

COMPLETE PROJECT IS TO BE DIVIDED INTO FEW PARTS

TEMPERATURE SENSOR.

OP-AMP AMPLIFIER.

ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL CONVERTER.

MICR-CONTROLLER INTERFACE.

LCD INTERFACE

OUTPUT CONTROL DEVICE.

TEMPERATURE SENSOR:

Here we use LM 335 as a temperature sensor. Output of the

temperature sensor is further connected to the op-amp circuit. Op-amp

circuit amplify the signal from the temperature sensor and then this

signal is further connected to the ADC 0804. Output of the ADC is

connected to the micrcocontroller circuit. Microcontroller process the

logic and then this logic is connected to the lcd driver circuit. LCD

display the current temperature and set temperature at a time. Set

temperature is set by the outside switches. With the help of these

switches we set the temperature and . Current temperature that display

on the lcd is display and compare with the set value of the controller.

When current value is above from the set value then output load orheater is off. As the temperature is down from the set value then output

load is again on. Once we set the value then temperature is to be

maintain between these two value and stay here between the set point

and current point.

Out project is to be dived in two many parts.

Sense the temperature by the temperature sensor.

AMPLIFY THE TEMPERATURE SIGNAL BY THE OP-AMP

CIRCUIT.

Convert analogue signal into digital signal.


6/49

Digital signal is processed by the microcontroller and then convert it

into ASCII code.

ASCII code is to be display on the lcd by set value and current value

Set the temperature from the outside.

Switch on the load circuit with microcontroller.

Temperature sensor.

NEXT IMPORTANT PART OF THIS PROJECT IS LM 35

TEMPERATURE SENSOR. BY USING THIS SENSOR WE GIVE A

INPUT TO THE ADC AND THEN USE THE ADC INTO

MICROCONTROLLER CIRCUIT


7/49

POWER SUPPLY FOR DIGITAL CIRCUITS

Summary of circuit features

Brief description of operation: Gives out well regulated +9V

output, output current capability of 100 mA.

Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down

output when regulator IC gets too hot.

Circuit complexity: Simple and easy to build.

Circuit performance: Stable +9V output voltage, reliable

operation.

Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only common basic

components.

Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, I have used

this circuit successfully as part of other electronics projects.

Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power

supply. Power supply voltage: Unregulated DC 8-18V power supply.

Power supply current: Needed output current 1A.

Components cost: Few rupees for the electronic components plus

the cost of input transformer.


8/49

DESCRIPTION OF POWER SUPPLY

This circuit is a small +12 volts power supply, which is useful when

experimenting with digital electronics. Small inexpensive walltransformers with variable output voltage are available from any

electronics shop. Those transformers are easily available, but usually

their voltage regulation is very poor, which makes them not very usable

for digital circuit experimenter unless a better regulation can be

achieved in some way. The following circuit is the answer to the

problem.

This circuit can give +12V output at about 1A current. The circuit has

overload and terminal protection.


9/49

Circuit Power supply

The above circuit utilizes the voltage regulator IC 7812 for the constant

power supply. The capacitors must have enough high voltage rating to

safely handle the input voltage feed to circuit. The circuit is very easy to

build for example into a piece of Vero board.

1 2 3

Pin diagram of 7812 regulator IC

PIN 1 : Unregulated voltage input

PIN 2 : Ground

PIN 3 : Regulated voltage output

Component list

1. 7805 regulator IC.

2. 4700 uf electrolytic capacitor, at least 25V voltage rating.

3. 1000 uf electrolytic capacitor, at least 25V voltage rating.

Temperature Sensor - The LM35

The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used to

measure temperature with an electrical output proportional to the

temperature (in oC)


10/49

The LM35 - An Integrated Circuit Temperature Sensor

Why Use LM35s To Measure Temperature?

o You can measure temperature more accurately than a using

a thermistor.

o The sensor circuitry is sealed and not subject to oxidation,

etc.

o The LM35 generates a higher output voltage than

thermocouples and may not require that the output voltage

be amplified.

What Does An LM35 Look Like?

What Does an LM35 Do? How does it work?

o It has an output voltage that is proportional to the Celsius

temperature.

o The scale factor is .01V/oC

o The LM35 does not require any external calibration ortrimming and maintains an accuracy of +/-0.4 oC at room

temperature and +/- 0.8 oC over a range of 0 oC to +100 oC.

o Another important characteristic of the LM35DZ is that it

draws only 60 micro amps from its supply and possesses a

low self-heating capability. The sensor self-heating causes

less than 0.1 oC temperature rise in still air.


11/49

The LM35 comes in many different packages, including the

following.

TO-92 plastic transistor-like package,

T0-46 metal can transistor-like package

8-lead surface mount SO-8 small outline package

TO-202 package. (Shown in the picture above)

How Do You Use An LM35? (Electrical Connections)

o Here is a commonly used circuit. For connections refer to

the picture above.

o In this circuit, parameter values commonly used are:

Vc = 4 to 30v

5v or 12 v are typical values used.

Ra = Vc /10-6

Actually, it can range from 80 KW to 600 KW , but

most just use 80 KW.

o Here is a photo of the LM 35 wired on a circuit board.

The white wire in the photo goes to the power supply.

Both the resistor and the black wire go to ground.

The output voltage is measured from the middle pin

to ground.l

Here we use lm 35 is connected to the op-amp circuit to amplify the

current Output of the LM35 is further connected to the pin no 26 of the


12/49

ADC. Here we use 0804 Adc to convert analogue signal into digital

signal. This signal is further connected to the microcontroller.

Our nest part of this project is ADC.

Our ADC is very important part in this project. Here we use 0804 adc.

This adc is 8 channel multiplexer and analog switch also. To select the

desired channel we use 3 bit address. . In this project we give a input to

the pin no 26. Pin no 26 is a o number input . so to select this input we

connect all the address pins to the zero level.. Pin no 23 ,24,25 is the

address pins so we ground all the pins to zero point.. By this we select

the IN0 and we connect a thermo sensor to this point. Pin no 11 is the

positive supply pin and connected to the regulated 5 volt dc power

supply. Pin no 13 is ground pin so it is connected to the ground pin.

Pin no 12 is the +voltage refrence pin. And pin no 16 is the negative

refrence pin. . The conversion time in this conversion is 100

microsecond and 640 KHz. . Data output from the ADC is further

connected to the port 3 of the microcontroller. All the eight output from

the ADC is connected to the port 3 of the microcontroller.

In this ADC we connect the voltage reference pin to the positive supply

and negative reference pin to the ground pin..

Working of the ADC is depend on these five signal

ALE ADDRESS LACH ENABLE

EOC- END OF CONVERSION

OE- OUTPUT ENABLE

START- START THE CONVERSION

CLK THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT IN ALL , CONTINUOUS

CLOCK PULSE


13/49

All this signal is provided by the microcontroller circuit Detail of this

important point is described in this below Adc details

COMPONENTS USED:

ADC 0804

OPAMP OP07

TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM 335

MICROCONTROLLER 89C51

LCD 2 BY 16

CRYSTAL 3.58 MHz

RESISTOR

10 K 11 Pc50 K 2 Pc VARIABLE

1 K VARIABLE

2.2K 1 Pc

470 OHM 1Pc

CAPACITOR

22 PF 2 Pc

10 MFD 1 PC

PUSH TO ON SWITCH 2 PC.

7805 REGULATOR

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER 9-0-9

DIODE IN 4007( 4Pc)

OPTO COUPLER MOC 3021

TRIAC BT 136


14/49

BASIC NOTES ON ADC

Displaying data ADC 0804 in LCD Character as a Decimal

In this lesson will be learn how to display data ADC on LCD Character,

for a simple task that we assume ADC have input ranges 0 - 5 volt, and

then will display data as desimal that must be 3 digit 0 - 255.

Figure 2.5.1. Display data ADC to LCD Character as decimal

Step 1st

Build the circuit as shown in figure 2.5.1. As you seen on figure 2.5.1.

P0.0 trough P0.7 is connected to DB0 - DB7 ADC0804, and P2.0- P2.7. isconnected to D0 - D7, and P3.0, P3.1. is connected to RS and EN each.

Remember, that all we want to do with this lesson is write data ADC, in

the first line of LCD Character


15/49

Step 2nd

In this step, you must tipe the assembly program to make your LCD

Character shown the data, we assume that you have already known the

editor, we used MIDE-51 to edit the program. ( Download File asm :

exp251.zip, Download Complete Circuit File : ADC.pdf)

org 0h

call init_LCD

start: call ADC

call Bin2Dec

call Write2LCD

sjmp start

;

;=================================================

;this subroutine is used to take data from ADC and;keep to Accumulator

;=================================================

ADC: mov A,P0

nop

nop

ret

;

;=====================================================

;this subroutine is used print out data decimal to LCD

;character 2 x16 on address DDRAM 0C9 0CA 0CB each for

;hundreds, tens, and ones

;=====================================================

Write2LCD:

mov r1,#0c9h

call write_inst

mov a,hundreds

add a,#30h

mov r1,a

call write_data;

mov r1,#0cah

call write_inst

mov a,tens

add a,#30h

mov r1,a
http://www.mytutorialcafe.com/download/exp251.ziphttp://www.mytutorialcafe.com/download/ADC0804.pdfhttp://www.mytutorialcafe.com/download/exp251.ziphttp://www.mytutorialcafe.com/download/ADC0804.pdf


16/49

call write_data

;

mov r1,#0cbh

call write_inst

mov a,ones

add a,#30h

mov r1,a

call write_data

ret

;

;=====================================================

;this subroutine is used to convert binary data from ADC

;become decimal 3 digit

;=====================================================

Bin2Dec:mov b,#100d

div ab

mov hundreds,a

mov a,b

mov b,#10d

div ab

mov tens,a

mov ones,b

ret

;

write_char:

mov dptr,#word1 ;DPTR = [ address word1 ]

mov r3,#16 ;R3=16,number character to be display

mov r1,#80h ;R1=80h,address DDRAM start position

acall write_inst

;

write1:clr a ; A = 0

movc a,@a+dptr ; A = [A+ DPTR]

mov r1,A ; R1 = Ainc dptr ; DPTR = DPTR +1

acall write_data;

djnz r3,write1 ; R3 = R3-1,

ret

;

Init_lcd:


17/49

mov r1,#00000001b ;Display clear

acall write_inst ;

mov r1,#00111000b ;Function set,

;Data 8 bit,2 line font 5x7

acall write_inst ;

mov r1,#00001100b ;Display on,

;cursor off,cursor blink off

acall write_inst

mov r1,#00000110b ;Entry mode, Set increment

acall write_inst

ret

;

Write_inst:

clr P2.0 ; RS = P2.0 = 0, write mode instruction

mov P0,R1 ; D7 s/d D0 = P0 = R1setb P2.1 ; EN = 1 = P2.1

call delay; call delay time

clr P2.1 ; EN = 0 = P2.1

ret

;

Write_data:

setb P2.0 ; RS = P2.0 = 1, write mode data

mov P0,R1 ; D7 s/d D0 = P0 = R1

setb P2.1 ; EN = 1 = P2.1


clr p2.1 ; EN = 0 = P2.1

ret

;

delay: mov R0,#0

delay1:mov R2,#0fh

djnz R2,$

djnz R0,delay1

ret

;word1: DB ' Data ADC0804 '

;

end


18/49

Step 3rd

Safe your assembly program above, and name it with adc1.asm (for

example) Compile the program that you have been save by using

MIDE-51, see the software instruction.

Step 4th

Download your hex file ( adc1.hex ) into the microcontroller by using

Microcontroller ATMEL ISP software, see the instruction.After

download this hex file you'll see the action of ADC ( of course if your

cable connection and your program are corrected )

ADC0804LCN - 8 bit A/D Convertor

Photograph FeaturesCompatible with 8080 Microprocessors

Easy interface to all microprocessors, or

operates 'stand alone'

Differential analog voltage inputs

Logic inputs and outputs meet both MOS

and TTL voltage level specifications

Works with 2.5V (LM336) Voltage

Reference

On-chip clock generator0V to 5V analog input voltage range with

single 5V supply

No zero adjust requiredOperates ratiometrically or with 5 Vdc, 2.5Vdc, or

analog span adjusted voltage reference


19/49


20/49

10

DGND -

Digital

Ground

11 DB7 - DataBit 7 (MSB)

12DB6 - Data

Bit 6

13DB5 - Data

Bit 5

14DB4 - Data

Bit 4

15 DB3 - DataBit 3

16DB2 - Data

Bit 2

17DB1 - Data

Bit 1

18DB0 - Data

Bit 0 (LSB)

19CLKR -

Clock Reset

20Vcc - PositiveSupply or Vref

he easiest way to do analog to digital conversion is to use an IC such as

the ADC0804 that does the work for you. The analog voltage is applied

to pin 6 and the result is available at pins 11 through 18. We willconnect pin 1 and 2 (Chip Select and Read) to ground so that the chip is

always enabled. (If you wanted to use more than one ADC you could use

this pin to control which chip is currently enabled).

Connect pin 7 (Vin - ) to ground. The ADC0804 includes an internal

oscillator which requires an external capacitor and resistor to operate.

Connect the 150 pF capacitor from pin 4 (CLOCK IN) to ground and


21/49

the 10k ohm resistor from pin 4 to pin 19 (CLOCK R). ( Download

Complete Circuit File : ADC.pdf)

Figure 2.5.1 Typical connection of free running mode
http://www.mytutorialcafe.com/download/ADC0804.pdfhttp://www.mytutorialcafe.com/download/ADC0804.pdf


22/49

For example:

The input range of ADC is 0 - 5 volt

then we must setting Vref = 0.5 Vin maximum or = 2.5 volt

because this ADC0804 is 8 bit thenV resolution = 5/255 = 0.02 volt

this is mean that ADC will respon each 0,02V increasing

Vin

(volt)D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 Des

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

0.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2

0.06 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 30.08 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4

0.10 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 5

0.12 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 6

: :

5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 255

Stage 1)

to operate this ADC, we use a free running mode, by connecting WR toINT

Stage 2)

When the conversion process is complete, pin 5 (Interrupt) will go low

and this signal is used to convert ADC again.

Stage 3)

Next we read the values into the 89s51 Port 0.

The assembly program will be:

Org 0h

start: mov A,P0 ; saving data ADC to Accumulator

sjmp start

end


23/49

Displaying data ADC 0804 in LCD Character as a Decimal

In this lesson will be learn how to display data ADC on LCD Character,

for a simple task that we assume ADC have input ranges 0 - 5 volt, andthen will display data as desimal that must be 3 digit 0 - 255.

Figure 2.5.1. Display data ADC to LCD Character as decimal

Step 1st

Build the circuit as shown in figure 2.5.1. As you seen on figure 2.5.1.

P0.0 trough P0.7 is connected to DB0 - DB7 ADC0804, and P2.0- P2.7. is

connected to D0 - D7, and P3.0, P3.1. is connected to RS and EN each.

Remember, that all we want to do with this lesson is write data ADC, in

the first line of LCD Character

Step 2nd

In this step, you must tipe the assembly program to make your LCD

Character shown the data, we assume that you have already known the

editor, we used MIDE-51 to edit the program. ( Download File asm :

exp251.zip, Download Complete Circuit File : ADC.pdf)
http://www.mytutorialcafe.com/download/exp251.ziphttp://www.mytutorialcafe.com/download/ADC0804.pdfhttp://www.mytutorialcafe.com/download/exp251.ziphttp://www.mytutorialcafe.com/download/ADC0804.pdf


24/49

org 0h

call init_LCD

start: call ADC

call Bin2Dec

call Write2LCD

sjmp start

;

;===================================================

;this subroutine is used to take data from ADC and

;keep to Accumulator

;===================================================

ADC: mov A,P0

nop

nop

ret;

;=====================================================

;this subroutine is used print out data decimal to LCD

;character 2 x16 on address DDRAM 0C9 0CA 0CB each for

;hundreds, tens, and ones

;=====================================================

Write2LCD:

mov r1,#0c9h

call write_inst

mov a,hundreds

add a,#30h

mov r1,a

call write_data

;

mov r1,#0cah

call write_inst

mov a,tens

add a,#30h

mov r1,acall write_data

;

mov r1,#0cbh

call write_inst

mov a,ones

add a,#30h


25/49

mov r1,a

call write_data

ret

;

;

======================================================

==

;this subroutine is used to convert binary data from ADC

;become decimal 3 digit

;=====================================================

===

Bin2Dec:

mov b,#100d

div ab

mov hundreds,amov a,b

mov b,#10d

div ab

mov tens,a

mov ones,b

ret

;

write_char:

mov dptr,#word1 ;DPTR = [ address word1 ]

mov r3,#16 ;R3=16,number character to be display

mov r1,#80h ;R1=80h,address DDRAM start position

acall write_inst

;

write1:clr a ; A = 0

movc a,@a+dptr ; A = [A+ DPTR]

mov r1,A ; R1 = A

inc dptr ; DPTR = DPTR +1

acall write_data;

djnz r3,write1 ; R3 = R3-1,ret

;

Init_lcd:

mov r1,#00000001b ;Display clear

acall write_inst ;

mov r1,#00111000b ;Function set,


26/49

;Data 8 bit,2 line font 5x7

acall write_inst ;

mov r1,#00001100b ;Display on,

;cursor off,cursor blink off

acall write_inst

mov r1,#00000110b ;Entry mode, Set increment

acall write_inst

ret

;

Write_inst:

clr P2.0 ; RS = P2.0 = 0, write mode instruction

mov P0,R1 ; D7 s/d D0 = P0 = R1

setb P2.1 ; EN = 1 = P2.1


clr P2.1 ; EN = 0 = P2.1ret

;

Write_data:

setb P2.0 ; RS = P2.0 = 1, write mode data

mov P0,R1 ; D7 s/d D0 = P0 = R1

setb P2.1 ; EN = 1 = P2.1


clr p2.1 ; EN = 0 = P2.1

ret

;

delay: mov R0,#0

delay1:mov R2,#0fh

djnz R2,$

djnz R0,delay1

ret

;

word1: DB ' Data ADC0804 '

;

end

Step 3rd

Safe your assembly program above, and name it with adc1.asm (for

example) Compile the program that you have been save by using

MIDE-51, see the software instruction.


27/49

Step 4th

Download your hex file ( adc1.hex ) into the microcontroller by using

Microcontroller ATMEL ISP software, see the instruction.After

download this hex file you'll see the action of ADC ( of course if your

cable connection and your program are corrected )

Clock

The clock signal is required to cycle through the comparator stages to

do the conversion. There are 8, 8 clock cycle periods required in order

to complete an entire conversion. This means that an entire conversion

takes at least 64 clock cycles. (Up to 72 if the start signal is received in

the middle of an 8 clock cycle period.) The clock should conform to the

same range as all other control signals. The maximum frequence of the

clock is 1.2MHz. The maximum clock frequency is affected by the

source impedance of the analog inputs. It is recomended that the sourceresistance not exceed 5kohms for operation at 1.2MHz and 10komhs for

operation at 640kHz. Note that when operating the ADC at 500kHz and

below the ALE signal and the Start signal can be

can be tied together. This is how the ADC is implemented in the VHDL

code provided.

The purpose of the start signal is two fold. On the rising edge of the

pulse the internal registers are cleared and on the falling edge of the

pulse the conversion is initiated. Like the ALE pulse the minimum pulse

width is 100ns. The signal can be tie to the ALE signal when the clock

frequency is below 500kHz. At clock speeds greater than that the user

must make certain that enough time has passed since the ALE signal

was pulsed so that the correct address is loaded into the multiplexer

before a conversion begins. Note that it can take up to 2.5 microseconds

for this to occur. The start signal should conform to the same range as

all other control signals.

The Output Enable signal causes the ADC to actually output the digital

values on the output lines. The ADC stores the data in a tri-state outputlatch until the next conversion is started, but the data is only output

when enabled. In this implementation the OE signal is pulsed high one

clock cycle after the EOC signal goes high and remains high until the

data is safely stored into the desired register in the FPGA. The OE

signal should conform to the same range as all the other control signals.
http://feynman.ee.ualberta.ca/~elliott/ee552/studentAppNotes/1999f/ad_converter/#note%201http://feynman.ee.ualberta.ca/~elliott/ee552/studentAppNotes/1999f/ad_converter/#note%201http://feynman.ee.ualberta.ca/~elliott/ee552/studentAppNotes/1999f/ad_converter/#note%201http://feynman.ee.ualberta.ca/~elliott/ee552/studentAppNotes/1999f/ad_converter/#EOChttp://feynman.ee.ualberta.ca/~elliott/ee552/studentAppNotes/1999f/ad_converter/#note%201http://feynman.ee.ualberta.ca/~elliott/ee552/studentAppNotes/1999f/ad_converter/#note%201http://feynman.ee.ualberta.ca/~elliott/ee552/studentAppNotes/1999f/ad_converter/#note%201http://feynman.ee.ualberta.ca/~elliott/ee552/studentAppNotes/1999f/ad_converter/#note%201http://feynman.ee.ualberta.ca/~elliott/ee552/studentAppNotes/1999f/ad_converter/#EOChttp://feynman.ee.ualberta.ca/~elliott/ee552/studentAppNotes/1999f/ad_converter/#note%201


28/49

EOC

The End of Conversion signal is sent to the FPGA from the ADC. The

signal goes low once a conversion is initiated by the start signal and

remains low until a conversion is complete

Pin

Number

Label Input/Output Description

Note: All control signals should have a high voltage from

Vcc - 1.5 to 15V and a low voltage from 1.5V to -0.3V.

1 IN3 Input Analog data in. It is

selected as channel 3 bythe multiplexer. CBA =

011.

2 IN4 Input Analog data in. It is on

channel 4 of the

multiplexer. CBA = 100.

3 IN5 Input Analog data on channel 5

of the multiplexer. CBA =

101.

4 IN6 Input Analog data on channel 6of the multiplexer. CBA =

110.

5 IN7 Input Analog data on channel 7

of the multiplexer. CBA =

111.

6 Start Input It is a control signal from

the FPGA, which tells the

converter when to start a

conversion. It is a pulse ofat least 100ns in width.

7 EOC Output Signal from the ADC. It

goes low when a

conversion is started and

high at the end of a


29/49

conversion. Users can

look for a rising edge

transition.

8 2-5 Output This is a bit of the digital

converted output. Where2-8 is the LSB and 2 -1 is

the MSB.

9 Output

Enable

Input Control signal for FPGA

that turns the output of

the ADC on while high.

Useful for handshaking.

10 Clock Input Clock signal from FPGA.

Max 1.2MHz.

11 Vcc Input Power to the chip. Range4.5V to 6.0V DC.

12 VREF(+) Input Top rail of Reference

voltage. The voltage level

that, when received as an

input, will output

"11111111" to the FPGA.

Max Value Vcc + 0.1V

13 GND Input Ground. 0V


converted output. Where

2-8 is the LSB and 2 -1 is

the MSB.




the MSB.

16 VREF(-) Input Bottom rail of Referencevoltage. The voltage level

that, when received as an

input, will output

"00000000" to the FPGA.

Min Value -0.1V



30/49

converted output. 2-8 is

the LSB.



2-8 is the LSB and 2 -1 isthe MSB.




the MSB.




the MSB.21 2-1 Output This is a bit of the digital

converted output. 2 -1 is

the MSB.

22 ALE Input Control signal from

FPGA. This should be a

pulse from the FPGA sent

when the address is ready

to be loaded into the

ADC. The minimum pulsewidth is 100ns. It can be

tied to the Start line if the

clock is operated under

500kHz.

Output of the AdC is now connected to the microcontroller.

Microcontroller provide a clock pulse as well as OE , ALE, EOC, start,

CKL pulses to the ADC to process the analogue to digital converter.

Data is available from the Adc is connected to Port 1 of the

microcontroller. All the control signal is provided by the Port p2 of the

89c51. Pin no 40 of the 89c51 is connected to 5 volt power supply. Pin no


31/49

20 is connected to the ground pin. Port p3.6 and port p3.7 is connected

to the set point of microcontroller. Pin no 9 is the reset pin of the

microcontroller. When circuit is power on the microcontroller reset

automatically and then jump to the 0 location automatically.

Program:

Firstly we assigned all the pins of the microcontroller to the port

address or bit connection by their name

LCD_DATA equ P0lcd_en bit P2.7

lcd_rs bit P2.5

lcd_rw bit P2.6

ADC_DATA equ 23h

ADC_PORT equ P1

START bit P2.4

EOC bit P2.2

ALE bit P2.3

OE bit P2.1

key1 bit p3.7

key2 bit p3.6

OUT1 bit p2.0

Out means out output is available on this p2.0 for controlling the

output load

Key 1 and key 2 is set point from the outside to set the upper limit of

the temperature.


32/49

org 0000h

ljmp main

main:

lcall DELAY41

lcall DELAY41

clr lcd_rs

clr lcd_rw

clr lcd_en

first of all we clear the lcd command and intialize the lcd by clr all the

pins of the lcd control pins. RS, Rw and En is the control pins of the lcd.


33/49

setb OUT1

mov LCD_DATA,#038h

lcall COMMAND_BYTE ;

command byte is command funtion of the lcd. By using this

command we force the lcd to recive the commanf signal

lcall DELAY41

mov LCD_DATA,#038hlcall COMMAND_BYTE

038 h is also a address of the lcd it maeans that we are using lcd of 2

by 16 line

mov LCD_DATA,#008h

lcall COMMAND_BYTE

lcall DELAY1

mov LCD_DATA,#00ch

lcall COMMAND_BYTE

lcall DELAY1

mov LCD_DATA,#006h

lcall COMMAND_BYTE

lcall DELAY1

lcall CLR_LCD

lcall DELAY1

mov LCD_DATA,#082h

lcall COMMAND_BYTE

mov LCD_DATA,#'C'

lcall DATA_BYTE

mov LCD_DATA,#083hlcall COMMAND_BYTE

mov LCD_DATA,#'U'

lcall DATA_BYTE

mov LCD_DATA,#084h

lcall COMMAND_BYTE

mov LCD_DATA,#'R'


34/49

lcall DATA_BYTE

mov LCD_DATA,#08ah

lcall COMMAND_BYTE

mov LCD_DATA,#'.'

lcall DATA_BYTE

mov LCD_DATA,#08bh

lcall COMMAND_BYTE

mov LCD_DATA,#'C'

by this command we put a value of cur---c meassage on the first line

of the lcd . On the second line of the lcd we agailn put a value of the

set---c

lcall DATA_BYTE

mov LCD_DATA,#0cah

lcall COMMAND_BYTEmov LCD_DATA,#'.'

lcall DATA_BYTE

mov LCD_DATA,#0cbh

lcall COMMAND_BYTE

mov LCD_DATA,#'C'

lcall DATA_BYTE

mov LCD_DATA,#0c2h

lcall COMMAND_BYTE

mov LCD_DATA,#'S'

lcall DATA_BYTE

mov LCD_DATA,#0c3h

lcall COMMAND_BYTE

mov LCD_DATA,#'E'

lcall DATA_BYTE

mov LCD_DATA,#0c4h

lcall COMMAND_BYTE

mov LCD_DATA,#'T'

by this command we set the lcd display and now we start the conversion

by the command.


35/49

main_lp1:

setb START

clr START

lp1:

jnb EOC,lp1

setb OE

clr OE

by this routine we set the start bit of Adc and then we receive the data

on output by monitioring EOC pin and Output enable pin and then we

receive this data in the accumulator

after receivein the data we convert this data in to bcd signal by usinghex to binary converter by div tchnique

mov ADC_DATA,a

mov b,#10d

div ab

mov dp2,b

mov b,#10d

div ab

mov dp1,b

mov dp0,a

mov a,dp2

mov LCD_DATA,a

lcall DATA_BYTE

lcall DELAY41

mov LCD_DATA

lcall COMMAND_BYTE

lcall DELAY41

mov a,dp1mov LCD_DATA,a

lcall DATA_BYTE

lcall DELAY41

mov LCD_DATA,

lcall COMMAND_BYTE

lcall DELAY41


36/49

mov a,dp0

mov LCD_DATA,a

lcall DATA_BYTE

lcall DELAY41

mov a,cont

mov b,#10d

div ab

mov dp4,b

mov b,#10d

div ab

mov dp3,b

mov dp5,a

mov LCD_DATA

lcall COMMAND_BYTE

lcall DELAY41mov a,dp4

mov LCD_DATA,a

lcall DATA_BYTE

lcall DELAY41

mov LCD_DATA

lcall COMMAND_BYTE

lcall DELAY41

mov a,dp3

by this way we display the temperature on the lcd

jb key1,nxt

ljmp up

nxt:

jb key2,nxt1

ljmp downnxt1:

ljmp CMPOUT


37/49

by this keys we set the upper limit of the set temperature , in this

routine we use two type of function one is up and second is down when

we press a key1 then we call up and when we press key2 then we call

down function .In the up and down function we increse and decrese the

c set value by 1 and in the down we decrese the value by 1

cmp out is the compare function when set value is lower is compare to

the cur value then output is on and when set value is equal to the cur

value then output is off.


38/49

Bibliography:

For project idea and components shop

www.ludhianaprojects.com/antifalling_collision robot.doc

www.8051projects.com

project coding help

www.mcuprojects.com

for 8051 detail

www.atmel.com

for datasheet.com

www.datasheetarchieve.com

Programming Code

RS BIT P2.5

RW BIT P2.4

E BIT P2.3

FL BIT P0.7

buzz equ p2.7

LCD EQU P0

mydata equ p1

ORG 00H

AJMP START

ORG 30H
http://www.ludhianaprojects.com/antifalling_collision%20robot.dochttp://www.8051projects.com/http://www.mcuprojects.com/http://www.atmel.com/http://www.datasheetarchieve.com/http://www.ludhianaprojects.com/antifalling_collision%20robot.dochttp://www.8051projects.com/http://www.mcuprojects.com/http://www.atmel.com/http://www.datasheetarchieve.com/


39/49

START:

MOV LCD,#00H

mov p1,#0ffh

setb INTR

MOV A,#38H ;2*16 MATRIX

ACALL COMMAND

MOV A,#02 ;RETURN HOME

ACALL COMMAND

MOV A,#01 ;CLEAR DISPLAY SCREEN

ACALL COMMAND

MOV A,#0CH ;DISPLAY ON CURSOR OFF

ACALL COMMAND

MOV A,#80H ;MOVE CURSOR TO FIRST LINE SECOND

COLOUMN

ACALL COMMAND

MOV DPTR,#TABLE1 ;DISPLAY ERP

ACALL DISPLAY

acall READING


40/49

METER:

MOV R1,#00

j11: clr WR1

setb WR1

h121:

jb INTR,h121

clr RD1

mov R1,P1

acall READING1

s12: ACALL CHECKC2

S11: setb RD1

sjmp START

READING:

ACALL LCDCLR

MOV A,#80H

ACALL COMMAND

MOV DPTR,#TABLE2


41/49

ACALL DISPLAY

MOV A,#08AH

ACALL COMMAND

MOV A,#087H

ACALL COMMAND

MOV DPTR,#TABLE3

ACALL DISPLAY

ret

READING1:

MOV A,#0C0H

ACALL COMMAND

MOV DPTR,#TABLE4

ACALL DISPLAY

MOV A,R1

SUBB A,#150

SUBB A,#105

Acall write

sjmp S12


42/49

CHECKC2:

CLR A

MOV A,P1

CJNE A,#00,J01

ACALL TEMP0

J01:CJNE A,#1,J02

ACALL TEMP0

J02:CJNE A,#2,J03

ACALL TEMP0

J03:CJNE A,#3,J04

ACALL TEMP0

J04:CJNE A,#4,J05

ACALL TEMP0

J05:CJNE A,#5,J06

ACALL TEMP0

J06:CJNE A,#6,J07

ACALL TEMP0

J07:CJNE A,#7,J08


43/49

ACALL TEMP0

J08:CJNE A,#8,J09

ACALL TEMP0

J09:CJNE A,#9,J10

ACALL TEMP0

J10:CJNE A,#10,J111

ACALL TEMP1

J111:CJNE A,#11,J121

ACALL TEMP1

J121:CJNE A,#12,J13

ACALL TEMP1

J13:CJNE A,#13,J14

ACALL TEMP1

J14:CJNE A,#14,J15

ACALL TEMP1

J15: CJNE A,#15,J22

ACALL TEMP1

J22:CJNE A,#16,J23

ACALL TEMP2

J23:CJNE A,#17,J24


44/49

ACALL TEMP2

J24:CJNE A,#18,J231

ACALL TEMP2

J231:CJNE A,#19,J2411

ACALL TEMP2

J2411:CJNE A,#20,J251

ACALL TEMP2

J251: CJNE A,#21,J242

ACALL TEMP3

J242:CJNE A,#22,J232

ACALL TEMP3

J232:CJNE A,#23,J233

ACALL TEMP3

J233:CJNE A,#24,J241

ACALL TEMP3

J241:CJNE A,#25,J25

ACALL TEMP3

J25:CJNE A,#26,J26

ACALL TEMP3

J26:CJNE A,#27,J27


45/49

ACALL TEMP3

J27:CJNE A,#28,J28

ACALL TEMP3

J28:CJNE A,#29,J29

ACALL TEMP3

J29:CJNE A,#30,J30

ACALL TEMP3

J30:CJNE A,#31,J31

ACALL TEMP3

J31:CJNE A,#32,J32

ACALL TEMP3

J32:CJNE A,#33,J33

ACALL TEMP3

J33:CJNE A,#34,J34

ACALL TEMP3

J34:CJNE A,#35,J35

ACALL TEMP3

J35:CJNE A,#36,J36

ACALL TEMP3

J36: CJNE A,#37,n33


46/49

ACALL TEMP3

n33:CJNE A,#38,n34

ACALL TEMP3

n34:CJNE A,#39,n35

ACALL TEMP3

n35:CJNE A,#40,n36

ACALL TEMP3

n36: ACALL TEMP3

AJMP S11

TEMP0:

mov p3,#07fh

AJMP START

TEMP1:

mov p3,#0bfh

AJMP START

TEMP2:

mov p3,#00fh

AJMP START

TEMP3:

mov p3,#0efh


47/49

LCDCLR:

MOV A,#01H ;CLEAR DISPLAY SCREEN

ACALL COMMAND

RET ; DISPLAY DATA ON LCD

DISPLAY:

CLR A

MOVC A,@A+DPTR

JZ NEXT

ACALL WRITE

INC DPTR

JMP DISPLAY

NEXT:

RET

WRITE:

MOV LCD,A

SETB RS

CLR RW

SETB E

acall delay1

CLR E


48/49

RET

COMMAND:

MOV LCD,A

CLR RS

CLR RW

SETB E

acall delay1

CLR E

RET

delay1:

MOV R4,#255

AGAIN22: MOV R5,#150

BACK22: DJNZ R5,BACK22

DJNZ R4,AGAIN22

RET

DELAY:

MOV R6,#25

AGAIN: MOV R7,#2

BACK: DJNZ R7,BACK

DJNZ R6,AGAIN


49/49

RET

TABLE1: DB 'DIGI.TEMPERATURE',0

TABLE2: DB 'CURR. READING.',0

TABLE3: DB '',0

TABLE4: DB 'DEG.',0

end

transormer protection k

Documents